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Melchionna M, Castiglione S, Girardi G, Serio C, Esposito A, Mondanaro A, Profico A, Sansalone G, Raia P. RRmorph-a new R package to map phenotypic evolutionary rates and patterns on 3D meshes. Commun Biol 2024; 7:1009. [PMID: 39154087 PMCID: PMC11330470 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06710-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The study of evolutionary rates and patterns is the key to understand how natural selection shaped the current and past diversity of phenotypes. Phylogenetic comparative methods offer an array of solutions to undertake this challenging task, and help understanding phenotypic variation in full in most circumstances. However, complex, three-dimensional structures such as the skull and the brain serve disparate goals, and different portions of these phenotypes often fulfil different functions, making it hard to understand which parts truly were recruited by natural selection. In the recent past, we developed tools apt to chart evolutionary rate and patterns directly on three-dimensional shapes, according to their magnitude and direction. Here, we present further developments of these tools, which now allow to restitute the mapping of rates and patterns with full biological realism. The tools are condensed in a new R software package.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carmela Serio
- DiSTAR, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Gabriele Sansalone
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Pasquale Raia
- DiSTAR, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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2
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Smith BH. Mammalian Life History: Weaning and Tooth Emergence in a Seasonal World. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:612. [PMID: 39194550 DOI: 10.3390/biology13080612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The young of toothed mammals must have teeth to reach feeding independence. How tooth eruption integrates with gestation, birth and weaning is examined in a life-history perspective for 71 species of placental mammals. Questions developed from high-quality primate data are then addressed in the total sample. Rather than correlation, comparisons focus on equivalence, sequence, the relation to absolutes (six months, one year), the distribution of error and adaptive extremes. These mammals differ widely at birth, from no teeth to all deciduous teeth emerging, but commonalities appear when infants transit to independent feeding. Weaning follows completion of the deciduous dentition, closest in time to emergence of the first permanent molars and well before second molars emerge. Another layer of meaning appears when developmental age is counted from conception because the total time to produce young feeding independently comes up against seasonal boundaries that are costly to cross for reproductive fitness. Mammals of a vast range of sizes and taxa, from squirrel monkey to moose, hold conception-to-first molars in just under one year. Integrating tooth emergence into life history gives insight into living mammals and builds a framework for interpreting the fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Holly Smith
- Museum of Anthropological Archaeology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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3
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Towle I, Constantino PJ, Borths MR, Loch C. Tooth chipping patterns in Archaeolemur provide insight into diet and behavior. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023; 180:401-408. [PMID: 36790760 PMCID: PMC10107942 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Archaeolemur is a recently extinct genus of lemur that is often compared to some Cercopithecidae, especially baboons. This is due in part to their derived dentition, with large anterior teeth and reduced bilophodont molars. Research involving comparative morphology, analysis of coprolites, isotopes, and enamel structure, have suggested Archaeolemur had an omnivorous diet involving mechanically challenging items. Yet, microwear analysis of posterior teeth does not necessarily support this conclusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this macroscopic study, dental chipping was recorded on permanent teeth of Archaeolemur from different localities (53 individuals; 447 permanent teeth; including both A. edwardsi and A. majori specimens). This study aimed to compare chipping patterns across the dentition of Archaeolemur with chipping in other primates. RESULTS The results show enamel chipping was prevalent on the anterior teeth of Archaeolemur (38.9% of anterior teeth showed at least one fracture) yet rare in posterior teeth (9%). There was a decrease in chipping frequency across the dentition, moving distally from incisors (50%; 20/40), through caniniform teeth (30%; 15/50), premolars (9.5%; 16/169), and molars (8.5%; 16/188). DISCUSSION The results support previous research suggesting Archaeolemur had a varied omnivorous diet in which the anterior dentition was used for extensive food processing. This likely included mechanically challenging items such as tough/hard large fruits, small vertebrates, and crustaceans. Such a high rate of chipping in the anterior dentition is uncommon in other primates, with exception of hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Towle
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Paul J Constantino
- Department of Biology, Saint Michael's College, Colchester, Vermont, USA
| | - Matthew R Borths
- Duke Lemur Center Museum of Natural History, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carolina Loch
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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4
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Smaers JB, Rothman RS, Hudson DR, Balanoff AM, Beatty B, Dechmann DKN, de Vries D, Dunn JC, Fleagle JG, Gilbert CC, Goswami A, Iwaniuk AN, Jungers WL, Kerney M, Ksepka DT, Manger PR, Mongle CS, Rohlf FJ, Smith NA, Soligo C, Weisbecker V, Safi K. The evolution of mammalian brain size. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/18/eabe2101. [PMID: 33910907 PMCID: PMC8081360 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe2101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Relative brain size has long been considered a reflection of cognitive capacities and has played a fundamental role in developing core theories in the life sciences. Yet, the notion that relative brain size validly represents selection on brain size relies on the untested assumptions that brain-body allometry is restrained to a stable scaling relationship across species and that any deviation from this slope is due to selection on brain size. Using the largest fossil and extant dataset yet assembled, we find that shifts in allometric slope underpin major transitions in mammalian evolution and are often primarily characterized by marked changes in body size. Our results reveal that the largest-brained mammals achieved large relative brain sizes by highly divergent paths. These findings prompt a reevaluation of the traditional paradigm of relative brain size and open new opportunities to improve our understanding of the genetic and developmental mechanisms that influence brain size.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Smaers
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
- Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - R S Rothman
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - D R Hudson
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - A M Balanoff
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - B Beatty
- NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
- United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - D K N Dechmann
- Department of Migration, Max-Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - D de Vries
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WX, UK
| | - J C Dunn
- Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3QG, UK
- Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - J G Fleagle
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - C C Gilbert
- NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- PhD Program in Anthropology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - A Goswami
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - A N Iwaniuk
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K-3M4, Canada
| | - W L Jungers
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Association Vahatra, BP 3972, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - M Kerney
- Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | - D T Ksepka
- Bruce Museum, Greenwich, CT 06830, USA
- Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
- Division of Science and Education, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
- Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - P R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - C S Mongle
- Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Turkana Basin Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - F J Rohlf
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - N A Smith
- Division of Science and Education, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
- Campbell Geology Museum, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - C Soligo
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London WC1H 0BW, UK
| | - V Weisbecker
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - K Safi
- Department of Migration, Max-Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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5
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Dirks W, Lemmers SAM, Ngoubangoye B, Herbert A, Setchell JM. Odontochronologies in male and female mandrills (
Mandrillus sphinx
) and the development of dental sexual dimorphism. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 172:528-544. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Dirks
- Department of AnthropologyDurham University Durham UK
| | - Simone A. M. Lemmers
- Department of AnthropologyDurham University Durham UK
- Science and Technology in Archaeology Research CenterThe Cyprus Institute Nicosia Cyprus
| | | | - Anaïs Herbert
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre Internationale de Recherches Médicales Franceville Gabon
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6
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Aris C, Mahoney P, O'Hara MC, Deter C. Enamel thickness and growth rates in modern human permanent first molars over a 2000 year period in Britain. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:141-157. [PMID: 32078160 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study explores variation and trends in first molar enamel thickness and daily enamel secretion rates over a 2000 year period in Britain. METHODS Permanent first molars (n = 89) from the Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Medieval periods, as well as modern-day Britain, were analyzed using standard histological methods. Relative enamel thickness (RET) and linear measurements of cuspal and lateral thickness were calculated for mesial cusps. Daily secretion rates (DSRs) were calculated for inner, mid, and outer enamel regions in both cuspal and lateral enamel. Significant differences and trends were identified between samples using nonparametric statistical tests. RESULTS Enamel thickness differed between some populations, but no temporal trends were identified. Early Anglo-Saxon molars had significantly thinner RET than both Late Anglo-Saxon (p < .00) and Medieval (p < .00) molars. Lateral enamel from the Roman molars was significantly thinner than the modern-day sample (p = .04). In contrast, a significant slowing trend in DSRs was observed across the more ancient to modern-day samples in every measured region except the mid-lateral enamel region. DISCUSSION This study presents the first evidence for a gradual slowing in the daily rate that enamel is secreted in molars over the past 2000 years in Britain. However, this trend was not matched by consistent or significant positive or negative shifts in enamel thickness. These findings suggest that modern human molars of similar enamel thickness, from different modern and ancient populations, formed at different rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Aris
- Human Osteology Lab, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Patrick Mahoney
- Human Osteology Lab, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Mackie C O'Hara
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Chris Deter
- Human Osteology Lab, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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7
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Schultz’s rule in domesticated mammals. Mamm Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Bernardi M, Couette S, Chateau Smith C, Montuire S. Middle ear pneumatization in nonhuman primates: A comparative analysis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:540-556. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margot Bernardi
- EPHEPSL Research University Paris Paris France
- Biogéosciences, UMR 6282 CNRSUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐Comté Dijon France
| | - Sébastien Couette
- EPHEPSL Research University Paris Paris France
- Biogéosciences, UMR 6282 CNRSUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐Comté Dijon France
| | | | - Sophie Montuire
- EPHEPSL Research University Paris Paris France
- Biogéosciences, UMR 6282 CNRSUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐Comté Dijon France
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9
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Young JW, Jankord K, Saunders MM, Smith TD. Getting into Shape: Limb Bone Strength in Perinatal Lemur catta and Propithecus coquereli. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 303:250-264. [PMID: 30548126 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Functional studies of skeletal anatomy are predicated on the fundamental assumption that form will follow function. For instance, previous studies have shown that the femora of specialized leaping primates are more robust than those of more generalized primate quadrupeds. Are such differences solely a plastic response to differential loading patterns during postnatal life, or might they also reflect more canalized developmental mechanisms present at birth? Here, we show that perinatal Lemur catta, an arboreal/terrestrial quadruped, have less robust femora than perinatal Propithecus coquereli, a closely related species specialized for vertical clinging and leaping (a highly unusual locomotor mode in which the hindlimbs are used to launch the animal between vertical tree trunks). These results suggest that functional differences in long bone cross-sectional dimensions are manifest at birth, belying simple interpretations of adult postcranial form as a direct record of loading patterns during postnatal life. Despite these significant differences in bone robusticity, we find that hindlimb bone mineralization, material properties, and measures of whole-bone strength generally overlap in perinatal L. catta and P. coquereli, indicating little differentiation in postcranial maturity at birth despite known differences in the pace of craniodental development between the species. In a broader perspective, our results likely reflect evolution acting during prenatal ontogeny. Even though primates are notable for relatively prolonged gestation and postnatal parental care, neonates are not buffered from selection, perhaps especially in the unpredictable and volatile environment of Madagascar. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 303:250-264, 2020. © 2018 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, Ohio, 44272
| | - Kathryn Jankord
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, 16057
| | - Marnie M Saunders
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, 44325
| | - Timothy D Smith
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, 16057.,Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213
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10
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Geiger M, Marron S, West AR, Asher RJ. Influences of Domestication and Island Evolution on Dental Growth in Sheep. J MAMM EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-018-9452-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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Monson TA, Hlusko LJ. Breaking the rules: Phylogeny, not life history, explains dental eruption sequence in primates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:217-233. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tesla A. Monson
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of California; Berkeley California 94720
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of Integrative Biology; University of California; Berkeley California 94720
- Human Evolution Research Center, Department of Integrative Biology; University of California; Berkeley California 94720
| | - Leslea J. Hlusko
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of California; Berkeley California 94720
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of Integrative Biology; University of California; Berkeley California 94720
- Human Evolution Research Center, Department of Integrative Biology; University of California; Berkeley California 94720
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12
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Mahoney P, Miszkiewicz JJ, Chapple S, Le Luyer M, Schlecht SH, Stewart TJ, Griffiths RA, Deter C, Guatelli‐Steinberg D. The biorhythm of human skeletal growth. J Anat 2018; 232:26-38. [PMID: 29023695 PMCID: PMC5735060 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of a periodic biorhythm is retained in tooth enamel in the form of Retzius lines. The periodicity of Retzius lines (RP) correlates with body mass and the scheduling of life history events when compared between some mammalian species. The correlation has led to the development of the inter-specific Havers-Halberg oscillation (HHO) hypothesis, which holds great potential for studying aspects of a fossil species biology from teeth. Yet, our understanding of if, or how, the HHO relates to human skeletal growth is limited. The goal here is to explore associations between the biorhythm and two hard tissues that form at different times during human ontogeny, within the context of the HHO. First, we investigate the relationship of RP to permanent molar enamel thickness and the underlying daily rate that ameloblasts secrete enamel during childhood. Following this, we develop preliminary research conducted on small samples of adult human bone by testing associations between RP, adult femoral length (as a proxy for attained adult stature) and cortical osteocyte lacunae density (as a proxy for the rate of osteocyte proliferation). Results reveal RP is positively correlated with enamel thickness, negatively correlated with femoral length, but weakly associated with the rate of enamel secretion and osteocyte proliferation. These new data imply that a slower biorhythm predicts thicker enamel for children but shorter stature for adults. Our results develop the intra-specific HHO hypothesis suggesting that there is a common underlying systemic biorhythm that has a role in the final products of human enamel and bone growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mahoney
- Human Osteology LabSkeletal Biology Research CentreSchool of Anthropology and ConservationUniversity of KentCanterburyUK
| | - Justyna J. Miszkiewicz
- Skeletal Biology and Forensic Anthropology Research GroupSchool of Archaeology and AnthropologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Simon Chapple
- Human Osteology LabSkeletal Biology Research CentreSchool of Anthropology and ConservationUniversity of KentCanterburyUK
| | - Mona Le Luyer
- Human Osteology LabSkeletal Biology Research CentreSchool of Anthropology and ConservationUniversity of KentCanterburyUK
- De la Prehistoire à l'Actuel: CultureEnvironment et Anthropologie (UMR 5199 PACEA)Université de BordeauxPessacFrance
| | | | - Tahlia J. Stewart
- Skeletal Biology and Forensic Anthropology Research GroupSchool of Archaeology and AnthropologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Richard A. Griffiths
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and EcologySchool of Anthropology and ConservationUniversity of KentCanterburyUK
| | - Chris Deter
- Human Osteology LabSkeletal Biology Research CentreSchool of Anthropology and ConservationUniversity of KentCanterburyUK
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13
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Le Cabec A, Dean MC, Begun DR. Dental development and age at death of the holotype of Anapithecus hernyaki (RUD 9) using synchrotron virtual histology. J Hum Evol 2017. [PMID: 28622928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The chronology of dental development and life history of primitive catarrhines provides a crucial comparative framework for understanding the evolution of hominoids and Old World monkeys. Among the extinct groups of catarrhines are the pliopithecoids, with no known descendants. Anapithecus hernyaki is a medium-size stem catarrhine known from Austria, Hungary and Germany around 10 Ma, and represents a terminal lineage of a clade predating the divergence of hominoids and cercopithecoids, probably more than 30 Ma. In a previous study, Anapithecus was characterized as having fast dental development. Here, we used non-destructive propagation phase contrast synchrotron micro-tomography to image several dental microstructural features in the mixed mandibular dentition of RUD 9, the holotype of A. hernyaki. We estimate its age at death to be 1.9 years and describe the pattern, sequence and timing of tooth mineralization. Our results do not support any simplistic correlation between body mass and striae periodicity, since RUD 9 has a 3-day periodicity, which was previously thought unlikely based on body mass estimates in Anapithecus. We demonstrate that the teeth in RUD 9 grew even faster and initiated even earlier in development than suggested previously. Permanent first molars and the canine initiated 49 and 38 days prenatally, respectively. These results contribute to a better understanding of dental development in Anapithecus and may provide a window into the dental development of the last common ancestor of hominoids and cercopithecoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Le Cabec
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany; Beamline ID19, Structure of Materials, ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71, avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, F-38043, Grenoble, Cédex 9, France.
| | - M Christopher Dean
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - David R Begun
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT M5S 3G3, Canada.
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14
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Mahoney P, Miszkiewicz JJ, Pitfield R, Schlecht SH, Deter C, Guatelli-Steinberg D. Biorhythms, deciduous enamel thickness, and primary bone growth: a test of the Havers-Halberg Oscillation hypothesis. J Anat 2016; 228:919-28. [PMID: 26914945 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Across mammalian species, the periodicity with which enamel layers form (Retzius periodicity) in permanent teeth corresponds with average body mass and the pace of life history. According to the Havers-Halberg Oscillation hypothesis (HHO), Retzius periodicity (RP) is a manifestation of a biorhythm that is also expressed in lamellar bone. Potentially, these links provide a basis for investigating aspects of a species' biology from fossilized teeth. Here, we tested intra-specific predictions of this hypothesis on skeletal samples of human juveniles. We measured daily enamel growth increments to calculate RP in deciduous molars (n = 25). Correlations were sought between RP, molar average and relative enamel thickness (AET, RET), and the average amount of primary bone growth (n = 7) in humeri of age-matched juveniles. Results show a previously undescribed relationship between RP and enamel thickness. Reduced major axis regression reveals RP is significantly and positively correlated with AET and RET, and scales isometrically. The direction of the correlation was opposite to HHO predictions as currently understood for human adults. Juveniles with higher RPs and thicker enamel had increased primary bone formation, which suggests a coordinating biorhythm. However, the direction of the correspondence was, again, opposite to predictions. Next, we compared RP from deciduous molars with new data for permanent molars, and with previously published values. The lowermost RP of 4 and 5 days in deciduous enamel extends below the lowermost RP of 6 days in permanent enamel. A lowered range of RP values in deciduous enamel implies that the underlying biorhythm might change with age. Our results develop the intra-specific HHO hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mahoney
- Human Osteology Lab, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | | | - Rosie Pitfield
- Human Osteology Lab, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Stephen H Schlecht
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chris Deter
- Human Osteology Lab, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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15
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Godfrey LR, Granatosky MC, Jungers WL. The Hands of Subfossil Lemurs. DEVELOPMENTS IN PRIMATOLOGY: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3646-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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16
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Veitschegger K, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Tooth Eruption Sequences in Cervids and the Effect of Morphology, Life History, and Phylogeny. J MAMM EVOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-015-9315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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López-Torres S, Schillaci MA, Silcox MT. Life history of the most complete fossil primate skeleton: exploring growth models for Darwinius. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:150340. [PMID: 26473056 PMCID: PMC4593690 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Darwinius is an adapoid primate from the Eocene of Germany, and its only known specimen represents the most complete fossil primate ever found. Its describers hypothesized a close relationship to Anthropoidea, and using a Saimiri model estimated its age at death. This study reconstructs the ancestral permanent dental eruption sequences for basal Euprimates, Haplorhini, Anthropoidea, and stem and crown Strepsirrhini. The results show that the ancestral sequences for the basal euprimate, haplorhine and stem strepsirrhine are identical, and similar to that of Darwinius. However, Darwinius differs from anthropoids by exhibiting early development of the lower third molars relative to the lower third and fourth premolars. The eruption of the lower second premolar marks the point of interruption of the sequence in Darwinius. The anthropoid Saimiri as a model is therefore problematic because it exhibits a delayed eruption of P2. Here, an alternative strepsirrhine model based on Eulemur and Varecia is presented. Our proposed model shows an older age at death than previously suggested (1.05-1.14 years), while the range for adult weight is entirely below the range proposed previously. This alternative model is more consistent with hypotheses supporting a stronger relationship between adapoids and strepsirrhines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi López-Torres
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
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18
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Hogg RT, Godfrey LR, Schwartz GT, Dirks W, Bromage TG. Lemur Biorhythms and Life History Evolution. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134210. [PMID: 26267241 PMCID: PMC4534448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal histology supports the hypothesis that primate life histories are regulated by a neuroendocrine rhythm, the Havers-Halberg Oscillation (HHO). Interestingly, subfossil lemurs are outliers in HHO scaling relationships that have been discovered for haplorhine primates and other mammals. We present new data to determine whether these species represent the general lemur or strepsirrhine condition and to inform models about neuroendocrine-mediated life history evolution. We gathered the largest sample to date of HHO data from histological sections of primate teeth (including the subfossil lemurs) to assess the relationship of these chronobiological measures with life history-related variables including body mass, brain size, age at first female reproduction, and activity level. For anthropoids, these variables show strong correlations with HHO conforming to predictions, though body mass and endocranial volume are strongly correlated with HHO periodicity in this group. However, lemurs (possibly excepting Daubentonia) do not follow this pattern and show markedly less variability in HHO periodicity and lower correlation coefficients and slopes. Moreover, body mass is uncorrelated, and brain size and activity levels are more strongly correlated with HHO periodicity in these animals. We argue that lemurs evolved this pattern due to selection for risk-averse life histories driven by the unpredictability of the environment in Madagascar. These results reinforce the idea that HHO influences life history evolution differently in response to specific ecological selection regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell T. Hogg
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida, United States of America
| | - Laurie R. Godfrey
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gary T. Schwartz
- Institute of Human Origins and School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Wendy Dirks
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy G. Bromage
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, and Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, United States of America
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Comparative and population mitogenomic analyses of Madagascar's extinct, giant ‘subfossil’ lemurs. J Hum Evol 2015; 79:45-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Mahoney P. Dental fast track: Prenatal enamel growth, incisor eruption, and weaning in human infants. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 156:407-21. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mahoney
- Human Osteology Research Lab.; School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent; Canterbury CT2 7NR UK
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21
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Jordana X, Marín-Moratalla N, Moncunill-Solé B, Köhler M. Ecological and life-history correlates of enamel growth in ruminants (Artiodactyla). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Jordana
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | - Nekane Marín-Moratalla
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | - Blanca Moncunill-Solé
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | - Meike Köhler
- ICREA at Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
- Departament d'Ecologia; Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona; Diagonal 645 E-08028 Barcelona Spain
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22
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Borries C, Gordon AD, Koenig A. Beware of primate life history data: a plea for data standards and a repository. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67200. [PMID: 23826232 PMCID: PMC3691336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Life history variables such as the age at first reproduction and the interval between consecutive births are measures of investment in growth and reproduction in a particular population or species. As such they allow for meaningful comparisons of the speed of growth and reproduction between species and between larger taxa. Especially in primates such life history research has far reaching implications and has led for instance to the "grandmother hypothesis". Other links have been proposed with respect to dietary adaptations: Because protein is essential for growth and one of the primary sources of protein, leaves, occurs much less seasonally than fruits, it has been predicted that folivorous primates should grow faster compared to frugivorous ones. However, when comparing folivorous Asian colobines with frugivorous Asian macaques we recently documented a longer, instead of a shorter gestation length in folivores while age at first reproduction and interbirth interval did not differ. This supports earlier findings for Malagasy lemurs in which all life history variables tested were significantly longer in folivores compared to frugivores. Wondering why these trends were not apparent sooner, we tried to reconstruct our results for Asian primates with data from four popular life history compilations. However, this attempt failed; even the basic, allometric relationship with adult female body mass that is typical for life history variables could not be recovered. This negative result hints at severe problems with data quality. Here we show that data quality can be improved significantly by standardizing the variables and by controlling for factors such as nutritional conditions or infant mortality. Ideally, in the future, revised primate life history data should be collated in a central database accessible to everybody. In the long run such an initiative should be expanded to include all mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Borries
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America.
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23
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Schwartz GT. Growth, Development, and Life History throughout the Evolution of Homo. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1086/667591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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24
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25
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Lacruz RS, Ramirez Rozzi FV, Wood BA, Bromage TG. Brief Communication: Molar development and crown areas in earlyAustralopithecus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2012; 148:632-40. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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26
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Hogg RT, Walker RS. Life-History Correlates of Enamel Microstructure in Cebidae (Platyrrhini, Primates). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 294:2193-206. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Guthrie EH, Frost SR. Pattern and pace of dental eruption in Tarsius. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2011; 145:446-51. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Bolter DR. A comparative study of growth patterns in crested langurs and vervet monkeys. ANATOMY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:948671. [PMID: 22567303 PMCID: PMC3335615 DOI: 10.1155/2011/948671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The physical growth patterns of crested langurs and vervet monkeys are investigated for several unilinear dimensions. Long bone lengths, trunk height, foot length, epiphyseal fusion of the long bones and the pelvis, and cranial capacity are compared through six dental growth stages in male Trachypithecus cristatus (crested langurs) and Cercopithecus aethiops (vervet monkeys). Results show that the body elements of crested langurs mature differently than those of vervets. In some dimensions, langurs and vervets grow comparably, in others vervets attain adult values in advance of crested langurs, and in one feature the langurs are accelerated. Several factors may explain this difference, including phylogeny, diet, ecology, and locomotion. This study proposes that locomotor requirements affect differences in somatic growth between the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra R. Bolter
- Department of Anthropology, Modesto College, 435 College Avenue, Modesto, CA 95350, USA
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29
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Borries C, Lu A, Ossi-Lupo K, Larney E, Koenig A. Primate life histories and dietary adaptations: A comparison of Asian colobines and Macaques. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2010; 144:286-99. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Catlett KK, Schwartz GT, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL. "Life history space": a multivariate analysis of life history variation in extant and extinct Malagasy lemurs. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2010; 142:391-404. [PMID: 20091842 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies of primate life history variation are constrained by the fact that all large-bodied extant primates are haplorhines. However, large-bodied strepsirrhines recently existed. If we can extract life history information from their skeletons, these species can contribute to our understanding of primate life history variation. This is particularly important in light of new critiques of the classic "fast-slow continuum" as a descriptor of variation in life history profiles across mammals in general. We use established dental histological methods to estimate gestation length and age at weaning for five extinct lemur species. On the basis of these estimates, we reconstruct minimum interbirth intervals and maximum reproductive rates. We utilize principal components analysis to create a multivariate "life history space" that captures the relationships among reproductive parameters and brain and body size in extinct and extant lemurs. Our data show that, whereas large-bodied extinct lemurs can be described as "slow" in some fashion, they also varied greatly in their life history profiles. Those with relatively large brains also weaned their offspring late and had long interbirth intervals. These were not the largest of extinct lemurs. Thus, we distinguish size-related life history variation from variation that linked more strongly to ecological factors. Because all lemur species larger than 10 kg, regardless of life history profile, succumbed to extinction after humans arrived in Madagascar, we argue that large body size increased the probability of extinction independently of reproductive rate. We also provide some evidence that, among lemurs, brain size predicts reproductive rate better than body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kierstin K Catlett
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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31
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Lacruz RS, Dean MC, Ramirez-Rozzi F, Bromage TG. Megadontia, striae periodicity and patterns of enamel secretion in Plio-Pleistocene fossil hominins. J Anat 2010; 213:148-58. [PMID: 19172730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Early hominins formed large and thick-enamelled cheek-teeth within relatively short growth periods as compared with modern humans. To understand better the developmental basis of this process, we measured daily enamel increments, or cross striations, in 17 molars of Plio-Pleistocene hominins representing seven different species, including specimens attributed to early Homo. Our results show considerable variation across species, although all specimens conformed to the known pattern characterised by greater values in outer than inner enamel, and greater cuspal than cervical values. We then compared our results with the megadontia index, which represents tooth size in relation to body mass, for each species to assess the effect of daily growth rates on tooth size. Our results indicate that larger toothed (megadont) taxa display higher rates or faster forming enamel than smaller toothed hominins. By forming enamel quickly, large tooth crowns were able to develop within the constraints of shorter growth periods. Besides daily increments, many animals express long-period markings (striae of Retzius) in their enamel. We report periodicity values (number of cross striations between adjacent striae) in 14 new specimens of Australopithecus afarensis, Paranthropus aethiopicus, Paranthropus boisei, Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis and Homo erectus, and show that long-period striae express a strong association with male and average male-female body mass. Our results for Plio-Pleistocene hominins show that the biological rhythms that give rise to long-period striae are encompassed within the range of variation known for modern humans, but show a lower mean and modal value of 7 days in australopithecines. In our sample of early Homo, mean and modal periodicity values were 8 days, and therefore similar to modern humans. These new data on daily rates of enamel formation and periodicity provide a better framework to interpret surface manifestations of internal growth markings on fossil hominin tooth crowns. Importantly, our data on early hominin cross striation variation may now contribute towards solving difficult taxonomic diagnoses where much may depend on fragmentary molar remains and enamel structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo S Lacruz
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
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32
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Lacruz RS, Ramirez Rozzi FV. Molar crown development in Australopithecus afarensis. J Hum Evol 2009; 58:201-6. [PMID: 20044127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 09/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo S Lacruz
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles CA 90033 USA.
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33
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Bromage TG, Lacruz RS, Hogg R, Goldman HM, McFarlin SC, Warshaw J, Dirks W, Perez-Ochoa A, Smolyar I, Enlow DH, Boyde A. Lamellar bone is an incremental tissue reconciling enamel rhythms, body size, and organismal life history. Calcif Tissue Int 2009; 84:388-404. [PMID: 19234658 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-009-9221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian enamel formation is periodic, including fluctuations attributable to the daily biological clock as well as longer-period oscillations that enigmatically correlate with body mass. Because the scaling of bone mass to body mass is an axiom of vertebrate hard tissue biology, we consider that long-period enamel formation rhythms may reflect corresponding and heretofore unrecognized rhythms in bone growth. The principal aim of this study is to seek a rhythm in bone growth demonstrably related to enamel oscillatory development. Our analytical approach is based in morphology, using a variety of hard tissue microscopy techniques. We first ascertain the relationship among long-period enamel rhythms, the striae of Retzius, and body mass using a large sample of mammalian taxa. In addition, we test whether osteocyte lacuna density (a surrogate for rates of cell proliferation) in bone is correlated with mammalian body mass. Finally, using fluorescently labeled developing bone tissues, we investigate whether the bone lamella, a fundamental microanatomical unit of bone, relates to rhythmic enamel growth increments. Our results confirm a positive correlation between long-period enamel rhythms and body mass and a negative correlation between osteocyte density and body mass. We also confirm that lamellar bone is an incremental tissue, one lamella formed in the species-specific time dependency of striae of Retzius formation. We conclude by contextualizing our morphological research with a current understanding of autonomic regulatory control of the skeleton and body mass, suggesting a central contribution to the coordination of organismal life history and body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G Bromage
- Departments of Biomaterials and Biomimetics and Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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34
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Mahoney P. Intraspecific variation in M1 enamel development in modern humans: implications for human evolution. J Hum Evol 2008; 55:131-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Sauther ML, Cuozzo FP. Somatic variation in living, wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 79:55-78. [PMID: 17878733 DOI: 10.1159/000108589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
While understanding somatic variability among wild primates can provide insight into natural patterns of developmental plasticity, published data for living populations are rare. Here we provide such information for two distinct wild populations of Lemur catta. Variants observed include microtia, athelia, and female virilization. Dental variants observed include individuals with supernumerary teeth, rotated teeth, maxillary incisor agenesis, and severe malocclusion. There was a sex bias in incisor agenesis, with 5 of 7 examples (71%) found in males. The frequency of dental variants in our sample is lower than that seen in many other lemuriformes, as well as other primates. This may be a product of their less derived dental formula and/or their relatively fast dental development. Amassing such data is a critical first step to assess if wild primate populations are exhibiting normal variability or are being affected by potential inbreeding and/or environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Sauther
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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36
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The evolution of extinction risk: past and present anthropogenic impacts on the primate communities of Madagascar. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2007; 78:405-19. [PMID: 17855790 DOI: 10.1159/000105152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There are two possible approaches to understanding natural and human-induced changes in the primate communities of Madagascar. One is to begin with present-day and recent historic interactions and work backwards. A second is to begin with paleoecological records of Malagasy primate communities before and immediately following human arrival, and the associated evidence of human and nonhuman primate interactions, and work forwards. On the basis of biological and climatic studies, as well as historic and ethnohistoric records, we are beginning to understand the abiotic and biotic characteristics of Madagascar's habitats, the lemurs' ecological adaptations to these unique habitats, the extent of forest loss, fragmentation and hunting, and the differential vulnerability of extant lemur species to these pressures. On the basis of integrated paleoecological, archaeological and paleontological research, we have begun to construct a detailed chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar. We are beginning to understand the complex sequence of events that led to one of the most dramatic recent megafaunal extinction/extirpation events. Combining the perspectives of the past and the present, we see a complex set of interactions affecting an initially rich but vulnerable fauna. The total evidence refutes any simple, unicausal (e.g. hunting/habitat destruction/climate change) explanation of megafaunal extinctions, yet unequivocally supports a major role--both direct and indirect--for humans as the trigger of the extinction process. It also supports a change over time in the relative importance of hunting versus habitat loss, and in the trophic characteristics of the primate communities in Madagascar.
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37
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Dirks W, Bowman JE. Life history theory and dental development in four species of catarrhine primates. J Hum Evol 2007; 53:309-20. [PMID: 17706270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Revised: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dental development was reconstructed in several individuals representing four species of catarrhine primates--Symphalangus syndactylus, Hylobates lar, Semnopithecus entellus priam, and Papio hamadryas--using the techniques of dental histology. Bar charts assumed to represent species-typical dental development were constructed from these data and estimated ages at first and third molar emergence were plotted on them along with ages at weaning, menarche, and first reproduction from the literature. The estimated age at first molar emergence appears to occur at weaning in the siamang, lar gibbon, and langur, and just after weaning in the baboon. Age at menarche and first reproduction occur earlier relative to dental development in both cercopithecoids than in the hylobatids, suggesting that early reproduction may be a derived trait in cercopithecoids. The results are examined in the context of life history theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Dirks
- Oral Biology, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4BW, UK.
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38
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Harvati K, Frost SR. Dental Eruption Sequences in Fossil Colobines and the Evolution of Primate Life Histories. INT J PRIMATOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-007-9149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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Mahoney P, Smith TM, Schwartz GT, Dean C, Kelley J. Molar crown formation in the Late Miocene Asian hominoids, Sivapithecus parvada and Sivapithecus indicus. J Hum Evol 2007; 53:61-8. [PMID: 17512035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, studies of enamel development have provided a broad temporal and geographic perspective on evolutionary developmental biology in Miocene hominoids. Here we report some of the first data for molar crown development in one hominoid genus, Sivapithecus. The data are compared to a range of extant and extinct hominoids. Crown formation times (CFTs), daily rates of enamel secretion (DSR), Retzius line number and periodicity, and relative enamel thickness (RET) were calculated in a mandibular first molar of Sivapithecus parvada and a maxillary first molar of Sivapithecus indicus from the Siwalik sequence of Pakistan. A CFT of 2.40 years for the protoconid of S. parvada and 2.25 years for the protocone of S. indicus lie within the range of first molar (M1) formation times for the majority of Miocene hominoids (1.96-2.40 years, excluding Proconsul heseloni), and are similar to an M(1) from Gorilla (2.31 years) and M(1)s from Pan (2.22-2.39 years). This is unlike the longer CFTs in modern humans, which appear to be linked with their extended growth period. In contrast to extant great apes and humans, daily rates of enamel secretion are rapid in the Sivapithecus M1s during the early stages of growth, which seems to be a common pattern for most Miocene apes. The rapid accumulation of cuspal enamel in the Sivapithecus molars produced thicker enamel than either Pan or Gorilla in a comparable period of time. Future studies on larger samples of living and fossil hominoids are needed to clarify trends in crown development, which may be better understood in the context of life history strategies coupled with good data on body mass and brain size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mahoney
- Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield, Northgate House, Sheffield S1 4ET, England.
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40
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Henderson E. Platyrrhine dental eruption sequences. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2007; 134:226-39. [PMID: 17596854 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To determine dental eruption sequences of extant platyrrhines, 367 mandibles and maxillae of informative juvenile specimens from all 16 genera were scored for presence of permanent teeth including three intermediate eruption stages following Harvati (Am J Phys Anthropol 112 (2000) 69-85). The timing of molar eruption relative to that of the anterior dentition is variable in platyrrhines. Aotus is precocious, with all molars erupting in succession before replacement of any deciduous teeth, while Cebus is delayed in M2-3 eruption relative to I1-2. Callitrichines have a distinct tendency toward delayed canine and premolar development. Platyrrhine eruption sequences presented here show some evidence of conformity to Schultz's Rule, with relatively early replacement of deciduous dentition in "slower"-growing animals. The relationship of dental eruption sequences to degree of folivory, body mass, brain mass, and dietary quality is also examined. The early eruption of molars relative to anterior teeth in Pithecia, Chiropotes, and Cacajao, in comparison to genera such as Ateles, Lagothrix, and Alouatta, showing relatively later eruption of the molars, appears to be consistent with current phylogenetic hypotheses. Schultz (Am J Phys Anthropol 19 (1935) 489-581) postulated early relative molar eruption as the primitive dental eruption schedule for primates. The extremely early molar eruption of Aotus versus Callicebus (where both incisors erupt before M2 and M3, with M3 usually last) may lend support to the status of Aotus as a basal taxon. The early relative molar eruption of the fossil platyrrhine species Branisella boliviana is also consistent with this hypothesis (Takai et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 111 (2000) 263-281).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Henderson
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97405, USA.
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Boughner JC, Hallgrímsson B. Biological spacetime and the temporal integration of functional modules: A case study of dento–gnathic developmental timing. Dev Dyn 2007; 237:1-17. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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42
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Cuozzo FP, Sauther ML. Severe wear and tooth loss in wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta): A function of feeding ecology, dental structure, and individual life history. J Hum Evol 2006; 51:490-505. [PMID: 16962643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2005] [Revised: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ring-tailed lemurs at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar, exhibit a high frequency of severe wear and antemortem tooth loss. As part of a long-term study, we collected dental data on 83 living adult ring-tailed lemurs during 2003 and 2004. Among these individuals, 192 teeth were scored as absent. The most frequently missing tooth position is M1 (24%). As M1 is the first tooth to erupt, its high frequency of absence (primarily a result of wear) is not remarkable. However, the remaining pattern of tooth loss does not correlate with the sequence of eruption. We suggest that this pattern is a function of 1) feeding ecology, as hard, tough tamarind fruit is a key fallback food of ring-tailed lemurs living in gallery forests; 2) food processing, as tamarind fruit is primarily processed in the P3-M1 region of the mouth; and 3) tooth structure, as ring-tailed lemurs possess thin dental enamel. The incongruity between thin enamel and use of a hard, tough fallback food suggests that ring-tailed lemurs living in riverine gallery forests may rely on resources not used in the past. When comparing dental health in the same individuals (n=50) between 2003 and 2004, we found that individual tooth loss can show a rapid increase over the span of one year, increasing by as much as 20%. Despite this rapid loss, individuals are able to survive, sometimes benefiting from unintentional assistance from conspecifics, from which partially processed tamarind fruit is obtained. Although less frequent in this population, these longitudinal data also illustrate that ring-tailed lemurs lose teeth due to damage and disease, similar to other nonhuman primates. The relationship between tooth loss, feeding ecology, dental structure, and individual life history in this population has implications for interpreting behavior based on tooth loss in the hominid fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank P Cuozzo
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Dakota, Box 8374, Grand Forks, ND 58202-8374, USA.
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Godfrey LR, Schwartz GT, Samonds KE, Jungers WL, Catlett KK. The secrets of lemur teeth. Evol Anthropol 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/evan.20102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Burney DA, Vasey N, Wheeler W, Lemelin P, Shapiro LJ, Schwartz GT, King SJ, Ramarolahy MF, Raharivony LL, Randria GFN. New discoveries of skeletal elements of Hadropithecus stenognathus from Andrahomana Cave, southeastern Madagascar. J Hum Evol 2006; 51:395-410. [PMID: 16911817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Remains of what appears to be a single, subadult Hadropithecus stenognathus were recovered from a previously unexcavated site at Andrahomana Cave (southeastern Madagascar). Specimens found comprise isolated teeth and cranial fragments (including the frontal processes of the orbits), as well as a partial postcranial skeleton. They include the first associated fore- and hind-limb bones, confirming the hind-limb attributions made by Godfrey and co-workers in 1997, and refuting earlier attributions by Lamberton in 1937/1938. Of particular interest here are the previously unknown elements, including a sacrum, other vertebrae and ribs, some hand bones, and the distal epiphysis of a femur. We briefly discuss the functional implications of previously unknown elements. Hadropithecus displayed a combination of characters reminiscent of lemurids, others more like those of the larger-bodied Old World monkeys, and still others more like those of African apes. Yet other characteristics appear unique. Lemurid-like postcranial characteristics may be primitive for the Archaeolemuridae. Hadropithecus diverges from the Lemuridae in the direction of Archaeolemur, but more extremely so. Thus, for example, it exhibits a stronger reduction in the size of the hamulus of the hamate, greater anteroposterior compression of the femoral shaft, and greater asymmetry of the femoral condyles. Nothing in its postcranial anatomy signals a close relationship to either the Indriidae or the Palaeopropithecidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Godfrey
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst MA 01003, USA.
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