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Royer G, Virieux-Petit M, Aujoulat F, Hersent C, Baranovsky S, Hammer-Dedet F, Masnou A, Marchandin H, Corne P, Jumas-Bilak E, Romano-Bertrand S. Residual risk of Pseudomonas aeruginosa waterborne contamination in an intensive care unit despite the presence of filters at all water points-of-use. J Hosp Infect 2024; 149:155-164. [PMID: 38705477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2024.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the residual risk of waterborne contamination by Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a water network colonized by a single genotype [sequence type (ST) 299] despite the presence of antimicrobial filters in a medical intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS During the first 19-month period since the ICU opened, contamination of the water network was assessed monthly by collecting water upstream of the filters. Downstream water was also sampled to assess the efficiency of the filters. P. aeruginosa isolates from patients were collected and compared with the waterborne ST299 P. aeruginosa by multiplex-rep polymerase chain reaction (PCR), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and whole-genome sequencing. Cross-transmission events by other genotypes of P. aeruginosa were also assessed. RESULTS Overall, 1.3% of 449 samples of filtered water were positive for P. aeruginosa in inoculum, varying between 1 and 104 colony-forming units/100 mL according to the tap. All P. aeruginosa hydric isolates belonged to ST299 and displayed fewer than two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Among 278 clinical isolates from 122 patients, 10 isolates in five patients showed identical profiles to the hydric ST299 clone on both multiplex-rep PCR and PFGE, and differed by an average of fewer than five SNPs, confirming the water network reservoir as the source of contamination by P. aeruginosa for 4.09% of patients. Cross-transmission events by other genotypes of P. aeruginosa were responsible for the contamination of 1.75% of patients. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Antimicrobial filters are not sufficient to protect patients from waterborne pathogens when the water network is highly contaminated. A microbiological survey of filtered water may be needed in units hosting patients at risk of P. aeruginosa infections, even when all water points-of-use are fitted with filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Royer
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Service de Prévention des Infections et de la Résistance, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Département de prévention, diagnostic et traitement des infections, Hôpital Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France
| | - M Virieux-Petit
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Service de Prévention des Infections et de la Résistance, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Hydrosciences Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - F Aujoulat
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - C Hersent
- Service de Prévention des Infections et de la Résistance, CHU Montpellier, France
| | - S Baranovsky
- Service de Prévention des Infections et de la Résistance, CHU Montpellier, France
| | - F Hammer-Dedet
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - A Masnou
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - H Marchandin
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France; Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - P Corne
- Département de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - E Jumas-Bilak
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Service de Prévention des Infections et de la Résistance, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - S Romano-Bertrand
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Service de Prévention des Infections et de la Résistance, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Tungare K, Gupta J, Bhori M, Garse S, Kadam A, Jha P, Jobby R, Amanullah M, Vijayakumar S. Nanomaterial in controlling biofilms and virulence of microbial pathogens. Microb Pathog 2024; 192:106722. [PMID: 38815775 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a grave concern to global public health, exacerbated by the alarming shortage of effective antibiotics in the pipeline. Biofilms, intricate populations of bacteria encased in self-produced matrices, pose a significant challenge to treatment, as they enhance resistance to antibiotics and contribute to the persistence of organisms. Amid these challenges, nanotechnology emerges as a promising domain in the fight against biofilms. Nanomaterials, with their unique properties at the nanoscale, offer innovative antibacterial modalities not present in traditional defensive mechanisms. This comprehensive review focuses on the potential of nanotechnology in combating biofilms, focusing on green-synthesized nanoparticles and their associated anti-biofilm potential. The review encompasses various aspects of nanoparticle-mediated biofilm inhibition, including mechanisms of action. The diverse mechanisms of action of green-synthesized nanoparticles offer valuable insights into their potential applications in addressing AMR and improving treatment outcomes, highlighting novel strategies in the ongoing battle against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchanlata Tungare
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D Y Patil Deemed to be University, Navi Mumbai, Plot no 50, Sector 15, CBD Belapur, 400614, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Juhi Gupta
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D Y Patil Deemed to be University, Navi Mumbai, Plot no 50, Sector 15, CBD Belapur, 400614, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mustansir Bhori
- Inveniolife Technology PVT LTD, Office No.118, Grow More Tower, Plot No.5, Sector 2, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410210, India
| | - Samiksha Garse
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D Y Patil Deemed to be University, Navi Mumbai, Plot no 50, Sector 15, CBD Belapur, 400614, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aayushi Kadam
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada; Anatek Services PVT LTD, 10, Sai Chamber, Near Santacruz Railway Bridge, Sen Nagar, Santacruz East, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400055, India
| | - Pamela Jha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS Deemed to be University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Renitta Jobby
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Maharashtra, Mumbai-Pune Expressway, Bhatan, Panvel, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410206, India; Amity Centre of Excellence in Astrobiology, Amity University Maharashtra, Mumbai-Pune Expressway, Bhatan, Panvel, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410206, India
| | - Mohammed Amanullah
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia, 61421
| | - Sekar Vijayakumar
- Center for Global Health Research (CGHR), Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, PR China
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Rath A, Kieninger B, Fritsch J, Caplunik-Pratsch A, Blaas S, Ochmann M, Pfeifer M, Hartl J, Holzmann T, Schneider-Brachert W. Whole-genome sequencing reveals two prolonged simultaneous outbreaks involving Pseudomonas aeruginosa high-risk strains ST111 and ST235 with resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds. J Hosp Infect 2024; 145:155-164. [PMID: 38286239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Water-bearing systems are known as frequent Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) outbreak sources. However, many older buildings continue to have sanitary facilities in high-risk departments such as the ICU. We present two simultaneous prolonged multi-drug-resistant (MDR) PA outbreaks detected at the ICU of a pulmonology hospital, which were resolved by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). METHODS Outbreak management and investigations were initiated in August 2019 after detecting two patients with nosocomial VIM-2-positive MDR PA. The investigations involved weekly patient screenings for four months and extensive environmental sampling for 15 months. All patient and environmental isolates were collected and analysed by WGS. RESULTS From April to September 2019, we identified 10 patients with nosocomial MDR PA, including five VIM-2-positive strains. VIM-2-positive strains were also detected in nine sink drains, two toilets, and a cleaning bucket. WGS revealed that of 16 VIM-2-positive isolates, 14 were ST111 that carried qacE, or qacEΔ1 genes, whereas 13 isolates clustered (difference of ≤11 alleles by cgMLST). OXA-2 (two toilets), and OXA-2, OXA-74, PER-1 (two patients, three toilets) qacEΔ1-positive ST235 isolates dominated among VIM-2-negative isolates. The remaining seven PA strains were ST17, ST233, ST273, ST309 and ST446. Outbreak containment was achieved by replacing U-bends, and cleaning buckets, and switching from quaternary ammonium compounds (QUATs) to oxygen-releasing disinfectant products. CONCLUSION Comprehension and management of two simultaneous MDR PA outbreaks involving the high-risk strains ST111 and ST235 were facilitated by precise control due to identification of different outbreak sources per strain, and by the in-silico detection of high-level QUATs resistance in all isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rath
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - B Kieninger
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - J Fritsch
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - A Caplunik-Pratsch
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Blaas
- Donaustauf Hospital, Centre for Pneumology, Donaustauf, Germany
| | - M Ochmann
- Donaustauf Hospital, Centre for Pneumology, Donaustauf, Germany
| | - M Pfeifer
- Donaustauf Hospital, Centre for Pneumology, Donaustauf, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Hospital of the Merciful Brother Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - J Hartl
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Hospital of the Merciful Brother "St. Barbara", Schwandorf, Germany
| | - T Holzmann
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - W Schneider-Brachert
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Hara Y, Sumida Y, Yamazaki S, Takei D, Yamashita M, Fukuda A, Hisanaga M, Tanaka T, Wakata K, Miyazaki T, Araki M, Yano H, Nakamura A. Risk factors for infection of totally implantable central venous access ports among patients requiring port removal. J Vasc Access 2024:11297298231225808. [PMID: 38316617 DOI: 10.1177/11297298231225808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Totally implantable central venous access ports, are required for various purposes, ranging from chemotherapy to nutrition. Port infection is a common complication. In many patients with port infection, the ports are removed because antibiotics are ineffective. We evaluated the risk factors associated with port removal due to port infection. METHODS By retrospective chart review, we collected data of 223 patients who underwent port removal for any reason. Port infection was defined as infection symptoms, such as fever; elevated white blood cell counts or C-reactive protein levels; or redness at the port site, in the absence of other infections, which improved with port removal. The characteristics of patients with or without port infection were compared using univariate (chi-squared test, t-test) and multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS We compared 172 patients without port infection to 51 patients with port infection. Univariate analysis identified sex (p = 0.01), body mass index (BMI) ⩽20 kg/m2 (p = 0.00004), diabetes mellitus (p = 0.04), and purpose of use (p = 0.0000003) as significant variables. However, male sex (p = 0.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01-0.23), BMI ⩽20 kg m2 (p = 0.002, 95% CI: 0.06-0.29), and purpose of use (total parenteral nutrition (TPN); p = 0.000005, 95% CI: 0.31-0.76) remained significant using multivariate analysis. Moreover, the patients with short bowel syndrome and difficulty in oral intake tended to be infected easily. Additionally, Staphylococcus species were the most common microbes involved in port infection. CONCLUSIONS Male sex, BMI ⩽20 kg/m2, and purpose of use as a TPN were risk factors for port infection. Ports should not be used for long duration of TPN or used only in exceptional cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hara
- Department of Surgery, Sasebo City General Hospital, Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yorihisa Sumida
- Department of Surgery, Sasebo City General Hospital, Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shoto Yamazaki
- Department of Surgery, Sasebo City General Hospital, Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Daiki Takei
- Department of Surgery, Sasebo City General Hospital, Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Manpei Yamashita
- Department of Surgery, Sasebo City General Hospital, Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akiko Fukuda
- Department of Surgery, Sasebo City General Hospital, Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Hisanaga
- Department of Surgery, Sasebo City General Hospital, Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Sasebo City General Hospital, Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Koki Wakata
- Department of Surgery, Sasebo City General Hospital, Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takuro Miyazaki
- Department of Surgery, Sasebo City General Hospital, Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masato Araki
- Department of Surgery, Sasebo City General Hospital, Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yano
- Department of Surgery, Sasebo City General Hospital, Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, Sasebo City General Hospital, Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan
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Benigno V, Carraro N, Sarton-Lohéac G, Romano-Bertrand S, Blanc DS, van der Meer JR. Diversity and evolution of an abundant ICE clc family of integrative and conjugative elements in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. mSphere 2023; 8:e0051723. [PMID: 37902330 PMCID: PMC10732049 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00517-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Microbial populations swiftly adapt to changing environments through horizontal gene transfer. While the mechanisms of gene transfer are well known, the impact of environmental conditions on the selection of transferred gene functions remains less clear. We investigated ICEs, specifically the ICEclc-type, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates. Our findings revealed co-evolution between ICEs and their hosts, with ICE transfers occurring within strains. Gene functions carried by ICEs are positively selected, including potential virulence factors and heavy metal resistance. Comparison to publicly available P. aeruginosa genomes unveiled widespread antibiotic-resistance determinants within ICEclc clades. Thus, the ubiquitous ICEclc family significantly contributes to P. aeruginosa's adaptation and fitness in diverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Benigno
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Carraro
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Garance Sarton-Lohéac
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sara Romano-Bertrand
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Hospital Hygiene and Infection Control Team, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Dominique S. Blanc
- Prevention and Infection Control Unit, Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Brescia F, Annetta MG, Pinelli F, Pittiruti M. A GAVeCeLT bundle for PICC-port insertion: The SIP-Port protocol. J Vasc Access 2023:11297298231209521. [PMID: 37953715 DOI: 10.1177/11297298231209521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, a new type of brachial port has been introduced in clinical practice, the so-called "PICC-port." This is a brachial port, but inserted according to the methodologies and technologies currently adopted for the insertion of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs). Several studies have shown that PICC-port insertion is safe, not associated with any relevant immediate or early complication, and that the expected incidence of late complications is significantly lower if compared to "traditional" brachial ports (i.e. inserted without ultrasound guidance). Furthermore, PICC-ports yield excellent esthetic results and are associated with optimal patient compliance. This paper describes an insertion bundle-developed by GAVeCeLT, the Italian Group of Long Term Venous Access Devices, and nicknamed "SIP-Port" (Safe Insertion of PICC-Ports)-which consists of few evidence-based strategies aiming to further minimize all immediate, early, or late complications potentially associated with PICC-port insertion. Also, this insertion bundle has been developed for the purpose of defining more closely the differences between a traditional brachial port and a PICC-port. The SIP-Port bundle is currently adopted by all training courses on PICC-port insertion held by GAVeCeLT. It includes eight steps: (1) preprocedural ultrasound assessment utilizing the RaPeVA (Rapid Peripheral Venous Assessment) protocol; (2) appropriate skin antiseptic technique and maximal barrier precautions; (3) choice of appropriate vein, in terms of caliber and site; (4) clear identification of the median nerve and of the brachial artery during the venipuncture; (5) ultrasound-guided puncture and cannulation of the vein; (6) ultrasound-guided tip navigation; (7) intra-procedural assessment of tip location by intracavitary ECG or by trans-thoracic echocardiography; (8) appropriate creation and closure of the subcutaneous pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Brescia
- Unit of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Vascular Access Team, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Maria Giuseppina Annetta
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A.Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvio Pinelli
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Careggi University Hospital, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mauro Pittiruti
- Department of Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A.Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Schalli M, Platzer S, Haas D, Reinthaler FF. The behaviour of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in bottled mineral water. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21634. [PMID: 38027778 PMCID: PMC10643266 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial contamination of bottled water during the filling and capping procedure is a problem which should be avoided. The examination of the influence of carbon dioxide (CO2) on bacterial growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) in bottled mineral water was the aim of this study. Commercially available glass bottles with plastic screw caps filled with natural mineral water (without additional CO2 "still" (StMW) and with CO2 "sparkling" (SpMW) were obtained from a manufacturer in the province of Styria, Austria. The artificial contamination was performed in the lab by opening the bottle with subsequent addition of a bacterial solution with a defined number of bacteria. For each bacterial strain, 12 bottles were prepared. Samples (100 mL) were taken after a specific number of days, filtrated and placed on Endo Agar for cultivation. After incubation for 24 h bacterial colonies were counted. In this study CO2 addition to bottled water reduced colony forming units of the two investigated bacterial strains over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schalli
- Department for Water-Hygiene and Micro-Ecology, D&R Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Sabine Platzer
- Department for Water-Hygiene and Micro-Ecology, D&R Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Doris Haas
- Applied Hygiene and Aerobiology, D&R Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Franz F. Reinthaler
- Department for Water-Hygiene and Micro-Ecology, D&R Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
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Jacukowicz-Sobala I, Kociołek-Balawejder E, Stanisławska E, Seniuk A, Paluch E, Wiglusz RJ, Dworniczek E. Biocidal activity of multifunctional cuprite-doped anion exchanger - Influence of bacteria type and medium composition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 891:164667. [PMID: 37286010 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The study presents unconventional, bifunctional, heterogeneous antimicrobial agents - Cu2O-loaded anion exchangers. The synergetic effect of a cuprous oxide deposit and polymeric support with trimethyl ammonium groups was studied against the reference strains of Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Biological testing (minimum bactericidal concentration, MBC), time- and dose-dependent bactericidal effect (under different conditions - medium composition and static/dynamic culture) demonstrated promising antimicrobial activity and confirmed its multimode character. The standard values of MBC, for all studied hybrid polymers and bacteria, were similar (64-128 mg/mL). However, depending on the medium conditions, due to the copper release into the bulk solution, bacteria were actively killed even at much lower doses of the hybrid polymer (25 mg/mL) and low Cu(II) concentrations in solution (0.01 mg/L). Simultaneously, confocal microscopic studies confirmed the effective inhibition of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on their surface. The studies conducted under different conditions showed also the influence of the structure and physical properties of studied materials on the biocidal efficacy and an antimicrobial action mechanism was proposed that could be significantly affected by electrostatic interactions and copper release to the solution. Although the antibacterial activity was also dependent on various strategies of bacterial cell resistance to heavy metals present in the aqueous medium, the studied hybrid polymers are versatile and efficient biocidal agents against bacteria of both types, Gram-positive and Gram-negative. Therefore, they can be a convenient alternative for point-of-use water disinfection systems providing water quality in medical devices such as dental units, spa equipment, and aesthetic devices used in the cosmetic sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Jacukowicz-Sobala
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, 53-345 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | | | - Ewa Stanisławska
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, 53-345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Seniuk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Emil Paluch
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafal J Wiglusz
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Dworniczek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
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9
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Maillard JY, Centeleghe I. How biofilm changes our understanding of cleaning and disinfection. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2023; 12:95. [PMID: 37679831 PMCID: PMC10483709 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-023-01290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are ubiquitous in healthcare settings. By nature, biofilms are less susceptible to antimicrobials and are associated with healthcare-associated infections (HAI). Resistance of biofilm to antimicrobials is multifactorial with the presence of a matrix composed of extracellular polymeric substances and eDNA, being a major contributing factor. The usual multispecies composition of environmental biofilms can also impact on antimicrobial efficacy. In healthcare settings, two main types of biofilms are present: hydrated biofilms, for example, in drains and parts of some medical devices and equipment, and environmental dry biofilms (DSB) on surfaces and possibly in medical devices. Biofilms act as a reservoir for pathogens including multi-drug resistant organisms and their elimination requires different approaches. The control of hydrated (drain) biofilms should be informed by a reduction or elimination of microbial bioburden together with measuring biofilm regrowth time. The control of DSB should be measured by a combination of a reduction or elimination in microbial bioburden on surfaces together with a decrease in bacterial transfer post-intervention. Failure to control biofilms increases the risk for HAI, but biofilms are not solely responsible for disinfection failure or shortcoming. The limited number of standardised biofilm efficacy tests is a hindrance for end users and manufacturers, whilst in Europe there are no approved standard protocols. Education of stakeholders about biofilms and ad hoc efficacy tests, often academic in nature, is thus paramount, to achieve a better control of biofilms in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Maillard
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, Wales, UK.
| | - Isabella Centeleghe
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, Wales, UK
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10
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Yang AF, Huang V, Samaroo-Campbell J, Augenbraun M. Multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a 2019-2020 single center retrospective case control study. Infect Prev Pract 2023; 5:100296. [PMID: 37520840 PMCID: PMC10372386 DOI: 10.1016/j.infpip.2023.100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistance in the post COVID-19 world is a growing concern. The objective of this study was to describe temporal trends and explore independent risk factors for the isolation of multi-drug resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa. Methods This was a retrospective case-control study of patients with P. aeruginosa isolates recovered from January 2019 to December 2020. MDR P. aeruginosa was defined as non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more anti-pseudomonal antimicrobial categories. Results In total, 258 unique isolates were identified. Prolonged hospitalization (P<0.001), prior antibiotic use (P<0.001), and respiratory sources (P<0.001) were strongly associated with the presence of MDR P. aeruginosa. From 2019 to 2020, there was a decrease in the total number of P. aeruginosa isolates but a significant increase in the proportion of MDR P. aeruginosa isolates (P=0.015). Conclusions Over a period that coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an increased proportion of MDR P. aeruginosa isolates from hospitalized patients. Improved identification of patients at risk for MDR P. aeruginosa could facilitate appropriate empiric antibiotic decisions like dual anti-pseudomonal therapy. The features of the COVID-19 outbreak that had a severe impact on patient care and that may have affected drug resistance in other respiratory pathogens should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Fan Yang
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Vivian Huang
- Medical School, State University of New York Health Sciences University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jevon Samaroo-Campbell
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of New York Health Sciences University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Augenbraun
- Department of Infectious Disease, State University of New York Health Sciences University, New York, NY, USA
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11
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Jin LM, Shen H, Che XY, Jin Y, Yuan CM, Zhang NH. Anti-bacterial mechanism of baicalin-tobramycin combination on carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:4026-4034. [PMID: 37388786 PMCID: PMC10303599 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i17.4026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is an important cause of nosocomial infections, and contributes to high morbidity and mortality, especially in intensive care units. P. aeruginosa is considered a 'critical' category bacterial pathogen by the World Health Organization to encourage an urgent need for research and development of new antibiotics against its infections.
AIM To investigate the effectiveness of baicalin combined with tobramycin therapy as a potential treatment method for carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (CRPA) infections.
METHODS Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and RT-PCR were used to detect the expression levels of drug-resistant genes (including VIM, IMP and OprD2) and biofilm-related genes (including algD, pslA and lasR) in CRPA that confer resistance to tobramycin, baicalin and tobramycin combined with baicalin (0, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2 and 1MIC).
RESULTS There was a correlation between biofilm formation and the expression of biofilm-related genes. In addition, VIM, IMP, OprD2, algD, pslA and lasR that confer biofilm production under different concentrations in CRPA were significantly correlated. The synergistic effect of baicalin combined with tobramycin was a significant down-regulation of VIM, IMP, algD, pslA and lasR.
CONCLUSION Baicalin combined with tobramycin therapy can be an effective treatment method for patients with CRPA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Jin
- Laboratory Department, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Laboratory Department, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xing-Ying Che
- Laboratory Department, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ye Jin
- Laboratory Department, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chun-Mei Yuan
- Laboratory Department, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Neng-Hua Zhang
- Laboratory Department, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang Province, China
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12
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Puelles JS, Ghorbani M, Tuck B, Machuca LL, Ackland ML, Chen F, Somers AE, Forsyth M. Effect of cetrimonium carrier micelles on bacterial membranes and extracellular DNA, an in silico study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8041. [PMID: 37198168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32475-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms do not live as dispersed single cells but rather they form aggregates with extracellular polymeric substances at interfaces. Biofilms are considered efficient life forms because they shield bacteria from biocides and collect dilute nutrients. This is a big concern in industry since the microorganisms can colonize a wide range of surfaces, accelerating material deterioration, colonizing medical devices, contaminating ultrapure drinking water, increasing energy costs and creating focus of infection. Conventional biocides that target a specific component of the bacteria are not effective in the presence of biofilms. Efficient biofilm inhibitors are based on a multitarget approach interacting with the bacteria and the biofilm matrix. Their rationale design requires a thorough understanding of inhibitory mechanisms that are still largely lacking today. Herein we uncover via molecular modelling the inhibition mechanism of cetrimonium 4-OH cinnamate (CTA-4OHcinn). Simulations show that CTA-4OH micelles can disrupt symmetric and asymmetric bilayers, representative of inner and outer bacterial membranes, following three stages: adsorption, assimilation, and defect formation. The main driving force for micellar attack is electrostatic interactions. In addition to disrupting the bilayers, the micelles work as carriers facilitating the trapping of 4OH cinnamate anions within the bilayer upper leaflet and overcoming electrostatic repulsion. The micelles also interact with extracellular DNA (e-DNA), which is one of the main components of biofilms. It is observed that CTA-4OHcinn forms spherical micelles on the DNA backbone; which hinders their ability to pack. This is demonstrated by modelling the DNA along the hbb histone-like protein, showing that in the presence of CTA-4OHcinn, DNA does not pack properly around hbb. The abilities of CTA-4OHcinn to cause cell death through membrane disruption and to disperse a mature, multi-species biofilm are also confirmed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahdi Ghorbani
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3217, Australia
| | - Benjamin Tuck
- Curtin Corrosion Centre, WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Laura L Machuca
- Curtin Corrosion Centre, WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - M Leigh Ackland
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Deakin University, Burwood, 3125, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3217, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Deakin University, Burwood, 3125, Australia.
| | - Anthony E Somers
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3217, Australia.
| | - Maria Forsyth
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3217, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Deakin University, Burwood, 3125, Australia.
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13
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Verdial C, Serrano I, Tavares L, Gil S, Oliveira M. Mechanisms of Antibiotic and Biocide Resistance That Contribute to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Persistence in the Hospital Environment. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041221. [PMID: 37189839 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen responsible for multiple hospital- and community-acquired infections, both in human and veterinary medicine. P. aeruginosa persistence in clinical settings is worrisome and is a result of its remarkable flexibility and adaptability. This species exhibits several characteristics that allow it to thrive under different environmental conditions, including the ability to colonize inert materials such as medical equipment and hospital surfaces. P. aeruginosa presents several intrinsic mechanisms of defense that allow it to survive external aggressions, but it is also able to develop strategies and evolve into multiple phenotypes to persevere, which include antimicrobial-tolerant strains, persister cells, and biofilms. Currently, these emergent pathogenic strains are a worldwide problem and a major concern. Biocides are frequently used as a complementary/combination strategy to control the dissemination of P. aeruginosa-resistant strains; however, tolerance to commonly used biocides has also already been reported, representing an impediment to the effective elimination of this important pathogen from clinical settings. This review focuses on the characteristics of P. aeruginosa responsible for its persistence in hospital environments, including those associated with its antibiotic and biocide resistance ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Verdial
- Gato Escondido-Veterinary Clinic, Av. Bombeiros Voluntários n°22B, 2950-209 Palmela, Portugal
| | - Isa Serrano
- CIISA-Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- CIISA-Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Solange Gil
- CIISA-Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- CIISA-Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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14
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Gideskog M, Falkeborn T, Welander J, Melhus Å. Source Control of Gram-Negative Bacteria Using Self-Disinfecting Sinks in a Swedish Burn Centre. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040965. [PMID: 37110388 PMCID: PMC10143680 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several retrospective studies have identified hospital sinks as reservoirs of Gram-negative bacteria. The aim of this study was to prospectively investigate the bacterial transmission from sinks to patients and if self-disinfecting sinks could reduce this risk. Samples were collected weekly from sinks (self-disinfecting, treated with boiling water, not treated) and patients in the Burn Centre at Linköping University Hospital, Sweden. The antibiotic susceptibility of Gram-negative isolates was tested, and eight randomly chosen patient isolates and their connected sink isolates were subjected to whole genome sequencing (WGS). Of 489 sink samples, 232 (47%) showed growth. The most frequent findings were Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n = 130), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 128), and Acinetobacter spp. (n = 55). Bacterial growth was observed in 20% of the samplings from the self-disinfecting sinks and in 57% from the sinks treated with boiling water (p = 0.0029). WGS recognized one transmission of Escherichia coli sampled from an untreated sink to a patient admitted to the same room. In conclusion, the results showed that sinks can serve as reservoirs of Gram-negative bacteria and that self-disinfecting sinks can reduce the transmission risk. Installing self-disinfecting sinks in intensive care units is an important measure in preventing nosocomial infection among critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gideskog
- Department of Communicable Disease and Infection Control, Linköping University Hospital, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tina Falkeborn
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Linköping University Hospital, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jenny Welander
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Linköping University Hospital, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Åsa Melhus
- Section of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Powers SJ, Castell N, Vistein R, Kalloo AN, Izzi JM, Gabrielson KL. Bacterial Cholecystitis and Cholangiohepatitis in Common Marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus). Comp Med 2023; 73:173-180. [PMID: 36944497 PMCID: PMC10162377 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-22-000075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a New World NHP, has emerged as important animal model in multiple areas of translational biomedical research. The quality of translational research in marmosets depends on early diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of their spontaneous diseases. Here, we characterize an outbreak of infectious cholangiohepatitis that affected 7 adult common marmosets in a single building over a 10-mo period. Marmosets presented for acute onset of lethargy, dull mentation, weight loss, dehydration, hyporexia, and hypothermia. Blood chemistries at presentation revealed markedly elevated hepatic and biliary enzymes, but mild neutrophilia was detected in only 1 of the 7. Affected marmosets were unresponsive to rigorous treatment and died or were euthanized within 48 h of presentation. Gross and histopathologic examinations revealed severe, necrosuppurative cholangiohepatitis and proliferative cholecystitis with bacterial colonies and an absence of gallstones. Perimortem and postmortem cultures revealed single or dual isolates of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Other postmortem findings included bile duct hyperplasia, periportal hepatitis, bile peritonitis, ulcerative gastroenteritis, and typhlitis. Environmental contamination of water supply equipment with Pseudomonas spp. was identified as the source of infection, but pathogenesis remains unclear. This type of severe, infectious cholangiohepatitis with proliferative cholecystitis with Pseudomonas spp. had not been reported previously in marmosets, and we identified and here describe several contributing factors in addition to contaminated drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Powers
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Natalie Castell
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rachel Vistein
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anthony N Kalloo
- Department of Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York; and
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jessica M Izzi
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kathleen L Gabrielson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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16
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Biofilm-based technology for industrial wastewater treatment: current technology, applications and future perspectives. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:112. [PMID: 36907929 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03567-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The microbial community in biofilm is safeguarded from the action of toxic chemicals, antimicrobial compounds, and harsh/stressful environmental circumstances. Therefore, biofilm-based technology has nowadays become a successful alternative for treating industrial wastewater as compared to suspended growth-based technologies. In biofilm reactors, microbial cells are attached to static or free-moving materials to form a biofilm which facilitates the process of liquid and solid separation in biofilm-mediated operations. This paper aims to review the state-of-the-art of recent research on bacterial biofilm in industrial wastewater treatment including biofilm fundamentals, possible applications and problems, and factors to regulate biofilm formation. We discussed in detail the treatment efficiencies of fluidized bed biofilm reactor (FBBR), trickling filter reactor (TFR), rotating biological contactor (RBC), membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR), and moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) for different types of industrial wastewater treatment. Besides, biofilms have many applications in food and agriculture, biofuel and bioenergy production, power generation, and plastic degradation. Furthermore, key factors for regulating biofilm formation were also emphasized. In conclusion, industrial applications make evident that biofilm-based treatment technology is impactful for pollutant removal. Future research to address and improve the limitations of biofilm-based technology in wastewater treatment is also discussed.
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17
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Yetiş Ö, Ali S, Karia K, Wilson P. Failure of a hollow-fibre shower filter device to prevent exposure of patients to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Hosp Infect 2022; 130:1-6. [PMID: 36049574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospital waters is a risk for invasive infection. Point-of-use filters (POU) are used to reduce patient exposure to the organism; hollow-fibre filters are becoming more popular. However retrograde colonisation of the filter mechanism may contaminate the effluent. AIMS To assess the efficacy of POU filter head (polysulfone; hollow-fibre matrix) shower filters in preventing P. aeruginosa exposure to high-risk patient groups. METHODS Pre-flush (opening the outlet and collecting the first 100 mL of water) samples were analysed to measure P. aeruginosa contamination from 25 shower outlets (∼21% of the total showers on the 6 wards), with and without a hollow-fibre filter. P. aeruginosa was measured in a subset of outlets harbouring P. aeruginosa (sampling period August 19th 2019 to January 10th 2020). FINDINGS All twenty-five shower waters were heavily colonized (>300CFU/mL) with P. aeruginosa at the showerhead. P. aeruginosa was found in 32% (8/25) of post-filter shower water effluent with a (geometric mean =4x106(n=4) (6.8x10ˆ4 - 2x10ˆ8). Filters were sampled at (15 - 150) days of usage (median =15) with 26% (6/23) of filter units becoming colonized before the expiry date. CONCLUSION POU filter showerhead units may not be effective in preventing exposure of vulnerable patients to P. aeruginosa in hospital waters due to retrograde contamination (external contamination of the shower head passed back to the filter cartridge itself) or failure of the hollow-fibre filter-matrix. Reliance should not be placed on the use of hollow fibre filters to protect patients from exposure to P. aeruginosa without repeated microbiological monitoring while they are used.
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18
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Song R, Sun Y, Li X, Ding C, Huang Y, Du X, Wang J. Biodegradable microplastics induced the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors in soil: A metagenomic perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 828:154596. [PMID: 35302032 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about the ecological safety of both conventional and biodegradable microplastics have grown due to the inadequate end-of-life treatments of plastics. In this study, the effects of conventional and biodegradable microplastics on the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factors (VFs) were estimated in a soil microcosm experiment. The gene profiles and their respective bacterial hosts in soil were evaluated by metagenomic sequencing methods. The abundances of ARGs and VFs in polybutylene succinate (PBS) treated soils were statistically higher than the values in the control and conventional microplastic treatments. In comparison with the control, application of conventional microplastics showed negligible effects on ARG and VF profiles in the soil, while biodegradable microplastic amendments significantly changed the compositions of ARGs and VFs. The host-tracking analysis suggested application of microplastics broadened the bacterial hosts of ARGs and VFs in the soil. The percentage of Proteobacteria as ARG hosts increased from 38.5% in the control soils to 58.2% in microplastic exposed soil. The genus Bradyrhizobium was the dominant host of ARGs and VFs in biodegradable microplastic treatments, while conventional microplastics increased the percentages of Pseudomonas as the bacterial hosts. This study enhances the understanding of the effects of conventional and biodegradable microplastics on the propagation and hosts of ARGs and VFs in the terrestrial environment, providing essential insights into the risk assessment and management of plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuanze Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinfei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Changfeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yi Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinyu Du
- Collage of Maine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Antibiotic-resistant organisms establish reservoirs in new hospital built environments and are related to patient blood infection isolates. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2022; 2:62. [PMID: 35664456 PMCID: PMC9160058 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Healthcare-associated infections due to antibiotic-resistant organisms pose an acute and rising threat to critically ill and immunocompromised patients. To evaluate reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant organisms as a source of transmission to patients, we interrogated isolates from environmental surfaces, patient feces, and patient blood infections from an established and a newly built intensive care unit. Methods We used selective culture to recover 829 antibiotic-resistant organisms from 1594 environmental and 72 patient fecal samples, in addition to 81 isolates from blood cultures. We conducted antibiotic susceptibility testing and short- and long-read whole genome sequencing on recovered isolates. Results Antibiotic-resistant organism burden is highest in sink drains compared to other surfaces. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most frequently cultured organism from surfaces in both intensive care units. From whole genome sequencing, different lineages of P. aeruginosa dominate in each unit; one P. aeruginosa lineage of ST1894 is found in multiple sink drains in the new intensive care unit and 3.7% of blood isolates analyzed, suggesting movement of this clone between the environment and patients. Conclusions These results highlight antibiotic-resistant organism reservoirs in hospital built environments as an important target for infection prevention in hospitalized patients. Patients in hospitals often have a suppressed immune system, putting them at increased risk of infection by bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics, some of which may come from sources in the hospital environment. We sampled multiple different surfaces in an established and a newly built intensive care unit and collected patient infection samples. We tested bacteria in these samples for their resistance to antibiotics and sequenced the genetic code of the bacteria to identify relationships between environmental and patient infections. We found the most antibiotic resistant organisms in hospital sink drains. Our sequencing data revealed strains of a certain kind of bacteria could form reservoirs and survive in sink drains and also cause patient infections. These results highlight the importance of removing these antibiotic resistant organism reservoirs to prevent infections. Sukhum, Newcomer et al. evaluate reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant organisms within the built environment and patient samples from an established and a newly-built intensive care unit. The authors demonstrate colonization of sink drains and other sites and show relatedness between environmental reservoirs and patient infections.
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20
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An Overview of Healthcare Associated Infections and Their Detection Methods Caused by Pathogen Bacteria in Romania and Europe. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11113204. [PMID: 35683591 PMCID: PMC9181229 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthcare-associated infections can occur in different care units and can affect both patients and healthcare professionals. Bacteria represent the most common cause of nosocomial infections and, due to the excessive and irrational use of antibiotics, resistant organisms have appeared. The most important healthcare-associated infections are central line-associated bloodstream infections, catheter-associated urinary tract infections, surgical site, soft tissue infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, hospital acquired pneumonia, and Clostridioides difficile colitis. In Europe, some hospitalized patients develop nosocomial infections that lead to increased costs and prolonged hospitalizations. Healthcare-associated infection prevalence in developed countries is lower than in low-income and middle-income countries such as Romania, an Eastern European country, where several factors contribute to the occurrence of many nosocomial infections, but official data show a low reporting rate. For the rapid identification of bacteria that can cause these infections, fast, sensitive, and specific methods are needed, and they should be cost-effective. Therefore, this review focuses on the current situation regarding healthcare-associated infections in Europe and Romania, with discussions regarding the causes and possible solutions. As a possible weapon in the fight against the healthcare-associated infections, the diagnosis methods and tests used to determine the bacteria involved in healthcare-associated infections are evaluated.
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21
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Chico-Sánchez P, Gras-Valentí P, Algado-Sellés N, Jiménez-Sepúlveda N, Rodríguez-Díaz JC, Merino-deLucas E, Galiana-Ivars M, Fuster-Pérez M, Cartagena-Llopis L, Balboa-Esteve S, Cánovas-Jávega S, Esclapez-Martínez A, Monerris-Palmer M, Cerezo-Milán P, Sánchez-Payá J, Ronda-Pérez E. Effectiveness of the systematic use of antimicrobial filters in the water taps of critical care units for the prevention of healthcare-associated infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Infect Control 2022; 50:435-439. [PMID: 35369937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is the third leading aetiological agent in healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and the one most frequently found in patients with pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation. In intensive care units (ICU), its appearance is associated with higher mortality, an increase in the days spent on ventilation, and hospital stay length and costs. Thus, evaluating strategies for preventing these infections is essential for their control. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of the systematic use of antimicrobial filters in preventing PA infections in critical care units. METHODS This was an open experimental crossover study. A total of 2,156 patients admitted for more than 24 hours in critical care units were included, 1,129 of them in units with filters, and 1,027 in units without filters. The study groups were followed-up for 24 months and HAIs were checked for the presence of PA. Chi-squared test were used to compare the rate of HAIs between groups and we calculated 95% confidence intervals adjusted by Poisson regression for the rate ratio (RR) of the association magnitude. RESULTS Both groups were homogeneous in terms of intrinsic and extrinsic patient factors. The incidence of PA infections in the units with filters was 5.5 cases/1,000 hospitalized days and 5.4/1,000 hospitalized days for the units without water filters (RR = 1.09 [0.67-1.79]). CONCLUSIONS Routine placing antimicrobial filters in the water taps in critical care units was not an effective means of preventing the emergence of HAIs caused by PA.
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22
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Mechmechani S, Khelissa S, Gharsallaoui A, Omari KE, Hamze M, Chihib NE. Hurdle technology using encapsulated enzymes and essential oils to fight bacterial biofilms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2311-2335. [PMID: 35312826 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces has become a major public health concern because of the serious problems they can cause in various fields. Biofilm cells are extremely resistant to stressful conditions, because of their complex structure impedes antimicrobial penetration to deep-seated cells. The increased resistance of biofilm to currently applied control strategies underscores the urgent need for new alternative and/or supplemental eradication approaches. The combination of two or more methods, known as Hurdle technology, offers an excellent option for the highly effective control of biofilms. In this perspective, the use of functional enzymes combined with biosourced antimicrobial such as essential oil (EO) is a promising alternative anti-biofilm approach. However, these natural antibiofilm agents can be damaged by severe environmental conditions and lose their activity. The microencapsulation of enzymes and EOs is a promising new technology for enhancing their stability and improving their biological activity. This review article highlights the problems related to biofilm in various fields, and the use of encapsulated enzymes with essential oils as antibiofilm agents. KEY POINTS: • Problems associated with biofilms in the food and medical sectors and their subsequent risks on health and food quality. • Hurdle technology using enzymes and essential oils is a promising strategy for an efficient biofilms control. • The microencapsulation of enzymes and essential oils ensures their stability and improves their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Mechmechani
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux Et Transformations, Lille, France.,Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé Et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Simon Khelissa
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux Et Transformations, Lille, France
| | - Adem Gharsallaoui
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Khaled El Omari
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé Et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé Et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Nour-Eddine Chihib
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux Et Transformations, Lille, France.
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23
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Pulusu CP, Manivannan B, Raman SS, Singh S, Khamari B, Lama M, Peketi ASK, Datta C, Prasad KN, Nagaraja V, Pradeep BE. Localized outbreaks of Pseudomonas aeruginosa belonging to international high-risk clones in a south Indian hospital. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 35286253 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is now considered as a major bacterial pathogen associated with hospital infections. Frequently, multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) P. aeruginosa are being encountered. Unusual increase in the P. aeruginosa infections led to the suspicion of outbreaks in the urology ward and cardiothoracic and vascular surgery intensive care unit (CTVS-ICU).Hypothesis. We hypothesize that the localized outbreaks may have originated from environmental sources within the hospital premises. An alternative possibility is the transmission from a previously infected patient or hospital attendant. Understanding the drug-resistance profile and genome characteristics of these clinical samples would determine the likely source of infection and spread.Aim. To perform epidemiological and molecular investigations on the suspected outbreaks of P. aeruginosa in the study centre and identify potential sources of infection.Methodology. Fourteen drug-resistant P. aeruginosa isolated from patients of the urology ward, CTVS-ICU and tap waters collected during the suspected outbreaks were subjected to microbiological and genomic analysis. Comparative genome (CG) analysis of these 14 study genomes with 284 complete P. aeruginosa genomes was performed.Results. Multilocus sequence typing analysis revealed that the isolates belonged to five different sequence types (ST235, ST357, ST639, ST654 and ST1203) and clustered into three distinct groups while two CTVS-ICU isolates remained as singletons. Genome analysis distinguished that the outbreaks in the urology ward and CTVS-ICU are independent, epidemiologically unrelated to each other and with the tap-water isolates.Conclusion. This study highlights the presence of distinct, clonally unrelated, drug-resistant P. aeruginosa within a hospital setting. The genome analysis of the two localized outbreaks revealed their distinct genetic background and phylogenetically unrelated origin. Vigilant screening and effective implementation of infection control measures led to the successful containment of potential environmental reservoirs of P. aeruginosa within the premises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanakya Pachi Pulusu
- AMR Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Puttaparthi, India
| | - Bhavani Manivannan
- AMR Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Puttaparthi, India
| | - Sai Suguna Raman
- Infection Control, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Prasanthigram, India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Balaram Khamari
- AMR Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Puttaparthi, India
| | - Manmath Lama
- AMR Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Puttaparthi, India
| | - Arun Sai Kumar Peketi
- AMR Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Puttaparthi, India
| | - Chandreyee Datta
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kashi Nath Prasad
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.,Department of Microbiology, Apollo Medics Super Speciality Hospital, Lucknow, India
| | - Valakunja Nagaraja
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India.,Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru, India
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24
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Virieux-Petit M, Hammer-Dedet F, Aujoulat F, Jumas-Bilak E, Romano-Bertrand S. From Copper Tolerance to Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa towards Patho-Adaptation and Hospital Success. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020301. [PMID: 35205346 PMCID: PMC8872213 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The hospital environment constitutes a reservoir of opportunistic pathogens responsible for healthcare-associated infections (HCAI) such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa). Pa persistence within technological niches, the increasing emergence of epidemic high-risk clones in HCAI, the epidemiological link between plumbing strains and clinical strains, make it a major nosocomial pathogen. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of Pa adaptation to hospital water systems would be useful in preventing HCAI. This review deciphers how copper resistance contributes to Pa adaptation and persistence in a hospital environment, especially within copper water systems, and ultimately to its success as a causative agent of HCAI. Numerous factors are involved in copper homeostasis in Pa, among which active efflux conferring copper tolerance, and copper-binding proteins regulating the copper compartmentalization between periplasm and cytoplasm. The functional harmony of copper homeostasis is regulated by several transcriptional regulators. The genomic island GI-7 appeared as especially responsible for the copper resistance in Pa. Mechanisms of copper and antibiotic cross-resistance and co-resistance are also identified, with potential co-regulation processes between them. Finally, copper resistance of Pa confers selective advantages in colonizing and persisting in hospital environments but also appears as an asset at the host/pathogen interface that helps in HCAI occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine Virieux-Petit
- HydroSciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier University, 34093 Montpellier, France; (M.V.-P.); (F.H.-D.); (F.A.); (E.J.-B.)
| | - Florence Hammer-Dedet
- HydroSciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier University, 34093 Montpellier, France; (M.V.-P.); (F.H.-D.); (F.A.); (E.J.-B.)
| | - Fabien Aujoulat
- HydroSciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier University, 34093 Montpellier, France; (M.V.-P.); (F.H.-D.); (F.A.); (E.J.-B.)
| | - Estelle Jumas-Bilak
- HydroSciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier University, 34093 Montpellier, France; (M.V.-P.); (F.H.-D.); (F.A.); (E.J.-B.)
- Hospital Hygiene and Infection Control Team, University Hospital of Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Romano-Bertrand
- HydroSciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier University, 34093 Montpellier, France; (M.V.-P.); (F.H.-D.); (F.A.); (E.J.-B.)
- Hospital Hygiene and Infection Control Team, University Hospital of Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France
- UMR 5151 HSM, Equipe Pathogènes Hydriques Santé et Environnements, U.F.R. des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Montpellier, 15, Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-11-75-94-30
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25
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Opperman CJ, Moodley C, Lennard K, Smith M, Ncayiyana J, Vulindlu M, Gafoor M, Govender N, Ismail H, Bamford C, McCarthy KM, Nicol MP, Centner CM. A citywide, clonal outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 117:74-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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26
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Occurrence of P. aeruginosa in Water Intended for Human Consumption and in Swimming Pool Water. ENVIRONMENTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/environments8120132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Considering the fact that water is a basic need of every living being, it is important to ensure its safety. In this work, the data on the presence of the opportunistic pathogen P. aeruginosa in drinking water (n = 4171) as well as in pool water (n = 5059) in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County in Croatia in the five-year period (2016–2020) were analysed. In addition, the national criteria were compared with those of neighboring countries and worldwide. The proportion of P. aeruginosa-positive samples was similar for drinking water (3.9%) and pool water (4.6%). The prevalence of this bacterium was most pronounced in the warmer season. P. aeruginosa-positive drinking water samples were mostly collected during building commissioning, while pool samples were from entertainment and spa/hydromassage pools. Outdoor pools showed a higher percentage of positive samples than indoor pools, as well as the pools filled with freshwater rather than seawater. The highest P. aeruginosa load was found in rehabilitation pools. Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro are countries that have included P. aeruginosa in their national regulations as an indicator of the safety of water for human consumption as well as for bottled water, while Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have limited this requirement to bottled water only. In the case of swimming pool water, this parameter is mandatory in all countries considered in this study.
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27
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Figueiredo ART, Özkaya Ö, Kümmerli R, Kramer J. Siderophores drive invasion dynamics in bacterial communities through their dual role as public good versus public bad. Ecol Lett 2021; 25:138-150. [PMID: 34753204 PMCID: PMC9299690 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microbial invasions can compromise ecosystem services and spur dysbiosis and disease in hosts. Nevertheless, the mechanisms determining invasion outcomes often remain unclear. Here, we examine the role of iron‐scavenging siderophores in driving invasions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa into resident communities of environmental pseudomonads. Siderophores can be ‘public goods’ by delivering iron to individuals possessing matching receptors; but they can also be ‘public bads’ by withholding iron from competitors lacking these receptors. Accordingly, siderophores should either promote or impede invasion, depending on their effects on invader and resident growth. Using supernatant feeding and invasion assays, we show that invasion success indeed increased when the invader could use its siderophores to inhibit (public bad) rather than stimulate (public good) resident growth. Conversely, invasion success decreased the more the invader was inhibited by the residents’ siderophores. Our findings identify siderophores as a major driver of invasion dynamics in bacterial communities under iron‐limited conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre R T Figueiredo
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Özhan Özkaya
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Kümmerli
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jos Kramer
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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28
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Said KB, Alsolami A, Khalifa AM, Khalil NA, Moursi S, Osman A, Fahad D, Rakha E, Rashidi M, Moussa S, Bashir AI, Alfouzan F, Hammam S, Taha TE, Al-hazimi A, Al Jadani A. A Multi-Point Surveillance for Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles among Clinical Isolates of Gram-Negative Bacteria Recovered from Major Ha'il Hospitals, Saudi Arabia. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102024. [PMID: 34683344 PMCID: PMC8537776 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The devastating nosocomial resistance is an on-going global concern. Surveillance of resistance is crucial for efficient patient care. This study was aimed to conduct a surveillance in four major Ha'il Hospitals from September to December 2020. Using a multipoint program, records of 621 non-duplicate Gram-negative cultures were tested across 21 drugs belonging to different categories. Major species were Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 187, 30%), E. coli (n = 151, 24.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, (n = 84, 13.6%), Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 82, 13.3%), and Proteus mirabilis (n = 46, 7%). Based on recent resistance classifications, A. baumanni, P. aeruginosa, and enteric bacteria were defined as pan-resistant, extremely resistant, and multi-drug resistant, respectively. A. baumannii (35%) and K. pneumoniae (23%) dominated among coinfections in SARS-CoV2 patients. The "other Gram-negative bacteria" (n = 77, 12.5%) from diverse sources showed unique species-specific resistance patterns, while sharing a common Gram-negative resistance profile. Among these, Providencia stuartii was reported for the first time in Ha'il. In addition, specimen source, age, and gender differences played significant roles in susceptibility. Overall infection rates were 30% in ICU, 17.5% in medical wards, and 13.5% in COVID-19 zones, mostly in male (59%) senior (54%) patients. In ICU, infections were caused by P. mirabilis (52%), A. baumannii (49%), P. aeruginosa (41%), K. pneumoniae (24%), and E. coli (21%), and most of the respiratory infections were caused by carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae and UTI by K. pneumoniae and E. coli. While impressive IC, hospital performances, and alternative treatment options still exist, the spread of resistant Gram-negative bacteria is concerning especially in geriatric patients. The high selective SARS-CoV2 coinfection by A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae, unlike the low global rates, warrants further vertical studies. Attributes of resistances are multifactorial in Saudi Arabia because of its global partnership as the largest economic and pilgrimage hub with close social and cultural ties in the region, especially during conflicts and political unrests. However, introduction of advanced inter-laboratory networks for genome-based surveillances is expected to reduce nosocomial resistances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaleldin B. Said
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55476, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.K.); (N.A.K.); (S.M.)
- Genomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel-By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- ASC Molecular Bacteriology, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Rd, Montreal, QC H9X 3L9, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-500771459
| | - Ahmed Alsolami
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55476, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.A.J.)
| | - Amany M. Khalifa
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55476, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.K.); (N.A.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Nuha A. Khalil
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55476, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.K.); (N.A.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Soha Moursi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55476, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.K.); (N.A.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Abuzar Osman
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55476, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Dakheel Fahad
- Departments of Microbiology, Education, Research and Training, King Khalid Hospital, Ha’il 55476, Saudi Arabia; (D.F.); (E.R.)
| | - Ehab Rakha
- Departments of Microbiology, Education, Research and Training, King Khalid Hospital, Ha’il 55476, Saudi Arabia; (D.F.); (E.R.)
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Musleh Rashidi
- Ministry of Health, Hail Region, Ha’il 55476, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Safia Moussa
- Department of Microbiology, King Salman Specialist Hospital, Ha’il 55476, Saudi Arabia; (S.M.); (F.A.)
| | - Abdelhafiz I. Bashir
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Ha’il 55476, Saudi Arabia; (A.I.B.); (A.A.-h.)
| | - Fayez Alfouzan
- Department of Microbiology, King Salman Specialist Hospital, Ha’il 55476, Saudi Arabia; (S.M.); (F.A.)
| | - Sahar Hammam
- Department of Microbiology, Maternity and Children Hospital, Ha’il 55476, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Taha E. Taha
- Department of Epidemiology, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Awdah Al-hazimi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Ha’il 55476, Saudi Arabia; (A.I.B.); (A.A.-h.)
| | - Ahmed Al Jadani
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55476, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.A.J.)
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29
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Eremwanarue OA, Nwawuba SU, Shittu OH. Characterisation of the Prevailing Multidrug Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains from Surgical Wound Using 16S rRNA Sequencing Technique. Malays J Med Sci 2021; 28:37-49. [PMID: 34512129 PMCID: PMC8407802 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is prevalent in hospital-acquired surgical wound infections. It exhibits both innate and acquired resistance to a broad range of antimicrobials and remains a principal problem in clinical practice. Methods In total, 284 sterile surgical wound swabs (142 each) were collected from two government hospitals: Central Hospital Benin (CHB) and University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH) in Benin City, Nigeria. Pseudomonas spp. isolated from both hospitals were screened with eight different antibiotics by way of disk diffusion method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of 34 multiple drug-resistant isolates was carried out using genus-specific primer set on extracted genomic DNA for the identification of Pseudomonas spp. and substituent 16S rRNA sequencing to determine the prevailing strains in the two locations. Results Sixty-two Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from the two locations (27 isolates from CHB and 35 isolates from the UBTH). Surgical wound infections screened with regularly used antibiotics revealed that 17 (62.9%) isolates from CHB and 20 (57.1%) isolates from UBTH were multiple drug resistant Pseudomonas spp. PCR identification using Pseudomonas spp. specific primer showed that 16 (94.1%) isolates from CHB and 18 (90%) isolates from UBTH were confirmed. The 16S DNA sequencing revealed that P. aeruginosa strain H25883 was dominant in both locations. Conclusion High antibiotic resistance among P. aeruginosa isolates was established in our study. PCR technique revealed a more reliable method of bacterial identification. H25883 strain of P. aeruginosa is the prevalent strain in both locations and it should be given attention in nosocomial surgical wound infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osagie Aibuedefe Eremwanarue
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Benin, Ugbowo, Benin City, Nigeria.,Lahor Research Laboratories and Diagnostics Centre, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Stanley Udogadi Nwawuba
- Centre for Forensic Programmes and DNA Studies, University of Benin, Ugbowo, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Olalekan Hakeem Shittu
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Benin, Ugbowo, Benin City, Nigeria
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30
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Patinglag L, Melling LM, Whitehead KA, Sawtell D, Iles A, Shaw KJ. Non-thermal plasma-based inactivation of bacteria in water using a microfluidic reactor. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 201:117321. [PMID: 34134037 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Failure of conventional water treatment systems may lead to the contamination of water sources, which can cause outbreaks of waterborne healthcare associated infections. Advanced oxidation processing by non-thermal plasma has the potential to treat water without the addition of chemicals. Antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli were chosen to investigate the use of non-thermal plasma generated in a microfluidic reactor to disinfect bacteria contaminated water. The microfluidic reactor used in this study utilized a dielectric barrier discharge, in a gas-liquid phase annular flow regime. Microbiological analysis of water inoculated with P. aeruginosa and E. coli was carried out before and after plasma treatment. Using air as the carrier gas, effective disinfection of water was achieved. At the lowest flow rate (35 µL/min), P. aeruginosa and E. coli viability were drastically reduced, with an approximate 8 log maximum decrease in viability following an estimated residence time of 5 s of plasma treatment. Scanning electron microscopy indicated changes in cell morphology due to the plasma treatment. Live/Dead assays revealed that the membranes of the cells had been damaged after plasma treatment. This work demonstrated that non-thermal plasma has the potential to disinfect against microbial contamination in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Patinglag
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Louise M Melling
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn A Whitehead
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom; Microbiology at Interfaces, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - David Sawtell
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Iles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty J Shaw
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom.
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31
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Marshall CW, Gloag ES, Lim C, Wozniak DJ, Cooper VS. Rampant prophage movement among transient competitors drives rapid adaptation during infection. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/29/eabh1489. [PMID: 34272240 PMCID: PMC8284892 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between bacteria, their close competitors, and viral parasites are common in infections, but understanding of these eco-evolutionary dynamics is limited. Most examples of adaptations caused by phage lysogeny are through the acquisition of new genes. However, integrated prophages can also insert into functional genes and impart a fitness benefit by disrupting their expression, a process called active lysogeny. Here, we show that active lysogeny can fuel rapid, parallel adaptations in establishing a chronic infection. These recombination events repeatedly disrupted genes encoding global regulators, leading to increased cyclic di-GMP levels and elevated biofilm production. The implications of prophage-mediated adaptation are broad, as even transient members of microbial communities can alter the course of evolution and generate persistent phenotypes associated with poor clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin S Gloag
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christina Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Daniel J Wozniak
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vaughn S Cooper
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Center for Evolutionary Biology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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32
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Verdial C, Carneiro C, Machado I, Tavares L, Almeida V, Oliveira M, Gil S. Controlling bacteriological contamination of environmental surfaces at the biological isolation and containment unit of a veterinary teaching hospital. Ir Vet J 2021; 74:18. [PMID: 34183065 PMCID: PMC8240409 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-021-00197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Biological Isolation and Containment Unit (BICU) is a subunit of the Teaching Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Lisbon, Portugal, for the admission of animals with confirmed infectious diseases or under clinical suspicion and waiting for a diagnosis. As a high-risk environment for the transmission of infectious agents, it is extremely important to implement programs for the surveillance of nosocomial microorganisms in these facilities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of bacterial contamination of the BICU environmental surfaces and to implement corrective actions on disinfection protocols. Swab samples were collected from selected environmental surfaces in 3 different areas of the BICU (isolation, work, and preparatory rooms) to evaluate the total aerobic bacterial load and investigate the presence of 4 nosocomial microorganisms: vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 3rd-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli, and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bacterial quantification was performed by using non-selective media, while specific selective media were used for the isolation of the target microorganisms. Isolates were identified based on their macro and microscopic characteristics and their biochemical profile. Subsequently, new disinfection protocols were implemented, and their effectiveness evaluated. Results The surfaces with the highest bacterial load in the isolation, preparatory, and worker’s rooms were the cages, hand-held sponge, and telephone, respectively. Regarding the 4 pathogens investigated, Enterococcus spp. were the most frequently isolated (11.3%), followed by E. coli (1.5%) and P. aeruginosa (1.5%). One of the P. aeruginosa isolates obtained was resistant to imipenem. In the end, new disinfection protocols were implemented, which proved to be effective in reducing bacterial counts by 99.99% in cages and the sponge, and by 90 to 99% on the telephone. Conclusions This study allows to conclude that the cages and the human contact surfaces were the most contaminated in the isolation rooms. Nevertheless, the new disinfection strategies seemed to be effective in reducing environmental contamination, including by some potentially nosocomial agents, although more samples must be analyzed for definitive conclusions. These results may contribute to highlight the importance of infection prevention and control measures, as fundamental tools to reduce the spread of infectious agents in the hospital environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Verdial
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C Carneiro
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal.,CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - I Machado
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L Tavares
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal.,CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - V Almeida
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal.,CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Oliveira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal.,CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S Gil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal. .,CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Bonadonna L, Briancesco R, Coccia AM, Meloni P, Rosa GL, Moscato U. Microbial Air Quality in Healthcare Facilities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6226. [PMID: 34207509 PMCID: PMC8296088 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that indoor air quality and contaminated surfaces provide an important potential source for transmission of pathogens in hospitals. Airborne hospital microorganisms are apparently harmless to healthy people. Nevertheless, healthcare settings are characterized by different environmental critical conditions and high infective risk, mainly due to the compromised immunologic conditions of the patients that make them more vulnerable to infections. Thus, spread, survival and persistence of microbial communities are important factors in hospital environments affecting health of inpatients as well as of medical and nursing staff. In this paper, airborne and aerosolized microorganisms and their presence in hospital environments are taken into consideration, and the factors that collectively contribute to defining the infection risk in these facilities are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Bonadonna
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (A.M.C.); (P.M.); (G.L.R.)
| | - Rossella Briancesco
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (A.M.C.); (P.M.); (G.L.R.)
| | - Anna Maria Coccia
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (A.M.C.); (P.M.); (G.L.R.)
| | - Pierluigi Meloni
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (A.M.C.); (P.M.); (G.L.R.)
| | - Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (A.M.C.); (P.M.); (G.L.R.)
| | - Umberto Moscato
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Section of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
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34
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Proteomic profiling of clinical and environmental strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:2325-2333. [PMID: 33728559 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous bacterium, which is able to change its physiological characteristics in response to different habitats. Environmental strains are presumably less pathogenic than clinical strains and whether or not the clinical strains originate from the environment or through inter-host transmission remains poorly understood. To minimize the risk of infection, a better understanding of proteomic profiling of P. aeruginosa is necessary for elucidating the correlation between environmental and clinical strains. Based on antimicrobial susceptibility and patterns of virulence, we selected 12 clinical and environmental strains: (i) environmental, (ii) multidrug resistant (MDR) clinical and (iii) susceptible clinical strains. Whole-cell protein was extracted from each strain and subjected to two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry quadrupole time-of-flight (LC-MS QTOF). All 12 strains were clustered into 3 distinct groups based on their variance in protein expression. A total of 526 matched spots were detected and four differentially expressed protein spots (p < 0.05) were identified and all differential spots were downregulated in MDR strain J3. Upregulation of chitin binding and BON domain proteins was present in the environmental and some MDR strains, whereas the clinical strains exhibited distinct proteomic profiles with increased expression of serine protein kinase and arginine/ornithine transport ATP-binding proteins. Significant difference in expression was observed between susceptible clinical and MDR strains, as well as susceptible clinical and environmental strains. Transition from an environmental saprophyte to a clinical strain could alter its physiological characteristics to further increase its adaptation.
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Halstead FD, Quick J, Niebel M, Garvey M, Cumley N, Smith R, Neal T, Roberts P, Hardy K, Shabir S, Walker JT, Hawkey P, Loman NJ. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in augmented care: the molecular ecology and transmission dynamics in four large UK hospitals. J Hosp Infect 2021; 111:162-168. [PMID: 33539934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common opportunistic pathogen and molecular typing in outbreaks has linked patient acquisition to contaminated hospital water systems. AIM To elucidate the role of P. aeruginosa transmission rates in non-outbreak augmented care settings in the UK. METHODS Over a 16-week period, all water outlets in augmented care units of four hospitals were sampled for P. aeruginosa and clinical isolates were collected. Outlet and clinical P. aeruginosa isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing (WGS), which with epidemiological data identified acquisition from water as definite (level 1), probable (level 2), possible (level 3), and no evidence (level 4). FINDINGS Outlets were positive in each hospital on all three occasions: W (16%), X (2.5%), Y (0.9%) and Z (2%); and there were 51 persistently positive outlets in total. WGS identified likely transmission (at levels 1, 2 and 3) from outlets to patients in three hospitals for P. aeruginosa positive patients: W (63%), X (54.5%) and Z (26%). According to the criteria (intimate epidemiological link and no phylogenetic distance), approximately 5% of patients in the study 'definitely' acquired their P. aeruginosa from their water outlets in the intensive care unit. This study found extensive evidence of transmission from the outlet to the patients particularly in the newest hospital (W), which had the highest rate of positive outlets. CONCLUSIONS The overall findings suggest that water outlets are the most likely source of P. aeruginosa nosocomial infections in some settings, and that widespread introduction of control measures would have a substantial impact on infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Halstead
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - J Quick
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M Niebel
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - M Garvey
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - N Cumley
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - R Smith
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Hampstead, London, UK
| | - T Neal
- Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - P Roberts
- Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - K Hardy
- Public Health England, Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - S Shabir
- Public Health England, Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - P Hawkey
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - N J Loman
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Slekovec C, Robert J, Berthelot P, van der Mee-Marquet N, Rogues AM, Derouin V, Cholley P, Bertrand X, Gbaguidi-Haore H. Do contact precautions reduce the incidence of ICU-acquired Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections? The DPCPYO cluster-randomized crossover trial. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e2781-e2788. [PMID: 33137174 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Issue of contact precautions as contributory factors for reducing P. aeruginosa (Pa) infections in intensive care units (ICUs) remains questioned. We evaluated the impact of the addition of contact precautions to standard precautions for Pa-positive patients on the incidence of ICU-acquired Pa infections. METHODS In this multicenter cluster-randomized crossover trial, 10 French ICUs were randomly assigned (1:1) to sequence 0-1 (6-month control period [CP]/3-month washout period/6-month intervention period [IP]) or sequence 1-0 (6-month IP/3-month washout period/6-month CP). A surveillance screening program for Pa was implemented. Competing-risks regression models were built with death and discharge without the occurrence of ICU-acquired Pa infection (the primary outcome), as competing events. Models were adjusted for within-ICU correlation, patient- and ICU-level covariates. The Simpson diversity index (SDI) and the transmission index (TI) of Pa isolates were derived from pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing. RESULTS Within recruited ICUs, the cumulative incidence and the incidence rate of ICU-acquired Pa infections were 3.38% (55/1625) vs 3.44% (57/1658) and 3.31 vs 3.52 per 1 000 patient-days at risk during CP and IP, respectively. Multivariable models indicated that the intervention did not significantly change the cumulative incidence (subdistribution hazard ratio 0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49-1.67, p=0.76) and the rate (cause-specific hazard ratio 1.36, 95%CI 0.71-2.63, p=0.36) of the primary outcome. SDI and TI did not significantly differ between CP and IP. CONCLUSIONS The addition of contact precautions to standard precautions for Pa-positive patients with a surveillance screening program does not significantly reduce ICU-acquired Pa infections in non-outbreak situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Slekovec
- Infection Control Department, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
- UMR 6249 Chrono-Environnement, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
| | - Jérôme Robert
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Cimi-Paris, INSERM, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Berthelot
- Hygiène Hospitalière et Maladies Infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Anne-Marie Rogues
- Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, INSERM U657, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Véronique Derouin
- Bactériologie-Hygiène, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud-Clamart, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Pascal Cholley
- Infection Control Department, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
- UMR 6249 Chrono-Environnement, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
| | - Xavier Bertrand
- Infection Control Department, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
- UMR 6249 Chrono-Environnement, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
| | - Houssein Gbaguidi-Haore
- Infection Control Department, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
- UMR 6249 Chrono-Environnement, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
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Ortiz-Gómez V, Rodríguez-Ramos VD, Maldonado-Hernández R, González-Feliciano JA, Nicolau E. Antimicrobial Polymer-Peptide Conjugates Based on Maximin H5 and PEG to Prevent Biofouling of E. coli and P. aeruginosa. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:46991-47001. [PMID: 32937073 PMCID: PMC8177746 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Many pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli bacteria can easily attach to surfaces and form stable biofilms. The formation of such biofilms in surfaces presents a problem in environmental, biomedical, and industrial processes, among many others. Aiming to provide a plausible solution to this issue, the anionic and hydrophobic peptide Maximin H5 C-terminally deaminated isoform (MH5C) has been modified with a cysteine in the C-terminal (MH5C-Cys) and coupled to polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers of varying sizes (i.e., 2 kDa and 5 kDa) to serve as a surface protective coating. Briefly, the MH5C-Cys was bioconjugated to PEG and purified by size exclusion chromatography while the reaction was confirmed via SDS-PAGE and MALDI ToF. Moreover, the preventive antimicrobial activity of the MH5C-Cys-PEG conjugates was performed via the growth curves method, showing inhibition of bacterial growth after 24 h. The efficacy of these peptide-polymer conjugates was extensively characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC), and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) assays to evaluate their ability to eradicate and prevent the biofilms. Interestingly, this work demonstrated a critical PEG polymer weight of 5 kDa as ideal when coupled to the peptide to achieve inhibition and eradication of the biofilm formation in both bacteria strains. According to the MICs (40 μM) and MBICs (300 μM), we can conclude that this conjugate (MH5C-Cys-5 kDa) has an action that prevents/inhibits the formation of biofilms and the eradication of biofilms (MBEC 500 μM). In contrast, the MH5C-Cys peptide with PEG polymer of 2 kDa did not show inhibition or eradication of the biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Ortiz-Gómez
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, 17 Avenido, Universidad Suite 1701, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00925-2537
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De Leon Avenido, Suite 2, San Juan Puerto Rico 00931-3346
| | - Victor D Rodríguez-Ramos
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, 17 Avenido, Universidad Suite 1701, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00925-2537
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De Leon Avenido, Suite 2, San Juan Puerto Rico 00931-3346
| | - Rafael Maldonado-Hernández
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, 17 Avenido, Universidad Suite 1701, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00925-2537
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De Leon Avenido, Suite 2, San Juan Puerto Rico 00931-3346
| | - José A González-Feliciano
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De Leon Avenido, Suite 2, San Juan Puerto Rico 00931-3346
| | - Eduardo Nicolau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, 17 Avenido, Universidad Suite 1701, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00925-2537
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De Leon Avenido, Suite 2, San Juan Puerto Rico 00931-3346
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Pirzadian J, Harteveld SP, Ramdutt SN, van Wamel WJB, Klaassen CHW, Vos MC, Severin JA. Novel use of culturomics to identify the microbiota in hospital sink drains with and without persistent VIM-positive Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17052. [PMID: 33051501 PMCID: PMC7554030 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73650-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In hospitals, Verona Integron-encoded Metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM)-positive Pseudomonas aeruginosa may colonize sink drains, and from there, be transmitted to patients. These hidden reservoirs are difficult to eradicate since P. aeruginosa forms biofilms that resist disinfection. However, little is known on the composition of these biofilms. Therefore, culturomics was used for the first time to investigate the viable microbiota in four hospital sink drain samples with longstanding VIM-positive P. aeruginosa drain reservoirs (inhabited by high-risk clone, sequence type ST111), and four drain samples where VIM-positive P. aeruginosa was not present. Microbial load and composition varied between samples, yielding between 471–18,904 distinct colonies and 8–20 genera. In two VIM-positive drain samples, P. aeruginosa was the most abundantly-isolated microorganism, and found in combination with other Gram-negative bacteria, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, or Stenotrophomonas. P. aeruginosa was in low abundance in the other two VIM-positive samples, and found with Gram-positive cocci (Enterococcus and Staphylococcus) or Sphingomonas. In VIM-negative drain samples, high abundances of Gram-negative non-fermenting bacteria, including Acinetobacter, non-aeruginosa Pseudomonas spp., Acidovorax, Chryseobacterium, Flavobacterium, and Sphingobium, as well as Candida, were cultured. Although additional experiments are needed to draw more firm conclusions on which microorganisms enable or inhibit VIM-positive P. aeruginosa persistence, our data provide unique insights into the microbial compositions of sink drain inlets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannette Pirzadian
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan P Harteveld
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shanice N Ramdutt
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J B van Wamel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corné H W Klaassen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet C Vos
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juliëtte A Severin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Muhammad MH, Idris AL, Fan X, Guo Y, Yu Y, Jin X, Qiu J, Guan X, Huang T. Beyond Risk: Bacterial Biofilms and Their Regulating Approaches. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:928. [PMID: 32508772 PMCID: PMC7253578 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are complex surface attached communities of bacteria held together by self-produced polymer matrixs mainly composed of polysaccharides, secreted proteins, and extracellular DNAs. Bacterial biofilm formation is a complex process and can be described in five main phases: (i) reversible attachment phase, where bacteria non-specifically attach to surfaces; (ii) irreversible attachment phase, which involves interaction between bacterial cells and a surface using bacterial adhesins such as fimbriae and lipopolysaccharide (LPS); (iii) production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by the resident bacterial cells; (iv) biofilm maturation phase, in which bacterial cells synthesize and release signaling molecules to sense the presence of each other, conducing to the formation of microcolony and maturation of biofilms; and (v) dispersal/detachment phase, where the bacterial cells depart biofilms and comeback to independent planktonic lifestyle. Biofilm formation is detrimental in healthcare, drinking water distribution systems, food, and marine industries, etc. As a result, current studies have been focused toward control and prevention of biofilms. In an effort to get rid of harmful biofilms, various techniques and approaches have been employed that interfere with bacterial attachment, bacterial communication systems (quorum sensing, QS), and biofilm matrixs. Biofilms, however, also offer beneficial roles in a variety of fields including applications in plant protection, bioremediation, wastewater treatment, and corrosion inhibition amongst others. Development of beneficial biofilms can be promoted through manipulation of adhesion surfaces, QS and environmental conditions. This review describes the events involved in bacterial biofilm formation, lists the negative and positive aspects associated with bacterial biofilms, elaborates the main strategies currently used to regulate establishment of harmful bacterial biofilms as well as certain strategies employed to encourage formation of beneficial bacterial biofilms, and highlights the future perspectives of bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tianpei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences & College of Plant Protection & International College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Virulence Factors, Drug Resistance and Biofilm Formation in Pseudomonas Species Isolated from Healthcare Water Systems. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:1737-1745. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-01990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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MANAGEMENT OF ENDOSCOPIC ACCESSORIES, VALVES, AND WATER AND IRRIGATION BOTTLES IN THE GASTROENTEROLOGY SETTING. Gastroenterol Nurs 2020; 43:E80-E83. [PMID: 32251229 DOI: 10.1097/sga.0000000000000518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Abstract
Burden of disease analyses can quantify the relative impact of different exposures on population health outcomes. Gastroenteritis where the causative pathogen was not determined and respiratory illness resulting from exposure to opportunistic pathogens transmitted by water aerosols have not always been considered in waterborne burden of disease estimates. We estimated the disease burden attributable to nine enteric pathogens, unspecified pathogens leading to gastroenteritis, and three opportunistic pathogens leading primarily to respiratory illness, in Ontario, Canada (population ~14 million). Employing a burden of disease framework, we attributed a fraction of annual (year 2016) emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalisations and deaths to waterborne transmission. Attributable fractions were developed from the literature and clinical input, and unattributed disease counts were obtained using administrative data. Our Monte Carlo simulation reflected uncertainty in the inputs. The estimated mean annual attributable rates for waterborne diseases were (per 100 000 population): 69 ED visits, 12 hospitalisations and 0.52 deaths. The corresponding 5th–95th percentile estimates were (per 100 000 population): 13–158 ED visits, 5–22 hospitalisations and 0.29–0.83 deaths. The burden of disease due to unspecified pathogens dominated these rates: 99% for ED visits, 63% for hospitalisations and 40% for deaths. However, when a causative pathogen was specified, the majority of hospitalisations (83%) and deaths (97%) resulted from exposure to the opportunistic pathogens Legionella spp., non-tuberculous mycobacteria and Pseudomonas spp. The waterborne disease burden in Ontario indicates the importance of gastroenteritis not traced back to a particular pathogen and of opportunistic pathogens transmitted primarily through contact with water aerosols.
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43
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Maynard E. An overview of a seminar on patient infections and drinking water management within healthcare buildings in the UK. Perspect Public Health 2020; 140:79. [DOI: 10.1177/1757913919899581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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44
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Exogenous acquisition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in intensive care units: a prospective multi-centre study (DYNAPYO study). J Hosp Infect 2020; 104:40-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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45
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Zhang Y, Zhou H, Jiang Q, Wang Q, Li S, Huang Y. Bronchoscope-related Pseudomonas aeruginosa pseudo-outbreak attributed to contaminated rinse water. Am J Infect Control 2020; 48:26-32. [PMID: 31358417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased percentage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients in June 2016 was observed. P aeruginosa were also obtained from flexible bronchoscope and rinse water in the microbiological surveillance in June 2016. METHODS Reprocessing procedure of bronchoscope was assessed, and environmental samples were collected. P aeruginosa isolates recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients between May and September 2016 and environment were characterized using multilocus sequence typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. RESULTS A novel multilocus sequence type (ST) of P aeruginosa was defined as ST 2387. ST671 and ST 2387 were both cultured from bronchoscopes and connecting tube in manual reprocessing cleaning equipment. One strain from a patient was indistinguishable from the clones obtained from the bronchoscope and connecting tube revealed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Two strains from 2 patients from the burn intensive care unit were identical, and highly related to 2 other strains from the burn intensive care unit. The persistence of P aeruginosa in bronchoscopes, connecting tubes, and final rinse water was terminated by replacement of the connecting tube. CONCLUSIONS We report a pseudo-outbreak of P aeruginosa associated with bronchoscope, for which connecting tube was the hidden reservoir for contaminating bronchoscopes. This highlights that effective measures are needed to control the bacterial load in final rinsing water to protect reusable equipment from contamination in reprocessing and cleaning.
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Alhogail S, Suaifan GA, Bikker FJ, Kaman WE, Weber K, Cialla-May D, Popp J, Zourob MM. Rapid Colorimetric Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Clinical Isolates Using a Magnetic Nanoparticle Biosensor. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:21684-21688. [PMID: 31891046 PMCID: PMC6933554 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive, and specific colorimetric biosensor based on the use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) was designed for the detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in clinical samples. The biosensing platform was based on the measurement of P. aeruginosa proteolytic activity using a specific protease substrate. At the N-terminus, this substrate was covalently bound to MNPs and was linked to a gold sensor surface via cystine at the C-terminus of the substrates. The golden sensor appears black to naked eyes because of the coverage of the MNPs. However, upon proteolysis, the cleaved peptide-MNP moieties will be attracted by an external magnet, revealing the golden color of the sensor surface, which can be observed by the naked eye. In vitro, the biosensor was able to detect specifically and quantitatively the presence of P. aeruginosa with a detection limit of 102 cfu/mL in less than 1 min. The colorimetric biosensor was used to test its ability to detect in situ P. aeruginosa in clinical isolates from patients. This biochip is anticipated to be useful as a rapid point-of-care device for the diagnosis of P. aeruginosa-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Alhogail
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory Science, King Saud
University, Ad Diriyah District, 11433 Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia
- Department
of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Al
Takhassusi Road, 11533 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghadeer A.R.Y. Suaifan
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, 11942 Amman, Jordan
| | - Floris J. Bikker
- Department
of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy E. Kaman
- Department
of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department
of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karina Weber
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics
Research Campus Jena, Center for Applied
Research, Philosophenweg
7, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz
Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Dana Cialla-May
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics
Research Campus Jena, Center for Applied
Research, Philosophenweg
7, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz
Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics
Research Campus Jena, Center for Applied
Research, Philosophenweg
7, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz
Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mohammed M. Zourob
- Department
of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Al
Takhassusi Road, 11533 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King
Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Riyadh 12713, Saudi Arabia
- E-mail:
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47
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Pham TM, Kretzschmar M, Bertrand X, Bootsma M. Tracking Pseudomonas aeruginosa transmissions due to environmental contamination after discharge in ICUs using mathematical models. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006697. [PMID: 31461450 PMCID: PMC6736315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is an important cause of healthcare-associated infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Understanding how this multi-drug resistant pathogen is transmitted within intensive care units (ICUs) is crucial for devising and evaluating successful control strategies. While it is known that moist environments serve as natural reservoirs for P. aeruginosa, there is little quantitative evidence regarding the contribution of environmental contamination to its transmission within ICUs. Previous studies on other nosocomial pathogens rely on deploying specific values for environmental parameters derived from costly and laborious genotyping. Using solely longitudinal surveillance data, we estimated the relative importance of P. aeruginosa transmission routes by exploiting the fact that different routes cause different pattern of fluctuations in the prevalence. We developed a mathematical model including background transmission, cross-transmission and environmental contamination. Patients contribute to a pool of pathogens by shedding bacteria to the environment. Natural decay and cleaning of the environment lead to a reduction of that pool. By assigning the bacterial load shed during an ICU stay to cross-transmission, we were able to disentangle environmental contamination during and after a patient's stay. Based on a data-augmented Markov Chain Monte Carlo method the relative importance of the considered acquisition routes is determined for two ICUs of the University hospital in Besançon (France). We used information about the admission and discharge days, screening days and screening results of the ICU patients. Both background and cross-transmission play a significant role in the transmission process in both ICUs. In contrast, only about 1% of the total transmissions were due to environmental contamination after discharge. Based on longitudinal surveillance data, we conclude that cleaning improvement of the environment after discharge might have only a limited impact regarding the prevention of P.A. infections in the two considered ICUs of the University hospital in Besançon. Our model was developed for P. aeruginosa but can be easily applied to other pathogens as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Mui Pham
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care of the UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Mirjam Kretzschmar
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care of the UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xavier Bertrand
- Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France
- UMR 6249 Chrono-environnement, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Martin Bootsma
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care of the UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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48
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Jeanvoine A, Meunier A, Puja H, Bertrand X, Valot B, Hocquet D. Contamination of a hospital plumbing system by persister cells of a copper-tolerant high-risk clone of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 157:579-586. [PMID: 30999256 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is an important opportunistic pathogen that thrives best in the distal elements of plumbing and waste-water systems. Although nosocomial outbreaks of PA have been associated with water sources, the role of the plumbing system of healthcare premises as a reservoir for this pathogen is still unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected water samples from 12 technical areas, distant from any medical activity, in a teaching hospital in France once a week for 11 weeks. We used a method that resuscitates persister cells because of the nutrient-poor conditions and the presence of inhibitors (e.g. chlorine and copper ions). Briefly, water was sampled in sterile bottles containing 100 μM of the copper-ion chelating agent diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC). A portion of the samples was immediately filtered through 0.45-μm membranes, deposited on R2A agar plates, and incubated seven days at 22 °C (following European recommendations). The remaining water was incubated 14 days at 22 °C and then filtered and cultured on R2A, blood-, or cetrimide-containing agar plates. PA isolates were identified by MS MALDI-TOF, genotyped by PFGE and WGS, and tested for survival in a 150 μg/L copper (II) sulphate solution. RESULTS Although the 12 water sampling points always tested negative with the recommended method, 67% were positive at least once for PA with the adapted method (i.e. with DDTC). The 14 PA persister isolates found throughout the plumbing system were clonal and belong to the high-risk clone ST308. Their genome harbours a 37-kb genomic island (GI-7) containing 13 genes linked to copper resistance. ST308 survived better in the copper solution than comparators that did not harbour GI-7 (P. aeruginosa strains PAO1, PA14, and ST235). The deletion of GI-7 in ST308 abrogated its tolerance to copper. The GI-7 nucleotide sequence shares 98% and 72% identity with sequences from the environmental species Pseudomonas putida and the phytopathogenic species Pseudomonas syringae, respectively. CONCLUSION We report the contamination of the plumbing system of a healthcare premises by persister cells of the high-risk clone P. aeruginosa ST308. New recommendations for the monitoring of water contamination should consider persister cells. The genomic island GI-7, which confers tolerance to copper, probably originates from Pseudomonas species found in copper-contaminated soils and plants. Agricultural practices may have an unexpected consequence, allowing copper-tolerant pathogens to survive in the hospital environment and contaminate fragile patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Jeanvoine
- Laboratoire d'Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France; UMR CNRS 6249, Chrono-environnement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Alexandre Meunier
- Laboratoire d'Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France
| | - Hélène Puja
- UMR CNRS 6249, Chrono-environnement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Xavier Bertrand
- Laboratoire d'Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France; UMR CNRS 6249, Chrono-environnement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Benoît Valot
- UMR CNRS 6249, Chrono-environnement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Didier Hocquet
- Laboratoire d'Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France; UMR CNRS 6249, Chrono-environnement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Centre de Ressources Biologiques - Filière Microbiologique de Besançon, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France.
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49
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Montero MM, Domene Ochoa S, López-Causapé C, VanScoy B, Luque S, Sorlí L, Campillo N, Padilla E, Prim N, Segura C, Pomar V, Rivera A, Grau S, Ambrose PG, Oliver A, Horcajada JP. Colistin plus meropenem combination is synergistic in vitro against extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including high-risk clones. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 18:37-44. [PMID: 31154007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and particularly P. aeruginosa high-risk clones, are of growing concern because treatment options are limited. For years, colistin monotherapy has been the only available treatment, but is well known that is not an optimal treatment. A combination of colistin with another antibiotic could be a possible therapeutic option. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate effective antibiotic combinations against 20 XDR P. aeruginosa isolates obtained in a Spanish multicentre study (2015). METHODS Forty-five checkerboards with six antipseudomonal antibiotics (amikacin, aztreonam, ceftazidime, meropenem, colistin, and ceftolozane/tazobactam) were performed to determine whether combinations were synergic or additive by fractional inhibitory concentration indices. On average, 15 different regimens were evaluated in duplicate against the three most prevalent high-risk clones (ST175, ST235, ST111) by time-kill analyses over 24h. The combination showing synergism in the three high-risk clones was validated in all studied XDR isolates. RESULTS In time-kill curves, the untreated control failed, as did each study regimen when administered alone. Two combinations were synergistic in the three high-risk clones that were initially studied: amikacin plus ceftazidime and colistin plus meropenem, with the second being the most effective combination. The efficacy of colistin plus meropenem was then tested in all 20 isolates. A synergistic bacterial density reduction for the duration of the study occurred in 80% of the entire XDR collection. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that colistin plus meropenem may be a useful combination for the treatment of infections due to XDR P. aeruginosa, including high-risk clones, which warrants evaluation in a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M Montero
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital del Mar, Infectious Pathology and Antimicrobials Research Group (IPAR), Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), CEXS-Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sandra Domene Ochoa
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital del Mar, Infectious Pathology and Antimicrobials Research Group (IPAR), Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), CEXS-Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla López-Causapé
- Servicio de Microbiología y Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Son Espases, IdISBa, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Brian VanScoy
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacodynamics, Schenectady, NY, USA
| | - Sonia Luque
- Pharmacy Service, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luisa Sorlí
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital del Mar, Infectious Pathology and Antimicrobials Research Group (IPAR), Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), CEXS-Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Núria Prim
- Laboratori de Referència de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Virginia Pomar
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Rivera
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Grau
- Pharmacy Service, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul G Ambrose
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacodynamics, Schenectady, NY, USA
| | - Antonio Oliver
- Servicio de Microbiología y Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Son Espases, IdISBa, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Juan P Horcajada
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital del Mar, Infectious Pathology and Antimicrobials Research Group (IPAR), Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), CEXS-Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain.
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50
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Cole K, Talmadge JE. Mitigation of microbial contamination from waste water and aerosolization by sink design. J Hosp Infect 2019; 103:193-199. [PMID: 31145930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a significant cause of increased medical costs, morbidity, mortality, and have been partly associated with sinks, their waste water outlets and associated pipework. AIM To determine whether an engineered sink could limit microbial aerosol contaminants in the air and sink basin. METHODS Multiple comparisons were undertaken between an experimental sink, designed to limit aerosolization and p-trap contamination to a control hospital sink, both connected to a common drain system. The experimental sink was equipped with ultraviolet light (UV), an aerosol containment hood, ozonated water generator and a flush system to limit bacterial growth/aerosolization and limit microbial growth in the p-trap. Nutrient material was added daily to simulate typical material discarded into a hospital sink. Surface collection swabs, settle plates and p-trap contamination levels were assessed for bacteria and fungi. FINDINGS The experimental sink had significantly decreased levels of bacterial and fungal p-trap contamination (99.9% for Tryptic Soy (TSA) and Sabouraud agar (SAB) plates) relative to the initial levels. Aerosol-induced contaminant from the p-traps was significantly lower for the experimental vs the control sink for TSA (76%) and SAB (86%) agar settle plates. CONCLUSIONS Limiting microbial contamination is critical for the control of nosocomial infections of in-room sinks, which provide a major source of contamination. Our experimental sink studies document that regular ozonated water rinsing of the sink surface, decontamination of p-trap water, and UV decontamination of surfaces limits microbial aerosolization and surface contamination, with potential to decrease patient exposure and reduce hospital acquired infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Cole
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - J E Talmadge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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