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Hassoun N, Kassem II, Hamze M, El Tom J, Papon N, Osman M. Antifungal Use and Resistance in a Lower-Middle-Income Country: The Case of Lebanon. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1413. [PMID: 37760710 PMCID: PMC10525119 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a serious threat, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Antifungal resistance is often underestimated in both healthcare and non-clinical settings. In LMICs, it is believed that the inappropriate use of antifungals, limited surveillance systems, and low diagnostic capacities are significant drivers of resistance. Like other LMICs, Lebanon lacks antifungal use and resistance surveillance programs, and the impact of antifungal resistance in the country remains unclear, especially during the unfolding economic crisis that has severely affected medical care and access to safe food and water. Interestingly, the widespread use of antifungals in medicine and agriculture has raised concerns about the development of antifungal resistance in Lebanon. In this light, we aimed to survey available antifungal drugs in the country and evaluate susceptibility patterns of prevalent fungal species to guide empiric treatments and develop antifungal stewardship programs in Lebanon. We noted that the economic crisis resulted in significant increases in antifungal drug prices. Additionally, a comprehensive literature search across PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases identified 15 studies on fungal infections and antifungal resistance conducted from 1998 to 2023 in Lebanon. While data on antifungal resistance are limited, 87% of available studies in Lebanon focused on candidiasis, while the remaining 13% were on aspergillosis. Overall, we observed a marked antimicrobial resistance among Candida and Aspergillus species. Additionally, incidences of Candida auris infections have increased in Lebanese hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a uniform resistance to fluconazole and amphotericin-B. Taken together, a One Health approach, reliable diagnostics, and prudent antifungal use are required to control the spread of resistant fungal pathogens in healthcare and agricultural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Hassoun
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon;
| | - Issmat I. Kassem
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA;
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon;
| | - Jad El Tom
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1401, Lebanon;
| | - Nicolas Papon
- University of Angers, University of Brest, IRF, SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France;
| | - Marwan Osman
- Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Asadzadeh M, Alobaid K, Ahmad S, Mazloum S. First Report of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus with TR 46/Y121F/T289A Mutations in Kuwait and an Update on Their Occurrence in the Middle East. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:784. [PMID: 37623555 PMCID: PMC10455753 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary aspergillosis is a common fungal infection with several clinical manifestations including invasive, allergic and chronic chest diseases. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a leading cause of death in immunocompromised patients, particularly those receiving chemotherapy and among bone marrow transplant recipients. Aspergillus fumigatus is the most prevalent causative agent and voriconazole is the first-line therapy for IPA. In this study, we report the first isolation of voriconazole-resistant A. fumigatus carrying TR46/Y121F/T289A mutations from an immunocompromised pregnant lady in Kuwait. The patient was successfully treated for a probable respiratory infection with caspofungin and voriconazole. The literature review from PubMed has identified itraconazole-resistant clinical and environmental A. fumigatus isolates with TR34/L98H mutations in the cyp51A from several Middle Eastern countries including Kuwait. However, clinical A. fumigatus isolates with cyp51A TR46/Y121F/T289A mutations have not been reported previously from any country in the region while environmental isolates have been reported only from Iran. The source of voriconazole-resistant A. fumigatus CYP51A TR46/Y121F/T289A mutant in our patient remained unknown. Surveillance for azole resistance among clinical and environmental isolates of A. fumigatus is warranted in Kuwait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asadzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait;
| | - Khaled Alobaid
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jabriya 46300, Kuwait;
| | - Suhail Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait;
| | - Sara Mazloum
- Microbiology Laboratory, Jaber Al-Ahmad Hospital, Ministry of Health, South Surra 91711, Kuwait;
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Zhang Y, Wang S, Zhou C, Zhang Y, Pan J, Pan B, Wang B, Hu B, Guo W. Epidemiology of Clinically Significant Aspergillus Species from a Large Tertiary Hospital in Shanghai, China, for the Period of Two Years. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:4645-4657. [PMID: 37484905 PMCID: PMC10361289 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s417840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aspergillus species are becoming a major public health concern worldwide due to the increase in the incidence of aspergillosis and emergence of antifungal resistance. In this study, we surveyed all Aspergillus species isolated from aspergillosis patients in Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China, from 2019 to 2021. Methods We characterized the susceptibility profiles of these Aspergillus species to medical azoles (voriconazole, itraconazole and posaconazole) using YeastOneTM broth microdilution system. To determine the underlying antifungal resistance mechanisms in azole-resistant A. fumigatus (ARAf) isolates, we characterized mutations in the cyp51A gene. Genotypic diversity of sampled A. fumigatus was investigated using CSP-typing. Results A total of 112 Aspergillus isolates (81 A. fumigatus, 17 A. flavus, 5 A. niger, 2 A. terreus, 2 A. lentulus, 2 A. oryzae, 1 A. nidulans, 1 A. versicolor and 1 A. sydowii) from 105 patients diagnosed with aspergillosis (including proven or probable invasive aspergillosis, chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and cutaneous aspergillosis) were obtained. Eight isolates (7 A. fumigatus and 1 A. niger) from seven patients were either azole non-susceptible or non-wild type. Azole non-susceptible or non-wild type rate was 7.1%/isolate and 6.7%/patient analysed. Four ARAf harbored TR34/L98H mutation, whereas one carried TR46/Y121F/T289A allele. The 81 A. fumigatus isolates were spread across 8 CSP types with t01 to be the predominant type (53.1%). ARAf isolates were distributed over CSP types t01, t02, t04A and t11. Conclusion Results from this study provided us with an understanding of the antifungal resistance and related characteristics of Aspergillus species in Eastern China. Further comparisons of our results with those in other countries reflect potential clonal expansion of A. fumigatus in our region. Further surveillance study is warranted to guide antifungal therapy and for epidemiological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suzhen Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jue Pan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baishen Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Beili Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bijie Hu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Stewart AG, Isler B, Simos P, Farquhar D, George N, Golmayo M, Heney C. Aspergillus Species Causing Invasive Fungal Disease in Queensland, Australia. Mycopathologia 2023:10.1007/s11046-023-00713-5. [PMID: 37067664 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-023-00713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspergillus species are important causes of invasive fungal disease, particularly among those with an impaired immune system. Increasing reports have revealed a rising incidence of antifungal drug resistance among Aspergillus spp., particularly among cryptic species. Understanding local antifungal susceptibility patterns is paramount to delivering optimal clinical care. METHODS Aspergillus spp. recovered from clinical specimens between 2000 and 2021 from Pathology Queensland were collected. Aspergillus spp. were identified routinely morphologically, and where there was ambiguity or a lack of sporulation, by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. All Aspergillus spp. that underwent antifungal susceptibility testing according to the CLSI M38-A3 method and were recorded and included in the study. Amphotericin B, voriconazole, posaconazole, isavuconazole, micafungin, caspofungin, and anidulafungin were tested. Pathology Queensland services all public healthcare facilities in Queensland, Australia. RESULTS 236 Aspergillus spp. were identified from clinical specimens during the study period. The most frequent species identified were Aspergillus section Fumigati (n = 119), Aspergillus section Flavi (n = 35), Aspergillus terreus (n = 32) and Aspergillus niger (n = 29). Overall, MIC50/90 values for voriconazole, posaconazole, itraconazole, and isavuconazole were 0.25/1, 0.25/0.5, 0.25/0.5, and 0.5/2 mg/L respectively. Echinocandins demonstrated low MIC values overall with micafungin and anidulafungin both having an MIC50/90 of 0.015/0.03 mg/L. A total of 15 cryptic species were identified; high triazole MIC values were observed with a voriconazole MIC50/90 of 2/8 mg/L. From 2017 to 2021 we observed an increase in incidence of isolates with high voriconazole MIC values. There was no difference in voriconazole MIC values between Aspergillus spp. acquired in North Queensland when compared to Southeast Queensland, Australia. CONCLUSION Increasing reports of antifungal resistance among Aspergillus spp. is concerning and warrants further investigation both locally and worldwide. Active surveillance of both the emergence of different Aspergillus spp. and changes in antifungal susceptibility patterns over time is crucial to informing clinicians and treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Stewart
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Campus, Brisbane, Australia.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
- Central Microbiology, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Burcu Isler
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Campus, Brisbane, Australia
- Infection Management Services, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter Simos
- Infection Management Services, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Drew Farquhar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Narelle George
- Central Microbiology, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mila Golmayo
- Central Microbiology, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Claire Heney
- Central Microbiology, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Mousavinafchi SB, Rahimi E, Shakerian A. Campylobacter spp. isolated from poultry in Iran: Antibiotic resistance profiles, virulence genes, and molecular mechanisms. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 11:1142-1153. [PMID: 36789060 PMCID: PMC9922131 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. genera is one of the most common causes of microbial enteritis worldwide. The objective of this work was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns, virulence genes, and genetic variation of thermophilic Campylobacter species collected from chicken meat samples in Iran. A total of 255 meat specimens were taken and transferred to the laboratory. Culture methods were utilized to identify the Campylobacter genus, and PCR and sequencing were performed to confirm the organisms. Antimicrobial susceptibility evaluation was performed using broth microdilution for six antimicrobials [ciprofloxacin (CIP), nalidixic acid (NAL), sitafloxacin (SIT), erythromycin (ERY), tetracycline (TET), and gentamicin (GEN)]. By using PCR, AMR and virulence genes were detected. The detection rate of Campylobacter spp. was 64 (25.09%) out of 255 meat samples, with C. jejuni and C. coli accounting for 41 (64.06%) and 14 (21.87%), respectively. Other Campylobacter isolates accounted for 14.06% of the total (nine samples). The antibiotic susceptibility of all Campylobacter isolates was tested using six antibiotics, and all (100%) were resistant to CIP and NAL. However, TET resistance was observed in 93.9% and 83.3% of C. jejuni and C. coli isolates, respectively. Four (8.2%) C. jejuni isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), while none of the C. coli isolates were MDR. Two of the four MDR isolates were resistant to CIP, NAL, TET, and ERY, whereas the other two isolates were resistant to CIP, NAL, TET, and GEN. The values of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) were as follows: CIP, 64-256 μg/ml; NAL, 128-512 μg/ml; TET, 2-1024 μg/ml; SIT, 0.25-1 μg/ml; ERY, 1-32 μg/ml; and GEN, 1-256 μg/ml. recR, dnaJ, cdtC, cdtB, cdtA, flaA, ciaB, cadF, and pidA were discovered in more than 50% of C. jejuni isolates, although wlaN, virbll, cgtB, and ceuE were found in <50%. flaA, cadF, pidA, and ciaB were discovered in more than 50% of the C. coli samples, whereas recR, cdtC, cdtB, cdtA, and cgtB were found in less than half. For C. coli, the percentages for wlaN, dnaJ, virbll, and ceuE were all zero. The results of this study show Campylobacter isolates obtained from poultry have higher resistance to quinolones and TET, pathogenicity potential, and varied genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Bita Mousavinafchi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord BranchIslamic Azad UniversityShahrekordIran
| | - Ebrahim Rahimi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord BranchIslamic Azad UniversityShahrekordIran
| | - Amir Shakerian
- Research Center of Nutrition and Organic Products, Shahrekord BranchIslamic Azad UniversityShahrekordIran
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Ashton GD, Sang F, Blythe M, Zadik D, Holmes N, Malla S, Camps SMT, Wright V, Melchers WJG, Verweij PE, Dyer PS. Use of Bulk Segregant Analysis for Determining the Genetic Basis of Azole Resistance in the Opportunistic Pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:841138. [PMID: 35531335 PMCID: PMC9069965 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.841138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A sexual cycle was described in 2009 for the opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, opening up for the first time the possibility of using techniques reliant on sexual crossing for genetic analysis. The present study was undertaken to evaluate whether the technique 'bulk segregant analysis' (BSA), which involves detection of differences between pools of progeny varying in a particular trait, could be applied in conjunction with next-generation sequencing to investigate the underlying basis of monogenic traits in A. fumigatus. Resistance to the azole antifungal itraconazole was chosen as a model, with a dedicated bioinformatic pipeline developed to allow identification of SNPs that differed between the resistant progeny pool and resistant parent compared to the sensitive progeny pool and parent. A clinical isolate exhibiting monogenic resistance to itraconazole of unknown basis was crossed to a sensitive parent and F1 progeny used in BSA. In addition, the use of backcrossing and increasing the number in progeny pools was evaluated as ways to enhance the efficiency of BSA. Use of F1 pools of 40 progeny led to the identification of 123 candidate genes with SNPs distributed over several contigs when aligned to an A1163 reference genome. Successive rounds of backcrossing enhanced the ability to identify specific genes and a genomic region, with BSA of progeny (using 40 per pool) from a third backcross identifying 46 genes with SNPs, and BSA of progeny from a sixth backcross identifying 20 genes with SNPs in a single 292 kb region of the genome. The use of an increased number of 80 progeny per pool also increased the resolution of BSA, with 29 genes demonstrating SNPs between the different sensitive and resistant groupings detected using progeny from just the second backcross with the majority of variants located on the same 292 kb region. Further bioinformatic analysis of the 292 kb region identified the presence of a cyp51A gene variant resulting in a methionine to lysine (M220K) change in the CYP51A protein, which was concluded to be the causal basis of the observed resistance to itraconazole. The future use of BSA in genetic analysis of A. fumigatus is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D. Ashton
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Fei Sang
- DeepSeq, Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Blythe
- DeepSeq, Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Zadik
- DeepSeq, Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Holmes
- DeepSeq, Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sunir Malla
- DeepSeq, Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simone M. T. Camps
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Victoria Wright
- DeepSeq, Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Willem J. G. Melchers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Paul E. Verweij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Paul S. Dyer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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OUP accepted manuscript. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:1894-1898. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Khalife S, Resendiz-Sharpe A, Lagrou K, Fréalle E. Molecular identification and azole susceptibility testing of Aspergillus section Fumigati isolated from soil samples in Lebanon. J Mycol Med 2021; 32:101242. [PMID: 35030518 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2021.101242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Khalife
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Tripoli, Lebanon.
| | - Agustin Resendiz-Sharpe
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Laboratory Medicine and National Reference Center for Mycosis, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emilie Fréalle
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL, Lille F-59000, France; CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Lille F-59000, France
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9
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Bafghi MH, Nazari R, Darroudi M, Zargar M, Zarrinfar H. The effect of biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles on the expression of CYP51A and HSP90 antifungal resistance genes in Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 38:e3206. [PMID: 34460147 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The application of biological nanoparticles (NPs) can be considered as a way to overcome the problem of antifungal resistance in pathogenic fungi. This study takes a new approach to biosynthesized NPs influence on the expression of CYP51A and HSP90 antifungal resistance genes in Aspergillus fumigatus and A. flavus, and comparison with antifungal agents. Selenium NPs (Se-NPs) were biosynthesized using Aspergillus strains and their production was proved by several methods including, UV-Vis, XRD, FTIR, FESEM, and EDX techniques. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Aspergillus strains were determined using the CLSI M38-A2 broth microdilution method. The differences in expression levels of CYP51A and HSP90 genes were examined between untreated and treated of A. fumigatus and A. flavus using itraconazole and amphotericin B and biosynthesized Se-NPs through real-time PCR. After confirming the results of NPs synthesis, the MIC of itraconazole and amphotericin B against A. fumigatus and A. flavus was 4 μg/ml. Based on the real-time PCR results, the obtained ∆∆CTs for these strains were -0.18, -1.46, and -1.14. Whereas the MIC values for treated samples with Se-NPs have decreased to 0.5 μg/ml, and the ∆∆CTs for these were -0.25, -1.76, and -1.68. The expression of CYP51A and HSP90 genes was significantly down-regulated through the use of Se-NPs against A. fumigatus and A. flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Hosseini Bafghi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - Razieh Nazari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - Majid Darroudi
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Zargar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - Hossein Zarrinfar
- Allergy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Vehreschild JJ, Koehler P, Lamoth F, Prattes J, Rieger C, Rijnders BJA, Teschner D. Future challenges and chances in the diagnosis and management of invasive mould infections in cancer patients. Med Mycol 2021; 59:93-101. [PMID: 32898264 PMCID: PMC7779224 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis, treatment, and management of invasive mould infections (IMI) are challenged by several risk factors, including local epidemiological characteristics, the emergence of fungal resistance and the innate resistance of emerging pathogens, the use of new immunosuppressants, as well as off-target effects of new oncological drugs. The presence of specific host genetic variants and the patient's immune system status may also influence the establishment of an IMI and the outcome of its therapy. Immunological components can thus be expected to play a pivotal role not only in the risk assessment and diagnosis, but also in the treatment of IMI. Cytokines could improve the reliability of an invasive aspergillosis diagnosis by serving as biomarkers as do serological and molecular assays, since they can be easily measured, and the turnaround time is short. The use of immunological markers in the assessment of treatment response could be helpful to reduce overtreatment in high risk patients and allow prompt escalation of antifungal treatment. Mould-active prophylaxis could be better targeted to individual host needs, leading to a targeted prophylaxis in patients with known immunological profiles associated with high susceptibility for IMI, in particular invasive aspergillosis. The alteration of cellular antifungal immune response through oncological drugs and immunosuppressants heavily influences the outcome and may be even more important than the choice of the antifungal treatment. There is a need for the development of new antifungal strategies, including individualized approaches for prevention and treatment of IMI that consider genetic traits of the patients. Lay Abstract Anticancer and immunosuppressive drugs may alter the ability of the immune system to fight invasive mould infections and may be more important than the choice of the antifungal treatment. Individualized approaches for prevention and treatment of invasive mold infections are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Janne Vehreschild
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology, and Oncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, partner site Bonn-Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Koehler
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Frédéric Lamoth
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Microbiology, Department of Laboratories, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juergen Prattes
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Bart J A Rijnders
- Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daniel Teschner
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Fan Y, Wang Y, Korfanty GA, Archer M, Xu J. Genome-Wide Association Analysis for Triazole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. Pathogens 2021; 10:701. [PMID: 34199862 PMCID: PMC8227032 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous fungus and the main agent of aspergillosis, a common fungal infection in the immunocompromised population. Triazoles such as itraconazole and voriconazole are the common first-line drugs for treating aspergillosis. However, triazole resistance in A. fumigatus has been reported in an increasing number of countries. While most studies of triazole resistance have focused on mutations in the triazole target gene cyp51A, >70% of triazole-resistant strains in certain populations showed no mutations in cyp51A. To identify potential non-cyp51A mutations associated with triazole resistance in A. fumigatus, we analyzed the whole genome sequences and triazole susceptibilities of 195 strains from 12 countries. These strains belonged to three distinct clades. Our genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified a total of six missense mutations significantly associated with itraconazole resistance and 18 missense mutations with voriconazole resistance. In addition, to investigate itraconazole and pan-azole resistance, Fisher's exact tests revealed 26 additional missense variants tightly linked to the top 20 SNPs obtained by GWAS, of which two were consistently associated with triazole resistance. The large number of novel mutations related to triazole resistance should help further investigations into their molecular mechanisms, their clinical importance, and the development of a comprehensive molecular diagnosis toolbox for triazole resistance in A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (Y.F.); (Y.W.); (G.A.K.); (M.A.)
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Potency of olorofim (F901318) compared to contemporary antifungal agents against clinical Aspergillus fumigatus isolates, and review of azole resistance phenotype and genotype epidemiology in China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.02546-20. [PMID: 33685896 PMCID: PMC8092882 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02546-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triazole resistance in A. fumigatus is an increasing worldwide problem that causes major challenges in the management of aspergillosis. New antifungal drugs are needed with novel targets, that are effective in triazole-resistant infection. In this study, we retrospectively evaluated potency of the novel drug olorofim compared to contemporary antifungal agents against 111 clinical A. fumigatus isolates collected from Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China, using EUCAST methodology, and reviewed the literature on triazole resistant A. fumigatus published between 1966 and 2020 in China. Olorofim was active in vitro against all tested A. fumigatus isolates with MIC90 of 0.031mg/L (range 0.008-0.062 mg/L). For 4 triazole-resistant A. fumigatus (TRAF) isolates, the olorofim MIC ranged between 0.016-0.062mg/L. The reported rates of TRAF in China is 2.5% - 5.56% for clinical isolates, and 0-1.4% for environmental isolates.TR34/L98H/S297T/F495I is the predominant resistance mechanism, followed by TR34/L98H. Non TR-mediated TRAF isolates, mostly harboring a cyp51A single point mutation, showed greater genetic diversity than TR-mediated resistant isolates. Resistance due toTR34/L98H and TR34/L98H/S297T/F495I mutations among TRAF isolates might have evolved from separate local isolates in China. Continuous isolation of TRAF in China underscores the need for systematic resistance surveillance as well as the need for novel drug targets such as olorofim.
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Osman M, Bidon B, Abboud C, Zakaria A, Hamze B, Achcar ME, Mallat H, Dannaoui E, Dabboussi F, Papon N, Bouchara JP, Hamze M. Species distribution and antifungal susceptibility of Aspergillus clinical isolates in Lebanon. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:13-26. [PMID: 33438473 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We sought to provide first insights into the epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility patterns of the aspergilli in Lebanon. Materials & methods: After species identification, antifungal susceptibility was investigated according to EUCAST recommendations. CYP51A gene was sequenced in resistant isolates and its expression level was evaluated by Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Results: Among the 73 Aspergillus isolates studied (mostly from ears), the predominant species was Aspergillus niger (54.8%). The overall drug resistance was highest for amphotericin B (38.4%), followed by itraconazole (31.5%), posaconazole (30.1%) and voriconazole (23.3%). In addition, CYP51A gene mutations were not the major cause of azole resistance among these isolates. Conclusion: Our findings indicate the paramount need for an integral One Health strategy and a national reference center for invasive mycoses and antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Osman
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science & Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Baptiste Bidon
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, GEIHP, EA3142, SFR 4208 ICAT, Univ Angers, Univ Brest, Angers, France
| | - Cynthia Abboud
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science & Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.,Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, GEIHP, EA3142, SFR 4208 ICAT, Univ Angers, Univ Brest, Angers, France
| | - Ayate Zakaria
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science & Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Baraa Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science & Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | | | - Hassan Mallat
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science & Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Eric Dannaoui
- Paris-Descartes University, Faculty of Medicine, APHP, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Parasitology-Mycology Unit, Microbiology department, Paris, France
| | - Fouad Dabboussi
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science & Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, GEIHP, EA3142, SFR 4208 ICAT, Univ Angers, Univ Brest, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Bouchara
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, GEIHP, EA3142, SFR 4208 ICAT, Univ Angers, Univ Brest, Angers, France
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science & Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
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Xu Y, Chen M, Zhu J, Gerrits van den Ende B, Chen AJ, Al-Hatmi AMS, Li L, Zhang Q, Xu J, Liao W, Chen Y. Aspergillus Species in Lower Respiratory Tract of Hospitalized Patients from Shanghai, China: Species Diversity and Emerging Azole Resistance. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:4663-4672. [PMID: 33402838 PMCID: PMC7778383 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s281288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate species diversity and prevalence of antifungal resistance among clinical isolates of Aspergillus spp. in Shanghai, China. Patients and Methods In this study, the Aspergillus spp. isolates were analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, and partial β-tubulin (BenA) and calmodulin (CaM) genes. The susceptibilities of these isolates to nine antifungal agents were determined according to the protocol in document M38-A3 established by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results The most common Aspergillus spp. was A. fumigatus (58.2%), followed by the A. flavus complex (23.5%), and A. niger complex (15.3%). Isolates belonging to A. tamarii and A. effusus of the A. flavus complex and A. tubingensis and A. awamori of the A. niger complex were identified. Moreover, several mutations were found in the azole target cyp51A gene (TR46/Y121F/T289A and F46Y, G89G, M172V, N248T and D255E) in azole-resistant isolates of A. fumigatus. Conclusion The results of our study revealed a diversity of species in the lower respiratory tract of inpatients in Shanghai and approximately 9% of our isolates were resistant to at least one of the triazole antifungals. Formulation of local treatment strategies to combat emerging azole resistance and species diversity in clinically relevant Aspergillus spp. is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, ChangZheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, ChangZheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhao Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bert Gerrits van den Ende
- Department of Food and Indoor Mycology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Amanda Juan Chen
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Abdullah M S Al-Hatmi
- Centre of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Ministry of Health, Directorate General of Health Services, Ibri, Oman
| | - Li Li
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiangqiang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Wanqing Liao
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, ChangZheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchong Chen
- Department of Dermatosurgery, Shanghai Skin Diseases Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Sun Y, Gao L, Zhang Y, Yang J, Zeng T. Synergistic Effect of Pyrvinium Pamoate and Azoles Against Aspergillus fumigatus in vitro and in vivo. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:579362. [PMID: 33224118 PMCID: PMC7669749 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.579362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of pyrvinium pamoate alone and in combination with azoles [itraconazole (ITC), posaconazole (POS), and voriconazole (VRC)] were evaluated against Aspergillus fumigatus both in vitro and in vivo. A total of 18 clinical strains of A. fumigatus were studied, including azole-resistant isolates harboring the combination of punctual mutation and a tandem repeat sequence in the Cyp51A gene (AFR1 with TR34/L98H and AFR2 with TR46/Y121F/T289A). The in vitro results revealed that pyrvinium individually exhibited minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 μg/ml against AFR1 but was ineffective against other tested strains (MIC > 32 μg/ml). Nevertheless, the synergistic effects of pyrvinium with ITC, VRC, or POS were observed in 15 [83.3%, fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) 0.125-0.375], 11 (61.1%, FICI 0.258-0.281), and 16 (88.9%, FICI 0.039-0.281) strains, respectively, demonstrating the potential of pyrvinium in reversion of ITC and POS resistance of both AFR1 (FICI 0.275, 0.281) and AFR2 (FICI 0.125, 0.039). The effective MIC ranges in synergistic combinations were 0.25-8 μg/ml for pyrvinium, 0.125-4 μg/ml for ITC, and 0.125 μg/ml for both VRC and POS, demonstrating 4- to 32-fold reduction in MICs of azoles and up to 64-fold reduction in MICs of pyrvinium, respectively. There was no antagonism. The effect of pyrvinium-azole combinations in vivo was evaluated by survival assay and fungal burden determination in the Galleria mellonella model infected with AF293, AFR1, and AFR2. Pyrvinium alone significantly prolonged the survival of larvae infected with AF293 (P < 0.01) and AFR1 (P < 0.0001) and significantly decreased the tissue fungal burden of larvae infected with AFR1 (P < 0.0001). Pyrvinium combined with azoles significantly improved larvae survival (P < 0.0001) and decreased larvae tissue fungal burden in all three isolates (P < 0.0001). Notably, despite AFR2 infection was resistant to VRC or pyrvinium alone, pyrvinium combined with VRC significantly prolonged survival of both AFR1 and AFR2 infected larvae (P < 0.0001). In summary, the preliminary results indicated that the combination with pyrvinium and azoles had the potential to overcome azole resistance issues of A. fumigatus and could be a promising option for anti-Aspergillus treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Lujuan Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Xiamen, China
| | - Youwen Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ji Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tongxiang Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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Ahangarkani F, Badali H, Abbasi K, Nabili M, Khodavaisy S, de Groot T, Meis JF. Clonal Expansion of Environmental Triazole Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in Iran. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040199. [PMID: 33019714 PMCID: PMC7712205 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Azole-resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus is a worldwide medical concern complicating the management of aspergillosis (IA). Herein, we report the clonal spread of environmental triazole resistant A. fumigatus isolates in Iran. In this study, 63 A. fumigatus isolates were collected from 300 compost samples plated on Sabouraud dextrose agar supplemented with itraconazole (ITR) and voriconazole (VOR). Forty-four isolates had the TR34/L98H mutation and three isolates a TR46/Y121F/T289A resistance mechanism, while two isolates harbored a M172V substitution in cyp51A. Fourteen azole resistant isolates had no mutations in cyp51A. We found that 41 out of 44 A. fumigatus strains with the TR34/L98H mutation, isolated from compost in 13 different Iranian cities, shared the same allele across all nine examined microsatellite loci. Clonal expansion of triazole resistant A. fumigatus in this study emphasizes the importance of establishing antifungal resistance surveillance studies to monitor clinical Aspergillus isolates in Iran, as well as screening for azole resistance in environmental A. fumigatus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ahangarkani
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (F.A.); (T.d.G.)
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 4815733971 Sari, Iran
| | - Hamid Badali
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 4815733971 Sari, Iran;
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Kiana Abbasi
- Department of Microbiology, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, 4515658145 Zanjan, Iran;
| | - Mojtaba Nabili
- Department of Medical Sciences, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, 4815733971 Sari, Iran;
| | - Sadegh Khodavaisy
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1411734143 Tehran, Iran;
| | - Theun de Groot
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (F.A.); (T.d.G.)
| | - Jacques F. Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (F.A.); (T.d.G.)
- ECMM Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, 80010 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Bustamante B, Illescas LR, Posadas A, Campos PE. Azole resistance among clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus in Lima-Peru. Med Mycol 2020; 58:54-60. [PMID: 31329931 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Azole resistance among Aspergillus fumigatus isolates, which is mainly related to mutations in the cyp51A gene, is a concern because it is rising, worldwide disseminated, and associated with treatment failure and death. Data on azole resistance of aspergillus from Latin American countries is very scarce and do not exist for Peru. Two hundred and seven Aspergillus clinical isolates collected prospectively underwent mycology and molecular testing for specie identification, and 143 isolates were confirmed as A. fumigatus sensu stricto (AFSS). All AFSS were tested for in vitro azole susceptibility, and resistant isolates underwent PCR amplification and sequencing of the whole cyp51A gene and its promoter. The in vitro susceptibility showed a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) range, MIC50 and MIC90 of 0.125 to >16, 0.25, and 0.5 μg/ml for itraconazole; 0.25 to 2, 0.5, and 0.5 μg/ml for voriconazole; and 0.003 to 1, 0.06, and 0.125 μg/ml for posaconazole. Three isolates (2%) showed resistance to itraconazole and exhibited different mutations of the cyp51A gene. One isolate harbored the mutation M220K, while a second one exhibited the G54 mutation plus a modification in the cyp51A gene promoter. The third isolate, from an azole naive patient, presented an integration of a 34-bp tandem repeat (TR34) in the promoter region of the gene and a substitution of leucine 98 by histidine (L98H). The three source patients had a diagnosis or suspicion of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Bustamante
- Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú, and Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt-Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Andrés Posadas
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular-Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt-Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Tsuchido Y, Tanaka M, Nakano S, Yamamoto M, Matsumura Y, Nagao M. Prospective multicenter surveillance of clinically isolated Aspergillus species revealed azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus isolates with TR34/L98H mutation in the Kyoto and Shiga regions of Japan. Med Mycol 2020; 57:997-1003. [PMID: 30690480 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus (ARAF) in Japan is unclear. We aimed to investigate the epidemiology of clinically isolated Aspergillus species and the frequency of azole resistance in Aspergillus species, particularly Aspergillus fumigatus, in the Kyoto and Shiga regions of Japan. Strains of clinically isolated Aspergillus species were prospectively collected from nine acute care hospitals. Species identification was performed by DNA sequence analysis, and all strains were subjected to antifungal susceptibility testing. Sequencing of the Aspergillus cyp51A gene and promoter region and genotyping by short tandem repeats were performed for ARAF isolates. A total of 149 strains were collected, and 130 strains were included for the subsequent analysis after the exclusion of duplicate isolates. The most commonly isolated species was Aspergillus fumigatus, accounting for 43.1% (56 isolates) overall, and seven (12.7%) of 55 strains of A. fumigatus were azole-resistant. Azole-resistance of other Aspergillus species were also found that two (22.2%) of nine strains of A. tubingensis and two (28.6%) of seven strains of A. flavus were azole-resistant. DNA sequence analysis of the ARAF strains revealed that two carried the cyp51A TR34/L98H mutation, one carried G448S, one carried M220I, and three had no relevant mutations (wild type). Genotyping and phylogenetic analyses showed that the TR34/L98H strains were clustered with the strains from the Netherlands and France. These data suggest the emergence of ARAF with TR34/L98H in Japan, and continuous surveillance will be important to identify trends in resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tsuchido
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michio Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Matsumura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miki Nagao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Zakaria A, Osman M, Dabboussi F, Rafei R, Mallat H, Papon N, Bouchara JP, Hamze M. Recent trends in the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and mechanisms of resistance in clinical Aspergillus species: A general review with a special focus on the Middle Eastern and North African region. J Infect Public Health 2019; 13:1-10. [PMID: 31672427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, more than billion people suffer from fungal infections each year. The early diagnosis of aspergillosis is mandatory for successful treatment outcome. As careful testing takes time, epidemiological surveillance is crucial to guide individual patient therapy and to promote a high standard of health care. In this paper, we first present current trends in the epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility patterns of Aspergillus spp. in Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries in order to support infectious disease specialists and health workforces in this geographic area to treat adequately patients with aspergillosis. Then we discuss the existing literature data regarding the available diagnostic tools and antifungal resistance mechanisms of Aspergillus spp. Although a limited number of studies were reviewed here, the currently available data show that Aspergillus infections are not negligible in the MENA region, and that the emergence of antifungal resistance is a growing health issue, especially among immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayate Zakaria
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Osman
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Fouad Dabboussi
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Rayane Rafei
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Hassan Mallat
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP), EA 3142, SFR 4208 ICAT, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Bouchara
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP), EA 3142, SFR 4208 ICAT, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.
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Emerging Fungal Infections: New Patients, New Patterns, and New Pathogens. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:jof5030067. [PMID: 31330862 PMCID: PMC6787706 DOI: 10.3390/jof5030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The landscape of clinical mycology is constantly changing. New therapies for malignant and autoimmune diseases have led to new risk factors for unusual mycoses. Invasive candidiasis is increasingly caused by non-albicans Candida spp., including C. auris, a multidrug-resistant yeast with the potential for nosocomial transmission that has rapidly spread globally. The use of mould-active antifungal prophylaxis in patients with cancer or transplantation has decreased the incidence of invasive fungal disease, but shifted the balance of mould disease in these patients to those from non-fumigatus Aspergillus species, Mucorales, and Scedosporium/Lomentospora spp. The agricultural application of triazole pesticides has driven an emergence of azole-resistant A. fumigatus in environmental and clinical isolates. The widespread use of topical antifungals with corticosteroids in India has resulted in Trichophyton mentagrophytes causing recalcitrant dermatophytosis. New dimorphic fungal pathogens have emerged, including Emergomyces, which cause disseminated mycoses globally, primarily in HIV infected patients, and Blastomyceshelicus and B. percursus, causes of atypical blastomycosis in western parts of North America and in Africa, respectively. In North America, regions of geographic risk for coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and blastomycosis have expanded, possibly related to climate change. In Brazil, zoonotic sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis has emerged as an important disease of felines and people.
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Triazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: recent insights and challenges for patient management. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 25:799-806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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22
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Thammahong A, Dhingra S, Bultman KM, Kerkaert JD, Cramer RA. An Ssd1 Homolog Impacts Trehalose and Chitin Biosynthesis and Contributes to Virulence in Aspergillus fumigatus. mSphere 2019; 4:e00244-19. [PMID: 31068436 PMCID: PMC6506620 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00244-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of fungal cell wall biosynthesis is critical to maintain cell wall integrity in dynamic fungal infection microenvironments. Genes involved in this response that impact fungal fitness and host immune responses remain to be fully defined. In this study, we observed that a yeast ssd1 homolog, ssdA, in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus is involved in trehalose and cell wall homeostasis. An ssdA null mutant strain exhibited an increase in trehalose levels and a reduction in fungal colony growth rate. In contrast, overexpression of ssdA perturbed trehalose biosynthesis and reduced germination of conidia. The ssdA null mutant strain was more resistant to cell wall-perturbing agents, while overexpression of ssdA increased sensitivity. Overexpression of ssdA significantly increased chitin levels, and both loss and overexpression of ssdA altered subcellular localization of the class V chitin synthase CsmA. Strikingly, overexpression of ssdA abolished adherence to abiotic surfaces and severely attenuated the virulence of A. fumigatus in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Despite the severe in vitro fitness defects observed upon loss of ssdA, neither surface adherence nor murine survival was impacted. In conclusion, A. fumigatus SsdA plays a critical role in cell wall homeostasis impacting A. fumigatus-host interactions.IMPORTANCE The incidence of life-threatening infections caused by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus is increasing along with an increase in the number of fungal strains resistant to contemporary antifungal therapies. The fungal cell wall and the associated carbohydrates required for its synthesis and maintenance are attractive drug targets given that many genes encoding proteins involved in cell wall biosynthesis and integrity are absent in humans. Importantly, genes and associated cell wall biosynthesis and homeostasis regulatory pathways remain to be fully defined in A. fumigatus In this report, we identify SsdA as an important component of trehalose and fungal cell wall biosynthesis in A. fumigatus that consequently impacts the host immune response and fungal virulence in animal models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsa Thammahong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Sourabh Dhingra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Katherine M Bultman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Joshua D Kerkaert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Robert A Cramer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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23
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Resendiz Sharpe A, Lagrou K, Meis JF, Chowdhary A, Lockhart SR, Verweij PE. Triazole resistance surveillance in Aspergillus fumigatus. Med Mycol 2018. [PMID: 29538741 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Triazole resistance is an increasing concern in the opportunistic mold Aspergillus fumigatus. Resistance can develop through exposure to azole compounds during azole therapy or in the environment. Resistance mutations are commonly found in the Cyp51A-gene, although other known and unknown resistance mechanisms may be present. Surveillance studies show triazole resistance in six continents, although the presence of resistance remains unknown in many countries. In most countries, resistance mutations associated with the environment dominate, but it remains unclear if these resistance traits predominately migrate or arise locally. Patients with triazole-resistant aspergillus disease may fail to antifungal therapy, but only a limited number of cohort studies have been performed that show conflicting results. Treatment failure might be due to diagnostic delay or due to the limited number of alternative treatment options. The ISHAM/ECMM Aspergillus Resistance Surveillance working group was set up to facilitate surveillance studies and stimulate international collaborations. Important aims are to determine the resistance epidemiology in countries where this information is currently lacking, to gain more insight in the clinical implications of triazole resistance through a registry and to unify nomenclature through consensus definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Resendiz Sharpe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jacques F Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anuradha Chowdhary
- Department of Medical Mycology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Shawn R Lockhart
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Paul E Verweij
- Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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24
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Arikan-Akdagli S, Ghannoum M, Meis JF. Antifungal Resistance: Specific Focus on Multidrug Resistance in Candida auris and Secondary Azole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4040129. [PMID: 30563053 PMCID: PMC6308933 DOI: 10.3390/jof4040129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifungal resistance is a topic of concern, particularly for specific fungal species and drugs. Among these are the multidrug-resistant Candida auris and azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus. While the knowledge on molecular mechanisms of resistance is now accumulating, further data are also available for the clinical implications and the extent of correlation of in vitro resistance to clinical outcomes. This review article summarizes the epidemiology of C. auris infections, animal models focusing on the activity of novel antifungal compounds in C. auris infections, virulence factors, and the mechanisms of antifungal resistance for this multi-resistant Candida species. Regarding A. fumigatus, the significance of azoles in the treatment of A. fumigatus infections, reference methods available for the detection of resistance in vitro, molecular mechanisms of secondary azole resistance, routes of acquisition, and clinical implications of in vitro resistance are covered to provide guidance for the current status of azole resistance in A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevtap Arikan-Akdagli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology Laboratory, Hacettepe University Medical School, TR-06100 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mahmoud Ghannoum
- Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Jacques F Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital (CWZ), 6532 Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, 6532 Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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25
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Güngör Ö, Sampaio-Maia B, Amorim A, Araujo R, Erturan Z. Determination of Azole Resistance and TR 34/L98H Mutations in Isolates of Aspergillus Section Fumigati from Turkish Cystic Fibrosis Patients. Mycopathologia 2018; 183:913-920. [PMID: 30187246 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-018-0297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspergillus fumigatus is the species section Fumigati most frequently isolated from the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Recent studies suggest that mutations in the Cyp51 gene, particularly TR34/L98H, are responsible for azole resistance. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS The focus of this study was on section Fumigati isolates isolated from the respiratory tract samples of CF patients. More specifically, the goal was to detect A. fumigatus isolates, test their antifungal susceptibility to itraconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole, and finally determine the presence of TR34/L98H and other mutations in the isolates Cyp51A gene. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS A set of 31 isolates of Aspergillus section Fumigati were obtained from the sputum samples of 6 CF patients and subsequently identified to species level by microsatellite genotyping. All isolates were determined as A. fumigatus and involved 14 different genotypes. The minimal inhibitory concentrations to the three azoles were determined by the E-test method, and the Cyp51A gene was sequenced. One of the genotypes was found to be resistant to all azoles but no mutations were detected in the Cyp51A gene, especially the TR34/L98H mutation. Therefore, mutations in genes other than Cyp51A or other distinct mechanisms may be responsible for this reported multiazole resistance found in a Turkish CF patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Güngör
- Istanbul Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul University, 34093, Capa, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Benedita Sampaio-Maia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Antonio Amorim
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Araujo
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Zayre Erturan
- Istanbul Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul University, 34093, Capa, Istanbul, Turkey
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26
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Emergence of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus from Immunocompromised Hosts in India. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.02264-17. [PMID: 29891597 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02264-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This prospective study shows that the rate of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus (ARAF) in an immunocompromised Indian patient population with invasive aspergillosis (IA) is low, 6/706 (0.8%). This low rate supports the continued use of voriconazole as the first line of treatment. However, the ARAF isolates from India in this study exhibited three kinds of unreported cyp51A mutations, of which two were at hot spots, G54R and P216L, while one was at codon Y431C.
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27
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Szalewski DA, Hinrichs VS, Zinniel DK, Barletta RG. The pathogenicity ofAspergillus fumigatus, drug resistance, and nanoparticle delivery. Can J Microbiol 2018; 64:439-453. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2017-0749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The genus Aspergillus includes fungal species that cause major health issues of significant economic importance. These microorganisms are also the culprit for production of carcinogenic aflatoxins in grain storages, contaminating crops, and economically straining the production process. Aspergillus fumigatus is a very important pathogenic species, being responsible for high human morbidity and mortality on a global basis. The prevalence of these infections in immunosuppressed individuals is on the rise, and physicians struggle with the diagnosis of these deadly pathogens. Several virulence determinants facilitate fungal invasion and evasion of the host immune response. Metabolic functions are also important for virulence and drug resistance, since they allow fungi to obtain nutrients for their own survival and growth. Following a positive diagnostic identification, mortality rates remain high due, in part, to emerging resistance to frequently used antifungal drugs. In this review, we discuss the role of the main virulence, drug target, and drug resistance determinants. We conclude with the review of new technologies being developed to treat aspergillosis. In particular, microsphere and nanoparticle delivery systems are discussed in the context of improving drug bioavailability. Aspergillus will likely continue to cause problematic infections in immunocompromised patients, so it is imperative to improve treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Szalewski
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0726, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0664, USA
| | - Victoria S. Hinrichs
- College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0702, USA
| | - Denise K. Zinniel
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0905, USA
| | - Raúl G. Barletta
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0905, USA
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28
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Insight into the Significance of Aspergillus fumigatus cyp51A Polymorphisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00241-18. [PMID: 29632011 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00241-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triazole antifungal compounds are the first treatment choice for invasive aspergillosis. However, in the last decade the rate of azole resistance among Aspergillus fumigatus strains has increased notoriously. The main resistance mechanisms are well defined and mostly related to point mutations of the azole target, 14-α sterol demethylase (cyp51A), with or without tandem repeat integrations in the cyp51A promoter. Furthermore, different combinations of five Cyp51A mutations (F46Y, M172V, N248T, D255E, and E427K) have been reported worldwide in about 10% of all A. fumigatus isolates tested. The azole susceptibility profile of these strains shows elevated azole MICs, although on the basis of the azole susceptibility breakpoints, these strains are not considered azole resistant. The purpose of the study was to determine whether these cyp51A polymorphisms (single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) are responsible for the azole susceptibility profile and whether they are reflected in a poorer azole treatment response in vivo that could compromise patient treatment and outcome. A mutant with a cyp51A deletion was generated and became fully susceptible to all azoles tested. Also, three cyp51A gene constructions with different combinations of SNPs were generated and reintroduced into an azole-susceptible wild-type (WT) strain (the ΔakuBKU80 strain). The alternative model host Galleria mellonella was used to compare the virulence and voriconazole response of G. mellonella larvae infected with A. fumigatus strains with WT cyp51A or cyp51A with SNPs. All strains were pathogenic in G. mellonella larvae, although they did not respond similarly to voriconazole therapeutic doses. Finally, the full genomes of these strains were sequenced and analyzed in comparison with those of A. fumigatus WT strains, revealing that they belong to different strain clusters or lineages.
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29
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Ullmann AJ, Aguado JM, Arikan-Akdagli S, Denning DW, Groll AH, Lagrou K, Lass-Flörl C, Lewis RE, Munoz P, Verweij PE, Warris A, Ader F, Akova M, Arendrup MC, Barnes RA, Beigelman-Aubry C, Blot S, Bouza E, Brüggemann RJM, Buchheidt D, Cadranel J, Castagnola E, Chakrabarti A, Cuenca-Estrella M, Dimopoulos G, Fortun J, Gangneux JP, Garbino J, Heinz WJ, Herbrecht R, Heussel CP, Kibbler CC, Klimko N, Kullberg BJ, Lange C, Lehrnbecher T, Löffler J, Lortholary O, Maertens J, Marchetti O, Meis JF, Pagano L, Ribaud P, Richardson M, Roilides E, Ruhnke M, Sanguinetti M, Sheppard DC, Sinkó J, Skiada A, Vehreschild MJGT, Viscoli C, Cornely OA. Diagnosis and management of Aspergillus diseases: executive summary of the 2017 ESCMID-ECMM-ERS guideline. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 24 Suppl 1:e1-e38. [PMID: 29544767 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 812] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, the European Confederation of Medical Mycology and the European Respiratory Society Joint Clinical Guidelines focus on diagnosis and management of aspergillosis. Of the numerous recommendations, a few are summarized here. Chest computed tomography as well as bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in patients with suspicion of pulmonary invasive aspergillosis (IA) are strongly recommended. For diagnosis, direct microscopy, preferably using optical brighteners, histopathology and culture are strongly recommended. Serum and BAL galactomannan measures are recommended as markers for the diagnosis of IA. PCR should be considered in conjunction with other diagnostic tests. Pathogen identification to species complex level is strongly recommended for all clinically relevant Aspergillus isolates; antifungal susceptibility testing should be performed in patients with invasive disease in regions with resistance found in contemporary surveillance programmes. Isavuconazole and voriconazole are the preferred agents for first-line treatment of pulmonary IA, whereas liposomal amphotericin B is moderately supported. Combinations of antifungals as primary treatment options are not recommended. Therapeutic drug monitoring is strongly recommended for patients receiving posaconazole suspension or any form of voriconazole for IA treatment, and in refractory disease, where a personalized approach considering reversal of predisposing factors, switching drug class and surgical intervention is also strongly recommended. Primary prophylaxis with posaconazole is strongly recommended in patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia or myelodysplastic syndrome receiving induction chemotherapy. Secondary prophylaxis is strongly recommended in high-risk patients. We strongly recommend treatment duration based on clinical improvement, degree of immunosuppression and response on imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Ullmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - J M Aguado
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospital Madrid, Madrid, Spain; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - S Arikan-Akdagli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - D W Denning
- The National Aspergillosis Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Mycology Reference Centre Manchester, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, ECMM Excellence Centre of Medical Mycology, Manchester, UK; The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - A H Groll
- Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, Centre for Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - K Lagrou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, ECMM Excellence Centre of Medical Mycology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - C Lass-Flörl
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, ECMM Excellence Centre of Medical Mycology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - R E Lewis
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG)
| | - P Munoz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias - CIBERES (CB06/06/0058), Madrid, Spain; Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - P E Verweij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, ECMM Excellence Centre of Medical Mycology, Nijmegen, Netherlands; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - A Warris
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - F Ader
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Inserm 1111, French International Centre for Infectious Diseases Research (CIRI), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; European Respiratory Society (ERS)
| | - M Akova
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - M C Arendrup
- Department Microbiological Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - R A Barnes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - C Beigelman-Aubry
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland; European Respiratory Society (ERS)
| | - S Blot
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; European Respiratory Society (ERS)
| | - E Bouza
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias - CIBERES (CB06/06/0058), Madrid, Spain; Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - R J M Brüggemann
- Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, ECMM Excellence Centre of Medical Mycology, Nijmegen, Netherlands; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG)
| | - D Buchheidt
- Medical Clinic III, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - J Cadranel
- Department of Pneumology, University Hospital of Tenon and Sorbonne, University of Paris, Paris, France; European Respiratory Society (ERS)
| | - E Castagnola
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini Children's Hospital, Genoa, Italy; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG)
| | - A Chakrabarti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India; European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - M Cuenca-Estrella
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - G Dimopoulos
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece; European Respiratory Society (ERS)
| | - J Fortun
- Infectious Diseases Service, Ramón y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - J-P Gangneux
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - J Garbino
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - W J Heinz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - R Herbrecht
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG)
| | - C P Heussel
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Thoracic Clinic, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - C C Kibbler
- Centre for Medical Microbiology, University College London, London, UK; European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - N Klimko
- Department of Clinical Mycology, Allergy and Immunology, North Western State Medical University, St Petersburg, Russia; European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - B J Kullberg
- Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, ECMM Excellence Centre of Medical Mycology, Nijmegen, Netherlands; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - C Lange
- International Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Centre Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine & Biosciences, Borstel, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Tuberculosis Unit, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Site, Lübeck, Germany; European Respiratory Society (ERS)
| | - T Lehrnbecher
- Division of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - J Löffler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - O Lortholary
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Children's Hospital, University of Paris, Paris, France; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - J Maertens
- Department of Haematology, ECMM Excellence Centre of Medical Mycology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - O Marchetti
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, Ensemble Hospitalier de la Côte, Morges, Switzerland; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - J F Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, ECMM Excellence Centre of Medical Mycology, Nijmegen, Netherlands; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - L Pagano
- Department of Haematology, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy; European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - P Ribaud
- Quality Unit, Pôle Prébloc, Saint-Louis and Lariboisière Hospital Group, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - M Richardson
- The National Aspergillosis Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Mycology Reference Centre Manchester, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, ECMM Excellence Centre of Medical Mycology, Manchester, UK; The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - E Roilides
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 3rd Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences, Thessaloniki, Greece; Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - M Ruhnke
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Paracelsus Hospital, Osnabrück, Germany; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - M Sanguinetti
- Institute of Microbiology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - D C Sheppard
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - J Sinkó
- Department of Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Szent István and Szent László Hospital, Budapest, Hungary; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG)
| | - A Skiada
- First Department of Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - M J G T Vehreschild
- Department I of Internal Medicine, ECMM Excellence Centre of Medical Mycology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Centre for Integrated Oncology, Cologne-Bonn, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany; European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - C Viscoli
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino and University of Genova (DISSAL), Genova, Italy; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
| | - O A Cornely
- First Department of Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany; CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Clinical Trials Center Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG); European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM); ESCMID European Study Group for Infections in Compromised Hosts (ESGICH).
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Tangwattanachuleeporn M, Minarin N, Saichan S, Sermsri P, Mitkornburee R, Groß U, Chindamporn A, Bader O. Prevalence of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in the environment of Thailand. Med Mycol 2018; 55:429-435. [PMID: 27664994 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Occurrence of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus (ARAF) in the environment is an emerging problem worldwide, likely impacting on patient treatment. Several resistance mutations are thought to have initially arisen through triazole-based fungicide use in agriculture and subsequently being propagated in a similar manner. Here we investigated the prevalence of ARAF in the environment of Thailand and characterized their susceptibility profiles toward clinically used azole compounds along with underlying resistance mutations. Three hundred and eight soil samples were collected and analyzed, out of which 3.25% (n = 10) were positive for ARAF. All isolates obtained were resistant to itraconazole (MIC ≥ 8 μg/ml), two showed additional increased MIC values toward posaconazole (MIC = 0.5 μg/ml), and one other toward voriconazole (MIC = 2 μg/ml). Sequencing of the respective cyp51A genes revealed that eight of the isolates carried the TR34/L98H allele and those two with elevated MIC values to posaconazole the G54R substitution. Although a clear correlation between the use of triazole-based fungicides and isolation of ARAF strains from agricultural lands could not be established for Thailand, but this study clearly demonstrates the spread of globally observed ARAF strains to the environment of South East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nanthakan Minarin
- Medical Technology Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chon Buri, Thailand
| | - Saranya Saichan
- Biomedical Sciences Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chon Buri, Thailand
| | - Pornsuda Sermsri
- Biomedical Sciences Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chon Buri, Thailand
| | - Ruthairat Mitkornburee
- Biomedical Sciences Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chon Buri, Thailand
| | - Uwe Groß
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ariya Chindamporn
- Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Oliver Bader
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Gamaletsou MN, Walsh TJ, Sipsas NV. Invasive Fungal Infections in Patients with Hematological Malignancies: Emergence of Resistant Pathogens and New Antifungal Therapies. Turk J Haematol 2018; 35:1-11. [PMID: 29391334 PMCID: PMC5843768 DOI: 10.4274/tjh.2018.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections caused by drug-resistant organisms are an emerging threat to heavily immunosuppressed patients with hematological malignancies. Modern early antifungal treatment strategies, such as prophylaxis and empirical and preemptive therapy, result in long-term exposure to antifungal agents, which is a major driving force for the development of resistance. The extended use of central venous catheters, the nonlinear pharmacokinetics of certain antifungal agents, neutropenia, other forms of intense immunosuppression, and drug toxicities are other contributing factors. The widespread use of agricultural and industrial fungicides with similar chemical structures and mechanisms of action has resulted in the development of environmental reservoirs for some drug-resistant fungi, especially azole-resistant Aspergillus species, which have been reported from four continents. The majority of resistant strains have the mutation TR34/L98H, a finding suggesting that the source of resistance is the environment. The global emergence of new fungal pathogens with inherent resistance, such as Candida auris, is a new public health threat. The most common mechanism of antifungal drug resistance is the induction of efflux pumps, which decrease intracellular drug concentrations. Overexpression, depletion, and alteration of the drug target are other mechanisms of resistance. Mutations in the ERG11 gene alter the protein structure of C-demethylase, reducing the efficacy of antifungal triazoles. Candida species become echinocandin-resistant by mutations in FKS genes. A shift in the epidemiology of Candida towards resistant non-albicans Candida spp. has emerged among patients with hematological malignancies. There is no definite association between antifungal resistance, as defined by elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations, and clinical outcomes in this population. Detection of genes or mutations conferring resistance with the use of molecular methods may offer better predictive values in certain cases. Treatment options for resistant fungal infections are limited and new drugs with novel mechanisms of actions are needed. Prevention of resistance through antifungal stewardship programs is of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N Gamaletsou
- The Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St James University Hospital, Department of Infection and Travel Medicine, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J Walsh
- Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, Department of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology, New York, United States of America
| | - Nikolaos V Sipsas
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Athens, Greece
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Deng S, Zhang L, Ji Y, Verweij PE, Tsui KM, Hagen F, Houbraken J, Meis JF, Abliz P, Wang X, Zhao J, Liao W. Triazole phenotypes and genotypic characterization of clinical Aspergillus fumigatus isolates in China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e109. [PMID: 29209054 PMCID: PMC5750463 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the triazole phenotype and genotypic of clinical Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from China. We determined the triazole susceptibility profiles of 159 A. fumigatus isolates collected between 2011 and 2015 from four different areas in China tested against 10 antifungal drugs using the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute M38-A2 method. For the seven itraconazole-resistant A. fumigatus isolates identified in the study, the cyp51A gene, including its promoter region, was sequenced and the mutation patterns were characterized. The resistant isolates were genotyped by microsatellite typing to determine the genetic relatedness to isolates from China and other countries. The frequency of itraconazole resistance in A. fumigatus isolates in our study was 4.4% (7/159). Six of the seven triazole-resistant isolates were recovered from the east and southeast of China, and one from was recovered from the west of China. No resistant isolates were found in the north. Three triazole-resistant isolates exhibited the TR34/L98H mutation, two carried the TR34/L98H/S297T/F495I mutation and one harbored a G54V mutation in the cyp51A gene. Analysis of the microsatellite markers from seven non-wild-type isolates indicated the presence of five unique genotypes, which clustered into two major genetic groups. The cyp51A gene mutations TR34/L98H and TR34/L98H/S297T were the most frequently found mutations, and the G54V mutation was reported for the first time in China. The geographic origin of the triazole-resistant isolates appeared to concentrate in eastern and south-eastern areas, which suggests that routine antifungal susceptibility testing in these areas should be performed for all clinically relevant A. fumigatus isolates to guide antifungal therapy and for epidemiological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Deng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, People's Hospital of Suzhou National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone, Jiangsu 215219, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Yanfeng Ji
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Paul E Verweij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6500HB, The Netherlands
| | - Kin Ming Tsui
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen 6500GS, The Netherlands.,Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboud University Medical Centre/CWZ, Nijmegen 6500HB, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Houbraken
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht 3584CT, The Netherlands
| | - Jacque F Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6500HB, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen 6500GS, The Netherlands.,Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboud University Medical Centre/CWZ, Nijmegen 6500HB, The Netherlands
| | - Parida Abliz
- First Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- First Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Jingjun Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Wanqing Liao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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Meis JF, Chowdhary A, Rhodes JL, Fisher MC, Verweij PE. Clinical implications of globally emerging azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0460. [PMID: 28080986 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fungi are the cause of an array of diseases affecting humans, animals and plants. The triazole antifungal agents itraconazole, voriconazole, isavuconazole and posaconazole are treatment options against diseases caused by Aspergillus However, resistance to azoles has recently emerged as a new therapeutic challenge in six continents. Although de novo azole resistance occurs occasionally in patients during azole therapy, the main burden is the aquisition of resistance through the environment. In this setting, the evolution of resistance is attributed to the widespread use of azole-based fungicides. Although ubiquitously distributed, A. fumigatus is not a phytopathogen. However, agricultural fungicides deployed against plant pathogenic moulds such as Fusarium, Mycospaerella and A. flavus also show activity against A. fumigatus in the environment and exposure of non-target fungi is inevitable. Further, similarity in molecule structure between azole fungicides and antifungal drugs results in cross-resistance of A. fumigatus to medical azoles. Clinical studies have shown that two-thirds of patients with azole-resistant infections had no previous history of azole therapy and high mortality rates between 50% and 100% are reported in azole-resistant invasive aspergillosis. The resistance phenotype is associated with key mutations in the cyp51A gene, including TR34/L98H, TR53 and TR46/Y121F/T289A resistance mechanisms. Early detection of resistance is of paramount importance and if demonstrated, either with susceptibility testing or through molecular analysis, azole monotherapy should be avoided. Liposomal amphotericin B or a combination of voriconazole and an echinocandin are recomended for azole-resistant aspergillosis.This article is part of the themed issue 'Tackling emerging fungal threats to animal health, food security and ecosystem resilience'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques F Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wihelmina Hospital (CWZ), Nijmegen, The Netherlands .,Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboudumc/CWZ Centre of Excellence in Mycology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anuradha Chowdhary
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Division of Mycology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Johanna L Rhodes
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College School of Public Health, St Mary's Campus, London, UK
| | - Matthew C Fisher
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College School of Public Health, St Mary's Campus, London, UK
| | - Paul E Verweij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboudumc/CWZ Centre of Excellence in Mycology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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34
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Chowdhary A, Sharma C, Meis JF. Azole-Resistant Aspergillosis: Epidemiology, Molecular Mechanisms, and Treatment. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:S436-S444. [PMID: 28911045 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus remains the most common species in all pulmonary syndromes, followed by Aspergillus flavus which is a common cause of allergic rhinosinusitis, postoperative aspergillosis and fungal keratitis. The manifestations of Aspergillus infections include invasive aspergillosis, chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and bronchitis. Allergic manifestations of inhaled Aspergillus include allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and severe asthma with fungal sensitization. Triazoles are the mainstay of therapy against Aspergillus infections for treatment and prophylaxis. Lately, increased azole resistance in A. fumigatus has become a significant challenge in effective management of aspergillosis. Earlier studies have brought to light the contribution of non-cyp51 mutations along with alterations in cyp51A gene resulting in azole-resistant phenotypes of A. fumigatus. This review highlights the magnitude of azole-resistant aspergillosis and resistance mechanisms implicated in the development of azole-resistant A. fumigatus and address the therapeutic options available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Chowdhary
- Department of Medical Mycology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, India
| | - Cheshta Sharma
- Department of Medical Mycology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, India
| | - Jacques F Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital.,Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Progressive Dispersion of Azole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: Fatal Invasive Aspergillosis in a Patient with Acute Myeloid Leukemia Infected with an A. fumigatus Strain with a cyp51A TR 46 Y121F M172I T289A Allele. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:61/8/e00270-17. [PMID: 28743702 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00270-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with hematologic malignancies as well as allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) patients are at high risk for invasive aspergillosis. Here, we report a culture- and autopsy-proven fatal invasive aspergillosis in an allogeneic HSTC patient which he developed despite posaconazole prophylaxis. The agent was determined to be an azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus strain bearing the cyp51A mutation combination TR46 Y121F M172I T289A. At increasing frequency, the azole resistance of A. fumigatus is being reported globally, limiting treatment options and complicating regimens.
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Abstract
Aspergillus spp. are important fungi because of the high mortality associated with aspergillosis. However, we have only three classes of anti-aspergillus drugs available; and only two drugs, itraconazole (ITCZ) and voriconazole (VRCZ), are available as oral agents in Japan. If azole-resistant Aspergillus causes chronic aspergillosis, we cannot treat such patients with oral azoles on an outpatient basis. As is the case with foreign countries, we found the existence of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in clinical settings in Japan. Resistance was attributed to mutations of the target protein (CYP51A). Additionally, we also found that long-term itraconazole treatment induced G54 substitution in CYP51A, causing itraconazole-resistance. Although there are few resistant Aspergillus strains existing in Japan now, we have to continue to find such resistant isolates, which are spreading worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Tashiro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
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37
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Abstract
Aspergillus species are ubiquitous fungal saprophytes found in diverse ecological niches worldwide. Among them, Aspergillus fumigatus is the most prevalent and is largely responsible for the increased incidence of invasive aspergillosis with high mortality rates in some immunocompromised hosts. Azoles are the first-line drugs in treating diseases caused by Aspergillus spp. However, increasing reports in A. fumigatus azole resistance, both in the clinical setting and in the environment, are threatening the effectiveness of clinical and agricultural azole drugs. The azole target is the 14-α sterol demethylase encoded by cyp51A gene and the main mechanisms of resistance involve the integration of tandem repeats in its promoter and/or single point mutations in this gene. In A. fumigatus, azole resistance can emerge in two different scenarios: a medical route in which azole resistance is generated during long periods of azole treatment in the clinical setting and a route of resistance derived from environmental origin due to extended use of demethylation inhibitors in agriculture. The understanding of A. fumigatus azole resistance development and its evolution is needed in order to prevent or minimize its impact. In this article, we review the current situation of azole resistance epidemiology and the predominant molecular mechanisms described based on the resistance acquisition routes. In addition, the clinical implications of A. fumigatus azole resistance and future research are discussed.
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38
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Chong GM, van der Beek MT, von dem Borne PA, Boelens J, Steel E, Kampinga GA, Span LFR, Lagrou K, Maertens JA, Dingemans GJH, Gaajetaan GR, van Tegelen DWE, Cornelissen JJ, Vonk AG, Rijnders BJA. PCR-based detection of Aspergillus fumigatus Cyp51A mutations on bronchoalveolar lavage: a multicentre validation of the AsperGenius assay® in 201 patients with haematological disease suspected for invasive aspergillosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:3528-3535. [PMID: 27530755 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In patients with invasive aspergillosis (IA), fungal cultures are mostly negative. Consequently, azole resistance often remains undetected. The AsperGenius® multiplex real-time PCR assay identifies clinically relevant Aspergillus species and four resistance-associated mutations (RAMs; TR34/L98H/T289A/Y121F) in the Cyp51A gene. This multicentre study evaluated the diagnostic performance of this assay on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and correlated the presence of RAMs with azole treatment failure and mortality. METHODS Stored BAL samples from patients with haematological diseases with suspected IA were used. BAL samples that were galactomannan/culture positive were considered positive controls for the presence of Aspergillus. Azole treatment failure and 6 week mortality were compared in patients with and without RAMs that had received ≥5 days of voriconazole monotherapy. RESULTS Two hundred and one patients each contributed one BAL sample, of which 88 were positive controls and 113 were negative controls. The optimal cycle threshold cut-off value for the Aspergillus species PCR was <38. With this cut-off, the PCR was positive in 74/88 positive controls. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 84%, 80%, 76% and 87%, respectively. 32/74 BAL samples were culture negative. Azole treatment failure was observed in 6/8 patients with a RAM compared with 12/45 patients without RAMs (P = 0.01). Six week mortality was 2.7 times higher in patients with RAMs (50.0% versus 18.6%; P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS The AsperGenius® assay had a good diagnostic performance on BAL and differentiated WT from Aspergillus fumigatus with RAMs, including in culture-negative BAL samples. Most importantly, detection of RAMs was associated with azole treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Chong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M T van der Beek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P A von dem Borne
- Department of Haematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Boelens
- Department of Microbiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - E Steel
- Department of Haematology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - G A Kampinga
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L F R Span
- Department of Haematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - K Lagrou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven; University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J A Maertens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven; Department of Haematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - J J Cornelissen
- Department of Haematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A G Vonk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B J A Rijnders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Triazole Resistance in Aspergillus spp.: A Worldwide Problem? J Fungi (Basel) 2016; 2:jof2030021. [PMID: 29376938 PMCID: PMC5753134 DOI: 10.3390/jof2030021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first description of an azole-resistant A. fumigatus strain in 1997, there has been an increasing number of papers describing the emergence of azole resistance. Firstly reported in the USA and soon after in Europe, it has now been described worldwide, challenging the management of human aspergillosis. The main mechanism of resistance is the modification of the azole target enzyme: 14-α sterol demethylase, encoded by the cyp51A gene; although recently, other resistance mechanisms have also been implicated. In addition, a shift in the epidemiology has been noted with other Aspergillus species (mostly azole resistant) increasingly being reported as causative agents of human disease. This paper reviews the current situation of Aspergillus azole resistance and its implications in the clinical setting.
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Bernal-Martínez L, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Cuenca-Estrella M. Diagnostics and susceptibility testing in Aspergillus. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:315-28. [PMID: 26848512 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Invasive aspergillosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients. Early diagnosis and correct antifungal treatment have a direct impact on patient survival. A number of newer diagnostic procedures have been developed as alternatives to conventional microbiological methods. The detection of fungal components, largely antigens and DNA, are used in clinical laboratories to diagnose invasive aspergillosis. Other rapid diagnostic tests have been recently developed with promising results. However, antifungal resistance is becoming an emerging problem. The detection of this resistance is important to administer the proper antifungal agent. This text reviews the novelties on new diagnostics Aspergillus spp. PROCEDURES Intrinsic antifungal resistance and mechanisms of secondary resistance to triazoles in A. fumigatus are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Bernal-Martínez
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD12/0015), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD12/0015), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Cuenca-Estrella
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD12/0015), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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41
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Verweij PE, Chowdhary A, Melchers WJG, Meis JF. Azole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: Can We Retain the Clinical Use of Mold-Active Antifungal Azoles? Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62:362-8. [PMID: 26486705 PMCID: PMC4706635 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus has emerged as a global health problem. Although the number of cases of azole-resistant aspergillosis is still limited, resistance mechanisms continue to emerge, thereby threatening the role of the azole class in the management of diseases caused by Aspergillus. The majority of cases of azole-resistant disease are due to resistant A. fumigatus originating from the environment. Patient management is difficult due to the absence of patient risk factors, delayed diagnosis, and limited treatment options, resulting in poor treatment outcome. International and collaborative efforts are required to understand how resistance develops in the environment to allow effective measures to be implemented aimed at retaining the use of azoles both for food production and human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Verweij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anuradha Chowdhary
- Department of Medical Mycology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, India
| | - Willem J G Melchers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques F Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Lestrade PPA, Meis JF, Arends JP, van der Beek MT, de Brauwer E, van Dijk K, de Greeff SC, Haas PJ, Hodiamont CJ, Kuijper EJ, Leenstra T, Muller AE, Oude Lashof AML, Rijnders BJ, Roelofsen E, Rozemeijer W, Tersmette M, Terveer EM, Verduin CM, Wolfhagen MJHM, Melchers WJG, Verweij PE. Diagnosis and management of aspergillosis in the Netherlands: a national survey. Mycoses 2015; 59:101-7. [PMID: 26648179 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A survey of diagnosis and treatment of invasive aspergillosis was conducted in eight University Medical Centers (UMCs) and eight non-academic teaching hospitals in the Netherlands. Against a background of emerging azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus routine resistance screening of clinical isolates was performed primarily in the UMCs. Azole resistance rates at the hospital level varied between 5% and 10%, although rates up to 30% were reported in high-risk wards. Voriconazole remained first choice for invasive aspergillosis in 13 out of 16 hospitals. In documented azole resistance 14 out of 16 centres treated patients with liposomal amphotericin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter P A Lestrade
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques F Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan P Arends
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martha T van der Beek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Els de Brauwer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Atrium-Orbis Medical Centre, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin van Dijk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine C de Greeff
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter-Jan Haas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caspar J Hodiamont
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ed J Kuijper
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tjalling Leenstra
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk E Muller
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical Centre Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid M L Oude Lashof
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J Rijnders
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wouter Rozemeijer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medisch Centrum Alkmaar, Alkmaar, The Netherlands
| | - Mathijs Tersmette
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth M Terveer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cees M Verduin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | | | - Willem J G Melchers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul E Verweij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Rocchi S, Reboux G, Millon L. [Azole resistance with environmental origin: What alternatives for the future?]. J Mycol Med 2015; 25:249-56. [PMID: 26631951 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Azole resistant Aspergillus fumigatus strains are increasingly reported in many countries. One resistance mechanism is attributed to the use of azole fungicides in environment. Two mutations, TR34/L98H and TR46/Y121F/T289A, on the cyp51A gene, have been described. Results of 40 publications about azole resistant strain detections, with TR34/L98H and TR46/Y121F/T289A mutations, in clinical and/or environmental samples, are presented in this review. These cases, observed in many countries, suggest spreading phenomenon. Measures to moderate fungicides treatments and/or alternative treatments in environment should be established to preserve the effectiveness of azole antifungal therapy for at-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rocchi
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, centre hospitalier régional universitaire Jean-Minjoz, 25000 Besançon, France; UMR 6249 CNRS chrono-environnement, université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France.
| | - G Reboux
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, centre hospitalier régional universitaire Jean-Minjoz, 25000 Besançon, France; UMR 6249 CNRS chrono-environnement, université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - L Millon
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, centre hospitalier régional universitaire Jean-Minjoz, 25000 Besançon, France; UMR 6249 CNRS chrono-environnement, université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
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Quantitative Analysis of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism for Rapid Detection of TR34/L98H- and TR46/Y121F/T289A-Positive Aspergillus fumigatus Isolates Obtained from Patients in Iran from 2010 to 2014. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:387-92. [PMID: 26525787 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02326-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We employed an endpoint genotyping method to update the prevalence rate of positivity for the TR34/L98H mutation (a 34-bp tandem repeat mutation in the promoter region of the cyp51A gene in combination with a substitution at codon L98) and the TR46/Y121F/T289A mutation (a 46-bp tandem repeat mutation in the promoter region of the cyp51A gene in combination with substitutions at codons Y121 and T289) among clinical Aspergillus fumigatus isolates obtained from different regions of Iran over a recent 5-year period (2010 to 2014). The antifungal activities of itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole against 172 clinical A. fumigatus isolates were investigated using the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) broth microdilution method. For the isolates with an azole resistance phenotype, the cyp51A gene and its promoter were amplified and sequenced. In addition, using a LightCycler 480 real-time PCR system, a novel endpoint genotyping analysis method targeting single-nucleotide polymorphisms was evaluated to detect the L98H and Y121F mutations in the cyp51A gene of all isolates. Of the 172 A. fumigatus isolates tested, the MIC values of itraconazole (≥16 mg/liter) and voriconazole (>4 mg/liter) were high for 6 (3.5%). Quantitative analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms showed the TR34/L98H mutation in the cyp51A genes of six isolates. No isolates harboring the TR46/Y121F/T289A mutation were detected. DNA sequencing of the cyp51A gene confirmed the results of the novel endpoint genotyping method. By microsatellite typing, all of the azole-resistant isolates had genotypes different from those previously recovered from Iran and from the Dutch TR34/L98H controls. In conclusion, there was not a significant increase in the prevalence of azole-resistant A. fumigatus isolates harboring the TR34/L98H resistance mechanism among isolates recovered over a recent 5-year period (2010 to 2014) in Iran. A quantitative assay detecting a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the cyp51A gene of A. fumigatus is a reliable tool for the rapid screening and monitoring of TR34/L98H- and TR46/Y121F/T289A-positive isolates and can easily be incorporated into clinical mycology algorithms.
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International expert opinion on the management of infection caused by azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus. Drug Resist Updat 2015; 21-22:30-40. [PMID: 26282594 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An international expert panel was convened to deliberate the management of azole-resistant aspergillosis. In culture-positive cases, in vitro susceptibility testing should always be performed if antifungal therapy is intended. Different patterns of resistance are seen, with multi-azole and pan-azole resistance more common than resistance to a single triazole. In confirmed invasive pulmonary aspergillosis due to an azole-resistant Aspergillus, the experts recommended a switch from voriconazole to liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB; Ambisome(®)). In regions with environmental resistance rates of ≥10%, a voriconazole-echinocandin combination or L-AmB were favoured as initial therapy. All experts recommended L-AmB as core therapy for central nervous system aspergillosis suspected to be due to an azole-resistant Aspergillus, and considered the addition of a second agent with the majority favouring flucytosine. Intravenous therapy with either micafungin or L-AmB given as either intermittent or continuous therapy was recommended for chronic pulmonary aspergillosis due to a pan-azole-resistant Aspergillus. Local and national surveillance with identification of clinical and environmental resistance patterns, rapid diagnostics, better quality clinical outcome data, and a greater understanding of the factors driving or minimising environmental resistance are areas where research is urgently needed, as well as the development of new oral agents outside the azole drug class.
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