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Perl AL, Pokorny JL, Green KJ. Desmosomes at a glance. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261899. [PMID: 38940346 PMCID: PMC11234380 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are relatives of ancient cadherin-based junctions, which emerged late in evolution to ensure the structural integrity of vertebrate tissues by coupling the intermediate filament cytoskeleton to cell-cell junctions. Their ability to dynamically counter the contractile forces generated by actin-associated adherens junctions is particularly important in tissues under high mechanical stress, such as the skin and heart. Much more than the simple cellular 'spot welds' depicted in textbooks, desmosomes are in fact dynamic structures that can sense and respond to changes in their mechanical environment and external stressors like ultraviolet light and pathogens. These environmental signals are transmitted intracellularly via desmosome-dependent mechanochemical pathways that drive the physiological processes of morphogenesis and differentiation. This Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster review desmosome structure and assembly, highlight recent insights into how desmosomes integrate chemical and mechanical signaling in the epidermis, and discuss desmosomes as targets in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey L Perl
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jenny L Pokorny
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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2
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Steinert L, Fuchs M, Sigmund AM, Didona D, Hudemann C, Möbs C, Hertl M, Hashimoto T, Waschke J, Vielmuth F. Desmosomal Hyper-adhesion Affects Direct Inhibition of Desmoglein Interactions in Pemphigus. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)00308-7. [PMID: 38677661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
During differentiation, keratinocytes acquire a strong, hyper-adhesive state, where desmosomal cadherins interact calcium ion independently. Previous data indicate that hyper-adhesion protects keratinocytes from pemphigus vulgaris autoantibody-induced loss of intercellular adhesion, although the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Thus, in this study, we investigated the effect of hyper-adhesion on pemphigus vulgaris autoantibody-induced direct inhibition of desmoglein (DSG) 3 interactions by atomic force microscopy. Hyper-adhesion abolished loss of intercellular adhesion and corresponding morphological changes of all pathogenic antibodies used. Pemphigus autoantibodies putatively targeting several parts of the DSG3 extracellular domain and 2G4, targeting a membrane-proximal domain of DSG3, induced direct inhibition of DSG3 interactions only in non-hyper-adhesive keratinocytes. In contrast, AK23, targeting the N-terminal extracellular domain 1 of DSG3, caused direct inhibition under both adhesive states. However, antibody binding to desmosomal cadherins was not different between the distinct pathogenic antibodies used and was not changed during acquisition of hyper-adhesion. In addition, heterophilic DSC3-DSG3 and DSG2-DSG3 interactions did not cause reduced susceptibility to direct inhibition under hyper-adhesive condition in wild-type keratinocytes. Taken together, the data suggest that hyper-adhesion reduces susceptibility to autoantibody-induced direct inhibition in dependency on autoantibody-targeted extracellular domain but also demonstrate that further mechanisms are required for the protective effect of desmosomal hyper-adhesion in pemphigus vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letyfee Steinert
- Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna M Sigmund
- Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dario Didona
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Hudemann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christian Möbs
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hertl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jens Waschke
- Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Vielmuth
- Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Veraguas-Dávila D, Zapata-Rojas C, Aguilera C, Saéz-Ruiz D, Saravia F, Castro FO, Rodriguez-Alvarez L. Proteomic Analysis of Domestic Cat Blastocysts and Their Secretome Produced in an In Vitro Culture System without the Presence of the Zona Pellucida. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4343. [PMID: 38673927 PMCID: PMC11050229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Domestic cat blastocysts cultured without the zona pellucida exhibit reduced implantation capacity. However, the protein expression profile has not been evaluated in these embryos. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protein expression profile of domestic cat blastocysts cultured without the zona pellucida. Two experimental groups were generated: (1) domestic cat embryos generated by IVF and cultured in vitro (zona intact, (ZI)) and (2) domestic cat embryos cultured in vitro without the zona pellucida (zona-free (ZF group)). The cleavage, morula, and blastocyst rates were estimated at days 2, 5 and 7, respectively. Day 7 blastocysts and their culture media were subjected to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The UniProt Felis catus database was used to identify the standard proteome. No significant differences were found in the cleavage, morula, or blastocyst rates between the ZI and ZF groups (p > 0.05). Proteomic analysis revealed 22 upregulated and 20 downregulated proteins in the ZF blastocysts. Furthermore, 14 proteins involved in embryo development and implantation were present exclusively in the culture medium of the ZI blastocysts. In conclusion, embryo culture without the zona pellucida did not affect in vitro development, but altered the protein expression profile and release of domestic cat blastocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Veraguas-Dávila
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Km 6 Los Niches, Curicó 3340000, Chile
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Av. Vicente Méndez 595, Chillan 3780000, Chile; (C.Z.-R.); (D.S.-R.); (F.S.); (F.O.C.); (L.R.-A.)
| | - Camila Zapata-Rojas
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Av. Vicente Méndez 595, Chillan 3780000, Chile; (C.Z.-R.); (D.S.-R.); (F.S.); (F.O.C.); (L.R.-A.)
| | - Constanza Aguilera
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Natural Sciences, San Sebastián University, Concepción 4081339, Chile;
| | - Darling Saéz-Ruiz
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Av. Vicente Méndez 595, Chillan 3780000, Chile; (C.Z.-R.); (D.S.-R.); (F.S.); (F.O.C.); (L.R.-A.)
| | - Fernando Saravia
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Av. Vicente Méndez 595, Chillan 3780000, Chile; (C.Z.-R.); (D.S.-R.); (F.S.); (F.O.C.); (L.R.-A.)
| | - Fidel Ovidio Castro
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Av. Vicente Méndez 595, Chillan 3780000, Chile; (C.Z.-R.); (D.S.-R.); (F.S.); (F.O.C.); (L.R.-A.)
| | - Lleretny Rodriguez-Alvarez
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Av. Vicente Méndez 595, Chillan 3780000, Chile; (C.Z.-R.); (D.S.-R.); (F.S.); (F.O.C.); (L.R.-A.)
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Fülle JB, de Almeida RA, Lawless C, Stockdale L, Yanes B, Lane EB, Garrod DR, Ballestrem C. Proximity Mapping of Desmosomes Reveals a Striking Shift in Their Molecular Neighborhood Associated With Maturation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100735. [PMID: 38342409 PMCID: PMC10943070 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are multiprotein adhesion complexes that link intermediate filaments to the plasma membrane, ensuring the mechanical integrity of cells across tissues, but how they participate in the wider signaling network to exert their full function is unclear. To investigate this, we carried out protein proximity mapping using biotinylation (BioID). The combined interactomes of the essential desmosomal proteins desmocollin 2a, plakoglobin, and plakophilin 2a (Pkp2a) in Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells were mapped and their differences and commonalities characterized as desmosome matured from Ca2+ dependence to the mature, Ca2+-independent, hyper-adhesive state, which predominates in tissues. Results suggest that individual desmosomal proteins have distinct roles in connecting to cellular signaling pathways and that these roles alter substantially when cells change their adhesion state. The data provide further support for a dualistic concept of desmosomes in which the properties of Pkp2a differ from those of the other, more stable proteins. This body of data provides an invaluable resource for the analysis of desmosome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith B Fülle
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Craig Lawless
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Liam Stockdale
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Bian Yanes
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - E Birgitte Lane
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency of Science Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - David R Garrod
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Christoph Ballestrem
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Nagler S, Ghoreishi Y, Kollmann C, Kelm M, Gerull B, Waschke J, Burkard N, Schlegel N. Plakophilin 2 regulates intestinal barrier function by modulating protein kinase C activity in vitro. Tissue Barriers 2023; 11:2138061. [PMID: 36280901 PMCID: PMC10606776 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2022.2138061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous data provided evidence for a critical role of desmosomes to stabilize intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) function. These studies suggest that desmosomes not only contribute to intercellular adhesion but also play a role as signaling hubs. The contribution of desmosomal plaque proteins plakophilins (PKP) in the intestinal epithelium remains unexplored. The intestinal expression of PKP2 and PKP3 was verified in human gut specimens, human intestinal organoids as well as in Caco2 cells whereas PKP1 was not detected. Knock-down of PKP2 using siRNA in Caco2 cells resulted in loss of intercellular adhesion and attenuated epithelial barrier. This was paralleled by changes of the whole desmosomal complex, including loss of desmoglein2, desmocollin2, plakoglobin and desmoplakin. In addition, tight junction proteins claudin1 and claudin4 were reduced following the loss of PKP2. Interestingly, siRNA-induced loss of PKP3 did not change intercellular adhesion and barrier function in Caco2 cells, while siRNA-induced loss of both PKP2 and PKP3 augmented the changes observed for reduced PKP2 alone. Moreover, loss of PKP2 and PKP2/3, but not PKP3, resulted in reduced activity levels of protein kinase C (PKC). Restoration of PKC activity using Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) rescued loss of intestinal barrier function and attenuated the reduced expression patterns of claudin1 and claudin4. Immunostaining, proximity ligation assays and co-immunoprecipitation revealed a direct interaction between PKP2 and PKC. In summary, our in vitro data suggest that PKP2 plays a critical role for intestinal barrier function by providing a signaling hub for PKC-mediated expression of tight junction proteins claudin1 and claudin4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Nagler
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Wuerzburg97080, Germany
| | - Yalda Ghoreishi
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Wuerzburg97080, Germany
| | - Catherine Kollmann
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Wuerzburg97080, Germany
| | - Matthias Kelm
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Wuerzburg97080, Germany
| | - Brenda Gerull
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center and Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Munich, Germany
| | - Natalie Burkard
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Wuerzburg97080, Germany
| | - Nicolas Schlegel
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Wuerzburg97080, Germany
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Müller L, Keil R, Hatzfeld M. Plakophilin 3 facilitates G1/S phase transition and enhances proliferation by capturing RB protein in the cytoplasm and promoting EGFR signaling. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112031. [PMID: 36689330 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plakophilin 3 (PKP3) is a component of desmosomes and is frequently overexpressed in cancer. Using keratinocytes either lacking or overexpressing PKP3, we identify a signaling axis from ERK to the retinoblastoma (RB) protein and the E2F1 transcription factor that is controlled by PKP3. RB and E2F1 are key components controlling G1/S transition in the cell cycle. We show that PKP3 stimulates the activity of ERK and its target RSK1. This inhibits expression of the transcription factor RUNX3, a positive regulator of the CDK inhibitor CDKN1A/p21, which is also downregulated by PKP3. Elevated CDKN1A prevents RB phosphorylation and E2F1 target gene expression, leading to delayed S phase entry and reduced proliferation in PKP3-depleted cells. Elevated PKP3 expression not only increases ERK activity but also captures phosphorylated RB (phospho-RB) in the cytoplasm to promote E2F1 activity and cell-cycle progression. These data identify a mechanism by which PKP3 promotes proliferation and acts as an oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Müller
- Charles Tanford Protein Research Center, Martin Luther University Halle, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department for Pathobiochemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3A, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - René Keil
- Charles Tanford Protein Research Center, Martin Luther University Halle, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department for Pathobiochemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3A, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Mechthild Hatzfeld
- Charles Tanford Protein Research Center, Martin Luther University Halle, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department for Pathobiochemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3A, 06120 Halle, Germany.
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Fuchs M, Radeva MY, Spindler V, Vielmuth F, Kugelmann D, Waschke J. Cytoskeletal anchorage of different Dsg3 pools revealed by combination of hybrid STED/SMFS-AFM. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:25. [PMID: 36602635 PMCID: PMC9816259 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04681-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) is a desmosomal cadherin mediating cell adhesion within desmosomes and is the antigen of the autoimmune blistering skin disease pemphigus vulgaris. Therefore, understanding of the complex desmosome turnover process is of high biomedical relevance. Recently, super resolution microscopy was used to characterize desmosome composition and turnover. However, studies were limited because adhesion measurements on living cells were not possible in parallel. Before desmosomal cadherins are incorporated into nascent desmosomes, they are not bound to intermediate filaments but were suggested to be associated with the actin cytoskeleton. However, direct proof that adhesion of a pool of desmosomal cadherins is dependent on actin is missing. Here, we applied single-molecule force spectroscopy measurements with the novel single molecule hybrid-technique STED/SMFS-AFM to investigate the cytoskeletal anchorage of Dsg3 on living keratinocytes for the first time. By application of pharmacological agents we discriminated two different Dsg3 pools, only one of which is anchored to actin filaments. We applied the actin polymerization inhibitor Latrunculin B to modify the actin cytoskeleton and the PKCα activator PMA to modulate intermediate filament anchorage. On the cellular surface Dsg3 adhesion was actin-dependent. In contrast, at cell-cell contacts, Dsg3 adhesion was independent from actin but rather is regulated by PKC which is well established to control desmosome turn-over via intermediate filament anchorage. Taken together, using the novel STED/SMFS-AFM technique, we demonstrated the existence of two Dsg3 pools with different cytoskeletal anchorage mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fuchs
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mariya Y Radeva
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Department of Biomedicine and Institute of Anatomy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Vielmuth
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Kugelmann
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Dean WF, Mattheyses AL. Defining domain-specific orientational order in the desmosomal cadherins. Biophys J 2022; 121:4325-4341. [PMID: 36225113 PMCID: PMC9703042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are large, macromolecular protein assemblies that mechanically couple the intermediate filament cytoskeleton to sites of cadherin-mediated cell adhesion, thereby providing structural integrity to tissues that routinely experience large forces. Proper desmosomal adhesion is necessary for the normal development and maintenance of vertebrate tissues, such as epithelia and cardiac muscle, while dysfunction can lead to severe disease of the heart and skin. Therefore, it is important to understand the relationship between desmosomal adhesion and the architecture of the molecules that form the adhesive interface, the desmosomal cadherins (DCs). However, desmosomes are embedded in two plasma membranes and are linked to the cytoskeletal networks of two cells, imposing extreme difficulty on traditional structural studies of DC architecture, which have yielded conflicting results. Consequently, the relationship between DC architecture and adhesive function remains unclear. To overcome these challenges, we utilized excitation-resolved fluorescence polarization microscopy to quantify the orientational order of the extracellular and intracellular domains of three DC isoforms: desmoglein 2, desmocollin 2, and desmoglein 3. We found that DC ectodomains were significantly more ordered than their cytoplasmic counterparts, indicating a drastic difference in DC architecture between opposing sides of the plasma membrane. This difference was conserved among all DCs tested, suggesting that it may be an important feature of desmosomal architecture. Moreover, our findings suggest that the organization of DC ectodomains is predominantly the result of extracellular adhesive interactions. We employed azimuthal orientation mapping to show that DC ectodomains are arranged with rotational symmetry about the membrane normal. Finally, we performed a series of mathematical simulations to test the feasibility of a recently proposed antiparallel arrangement of DC ectodomains, finding that it is supported by our experimental data. Importantly, the strategies employed here have the potential to elucidate molecular mechanisms for diseases that result from defective desmosome architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Dean
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Alexa L Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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Clostridium novyi’s Alpha-Toxin Changes Proteome and Phosphoproteome of HEp-2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179939. [PMID: 36077344 PMCID: PMC9456407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
C. novyi type A produces the alpha-toxin (TcnA) that belongs to the large clostridial glucosylating toxins (LCGTs) and is able to modify small GTPases by N-acetylglucosamination on conserved threonine residues. In contrast, other LCGTs including Clostridioides difficile toxin A and toxin B (TcdA; TcdB) modify small GTPases by mono-o-glucosylation. Both modifications inactivate the GTPases and cause strong effects on GTPase-dependent signal transduction pathways and the consequent reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton leading to cell rounding and finally cell death. However, the effect of TcnA on target cells is largely unexplored. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive screening approach of TcnA treated HEp-2 cells and analyzed their proteome and their phosphoproteome using LC-MS-based methods. With this data-dependent acquisition (DDA) approach, 5086 proteins and 9427 phosphosites could be identified and quantified. Of these, 35 proteins were found to be significantly altered after toxin treatment, and 1832 phosphosites were responsive to TcnA treatment. By analyzing the TcnA-induced proteomic effects of HEp-2 cells, 23 common signaling pathways were identified to be altered, including Actin Cytoskeleton Signaling, Epithelial Adherens Junction Signaling, and Signaling by Rho Family GTPases. All these pathways are also regulated after application of TcdA or TcdB of C. difficile. After TcnA treatment the regulation on phosphorylation level was much stronger compared to the proteome level, in terms of both strength of regulation and the number of regulated phosphosites. Interestingly, various signaling pathways such as Signaling by Rho Family GTPases or Integrin Signaling were activated on proteome level while being inhibited on phosphorylation level or vice versa as observed for the Role of BRCA1 in DNA Damage Response. ZIP kinase, as well as Calmodulin-dependent protein kinases IV & II, were observed as activated while Aurora-A kinase and CDK kinases tended to be inhibited in cells treated with TcnA based on their substrate regulation pattern.
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Vanslembrouck B, Chen JH, Larabell C, van Hengel J. Microscopic Visualization of Cell-Cell Adhesion Complexes at Micro and Nanoscale. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:819534. [PMID: 35517500 PMCID: PMC9065677 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.819534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in our knowledge of the morphological and functional varieties of anchoring junctions. Cell-cell adhesion contacts consist of discrete junctional structures responsible for the mechanical coupling of cytoskeletons and allow the transmission of mechanical signals across the cell collective. The three main adhesion complexes are adherens junctions, tight junctions, and desmosomes. Microscopy has played a fundamental role in understanding these adhesion complexes on different levels in both physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we discuss the main light and electron microscopy techniques used to unravel the structure and composition of the three cell-cell contacts in epithelial and endothelial cells. It functions as a guide to pick the appropriate imaging technique(s) for the adhesion complexes of interest. We also point out the latest techniques that have emerged. At the end, we discuss the problems investigators encounter during their cell-cell adhesion research using microscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bieke Vanslembrouck
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Anatomy, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Bieke Vanslembrouck, ; Jolanda van Hengel,
| | - Jian-hua Chen
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Anatomy, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn Larabell
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Anatomy, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jolanda van Hengel
- Medical Cell Biology Research Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Bieke Vanslembrouck, ; Jolanda van Hengel,
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11
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Büchau F, Vielmuth F, Waschke J, Magin TM. Bidirectional regulation of desmosome hyperadhesion by keratin isotypes and desmosomal components. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:223. [PMID: 35380280 PMCID: PMC8983532 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Desmosomes are intercellular junctions which mediate cohesion and communication in tissues exposed to mechanical strain by tethering the intermediate filament cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. While mature desmosomes are characterized by a hyperadhesive, Ca2+-independent state, they transiently loose this state during wound healing, pathogenesis and tissue regeneration. The mechanisms controlling the hyperadhesive state remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that upon Ca2+-induced keratinocyte differentiation, expression of keratin 17 (K17) prevents the formation of stable and hyperadhesive desmosomes, accompanied by a significant reduction of desmoplakin (DP), plakophilin-1 (PKP1), desmoglein-1 (Dsg1) and -3 (Dsg3) at intercellular cell borders. Atomic force microscopy revealed that both increased binding strength of desmoglein-3 molecules and amount of desmoglein-3 oligomers, known hallmarks of hyperadhesion, were reduced in K17- compared to K14-expressing cells. Importantly, overexpression of Dsg3 or DPII enhanced their localization at intercellular cell borders and increased the formation of Dsg3 oligomers, resulting in stable, hyperadhesive desmosomes despite the presence of K17. Notably, PKP1 was enriched in these desmosomes. Quantitative image analysis revealed that DPII overexpression contributed to desmosome hyperadhesion by increasing the abundance of K5/K17-positive keratin filaments in the proximity of desmosomes enriched in desmoglein-3. Thus, our data show that hyperadhesion can result from recruitment of keratin isotypes K5/K17 to desmosomes or from enhanced expression of DP and Dsg3 irrespective of keratin composition. The notion that hyperadhesive desmosomes failed to form in the absence of keratins underscores the essential role of keratins and suggest bidirectional control mechanisms at several levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Büchau
- Institute of Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Franziska Vielmuth
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Institute of Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Fülle JB, Huppert H, Liebl D, Liu J, Alves de Almeida R, Yanes B, Wright GD, Lane EB, Garrod DR, Ballestrem C. Desmosome dualism - most of the junction is stable, but a plakophilin moiety is persistently dynamic. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272445. [PMID: 34635908 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes, strong cell-cell junctions of epithelia and cardiac muscle, link intermediate filaments to cell membranes and mechanically integrate cells across tissues, dissipating mechanical stress. They comprise five major protein classes - desmocollins and desmogleins (the desmosomal cadherins), plakoglobin, plakophilins and desmoplakin - whose individual contribution to the structure and turnover of desmosomes is poorly understood. Using live-cell imaging together with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and fluorescence loss and localisation after photobleaching (FLAP), we show that desmosomes consist of two contrasting protein moieties or modules: a very stable moiety of desmosomal cadherins, desmoplakin and plakoglobin, and a highly mobile plakophilin (Pkp2a). As desmosomes mature from Ca2+ dependence to Ca2+-independent hyper-adhesion, their stability increases, but Pkp2a remains highly mobile. We show that desmosome downregulation during growth-factor-induced cell scattering proceeds by internalisation of whole desmosomes, which still retain a stable moiety and highly mobile Pkp2a. This molecular mobility of Pkp2a suggests a transient and probably regulatory role for Pkp2a in desmosomes. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith B Fülle
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.,Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency of Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Henri Huppert
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.,Institute of Medical Biology, Agency of Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Dr, 138673 Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Liebl
- A*STAR Microscopy Platform, Research Support Centre, Agency of Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis 138673 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jaron Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency of Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Dr, 138673 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rogerio Alves de Almeida
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Bian Yanes
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Graham D Wright
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency of Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648 Singapore, Singapore.,A*STAR Microscopy Platform, Research Support Centre, Agency of Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis 138673 Singapore, Singapore
| | - E Birgitte Lane
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency of Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648 Singapore, Singapore
| | - David R Garrod
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Christoph Ballestrem
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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13
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Müller L, Hatzfeld M, Keil R. Desmosomes as Signaling Hubs in the Regulation of Cell Behavior. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:745670. [PMID: 34631720 PMCID: PMC8495202 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.745670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are intercellular junctions, which preserve tissue integrity during homeostatic and stress conditions. These functions rely on their unique structural properties, which enable them to respond to context-dependent signals and transmit them to change cell behavior. Desmosome composition and size vary depending on tissue specific expression and differentiation state. Their constituent proteins are highly regulated by posttranslational modifications that control their function in the desmosome itself and in addition regulate a multitude of desmosome-independent functions. This review will summarize our current knowledge how signaling pathways that control epithelial shape, polarity and function regulate desmosomes and how desmosomal proteins transduce these signals to modulate cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Müller
- Department for Pathobiochemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Mechthild Hatzfeld
- Department for Pathobiochemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - René Keil
- Department for Pathobiochemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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14
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Schmitt T, Waschke J. Autoantibody-Specific Signalling in Pemphigus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:701809. [PMID: 34434944 PMCID: PMC8381052 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.701809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus is a severe autoimmune disease impairing barrier functions of epidermis and mucosa. Autoantibodies primarily target the desmosomal adhesion molecules desmoglein (Dsg) 1 and Dsg 3 and induce loss of desmosomal adhesion. Strikingly, autoantibody profiles in pemphigus correlate with clinical phenotypes. Mucosal-dominant pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is characterised by autoantibodies (PV-IgG) against Dsg3 whereas epidermal blistering in PV and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is associated with autoantibodies against Dsg1. Therapy in pemphigus is evolving towards specific suppression of autoantibody formation and autoantibody depletion. Nevertheless, during the acute phase and relapses of the disease additional treatment options to stabilise desmosomes and thereby rescue keratinocyte adhesion would be beneficial. Therefore, the mechanisms by which autoantibodies interfere with adhesion of desmosomes need to be characterised in detail. Besides direct inhibition of Dsg adhesion, autoantibodies engage signalling pathways interfering with different steps of desmosome turn-over. With this respect, recent data indicate that autoantibodies induce separate signalling responses in keratinocytes via specific signalling complexes organised by Dsg1 and Dsg3 which transfer the signal of autoantibody binding into the cell. This hypothesis may also explain the different clinical pemphigus phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmitt
- Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Anatomische Anstalt, Lehrstuhl Anatomie I - Vegetative Anatomie, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Anatomische Anstalt, Lehrstuhl Anatomie I - Vegetative Anatomie, Munich, Germany
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15
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Indra I, Troyanovsky RB, Green KJ, Troyanovsky SM. Plakophilin 3 and Par3 facilitate desmosomes' association with the apical junctional complex. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1824-1837. [PMID: 34260281 PMCID: PMC8684708 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-01-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes (DSMs), together with adherens junctions (AJs) and tight junctions (TJs), constitute the apical cell junctional complex (AJC). While the importance of the apical and basolateral polarity machinery in the organization of AJs and TJs is well established, how DSMs are positioned within the AJC is not understood. Here we use highly polarized DLD1 cells as a model to address how DSMs integrate into the AJC. We found that knockout (KO) of the desmosomal ARM protein Pkp3, but not other major DSM proteins, uncouples DSMs from the AJC without blocking DSM assembly. DLD1 cells also exhibit a prominent extraDSM pool of Pkp3, concentrated in tricellular (tC) contacts. Probing distinct apicobasal polarity pathways revealed that neither the DSM’s association with AJC nor the extraDSM pool of Pkp3 are abolished in cells with defects in Scrib module proteins responsible for basolateral membrane development. However, a loss of the apical polarity protein, Par3, completely eliminates the extraDSM pool of Pkp3 and disrupts AJC localization of desmosomes, dispersing these junctions along the entire length of cell–cell contacts. Our data are consistent with a model whereby Par3 facilitates DSM assembly within the AJC, controlling the availability of an assembly competent pool of Pkp3 stored in tC contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kathleen J Green
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
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16
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A catenin of the plakophilin-subfamily, Pkp3, responds to canonical-Wnt pathway components and signals. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 563:31-39. [PMID: 34058472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate beta-catenin plays a key role as a transducer of canonical-Wnt signals. We earlier reported that, similar to beta-catenin, the cytoplasmic signaling pool of p120-catenin-isoform1 is stabilized in response to canonical-Wnt signals. To obtain a yet broader view of the Wnt-pathway's impact upon catenin proteins, we focused upon plakophilin3 (plakophilin-3; Pkp3) as a representative of the plakophilin-catenin subfamily. Promoting tissue integrity, the plakophilins assist in linking desmosomal cadherins to intermediate filaments at desmosome junctions, and in common with other catenins they perform additional functions including in the nucleus. In this report, we test whether canonical-Wnt pathway components modulate Pkp3 protein levels. We find that in common with beta-catenin and p120-catenin-isoform1, Pkp3 is stabilized in the presence of a Wnt-ligand or a dominant-active form of the LRP6 receptor. Pkp3's levels are conversely lowered upon expressing destruction-complex components such as GSK3β and Axin, and in further likeness to beta-catenin and p120-isoform1, Pkp3 associates with GSK3beta and Axin. Finally, we note that Pkp3-catenin trans-localizes into the nucleus in response to Wnt-ligand and its exogenous expression stimulates an accepted Wnt reporter. These findings fit an expanded model where context-dependent Wnt-signals or pathway components modulate Pkp3-catenin levels. Future studies will be needed to assess potential gene regulatory, cell adhesive, or cytoskeletal effects.
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17
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Fuchs M, Sigmund AM, Waschke J, Vielmuth F. Desmosomal Hyperadhesion Is Accompanied with Enhanced Binding Strength of Desmoglein 3 Molecules. Biophys J 2020; 119:1489-1500. [PMID: 33031738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion of keratinocytes depends critically on desmosomes that, during maturation, acquire a hyperadhesive and thus Ca2+ independent state. Here, we investigated the roles of desmoglein (Dsg) 3 and plakophilins (Pkps) in hyperadhesion. Atomic force microscopy single molecule force mappings revealed increased Dsg3 molecules but not Dsg1 molecules binding strength in murine keratinocytes. However, keratinocytes lacking Dsg3 or Pkp1 or 3 revealed reduced Ca2+ independency. In addition, Pkp1- or 3-deficient keratinocytes did not exhibit changes in Dsg3 binding on the molecular level. Further, wild-type keratinocytes showed increased levels of Dsg3 oligomers during acquisition of hyperadhesion, and Pkp1 deficiency abolished the formation of Ca2+ independent Dsg3 oligomers. In concordance, immunostaining for Dsg1 but not for Dsg3 was reduced after 24 h of Ca2+ chelation in an ex vivo human skin model, suggesting that desmosomal cadherins may have different roles during acquisition of hyperadhesion. Taken together, these data indicate that hyperadhesion may not be a state acquired by entire desmosomes but rather is paralleled by enhanced binding of specific Dsg isoforms such as Dsg3, a process for which plaque proteins including Pkp 1 and 3 are required as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fuchs
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Magdalena Sigmund
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Vielmuth
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany.
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18
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Müller L, Rietscher K, Keil R, Neuholz M, Hatzfeld M. Plakophilin 3 phosphorylation by ribosomal S6 kinases supports desmosome assembly. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs238295. [PMID: 32122945 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.238295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmosome remodeling is crucial for epidermal regeneration, differentiation and wound healing. It is mediated by adapting the composition, and by post-translational modifications, of constituent proteins. We have previously demonstrated in mouse suprabasal keratinocytes that plakophilin (PKP) 1 mediates strong adhesion, which is negatively regulated by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signaling. The importance of PKP3 for epidermal adhesion is incompletely understood. Here, we identify a major role of epidermal growth factor (EGF), but not IGF1, signaling in PKP3 recruitment to the plasma membrane to facilitate desmosome assembly. We find that ribosomal S6 kinases (RSKs) associate with and phosphorylate PKP3, which promotes PKP3 association with desmosomes downstream of the EGF receptor. Knockdown of RSKs as well as mutation of an RSK phosphorylation site in PKP3 interfered with desmosome formation, maturation and adhesion. Our findings implicate a coordinate action of distinct growth factors in the control of adhesive properties of desmosomes through modulation of PKPs in a context-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Müller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Katrin Rietscher
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - René Keil
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Marvin Neuholz
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Mechthild Hatzfeld
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
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19
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Broussard JA, Jaiganesh A, Zarkoob H, Conway DE, Dunn AR, Espinosa HD, Janmey PA, Green KJ. Scaling up single-cell mechanics to multicellular tissues - the role of the intermediate filament-desmosome network. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs228031. [PMID: 32179593 PMCID: PMC7097224 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.228031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells and tissues sense, respond to and translate mechanical forces into biochemical signals through mechanotransduction, which governs individual cell responses that drive gene expression, metabolic pathways and cell motility, and determines how cells work together in tissues. Mechanotransduction often depends on cytoskeletal networks and their attachment sites that physically couple cells to each other and to the extracellular matrix. One way that cells associate with each other is through Ca2+-dependent adhesion molecules called cadherins, which mediate cell-cell interactions through adherens junctions, thereby anchoring and organizing the cortical actin cytoskeleton. This actin-based network confers dynamic properties to cell sheets and developing organisms. However, these contractile networks do not work alone but in concert with other cytoarchitectural elements, including a diverse network of intermediate filaments. This Review takes a close look at the intermediate filament network and its associated intercellular junctions, desmosomes. We provide evidence that this system not only ensures tissue integrity, but also cooperates with other networks to create more complex tissues with emerging properties in sensing and responding to increasingly stressful environments. We will also draw attention to how defects in intermediate filament and desmosome networks result in both chronic and acquired diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Broussard
- Departments of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Avinash Jaiganesh
- Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hoda Zarkoob
- Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Daniel E Conway
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Alexander R Dunn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Horacio D Espinosa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Departments of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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20
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Moch M, Schwarz N, Windoffer R, Leube RE. The keratin-desmosome scaffold: pivotal role of desmosomes for keratin network morphogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:543-558. [PMID: 31243490 PMCID: PMC7010626 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Desmosome-anchored keratin intermediate filaments (KFs) are essential for epithelial coherence. Yet, desmosomal KF attachment and network organization are still unexplored in vivo. We, therefore, monitored KF network morphogenesis in fluorescent keratin 8 knock-in murine embryos revealing keratin enrichment at newly formed desmosomes followed by KF formation, KF elongation and KF fusion. To examine details of this process and its coupling to desmosome formation, we studied fluorescent keratin and desmosomal protein reporter dynamics in the periphery of expanding HaCaT keratinocyte colonies. Less than 3 min after the start of desmosomal proteins clustering non-filamentous keratin enriched at these sites followed by KF formation and elongation. Subsequently, desmosome-anchored KFs merged into stable bundles generating a rim-and-spokes system consisting of subcortical KFs connecting desmosomes to each other and radial KFs connecting desmosomes to the cytoplasmic KF network. We conclude that desmosomes are organizing centers for the KF cytoskeleton with a hitherto unknown nucleation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Moch
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Windoffer
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rudolf E Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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21
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Molecular organization, regulation and function of tricellular junctions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Green KJ, Jaiganesh A, Broussard JA. Desmosomes: Essential contributors to an integrated intercellular junction network. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31942240 PMCID: PMC6944264 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20942.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of adhesive connections between cells was critical for the evolution of multicellularity and for organizing cells into complex organs with discrete compartments. Four types of intercellular junction are present in vertebrates: desmosomes, adherens junctions, tight junctions, and gap junctions. All are essential for the development of the embryonic layers and organs as well as adult tissue homeostasis. While each junction type is defined as a distinct entity, it is now clear that they cooperate physically and functionally to create a robust and functionally diverse system. During evolution, desmosomes first appeared in vertebrates as highly specialized regions at the plasma membrane that couple the intermediate filament cytoskeleton at points of strong cell–cell adhesion. Here, we review how desmosomes conferred new mechanical and signaling properties to vertebrate cells and tissues through their interactions with the existing junctional and cytoskeletal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J Green
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Avinash Jaiganesh
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua A Broussard
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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23
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Fuchs M, Foresti M, Radeva MY, Kugelmann D, Keil R, Hatzfeld M, Spindler V, Waschke J, Vielmuth F. Plakophilin 1 but not plakophilin 3 regulates desmoglein clustering. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3465-3476. [PMID: 30949721 PMCID: PMC11105395 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plakophilins (Pkp) are desmosomal plaque proteins crucial for desmosomal adhesion and participate in the regulation of desmosomal turnover and signaling. However, direct evidence that Pkps regulate clustering and molecular binding properties of desmosomal cadherins is missing. Here, keratinocytes lacking either Pkp1 or 3 in comparison to wild type (wt) keratinocytes were characterized with regard to their desmoglein (Dsg) 1- and 3-binding properties and their capability to induce Dsg3 clustering. As revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), both Pkp-deficient keratinocyte cell lines showed reduced membrane availability and binding frequency of Dsg1 and 3 at cell borders. Extracellular crosslinking and AFM cluster mapping demonstrated that Pkp1 but not Pkp3 is required for Dsg3 clustering. Accordingly, Dsg3 overexpression reconstituted cluster formation in Pkp3- but not Pkp1-deficient keratinocytes as shown by AFM and STED experiments. Taken together, these data demonstrate that both Pkp1 and 3 regulate Dsg membrane availability, whereas Pkp1 but not Pkp3 is required for Dsg3 clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fuchs
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Foresti
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Mariya Y Radeva
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Kugelmann
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Rene Keil
- Division of Pathobiochemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Mechthild Hatzfeld
- Division of Pathobiochemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Waschke
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Franziska Vielmuth
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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Sun C, Wang L, Yang XX, Jiang YH, Guo XL. The aberrant expression or disruption of desmocollin2 in human diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 131:378-386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Choi YJ, Laclef C, Yang N, Andreu-Cervera A, Lewis J, Mao X, Li L, Snedecor ER, Takemaru KI, Qin C, Schneider-Maunoury S, Shroyer KR, Hannun YA, Koch PJ, Clark RA, Payne AS, Kowalczyk AP, Chen J. RPGRIP1L is required for stabilizing epidermal keratinocyte adhesion through regulating desmoglein endocytosis. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007914. [PMID: 30689641 PMCID: PMC6366717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia-related proteins are believed to be involved in a broad range of cellular processes. Retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator interacting protein 1-like (RPGRIP1L) is a ciliary protein required for ciliogenesis in many cell types, including epidermal keratinocytes. Here we report that RPGRIP1L is also involved in the maintenance of desmosomal junctions between keratinocytes. Genetically disrupting the Rpgrip1l gene in mice caused intraepidermal blistering, primarily between basal and suprabasal keratinocytes. This blistering phenotype was associated with aberrant expression patterns of desmosomal proteins, impaired desmosome ultrastructure, and compromised cell-cell adhesion in vivo and in vitro. We found that disrupting the RPGRIP1L gene in HaCaT cells, which do not form primary cilia, resulted in mislocalization of desmosomal proteins to the cytoplasm, suggesting a cilia-independent function of RPGRIP1L. Mechanistically, we found that RPGRIP1L regulates the endocytosis of desmogleins such that RPGRIP1L-knockdown not only induced spontaneous desmoglein endocytosis, as determined by AK23 labeling and biotinylation assays, but also exacerbated EGTA- or pemphigus vulgaris IgG-induced desmoglein endocytosis. Accordingly, inhibiting endocytosis with dynasore or sucrose rescued these desmosomal phenotypes. Biotinylation assays on cell surface proteins not only reinforced the role of RPGRIP1L in desmoglein endocytosis, but also suggested that RPGRIP1L may be more broadly involved in endocytosis. Thus, data obtained from this study advanced our understanding of the biological functions of RPGRIP1L by identifying its role in the cellular endocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Ja Choi
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Christine Laclef
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Abraham Andreu-Cervera
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France
| | - Joshua Lewis
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Xuming Mao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Li Li
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Elizabeth R Snedecor
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Ken-Ichi Takemaru
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Science; and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Sylvie Schneider-Maunoury
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France
| | - Kenneth R Shroyer
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Peter J Koch
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Richard A Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Aimee S Payne
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Andrew P Kowalczyk
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jiang Chen
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Science; and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Dermatology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
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26
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Schlögl E, Radeva MY, Vielmuth F, Schinner C, Waschke J, Spindler V. Keratin Retraction and Desmoglein3 Internalization Independently Contribute to Autoantibody-Induced Cell Dissociation in Pemphigus Vulgaris. Front Immunol 2018; 9:858. [PMID: 29922278 PMCID: PMC5996934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a potentially lethal autoimmune disease characterized by blister formation of the skin and mucous membranes and is caused by autoantibodies against desmoglein (Dsg) 1 and Dsg3. Dsg1 and Dsg3 are linked to keratin filaments in desmosomes, adhering junctions abundant in tissues exposed to high levels of mechanical stress. The binding of the autoantibodies leads to internalization of Dsg3 and a collapse of the keratin cytoskeleton-yet, the relevance and interdependence of these changes for loss of cell-cell adhesion and blistering is poorly understood. In live-cell imaging studies, loss of the keratin network at the cell periphery was detectable starting after 60 min of incubation with immunoglobulin G fractions of PV patients (PV-IgG). These rapid changes correlated with loss of cell-cell adhesion detected by dispase-based dissociation assays and were followed by a condensation of keratin filaments into thick bundles after several hours. Dsg3 internalization started at 90 min of PV-IgG treatment, thus following the early keratin changes. By inhibiting casein kinase 1 (CK-1), we provoked keratin alterations resembling the effects of PV-IgG. Although CK-1-induced loss of peripheral keratin network correlated with loss of cell cohesion and Dsg3 clustering in the membrane, it was not sufficient to trigger the internalization of Dsg3. However, additional incubation with PV-IgG was effective to promote Dsg3 loss at the membrane, indicating that Dsg3 internalization is independent from keratin alterations. Vice versa, inhibiting Dsg3 internalization did not prevent PV-IgG-induced keratin retraction and only partially rescued cell cohesion. Together, keratin changes appear very early after autoantibody binding and temporally overlap with loss of cell cohesion. These early alterations appear to be distinct from Dsg3 internalization, suggesting a crucial role for initial loss of cell cohesion in PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Schlögl
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mariya Y Radeva
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Vielmuth
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Camilla Schinner
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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27
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Rietscher K, Keil R, Jordan A, Hatzfeld M. 14-3-3 proteins regulate desmosomal adhesion via plakophilins. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.212191. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.212191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are essential for strong intercellular adhesion and are abundant in tissues exposed to mechanical strain. At the same time, desmosomes need to be dynamic to allow for remodeling of epithelia during differentiation or wound healing. Phosphorylation of desmosomal plaque proteins appears essential for desmosome dynamics. However, the mechanisms how context-dependent post-translational modifications regulate desmosome formation, dynamics or stability are incompletely understood. Here, we show that growth factor signaling regulates the phosphorylation-dependent association of plakophilins 1 and 3 with 14-3-3 protein isoforms and uncover unique and partially antagonistic functions of members of the 14-3-3 family in the regulation of desmosomes. 14-3-3γ associated primarily with cytoplasmic plakophilin 1 phosphorylated at S155 and destabilized intercellular cohesion of keratinocytes by reducing its incorporation into desmosomes. In contrast, stratifin/14-3-3σ interacted preferentially with S285-phosphorylated plakophilin 3 to promote its accumulation at tricellular contact sites, leading to stable desmosomes. Taken together, our study identifies a new layer of regulation of intercellular adhesion by 14-3-3 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Rietscher
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - René Keil
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Annemarie Jordan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Mechthild Hatzfeld
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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28
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Gurjar M, Raychaudhuri K, Mahadik S, Reddy D, Atak A, Shetty T, Rao K, Karkhanis MS, Gosavi P, Sehgal L, Gupta S, Dalal SN. Plakophilin3 increases desmosome assembly, size and stability by increasing expression of desmocollin2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:768-774. [PMID: 29146182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports show that the desmosomal plaque protein plakophilin3 (PKP3) is essential for desmosome formation. Here, we report that PKP3 over-expression decreases calcium dependency for de novo desmosome formation and makes existing cell-cell adhesion junctions more resilient in low calcium medium due to an increase in desmocollin2 expression. PKP3 overexpression increases the stability of other desmosomal proteins independently of the increase in DSC2 levels and regulates desmosome formation and stability by a multimodal mechanism affecting transcription, protein stability and cell border localization of desmosomal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansa Gurjar
- KS-215, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Kumarkrishna Raychaudhuri
- KS-215, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Snehal Mahadik
- KS-215, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Divya Reddy
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Biology Group, Gupta Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Apurva Atak
- KS-215, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Trupti Shetty
- KS-215, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Kruthi Rao
- KS-215, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Mansi S Karkhanis
- KS-215, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Prajakta Gosavi
- KS-215, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Lalit Sehgal
- KS-215, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Biology Group, Gupta Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Sorab N Dalal
- KS-215, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400085, India.
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29
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Vielmuth F, Wanuske MT, Radeva MY, Hiermaier M, Kugelmann D, Walter E, Buechau F, Magin TM, Waschke J, Spindler V. Keratins Regulate the Adhesive Properties of Desmosomal Cadherins through Signaling. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:121-131. [PMID: 28899688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tightly controlled intercellular adhesion is crucial for the integrity and function of the epidermis. The keratin filament cytoskeleton anchors desmosomes, supramolecular complexes required for strong intercellular adhesion. We tested whether keratin filaments control cell adhesion by regulating the adhesive properties of desmosomal cadherins such as desmoglein (Dsg) 3. Atomic force microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments showed reduced Dsg3 adhesive forces and membrane stability in murine keratinocytes lacking all keratin filaments. Impairment of the actin cytoskeleton also resulted in decreased Dsg3 immobilization but did not affect Dsg3 binding properties, indicating that the latter are exclusively controlled by keratins. Reduced binding forces were dependent on p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity, which was deregulated in keratin-deficient cells. In contrast, inhibition of protein kinase C signaling, which is known to be controlled by keratins, promoted and spatially stabilized Dsg3-mediated interactions in the membrane. These results show a previously unreported mechanism for how keratins stabilize intercellular adhesion on the level of single desmosomal adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Vielmuth
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marie-Therès Wanuske
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mariya Y Radeva
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Hiermaier
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Kugelmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elias Walter
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fanny Buechau
- Institute of Biology and Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, Sächsischer Inkubator für klinische Translation, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Institute of Biology and Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, Sächsischer Inkubator für klinische Translation, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Volker Spindler
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany.
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30
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Walter E, Vielmuth F, Rotkopf L, Sárdy M, Horváth ON, Goebeler M, Schmidt E, Eming R, Hertl M, Spindler V, Waschke J. Different signaling patterns contribute to loss of keratinocyte cohesion dependent on autoantibody profile in pemphigus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3579. [PMID: 28620161 PMCID: PMC5472593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03697-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus is an autoimmune blistering skin disease caused primarily by autoantibodies against desmoglein (Dsg)1 and 3. Here, we characterized the mechanisms engaged by pemphigus IgG from patients with different clinical phenotypes and autoantibody profiles. All pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) IgG and AK23, a monoclonal mouse antibody against Dsg3, caused loss of cell cohesion, cytokeratin retraction and p38MAPK activation. Strong alterations in Dsg3 distribution were caused by mucosal (aDsg3 antibodies), mucocutaneous (aDsg1 + aDsg3) as well as atypical (aDsg3) PV-IgG. All PV-IgG fractions and AK23 compromised Dsg3 but not Dsg1 binding and enhanced Src activity. In contrast, rapid Ca2+ influx and Erk activation were induced by mucocutaneous PV-IgG and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) IgG (aDsg1) whereas cAMP was increased by mucosal and mucocutaneous PV-IgG only. Selective inhibition of p38MAPK, Src or PKC blocked loss of keratinocyte cohesion in response to all autoantibody fractions whereas Erk inhibition was protective against mucocutaneous PV-IgG and PF-IgG only. These results demonstrate that signaling patterns parallel the clinical phenotype as some mechanisms involved in loss of cell cohesion are caused by antibodies targeting Dsg3 whereas others correlate with autoantibodies against Dsg1. The concept of key desmosome regulators may explain observations from several experimental models of pemphigus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Walter
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Franziska Vielmuth
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Lukas Rotkopf
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Miklós Sárdy
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Orsolya N Horváth
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Matthias Goebeler
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Enno Schmidt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (Lied), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Eming
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, 35037, Germany
| | - Michael Hertl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, 35037, Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany.
| | - Jens Waschke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany.
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31
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Hatzfeld M, Keil R, Magin TM. Desmosomes and Intermediate Filaments: Their Consequences for Tissue Mechanics. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:a029157. [PMID: 28096266 PMCID: PMC5453391 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) and desmosomes connect the actin and keratin filament networks of adjacent cells into a mechanical unit. Whereas AJs function in mechanosensing and in transducing mechanical forces between the plasma membrane and the actomyosin cytoskeleton, desmosomes and intermediate filaments (IFs) provide mechanical stability required to maintain tissue architecture and integrity when the tissues are exposed to mechanical stress. Desmosomes are essential for stable intercellular cohesion, whereas keratins determine cell mechanics but are not involved in generating tension. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of IFs and desmosomes in tissue mechanics and discuss whether the desmosome-keratin scaffold might be actively involved in mechanosensing and in the conversion of chemical signals into mechanical strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mechthild Hatzfeld
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - René Keil
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Institute of Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology and Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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32
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Hsu CK, Liu L, Can PK, Kocatürk E, McMillan JR, Güngör Ş, Hürdoğan Ö, Sargan A, Degirmentepe EN, Lee JYW, Simpson MA, McGrath JA. Ectodermal dysplasia-skin fragility syndrome resulting from a new atypical homozygous cryptic acceptor splice site mutation in PKP1. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 84:210-212. [PMID: 27554337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Kai Hsu
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK; Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institue of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Lu Liu
- Viapath, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Pelin K Can
- Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Dermatology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emek Kocatürk
- Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Dermatology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Şule Güngör
- Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Dermatology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özge Hürdoğan
- Istanbul University Of Medicine, Histology and Embriology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aytul Sargan
- Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Pathology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - John Y W Lee
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michael A Simpson
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - John A McGrath
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
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