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Qin Y, Fan C, Wang Y, Feng M, Liang Z, Zhao X, Gao C, Luo J. Analytical and clinical performance of different platforms simultaneously detecting 15 antinuclear antibodies. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24554. [PMID: 35708068 PMCID: PMC9279956 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) are invaluable biomarkers for the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases (AIDs). This study aims to compare the performances of line immunoassay (LIA), multiplex bead‐based flow fluorescent immunoassay (MBFFI), and magnetic bar code immunofluorescence assay (MBC‐IF) to detect ANA‐Profile‐15S. Methods In total, 184 samples from AID patients and 50 healthy controls (HCs) were collected. Fifteen ANAs (anti‐dsDNA, nucleosome, histone, Sm, PCNA, ribosomal‐P, SS‐A/Ro52, SS‐A/Ro60, SS‐B/La, centromere B [CENP‐B], Scl‐70, U1‐snRNP, AMA‐M2, Jo‐1, and Pm/Scl) were subjected to parallel detection by the LIA, MBFFI, and MBC‐IF. The consistency between assays was analyzed. The discrepant results were further examined by chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA). Results Anti‐SS‐A/Ro52 and SS‐A/Ro60 autoantibodies were the most common autoantibodies in ANA positive‐profiles, and were detected with equal efficiency by the LIA, MBFFI, and MBC‐IF (p = 0.101 and p = 0.732, respectively). The three assays showed excellent agreement (consistency range: 66.5%–97.5%), and total consistency was 85.8%. The MBFFI and MBC‐IF assays were in good agreement in terms of ANA‐Profile‐15S determination; the kappa coefficient ranged from 0.59 to 0.95, except for the PCNA and PM‐Scl. Of the 262 re‐assessed divergent results, 124 (47.33%) were positive on CLIA; the various autoantibodies exhibited variable patterns. More importantly, the ANA‐Profile‐15S results of the MBFFI and MBC‐IF accurately identified patients with AID; the area under the curves ranged from 0.642 to 0.919. Conclusions The novel MBFFI and MBC‐IF assay performed well in detecting ANA‐Profile‐15S. The application of MBFFI and MBC‐IF play important roles in laboratory diagnosis of AIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qin
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Chunxue Fan
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Min Feng
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhaojun Liang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiangcong Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Chong Gao
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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In vitro diagnostics for the medical dermatologist. Part I: Autoimmune tests. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 85:287-298. [PMID: 33852926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.02.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the expansion of available in vitro laboratory tests at a rate far exceeding that of dermatologic pharmaceuticals, the existing literature is dominated by discussion of the latter. With the advent of numerous new tests, it can be difficult for practicing dermatologists to stay up-to-date on the available options, methodologies, and recommendations for when to order one test over another. Understanding the inherent strengths and weaknesses of these options is necessary to inform appropriate ordering and proper interpretation of the results. The first article in this continuing medical education series summarizes information on methodology, test characteristics, and limitations of several in vitro laboratory tests used for the work up of undifferentiated patients suspected of having dermatologic autoimmune diseases and it provides a general guide to ordering these tests.
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Chauhan R, Gupta N, Tiwari AK, Raina V, Nandi SP. Development of a Novel Multiplex Bead-based Assay for Measuring Autoantibodies on Flow Cytometric Platform. Immunol Invest 2020; 51:588-601. [PMID: 33287608 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1854782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Autoantibodies (AAbs) are important biomarkers for the diagnosis of Autoimmune Diseases (ADs). The detection of AAbs performed by current methods (indirect immunofluorescence test (IIFT)/Immunoblot (dot/line)/enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA) which have limitations in terms of performing multiple assays to arrive at laboratory diagnosis. We validated a novel multiplex bead-based assay (NMBA) that could quantify five common antibodies, simultaneously, on a flow-cytometry platform.Methods: A total of five recombinant antigens (SS-A Ro60, CENP B, RNP 70, Scl 70 and Histones) were covalently coupled onto beads and tested using known positive sera (positive for AAbs) and analyzed using flow cytometer.Results: The sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) were obtained for each antigen, analyzed by both assays (NMBA and IIFT). It showed comparable or higher values for the NMBA. The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (Rho) were ≥ 0.97, (P < .05), indicating that multiplexing of the five autoantigens did not alter the results obtained when antigens were tested individually. The mean intra-assay precision measured by coefficient of variation (CV) was7.56 ± 1.6% and the mean inter-assay CV was 10.03 ± 1.34%. The time taken from sample receipt to reporting of results was 90 minutes in NMBA as compared to 150 minutes of IIFTConclusion: The NMBA could quantitatively measure antibodies against five autoantigens, simultaneously in patient's sera. The assay is faster, objective, reproducible, requires low sample volume, and stable. Moreover, the flow cytometer in diagnostic laboratory settings for hematological and transplant immunology tests, can also be used for testing AAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Chauhan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Medanta-The Medicity, Molecular and Transplant Immunology Laboratory, Gurgaon, India.,Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Nikita Gupta
- Department is Molecular Genetics, Chimera Transplant Research Foundation, New Delhi, India
| | - Aseem Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Medanta-The Medicity, Molecular and Transplant Immunology Laboratory, Gurgaon, India
| | - Vimarsh Raina
- Department is Molecular Genetics, Chimera Transplant Research Foundation, New Delhi, India
| | - Shoma Paul Nandi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
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Zhang B, Yang Y, Lin Y, Ai L, Men X, Lu Z. Serum Systemic Autoantibodies in Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis. Front Neurol 2020; 11:117. [PMID: 32180757 PMCID: PMC7059175 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the relationship between serum systemic autoantibodies and anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis. Methods: Thirty-nine patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis were examined for serum systemic autoantibodies (antinuclear antibodies, extractable nuclear antigen autoantibodies, rheumatoid factors, and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies), in comparison with 39 neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and 78 healthy controls. Clinical features, cerebrospinal fluid characteristics, and outcomes were compared between the two subgroups of anti-NMDAR patients with positive and negative systemic autoantibodies, respectively. Results: Anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients had higher frequency of positive serum systemic autoantibodies than healthy controls (23.1 vs. 2.6%, p = 0.001) and lower frequency than NMOSD (23.1 vs. 48.7%, p = 0.018). No patients were diagnosed comorbidities with non-organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Consciousness disturbance was more frequent in autoantibodies positive group than in the negative group (88.9 vs. 40.0%, p = 0.02). Autoantibody positive group had a poorer outcome than autoantibody negative group (55.6 vs. 86.7%, p = 0.043). There was a negative correlation between serum autoantibodies and outcomes in anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients (r = −0.325, p = 0.044). Conclusion: Our data demonstrated serum systemic autoantibodies were more frequent in anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients than in healthy controls and less frequent than NMOSD, which were associated with higher severity of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinyao Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lulu Ai
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuejiao Men
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengqi Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
The presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), which include autoantibodies to extractable nuclear antigens (ENAs), in the sera of patients with connective tissue diseases provides useful immunologic and pathophysiologic insight into the nature of their disease. This article discusses the most commonly used diagnostic modalities for detecting and quantitating the presence of ANA: indirect immunofluorescence assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and multiplex bead technology, which serve as useful screening tests. We also review testing for autoantibodies to ENAs, which are often helpful to confirm the diagnosis of a specific connective tissue disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Ling
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Cox 201, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Cox 201, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Cox 201, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Cox 201, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Mandakolathur Murali
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Cox 201, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Cox 201, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Cox 201, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Manole E, E. Bastian A, D. Popescu I, Constantin C, Mihai S, F. Gaina G, Codrici E, T. Neagu M. Immunoassay Techniques Highlighting Biomarkers in Immunogenetic Diseases. Immunogenetics 2019. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.75951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Wilfong EM, Lentz RJ, Guttentag A, Tolle JJ, Johnson JE, Kropski JA, Kendall PL, Blackwell TS, Crofford LJ. Interstitial Pneumonia With Autoimmune Features: An Emerging Challenge at the Intersection of Rheumatology and Pulmonology. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:1901-1913. [PMID: 30058242 DOI: 10.1002/art.40679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) remains a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in patients with connective tissue disease (CTD)-associated ILD. While some patients meet clear classification criteria for a systemic rheumatic disease, a subset of patients do not meet classification criteria but still benefit from immunosuppressive therapy. In 2015, the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society described classification criteria for interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF) to identify patients with lung-predominant CTD who lack sufficient features of a systemic rheumatic disease to meet classification criteria. Although these criteria are imperfect, they are an important attempt to classify the patient with undifferentiated disease for future study. Rheumatologists play a key role in the evaluation of potential IPAF in patients, especially as many patients with a myositis-spectrum disease (e.g., non-Jo-1 antisynthetase syndrome, anti-melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 antibody inflammatory myositis, or anti-PM/Scl antibody-associated inflammatory myositis) would be classified under IPAF using the currently available criteria for inflammatory myositis, and would therefore benefit from rheumatologic comanagement. The aim of this review was to describe the historical context that led to the development of these criteria and to discuss the limitations of the current criteria, diagnostic challenges, treatment options, and strategies for disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Wilfong
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and University of California San Francisco
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Infantino M, Meacci F, Grossi V, Manfredi M, Benucci M, Merone M, Soda P. The burden of the variability introduced by the HEp-2 assay kit and the CAD system in ANA indirect immunofluorescence test. Immunol Res 2018; 65:345-354. [PMID: 27456204 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-016-8845-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
According to the recent recommendations of the American College of Rheumatology, ANA Task Force, IIF technique should be considered the gold standard in antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) testing. To overcome the lack of standardization, biomedical industries have developed several computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems. Two hundred and sixty-one consecutive samples with suspected autoimmune diseases were tested for ANA by means of IIF on routinely HEp-2 assay kit (Euroimmun AG). Assignment of result was made if consensus for positive/negative was reached by at least 2 out of 3 expert physicians. ANA-IIF was also carried out using 3 CAD systems: Zenit G-Sight (n = 84), Helios (n = 85) and NOVA View (n = 92); human evaluation was repeated on the same substrate of each CAD system (Immco, Aesku and Inova HEp-2 cells, respectively). To anonymize the results, we randomly named these three systems as A, B and C. We ran a statistical analysis computing several measures of agreement between the ratings, and we also improved the evaluation by using the Wilcoxon's test for nonparametric data. Agreement between the human readings on routinely HEp-2 assay kit and human readings on CAD HEp-2 assay was substantial for A (k = 0.82) and B (k = 0.72), and almost perfect for C (k = 0.89). Such readings were statistically different only in case A. Comparing experts' readings with the readings of CAD systems, when the samples were prepared using CAD HEp-2 assay kits, we found almost perfect agreement for B and C (k = 0.86; k = 0.82) and substantial agreement for A (k = 0.73). Again, human and CAD readings were statistically different only in A. When we compared the readings of medical experts on routinely HEp-2 assay kit with the output of the CAD systems that worked using their own slides, we found substantial agreement for all the systems (A: k = 0.62; B: k = 0.65; C: k = 0.71). Such readings were not statistically different. The change of the assay kit and/or the introduction of a CAD system affect the laboratory reporting, with an evident impact on the autoimmune laboratory workflow. The CAD systems may represent one of the most important novel elements of harmonization in the autoimmunity field, reducing intra- and inter-laboratory variability in a new vision of the diagnostic autoimmune platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Infantino
- Immunology and Allergy Laboratory, S.Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Via Torregalli, 3, 50143, Florence, Italy.
| | - F Meacci
- Immunology and Allergy Laboratory, S.Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Via Torregalli, 3, 50143, Florence, Italy
| | - V Grossi
- Immunology and Allergy Laboratory, S.Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Via Torregalli, 3, 50143, Florence, Italy
| | - M Manfredi
- Immunology and Allergy Laboratory, S.Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Via Torregalli, 3, 50143, Florence, Italy
| | - M Benucci
- Rheumatology Unit, S.Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Via Torregalli, 3, 50143, Florence, Italy
| | - M Merone
- Computer Systems & Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - P Soda
- Computer Systems & Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
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9
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Rigon A, Infantino M, Merone M, Iannello G, Tincani A, Cavazzana I, Carabellese N, Radice A, Manfredi M, Soda P, Afeltra A. The inter-observer reading variability in anti-nuclear antibodies indirect (ANA) immunofluorescence test: A multicenter evaluation and a review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:1224-1229. [PMID: 29037905 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently there has been an increase demand for Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) tools to support clinicians in the field of Indirect ImmunoFluorescence (IIF), as the novel digital imaging reading approach can help to overcome the reader subjectivity. Nevertheless, a large multicenter evaluation of the inter-observer reading variability in this field is still missing. This work fills this gap as we evaluated 556 consecutive samples, for a total of 1679 images, collected in three laboratories with IIF expertise using HEp-2 cell substrate (MBL) at 1:80 screening dilution according to conventional procedures. In each laboratory, the images were blindly classified by two experts into three intensity classes: positive, negative, and weak positive. Positive and weak positive ANA-IIF results were categorized by the predominant fluorescence pattern among six main classes. Data were pairwise analyzed and the inter-observer reading variability was measured by Cohen's kappa test, revealing a pairwise agreement little further away than substantial both for fluorescence intensity and for staining pattern recognition (k=0.602 and k=0.627, respectively). We also noticed that the inter-observer reading variability decreases when it is measured with respect to a gold standard classification computed on the basis of labels assigned by the three laboratories. These data show that laboratory agreement improves using digital images and comparing each single human evaluation to potential reference data, suggesting that a solid gold standard is essential to properly make use of CAD systems in routine work lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rigon
- Unit of Allergology, Immunology, Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy.
| | - M Infantino
- Immunology and Allergy Laboratory, S. Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - M Merone
- Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - G Iannello
- Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - A Tincani
- Rheumatology Unit, AST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - I Cavazzana
- Rheumatology Unit, AST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - N Carabellese
- Rheumatology Unit, AST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - A Radice
- Microbiology and Virology Department, San Carlo Borromeo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - M Manfredi
- Immunology and Allergy Laboratory, S. Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - P Soda
- Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - A Afeltra
- Unit of Allergology, Immunology, Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Bossuyt X, Cohen Tervaert JW, Arimura Y, Blockmans D, Flores-Suárez LF, Guillevin L, Hellmich B, Jayne D, Jennette JC, Kallenberg CGM, Moiseev S, Novikov P, Radice A, Savige JA, Sinico RA, Specks U, van Paassen P, Zhao MH, Rasmussen N, Damoiseaux J, Csernok E. Position paper: Revised 2017 international consensus on testing of ANCAs in granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2017; 13:683-692. [PMID: 28905856 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2017.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are valuable laboratory markers used for the diagnosis of well-defined types of small-vessel vasculitis, including granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). According to the 1999 international consensus on ANCA testing, indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) should be used to screen for ANCAs, and samples containing ANCAs should then be tested by immunoassays for proteinase 3 (PR3)-ANCAs and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCAs. The distinction between PR3-ANCAs and MPO-ANCAs has important clinical and pathogenic implications. As dependable immunoassays for PR3-ANCAs and MPO-ANCAs have become broadly available, there is increasing international agreement that high-quality immunoassays are the preferred screening method for the diagnosis of ANCA-associated vasculitis. The present Consensus Statement proposes that high-quality immunoassays can be used as the primary screening method for patients suspected of having the ANCA-associated vaculitides GPA and MPA without the categorical need for IIF, and presents and discusses evidence to support this recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Bossuyt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Yoshihiro Arimura
- Kichijoji Asahi Hospital, 11-30-12 Kichijoji Honcho, Musashino, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Daniel Blockmans
- Clinical Department of General Internal Medicine, Research Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Laboratory of Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luis Felipe Flores-Suárez
- Primary Systemic Vasculitides Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Colonia Sección XVI, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Loïc Guillevin
- National Referral Centre for Necrotizing Vasculitides and Systemic Sclerosis, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Cochin, L'Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris 75014, France
| | - Bernhard Hellmich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology and Immunology, Vasculitis-Centre Tübingen-Kirchheim, Medius Klinik Kirchheim, University of Tübingen, Eugenstrasse 3, 73230 Kirchheim unter Teck, Germany
| | - David Jayne
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
| | - J Charles Jennette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, 160 Medical Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Cees G M Kallenberg
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, AA21, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sergey Moiseev
- Clinic of Nephrology, Internal and Occupational Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Rossolimo, 11/5, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Pavel Novikov
- Clinic of Nephrology, Internal and Occupational Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Rossolimo, 11/5, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Antonella Radice
- Microbiology and Virology Institute, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Carlo Borromeo Hospital, Via Pio II 3, 20153 Milan, Italy
| | - Judith Anne Savige
- Department of Medicine, Melbourne Health, The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Melbourne VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Renato Alberto Sinico
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore, 48, 20900 Monza MB, Italy
| | - Ulrich Specks
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 200 First Street, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Pieter van Paassen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Nephrology and Immunology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ming-Hui Zhao
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China; Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China; Peking-Tsinghua Centre for Life Sciences; 8 Xishiku Street, Xichengqu, Beijing Shi, China
| | - Niels Rasmussen
- Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Seruminstitut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Jan Damoiseaux
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Elena Csernok
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology and Immunology, Vasculitis-Centre Tübingen-Kirchheim, Medius Klinik Kirchheim, University of Tübingen, Eugenstrasse 3, 73230 Kirchheim unter Teck, Germany
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Sowa M, Hiemann R, Schierack P, Reinhold D, Conrad K, Roggenbuck D. Next-Generation Autoantibody Testing by Combination of Screening and Confirmation-the CytoBead® Technology. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2017; 53:87-104. [PMID: 27368807 PMCID: PMC5502073 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-016-8574-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence of autoantibodies (autoAbs) is a hallmark of autoimmune diseases, and the analysis thereof is an essential part in the diagnosis of organ-specific autoimmune and systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARD), especially connective tissue diseases (CTDs). Due to the appearance of autoAb profiles in SARD patients and the complexity of the corresponding serological diagnosis, different diagnostic strategies have been suggested for appropriate autoAb testing. Thus, evolving assay techniques and the continuous discovery of novel autoantigens have greatly influenced the development of these strategies. Antinuclear antibody (ANA) analysis by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) on tissue and later cellular substrates was one of the first tests introduced into clinical routine and is still an indispensable tool for CTD serology. Thus, screening for ANA by IIF is recommended to be followed by confirmatory testing of positive findings employing different assay techniques. Given the continuous growth in the demand for autoAb testing, IIF has been challenged as the standard method for ANA and other autoAb analyses due to lacking automation, standardization, modern data management, and human bias in IIF pattern interpretation. To address these limitations of autoAb testing, the CytoBead® technique has been introduced recently which enables automated interpretation of cell-based IIF and quantitative autoAb multiplexing by addressable microbead immunoassays in one reaction environment. Thus, autoAb screening and confirmatory testing can be combined for the first time. The present review discusses the history of autoAb assay techniques in this context and gives an overview and outlook of the recent progress in emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Sowa
- GA Generic Assays GmbH, Dahlewitz, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rico Hiemann
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schierack
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Conrad
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dirk Roggenbuck
- GA Generic Assays GmbH, Dahlewitz, Berlin, Germany.
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany.
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Olsen NJ, Choi MY, Fritzler MJ. Emerging technologies in autoantibody testing for rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19:172. [PMID: 28738887 PMCID: PMC5525353 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-017-1380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Testing for the presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) is a key step in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARD). The standard slide-based indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) test is widely used, but is limited by a relative lack of specificity for SLE and not all SARD-ANAs are detected. Alternative immunoassays that might offer enhanced diagnostic and prognostic information have evolved, and some of these have entered clinical practice. This review summarizes the current state of ANA testing and multiplex techniques for detecting other autoantibodies, the possibility of point-of-care testing, and approaches for applications in early disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Olsen
- Penn State M.S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
| | - May Y Choi
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Marvin J Fritzler
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada
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Yoo G, Dilkaute C, Bong JH, Song HW, Lee M, Kang MJ, Jose J, Pyun JC. Autodisplay of the La/SSB protein on LPS-free E. coli for the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 100:1-10. [PMID: 28284305 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to present an immunoassay for the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome based on the autodisplayed La/SSB protein on the outer membrane of intact E. coli (strain UT-5600) and LPS-free E. coli (ClearColi™). As the first step, an autodisplay vector (pCK002) was transfected into intact E. coli and LPS-free E. coli for comparison of efficiency of autdisplay of La/SSB. The maximal level of La/SSB expression was estimated to be similar for LPS-free E. coli and intact E. coli at different optimal induction periods. Intact E. coli was found to grow twofold faster than LPS-free E. coli, and the maximal level of expression for LPS-free E. coli was obtained with a longer induction period. When the zeta potential was measured, both intact E. coli and LPS-free E. coli showed negative values, and the autodisplay of negatively charged La/SSB protein (pI<7) on the outer membrane of intact E. coli and LPS-free E. coli resulted in a slight change in zeta potential values. E. coli with autodisplayed La/SSB protein was used for an immunoassay of anti-La/SSB antibodies for the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome. The surface of E. coli with the autodisplayed antigen was modified with rabbit serum and papain to prevent false positive signals because of nonspecific binding of unrelated antibodies from human serum. LPS-free E. coli with autodisplayed La/SSB protein yielded sensitivity and selectivity of 81.6% and 78.6%, respectively. The Bland-Altman test showed that the immunoassays based on LPS-free E. coli and intact E. coli with autodisplayed La/SSB protein were statistically equivalent to a clinical immunoassay for detection of anti-La/SSB antibodies (confidence coefficient 95%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gu Yoo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seo-dae-mun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Carina Dilkaute
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ji-Hong Bong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seo-dae-mun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seo-dae-mun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Misu Lee
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kang
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jae-Chul Pyun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seo-dae-mun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea.
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Krause C, Ens K, Fechner K, Voigt J, Fraune J, Rohwäder E, Hahn M, Danckwardt M, Feirer C, Barth E, Martinetz T, Stöcker W. EUROPattern Suite technology for computer-aided immunofluorescence microscopy in autoantibody diagnostics. Lupus 2015; 24:516-29. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203314559635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA) are highly informative biomarkers in autoimmune diagnostics. The increasing demand for effective test systems, however, has led to the development of a confusingly large variety of different platforms. One of them, the indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), is regarded as the common gold standard for ANA screening, as described in a position statement by the American College of Rheumatology in 2009. Technological solutions have been developed aimed at standardization and automation of IIF to overcome methodological limitations and subjective bias in IIF interpretation. In this review, we present the EUROPattern Suite, a system for computer-aided immunofluorescence microscopy (CAIFM) including automated acquisition of digital images and evaluation of IIF results. The system was originally designed for ANA diagnostics on human epithelial cells, but its applications have been extended with the latest system update version 1.5 to the analysis of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and anti-dsDNA antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Krause
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - K Ens
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - K Fechner
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - J Voigt
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - J Fraune
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - E Rohwäder
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - M Hahn
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - M Danckwardt
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - C Feirer
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - E Barth
- Institute for Neuro- and Bioinformatics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - T Martinetz
- Institute for Neuro- and Bioinformatics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - W Stöcker
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany
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Shovman O, Agmon-Levin N, Gilburd B, Martins T, Petzold A, Matthias T, Shoenfeld Y. A fully automated IIF system for the detection of antinuclear antibodies and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. Immunol Res 2014; 61:135-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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Mahler M, Meroni PL, Bossuyt X, Fritzler MJ. Current concepts and future directions for the assessment of autoantibodies to cellular antigens referred to as anti-nuclear antibodies. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:315179. [PMID: 24868563 PMCID: PMC4020446 DOI: 10.1155/2014/315179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of autoantibodies that target intracellular antigens, commonly termed anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), is a serological hallmark in the diagnosis of systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARD). Different methods are available for detection of ANA and all bearing their own advantages and limitations. Most laboratories use the indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) assay based on HEp-2 cell substrates. Due to the subjectivity of this diagnostic platform, automated digital reading systems have been developed during the last decade. In addition, solid phase immunoassays using well characterized antigens have gained widespread adoption in high throughput laboratories due to their ease of use and open automation. Despite all the advances in the field of ANA detection and its contribution to the diagnosis of SARD, significant challenges persist. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current status on ANA testing including automated IIF reading systems and solid phase assays and suggests an approach to interpretation of results and discusses meeting the problems of assay standardization and other persistent challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mahler
- INOVA Diagnostics, Inc., 9900 Old Grove Road, San Diego, CA 92131-1638, USA
| | - Pier-Luigi Meroni
- Rheumatology & Experimental Laboratory of Immuno-rheumatology, University of Milan, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via G. Zucchi 18, 20095 Cusano Milanino, Milan, Italy
| | - Xavier Bossuyt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marvin J. Fritzler
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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Tozzoli R, Bonaguri C, Melegari A, Antico A, Bassetti D, Bizzaro N. Current state of diagnostic technologies in the autoimmunology laboratory. Clin Chem Lab Med 2014; 51:129-38. [PMID: 23092800 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2012-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The methods for detecting and measuring autoantibodies have evolved markedly in recent years, encompassing three generations of analytical technologies. Many different immunoassay methods have been developed and used for research and laboratory practice purposes, from the early conventional (or monoplex) analytical methods able to detect single autoantibodies to the more recent multiplex platforms that can quantify tens of molecules. Although it has been in use for over 50 years, indirect immunofluorescence remains the standard method for research on many types of autoantibodies, due to its characteristics of diagnostic sensitivity and also to recent technological innovations which permit it a greater level of automation and standardization. The recent multiplex immunometric methods, with varying levels of automation, present characteristics of higher diagnostic accuracy, but are not yet widely diffused in autoimmunology laboratories due to the limited number of autoantibodies that are detectable, and due to the high cost of reagents and systems. Technological advancement in autoimmunology continues to evolve rapidly, and in the coming years new proteomic techniques will be able to radically change the approach to diagnostics and possibly also clinical treatment of autoimmune diseases. The scope of this review is to update the state of the art of technologies and methods for the measurement of autoantibodies, with special reference to innovations in indirect immunofluorescence and in multiple proteomic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Tozzoli
- Laboratorio di Patologia Clinica, Dipartimento di Medicina di Laboratorio, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Maria degli Angeli, Pordenone, Italy
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18
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Zafrir Y, Gilburd B, Carrasco MG, Kivity S, Sánchez-Castañón M, López-Hoyos M, Mandel M, Szmyrka M, Shoenfeld Y, Agmon-Levin N. Evaluation of an automated chemiluminescent immunoassay kit for antinuclear antibodies in autoimmune diseases. Immunol Res 2014; 56:451-6. [PMID: 23579775 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The identification of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) is an essential step in the diagnosis of different autoimmune diseases. The gold standard method for their detection is immunofluorescence assay. However, this is a subjective and laborious method, thus a need for simplified objective methods has aroused. In the current work, we evaluated such automated method, the LIAISON(®) (DiaSorin, Italy) for the detection of ANA. A total of 242 sera were analyzed including 67 from healthy subjects, 107 from primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) patients, 20 from scleroderma patients and 48 from patients with Sjögren's syndrome. All sera were analyzed using the automated chemiluminescent immunoassays, LIAISON(®) for the presence of ANA (kit No. 310300). Positive samples were further analyzed for the presence of antidouble-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and autoantibodies to 6 extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) of the LIAISON(®) (kits No. 310330 and 310331). Negative samples were further analyzed by Blueblot ANA assay (D-TEK, Belgium) or BlueDot Liver (D-TEK, Belgium) as appropriate. The LIAISON(®) specificity for ANA screening was 97%. ANA positivity was determined in 80% of all patients. The sensitivity was 95.5% in scleroderma, 83% in PBC and 72.9% in Sjogren's syndrome. ENA was positive in all ANA-positive scleroderma and Sjögren's sera and in 27% of ANA-positive PBC sera. Among scleroderma or Sjögren patients that were ANA negative, 4 samples were positive for anti-SSA and 2 for RNP-68 utilizing Blueblot assays. M2 protein was found in 1 out of the ANA-negative PBC patients. The LIAISON(®) ANA screen is specific and sensitive for the evaluation of ANA in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, scleroderma and Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Zafrir
- Sheba Medical Center (affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University), 52621, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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Novel method for ANA quantitation using IIF imaging system. J Immunol Methods 2013; 404:52-8. [PMID: 24370749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A variety of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) are found in the serum of patients with autoimmune diseases. The detection of abnormal ANA titers is a critical criterion for diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other connective tissue diseases. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF) on HEp-2 cells is the gold standard method to determine the presence of ANA and therefore provides information about the localization of autoantigens that are useful for diagnosis. However, its utility was limited in prognosing and monitoring of disease activity due to the lack of standardization in performing the technique, subjectivity in interpreting the results and the fact that it is only semi-quantitative. On the other hand, ELISA for the detection of ANA can quantitate ANA but could not provide further information about the localization of the autoantigens. It would be ideal to integrate both of the quantitative and qualitative methods. To address this issue, this study was conducted to quantitatively detect ANAs by using IIF imaging analysis system. Serum samples from patients with ANA positive (including speckled, homogeneous, nuclear mixture and cytoplasmic mixture patterns) and negative were detected for ANA titers by the classical IIF and analyzed by an image system, the image of each sample was acquired by the digital imaging system and the green fluorescence intensity was quantified by the Image-Pro plus software. A good correlation was found in between two methods and the correlation coefficients (R(2)) of various ANA patterns were 0.942 (speckled), 0.942 (homogeneous), 0.923 (nuclear mixture) and 0.760 (cytoplasmic mixture), respectively. The fluorescence density was linearly correlated with the log of ANA titers in various ANA patterns (R(2)>0.95). Moreover, the novel ANA quantitation method showed good reproducibility (F=0.091, p>0.05) with mean±SD and CV% of positive, and negative quality controls were equal to 126.4±9.6 and 7.6%, 10.4±1.25 and 12.0%, respectively. In conclusion, our novel ANA quantitation method can provide both of the fluorescence density, which could precisely reflect the fluctuate of ANAs level in patient's serum and the useful information about the localization of the autoantigens for clinician in diagnosing and monitoring diseases.
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Powell RLR, Ouellette I, Lindsay RW, Parks CL, King CR, McDermott AB, Morrow G. A Multiplex Microsphere-Based Immunoassay Increases the Sensitivity of SIV-Specific Antibody Detection in Serum Samples and Mucosal Specimens Collected from Rhesus Macaques Infected with SIVmac239. Biores Open Access 2013; 2:171-8. [PMID: 23741627 PMCID: PMC3666263 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2013.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Results from recent HIV-1 vaccine studies have indicated that high serum antibody (Ab) titers may not be necessary for Ab-mediated protection, and that Abs localized to mucosal sites might be critical for preventing infection. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been used for decades as the gold standard for Ab measurement, though recently, highly sensitive microsphere-based assays have become available, with potential utility for improved detection of Abs. In this study, we assessed the Bio-Plex® Suspension Array System for the detection of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific Abs in rhesus macaques (RMs) chronically infected with SIV, whose serum or mucosal SIV-specific Ab titers were negative by ELISA. We developed a SIVmac239-specific 4-plex bead array for the simultaneous detection of Abs binding to Env, Gag, Pol, and Nef. The 4-plex assay was used to quantify SIV-specific serum IgG and rectal swab IgA titers from control (SIV-naive) and SIVmac239-infected RMs. The Bio-Plex assay specifically detected anti-SIV Abs in specimens from SIV-infected animals for all four analytes when compared to SIV-naive control samples (p≤0.04). Furthermore, in 70% of Env and 79% of Gag ELISA-negative serum samples, specific Ab was detected using the Bio-Plex assay. Similarly, 71% of Env and 48% of Gag ELISA-negative rectal swab samples were identified as positive using the Bio-Plex assay. Importantly, assay specificity (i.e., probability of true positives) was comparable to ELISA (94%–100%). The results reported here indicate that microsphere-based methods provide a substantial improvement over ELISA for the detection of Ab responses, aid in detecting specific Abs when analyzing samples containing low levels of Abs, such as during the early stages of a vaccine trial, and may be valuable in attempts to link protective efficacy of vaccines with induced Ab responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L R Powell
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative , Design and Development Laboratory, New York, New York
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Cartin-Ceba R, Golbin JM, Keogh KA, Peikert T, Sánchez-Menéndez M, Ytterberg SR, Fervenza FC, Specks U. Rituximab for remission induction and maintenance in refractory granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's): ten-year experience at a single center. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 64:3770-8. [PMID: 22730028 DOI: 10.1002/art.34584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of repeated and prolonged B cell depletion with rituximab (RTX) for the maintenance of long-term remission in patients with chronic relapsing granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) (GPA). METHODS We conducted a single-center observational study of all patients with chronic relapsing GPA treated with at least 2 courses of RTX between January 1, 2000 and May 31, 2010. Participants in the Rituximab in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis (RAVE) trial were excluded from this analysis. Data were abstracted from electronic medical records. RESULTS Fifty-three patients with refractory GPA (median age 46 years [interquartile range (IQR) 30-61 years]; 53% women) received at least 2 courses of RTX to treat GPA relapses or to maintain remission. All but 1 patient had antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) against proteinase 3 (PR3). These patients received a median of 4 courses of RTX (IQR 3-5); all had depletion of B cells, and the median time to return of B cells was 8.5 months (IQR 6-11 months). All observed relapses occurred after reconstitution of B cells and were accompanied or preceded by an increase in ANCA levels, except for the 1 ANCA-negative patient. Infusion-related adverse events occurred in 16 patients. During the period of B cell depletion, 30 infections requiring antimicrobial therapy were recorded. CONCLUSION RTX appeared to be effective and safe for the induction and maintenance of remission in patients with chronic relapsing GPA. Repeated depletion of B lymphocytes seems to be associated with a low risk of infections. Preemptive re-treatment decisions can be individualized based on serial B lymphocyte and PR3 ANCA monitoring. The use of RTX for the maintenance of long-term remission merits further formal investigation.
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New platform technology for comprehensive serological diagnostics of autoimmune diseases. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:284740. [PMID: 23316252 PMCID: PMC3536031 DOI: 10.1155/2012/284740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibody assessment is an essential part in the serological diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. However, different diagnostic strategies have been proposed for the work up of sera in particular from patients with systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease (SARD). In general, screening for SARD-associated antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) is followed by confirmatory testing covering different assay techniques. Due to lacking automation, standardization, modern data management, and human bias in IIF screening, this two-stage approach has recently been challenged by multiplex techniques particularly in laboratories with high workload. However, detection of antinuclear antibodies by IIF is still recommended to be the gold standard method for antibody screening in sera from patients with suspected SARD. To address the limitations of IIF and to meet the demand for cost-efficient autoantibody screening, automated IIF methods employing novel pattern recognition algorithms for image analysis have been introduced recently. In this respect, the AKLIDES technology has been the first commercially available platform for automated interpretation of cell-based IIF testing and provides multiplexing by addressable microbead immunoassays for confirmatory testing. This paper gives an overview of recently published studies demonstrating the advantages of this new technology for SARD serology.
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Automated indirect immunofluorescence evaluation of antinuclear autoantibodies on HEp-2 cells. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:651058. [PMID: 23251220 PMCID: PMC3502836 DOI: 10.1155/2012/651058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) on human epithelial (HEp-2) cells is considered as the gold standard screening method for the detection of antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA). However, in terms of automation and standardization, it has not been able to keep pace with most other analytical techniques used in diagnostic laboratories. Although there are already some automation solutions for IIF incubation in the market, the automation of result evaluation is still in its infancy. Therefore, the EUROPattern Suite has been developed as a comprehensive automated processing and interpretation system for standardized and efficient ANA detection by HEp-2 cell-based IIF. In this study, the automated pattern recognition was compared to conventional visual interpretation in a total of 351 sera. In the discrimination of positive from negative samples, concordant results between visual and automated evaluation were obtained for 349 sera (99.4%, kappa = 0.984). The system missed out none of the 272 antibody-positive samples and identified 77 out of 79 visually negative samples (analytical sensitivity/specificity: 100%/97.5%). Moreover, 94.0% of all main antibody patterns were recognized correctly by the software. Owing to its performance characteristics, EUROPattern enables fast, objective, and economic IIF ANA analysis and has the potential to reduce intra- and interlaboratory variability.
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Giménez-Lirola L, Xiao C, Halbur P, Opriessnig T. Development of a novel fluorescent microbead-based immunoassay and comparison with three enzyme-linked immunoassays for detection of anti-Erysipelothrix spp. IgG antibodies in pigs with known and unknown exposure. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 91:73-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Pi D, de Badyn MH, Nimmo M, White R, Pal J, Wong P, Phoon C, O'Connor D, Pi S, Shojania K. Application of linear discriminant analysis in performance evaluation of extractable nuclear antigen immunoassay systems in the screening and diagnosis of systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Am J Clin Pathol 2012; 138:596-603. [PMID: 23010715 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpx1sqxki3mwnn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study applied a linear discriminant analysis model to evaluate the performance of 2 types of commercially available extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) immunoassays for the screening and diagnosis of systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs) in a large tertiary hospital reference laboratory: (1) an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and (2) a multiplex bead-based immunoassay (MPBI). The results of the study showed both ENA immunoassays had comparable sensitivity for the detection of SARDs compared with the antinuclear antigen immunofluorescence (ANA-IF) method (ANA-IF: 85.6%, ENA-ELISA: 91.5%, ENA-MPBI: 83.1%, pairwise comparisons with ANA-IF: P > .05). However, both ENA immunoassays offered improved specificity compared with the ANA-IF (ANA-IF: 24.2%; ENA-ELISA: 39.8%; ENA-MPBI: 53.1%; pairwise comparison with ANA-IF: P < .001). The use of a more specific screening immunoassay with comparable sensitivity to ANA-IF is important in a tertiary hospital with high prevalence of non-SARD immune diseases. Diagnostic performance of the ENA/dsDNA components by the MPBI and ELISA methods did not differ significantly (area under the curve [AUC], 81.0% vs 83.0%, respectively, P > .05), but the key ENA/dsDNA variables contributing to the discriminating power of the assays for the diagnosis of specific SARDs were reagent/method dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Monika Hudoba de Badyn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mike Nimmo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Rick White
- Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jason Pal
- Department of Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Patrick Wong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Carmen Phoon
- Department of Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Deidre O'Connor
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Steven Pi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kam Shojania
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Tozzoli R, Antico A, Porcelli B, Bassetti D. Automation in indirect immunofluorescence testing: a new step in the evolution of the autoimmunology laboratory. AUTO- IMMUNITY HIGHLIGHTS 2012; 3:59-65. [PMID: 26000128 PMCID: PMC4389066 DOI: 10.1007/s13317-012-0035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) plays an important role in immunological and immunometric assays for detecting and measuring autoantibodies. This technology was the first multiplex method used to detect cardinal autoantibodies for the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Over the last 20 years, research has enabled the progressive identification of cell and tissue autoantigens which are the target of autoantibodies originally detected by IIF. Accordingly, newer immunometric methods, capable of measuring concentrations of specific autoantibodies directed against these autoantigens, allowed for a gradual replacement of the IIF method in the autoimmunology laboratory. Currently, IIF remains the method of choice only in selected fields of autoimmune diagnostics. Following the recent statement by the American College of Rheumatology that the IIF technique should be considered as the standard screening method for the detection of ANA, the biomedical industry has developed technological solutions which significantly improve automation of the procedure, not only in the preparation of substrates and slides, but also in microscope reading. This review summarizes the general and specific features of new available commercial systems (Aklides, Medipan; Nova View, Inova; Zenit G Sight, A. Menarini Diagnostics; Europattern, Euroimmun; Helios, Aesku.Diagnostics; Image Navigator, Immuno Concepts; Cytospot, Autoimmun Diagnostika) for automation of the IIF method. The expected advantages of automated IIF are the reduction in frequency of false negative and false positive results, the reduction of intra- and inter-laboratory variability, the improvement of correlation of staining patterns with corresponding autoantibody reactivities, and higher throughput in the laboratory workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Tozzoli
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, S. Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Via Montereale, 24, 33170 Pordenone, Italy
| | - Antonio Antico
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, City Hospital, Cittadella, Italy
| | - Brunetta Porcelli
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Danila Bassetti
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, S. Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy
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A novel automated indirect immunofluorescence autoantibody evaluation. Clin Rheumatol 2011; 31:503-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-011-1884-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Albon S, Bunn C, Swana G, Karim Y. Performance of a multiplex assay compared to enzyme and precipitation methods for anti-ENA testing in systemic lupus and systemic sclerosis. J Immunol Methods 2011; 365:126-31. [PMID: 21184759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Testing for autoantibodies to extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) is essential in the investigation of connective tissue disease. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis is an early described testing methodology for antibodies to ENAs, but is labour-intensive, only moderately sensitive, and reliant on high-quality reference sera. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is automatable for relatively high sample throughput, but has issues with false positives. The addressable laser bead immunoassay (ALBIA) is a multiplex technology which can assess several antibody specificities simultaneously on a small serum sample. We report performance of an ALBIA system compared with CIE and ELISA. METHODS Samples from 100 systemic sclerosis patients attending Royal Free Hospital in 2007 and 99 SLE patients attending St Thomas's Hospital in 2007-2008 were studied. All samples were tested for antibodies to RNP, Sm, Ro, La, Scl-70, Jo-1 by in-house CIE, FIDIS™ ALBIA (BMD, France), and ELISAs (Phadia, Germany). Cohen's kappa coefficient was used to examine agreement of the different assay methods for the same antibody. McNemar's test was used to detect differences between methodologies. RESULTS One sample was positive for anti-Jo-1 by CIE, & confirmed by ALBIA & ELISA. All 198 remaining samples were anti-Jo-1 negative by all 3 methods. With respect to RNP, Ro, La, Scl-70 antibodies, there was good agreement in assay performance between CIE, ALBIA, and ELISA. For Sm, agreement was less good between CIE and ELISA (kappa 0.491), and ALBIA and ELISA (kappa 0.403). Using McNemar's test performance was no different between the 3 assays, with the following exceptions: between CIE and ELISA for Ro-60 (p<0.01) and RNP (p<0.05), and between ALBIA and ELISA for RNP (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The FIDIS™ ALBIA produced similar level of performance as CIE, but with advantages of automation, and less dependence on highly skilled operators. ALBIA represents a potential advancement applicable to routine Immunology diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Albon
- Immunology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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Gassman NR, Nelli JP, Dutta S, Kuhn A, Bonin K, Pianowski Z, Winssinger N, Guthold M, Macosko JC. Selection of bead-displayed, PNA-encoded chemicals. J Mol Recognit 2010; 23:414-22. [PMID: 19957300 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The lack of efficient identification and isolation methods for specific molecular binders has fundamentally limited drug discovery. Here, we have developed a method to select peptide nucleic acid (PNA) encoded molecules with specific functional properties from combinatorially generated libraries. This method consists of three essential stages: (1) creation of a Lab-on-Bead library, a one-bead, one-sequence library that, in turn, displays a library of candidate molecules, (2) fluorescence microscopy-aided identification of single target-bound beads and the extraction--wet or dry--of these beads and their attached candidate molecules by a micropipette manipulator, and (3) identification of the target-binding candidate molecules via amplification and sequencing. This novel integration of techniques harnesses the sensitivity of DNA detection methods and the multiplexed and miniaturized nature of molecule screening to efficiently select and identify target-binding molecules from large nucleic acid encoded chemical libraries. Beyond its potential to accelerate assays currently used for the discovery of new drug candidates, its simple bead-based design allows for easy screening over a variety of prepared surfaces that can extend this technique's application to the discovery of diagnostic reagents and disease markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R Gassman
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA
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Abstract
Few tests have been firmly established to diagnose primary systemic vasculitides. Although antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) are an exception, no consensus exists on the best method to detect them and they have proved of limited aid in relapse prediction. This article discusses common methods and techniques used to detect ANCA, their clinical usefulness, and recent biomarkers that may replace ANCA in established disease.
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Du XL, Xu JM, Hou M, Yu RB, Ge JJ, Zhu HS, Wu HW. Simultaneous detection of serum immunoglobulin G antibodies to Cryptosporidium parvum by multiplex microbead immunoassay using 3 recognized specific recombinant C. parvum antigens. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 65:271-8. [PMID: 19733995 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 07/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a significant diarrheal disease in both humans and other mammals worldwide. In the present study, we established and validated a multiplex microbead immunoassay (MIA) for surveillance of Cryptosporidium parvum infections. In the multiplex MIA, 3 specific recombinant proteins, CP23, SA35, and SA40, were used as the capture antigens simultaneously. The antibody directed against CP23 is an index of historic infection, and those against SA35 and SA40 are indices of recent infection. The multiplex MIA yielded essentially identical results with that of monoplex MIA using these 3 recombinant proteins, and the reproducibility of the multiplex MIA results was high when standardized with a calibration curve. With multiplex MIA, we detected that the pediatric population showed a higher percentage of recent infections (seropositive rates of antibodies directed against CP23, SA35, and SA40 were 6.28%, 23.19%, and 22.71%, respectively, n = 207), whereas the adult population showed a higher percentage of historic infections (seropositive rates of antibodies directed against CP23, SA35, and SA40 were 24.40%, 11.48%, and 16.75%, respectively, n = 209).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Li Du
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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Peterson LK, Wells D, Shaw L, Velez MG, Harbeck R, Dragone LL. Novel method for quantitative ANA measurement using near-infrared imaging. J Immunol Methods 2009; 349:1-8. [PMID: 19720064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) have been detected in patients with systemic rheumatic diseases and are used in the screening and/or diagnosis of autoimmunity in patients as well as mouse models of systemic autoimmunity. Indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) on HEp-2 cells is the gold standard for ANA screening. However, its usefulness is limited in diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of disease activity due to the lack of standardization in performing the technique, subjectivity in interpreting the results and the fact that it is only semi-quantitative. Various immunological techniques have been developed in an attempt to improve upon the method to quantify ANA, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), line immunoassays (LIAs), multiplexed bead immunoassays and IIF on substrates other than HEp-2 cells. Yet IIF on HEp-2 cells remains the most common screening method for ANA. In this study, we describe a simple quantitative method to detect ANA which combines IIF on HEp-2 coated slides with analysis using a near-infrared imaging (NII) system. Using NII to determine ANA titer, 86.5% (32 of 37) of the titers for human patient samples were within 2 dilutions of those determined by IIF, which is the acceptable range for proficiency testing. Combining an initial screening for nuclear staining using microscopy with titration by NII resulted in 97.3% (36 of 37) of the titers detected to be within two dilutions of those determined by IIF. The NII method for quantitative ANA measurements using serum from both patients and mice with autoimmunity provides a fast, relatively simple, objective, sensitive and reproducible assay, which could easily be standardized for comparison between laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Peterson
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, United States of America
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Kroshinsky D, Stone JH, Bloch DB, Sepehr A. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 5-2009. A 47-year-old woman with a rash and numbness and pain in the legs. N Engl J Med 2009; 360:711-20. [PMID: 19213685 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc0807822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kroshinsky
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, USA
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Kaul R, Johnson K, Scholz H, Marr G. Performance of the BioPlex™ 2200 Autoimmune Vasculitis kit. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 8:224-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bonilla E, Francis L, Allam F, Ogrinc M, Neupane H, Phillips PE, Perl A. Immunofluorescence microscopy is superior to fluorescent beads for detection of antinuclear antibody reactivity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Clin Immunol 2007; 124:18-21. [PMID: 17513177 PMCID: PMC3334847 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and one of its key diagnostic criteria. Recently, new technologies based on antibody binding to fluorescence beads (FB) have been widely employed for ANA screening. We conducted a formal study in 385 consecutive patients who underwent both traditional immunofluorescence (IF) and FB testing and evaluated each patient for the diagnosis of SLE. The distribution of ANA test results was significantly different (chi(2)=73.12; p<0.0001) due to a marked discordance of double-negative and double-positive results. The concordance of the FB-negative and IF-negative test results was 240/256 (95.6%), while the concordance of double-positive results was 54/129 (41.9%). The sensitivity of IF was markedly higher (48/53; 90.6%) than that of the FB (26/53; 49.1%; p<0.0001) for the diagnosis of SLE. IF had a lower specificity (76%) than FB (87%; p=0.0002). The present data show that the IF assay has superior sensitivity for detection of ANA and should continue to be used as the primary screening test for the diagnosis of SLE.
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Biagini RE, Parks CG, Smith JP, Sammons DL, Robertson SA. Analytical performance of the AtheNA MultiLyte® ANA II assay in sera from lupus patients with multiple positive ANAs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:613-8. [PMID: 17404717 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1243-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the precision and accuracy of a commercial multiplexed kit for the measurement of 9 anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs; anti-SS/A, anti-SS/B, anti-Sm, anti-RNP, anti-Jo-1, anti-Scl-70, anti-dsDNA, anti-Centromere B, and anti-Histone), and to compare these results to a subset of ANAs measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and immunodiffusion (ID). Sera were obtained from 22 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, twelve controls and five others (commercial source) with various autoimmune diseases. ANA results from the AtheNA MultiLyte ANA II Assay (AtheNA) were compared to ELISA results (controls) and patients (ID). The AtheNA interassay coefficients of variation (CVs, N = 39, performed in duplicate; replicated 3x) ranged from 6.2% to 16.7% (mean = 9.8%), while the intra-assay CVs ranged from 5.8% to 14.3% (mean = 10.8%). Compared to results for SLE cases and controls, the sensitivity of AtheNA ranged from 85.7% to 100% (mean = 97.1%), while diagnostic specificity ranged from 16.7% to 100% (mean = 71.6%). There was significant agreement (P values ranging from 0.0001 to 0.03) when analytes coanalyzed by AtheNA and ELISA/ID were evaluated using Cohen's kappa (kappa values ranging from 0.376 to 1.000). No false positive ANA results were observed for either the control or commercial source autoimmune disease sera. These results indicate that the AtheNA assay is a precise and accurate alternative for performing multiple ELISAs or IDs in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases, especially when the number of sera to be tested is large, such as in clinical screening or epidemiologic studies. It also appears that the AtheNA assay identifies positive ANA specificities which are missed by ID techniques, suggesting that it may have greater analytical sensitivity for some ANAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond E Biagini
- Biomonitoring and Health Assessment Branch, Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, 45226, USA.
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Hogan SL, Cooper GS, Savitz DA, Nylander-French LA, Parks CG, Chin H, Jennette CE, Lionaki S, Jennette JC, Falk RJ. Association of silica exposure with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody small-vessel vasculitis: a population-based, case-control study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 2:290-9. [PMID: 17699427 PMCID: PMC4049534 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.03501006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) are associated with a category of small-vessel vasculitis (SVV) with frequent glomerulonephritis. The goal of this study was to evaluate the association of lifetime silica exposure with development of ANCA-SVV, with particular attention to exposure dosage, intensity, and time since last exposure. A southeastern United States, population-based, case-control study was conducted. Case patients had ANCA-SVV with pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis. Population-based control subjects were frequency-matched to case patients by age, gender, and state. Jobs were assessed in a telephone interview. Silica exposure scores incorporated exposure duration, intensity, and probability for each job and then were categorized as none, low/medium, or high lifetime exposure. Logistic regression models were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Silica exposure was found in 78 (60%) of 129 case patients and in 49 (45%) of 109 control subjects. There was no increased risk for disease from low/medium exposure relative to no exposure (OR 1.0; 95% CI 0.4 to 2.2) but increased risk with high exposure (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.0 to 3.5; P = 0.05). Crop harvesting was associated with elevated risk (OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.1 to 5.4; P = 0.03). However, both agricultural and traditional occupational sources contributed to the cumulative silica exposure scores; therefore, the overall effect could not be attributed to agricultural exposures alone. There was no evidence of decreasing by duration of time since last exposure. High lifetime silica exposure was associated with ANCA-SVV. Exposure to silica from specific farming tasks related to harvesting may be of particular importance in the southeastern United States. Interval of time since last exposure did not influence development of ANCA-SVV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Hogan
- UNC Kidney Center & Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7155, USA.
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Malaviya AN, Sharma B, Kapoor S, Garg S, Nayak NC, Vasdev N. Twenty-three patients with cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa (C-PAN)—do rheumatologists see a more severe form of the disease? INDIAN JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0973-3698(10)60201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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