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Cuachirria-Espinoza RL, García-Miranda A, Hernández-Barragán R, Nava-Tapia DA, Olea-Flores M, Navarro-Tito N. Analysis of the relationship between resistin with prognosis, cell migration, and p38 and ERK1/2 activation in breast cancer. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00227-X. [PMID: 39369940 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 10/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Obesity increases the risk and mortality of breast cancer through dysregulated secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and tumor adipokines that induce an inflammatory breast microenvironment. Resistin is an adipokine secreted by adipocytes, immune cells, and predominantly macrophages, which contributes to cancer progression, but its molecular mechanism in cancer is not completely described. In this study, we analyzed the relationship of resistin on breast cancer prognosis and tumor progression and the effect in vitro of resistin on p38 and ERK1/2 activation in breast cancer cell lines. By bioinformatic analysis, we found that resistin is overexpressed in the basal subtype triple-negative breast cancer and is related to poor prognosis. In addition, we demonstrated a positive correlation between RETN and MAPK3 expression in basal triple-negative breast cancer. Importantly, we found amplifications of the RETN gene in at least 20 % of metastatic samples from patients with breast cancer. Most samples with RETN amplifications metastasized to bone and showed high expression of IL-8 (CXCL8) and IL-6 (IL6). Finally, resistin could be considered a prognostic marker for basal triple-negative breast cancer, and we also proposed the possibility that resistin-induced cell migration involves the activation of MAPK in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyna L Cuachirria-Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, GRO. 39090, México
| | - Alin García-Miranda
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, GRO. 39090, México
| | - Rafael Hernández-Barragán
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, GRO. 39090, México; Laboratorio de Farmacología y Oncología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, GRO. 39090, México
| | - Dania A Nava-Tapia
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, GRO. 39090, México; Laboratorio de Farmacología y Oncología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, GRO. 39090, México
| | - Monserrat Olea-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, GRO. 39090, México
| | - Napoleón Navarro-Tito
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, GRO. 39090, México; Laboratorio de Farmacología y Oncología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, GRO. 39090, México.
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2
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Manohar SM. Shedding Light on Intracellular Proteins using Flow Cytometry. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024; 82:1693-1707. [PMID: 38831173 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular protein abundance is routinely measured in mammalian cells using population-based techniques such as western blotting which fail to capture single cell protein levels or using fluorescence microscopy which is although suitable for single cell protein detection but not for rapid analysis of large no. of cells. Flow cytometry offers rapid, high-throughput, multiparameter-based analysis of intracellular protein expression in statistically significant no. of cells at single cell resolution. In past few decades, customized assays have been developed for flow cytometric detection of specific intracellular proteins. This review discusses the scope of flow cytometry for intracellular protein detection in mammalian cells along with specific applications. Technological advancements to overcome the limitations of traditional flow cytometry for the same are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal M Manohar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India.
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Brown AD, Close GL, Sharples AP, Stewart CE. Murine myoblast migration: influence of replicative ageing and nutrition. Biogerontology 2017; 18:947-964. [PMID: 29110174 PMCID: PMC5684311 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-017-9735-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is central to skeletal muscle repair following damage. Leucine and β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid (HMB) are supplements consumed for recovery from muscle damaging exercise in humans, however, their impact on muscle cell migration with age is not yet understood. We hypothesised that replicatively aged ("aged"; P46-P48) myoblasts would be less efficient at basal and supplemented repair versus parental controls ("control"; P12-P16). Aged and control myoblasts were scratch-damaged and migration velocity, directionality and distance assessed over 48 h in the absence and presence of leucine (10 mM) or HMB (10 mM) ± PI3K/Akt (LY294002 10 μM), ERK (PD98059 5 μM) or mTOR (rapamycin 0.5 μM) inhibition. Opposing our hypothesis, aged cells displayed increased velocities, directionality and distance migrated (P < 0.001) versus control. Leucine and HMB significantly increased (P < 0.001) the same parameters in control cells. The supplements were with smaller, albeit significant impact on aged cell velocity (P < 0.001) and in the presence of HMB only, distance (P = 0.041). Inhibitor studies revealed that, PI3K and ERK activation were essential for velocity, directionality and migration distance of aged cells in basal conditions, whereas mTOR was important for directionality only. While PI3K activation was critical for all parameters in control cells (P < 0.001), inhibition of ERK or mTOR improved, rather than reduced, control cell migration distance. Enhanced basal velocity, directionality and distance in aged cells required ERK and PI3K activation. By contrast, in control cells, basal migration was underpinned by PI3K activation, and facilitated by leucine or HMB supplementation, to migration levels seen in aged cells. These data suggest that replicatively aged myoblasts are not anabolically resistant per se, but are capable of efficient repair, underpinned by altered signaling pathways, compared with unaged control myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Brown
- Stem Cells, Ageing & Molecular Physiology Unit, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Graeme L Close
- Stem Cells, Ageing & Molecular Physiology Unit, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Adam P Sharples
- Stem Cells, Ageing & Molecular Physiology Unit, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claire E Stewart
- Stem Cells, Ageing & Molecular Physiology Unit, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Saini A, Sharples AP, Al-Shanti N, Stewart CE. Omega-3 fatty acid EPA improves regenerative capacity of mouse skeletal muscle cells exposed to saturated fat and inflammation. Biogerontology 2016; 18:109-129. [PMID: 27864687 PMCID: PMC5288450 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenic obesity is characterised by high fat mass, low muscle mass and an elevated inflammatory environmental milieu. We therefore investigated the effects of elevated inflammatory cytokine TNF-α (aging/obesity) and saturated fatty acid, palmitate (obesity) on skeletal muscle cells in the presence/absence of EPA, a-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid with proposed anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity activities. In the present study we show that palmitate was lipotoxic, inducing high levels of cell death and blocking myotube formation. Cell death under these conditions was associated with increased caspase activity, suppression of differentiation, reductions in both creatine kinase activity and gene expression of myogenic factors; IGF-II, IGFBP-5, MyoD and myogenin. However, inhibition of caspase activity via administration of Z-VDVAD-FMK (caspase-2), Z-DEVD-FMK (caspase-3) and ZIETD-KMK (caspase 8) was without effect on cell death. By contrast, lipotoxicity associated with elevated palmitate was reduced with the MEK inhibitor PD98059, indicating palmitate induced cell death was MAPK mediated. These lipotoxic conditions were further exacerbated in the presence of inflammation via TNF-α co-administration. Addition of EPA under cytotoxic stress (TNF-α) was shown to partially rescue differentiation with enhanced myotube formation being associated with increased MyoD, myogenin, IGF-II and IGFBP-5 expression. EPA had little impact on the cell death phenotype observed in lipotoxic conditions but did show benefit in restoring differentiation under lipotoxic plus cytotoxic conditions. Under these conditions Id3 (inhibitor of differentiation) gene expression was inversely linked with survival rates, potentially indicating a novel role of EPA and Id3 in the regulation of apoptosis in lipotoxic/cytotoxic conditions. Additionally, signalling studies indicated the combination of lipo- and cyto-toxic effects on the muscle cells acted through ceramide, JNK and MAPK pathways and blocking these pathways using PD98059 (MEK inhibitor) and Fumonisin B1 (ceramide inhibitor) significantly reduced levels of cell death. These findings highlight novel pathways associated with in vitro models of lipotoxicity (palmitate-mediated) and cytotoxicity (inflammatory cytokine mediated) in the potential targeting of molecular modulators of sarcopenic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarjit Saini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, and Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adam P Sharples
- Stem Cells, Ageing and Molecular Physiology (SCAMP) Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group, Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Life Science Building, Byrom Street Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Nasser Al-Shanti
- Neuromuscular and Skeletal Ageing Research Group, Healthcare Science Research Institute, Manchester Metropolitan University, Oxford Road, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Claire E Stewart
- Stem Cells, Ageing and Molecular Physiology (SCAMP) Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group, Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Life Science Building, Byrom Street Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
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5
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Mota CM, Oliveira ACM, Davoli-Ferreira M, Silva MV, Santiago FM, Nadipuram SM, Vashisht AA, Wohlschlegel JA, Bradley PJ, Silva JS, Mineo JR, Mineo TWP. Neospora caninum Activates p38 MAPK as an Evasion Mechanism against Innate Immunity. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1456. [PMID: 27679624 PMCID: PMC5020094 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the high prevalence and economic impact of neosporosis, the development of safe and effective vaccines and therapies against this parasite has been a priority in the field and is crucial to limit horizontal and vertical transmission in natural hosts. Limited data is available regarding factors that regulate the immune response against this parasite and such knowledge is essential in order to understand Neospora caninum induced pathogenesis. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) govern diverse cellular processes, including growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune-mediated responses. In that sense, our goal was to understand the role of MAPKs during the infection by N. caninum. We found that p38 phosphorylation was quickly triggered in macrophages stimulated by live tachyzoites and antigen extracts, while its chemical inhibition resulted in upregulation of IL-12p40 production and augmented B7/MHC expression. In vivo blockade of p38 resulted in an amplified production of cytokines, which preceded a reduction in latent parasite burden and enhanced survival against the infection. Additionally, the experiments indicate that the p38 activation is induced by a mechanism that depends on GPCR, PI3K and AKT signaling pathways, and that the phenomena here observed is distinct that those induced by Toxoplasma gondii’s GRA24 protein. Altogether, these results showed that N. caninum manipulates p38 phosphorylation in its favor, in order to downregulate the host’s innate immune responses. Additionally, those results infer that active interference in this signaling pathway may be useful for the development of a new therapeutic strategy against neosporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Mota
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo," Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Ana C M Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo," Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Marcela Davoli-Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Murilo V Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo," Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Santiago
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo," Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Santhosh M Nadipuram
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA
| | - Ajay A Vashisht
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA
| | - James A Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA
| | - Peter J Bradley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los AngelesCA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los AngelesCA, USA
| | - João S Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - José R Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo," Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Tiago W P Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo," Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia, Brazil
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6
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Malon JT, Cao L. Calcitonin gene-related peptide contributes to peripheral nerve injury-induced mechanical hypersensitivity through CCL5 and p38 pathways. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 297:68-75. [PMID: 27397078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) in neuropathic pain was investigated in a mouse model of neuropathic pain, spinal nerve L5 transection (L5Tx). Intrathecal injection (i.t.) of CGRP8-37, a CGRP antagonist, significantly reduced L5Tx-induced mechanical hypersensitivity and lumbar spinal cord CCL5 expression. i.t. injection of a CCL5 neutralizing antibody significantly inhibited L5Tx-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Further, pre-treatment with a p38-inhibitor, SB203580, was able to reduce CGRP-induced mechanical hypersensitivity, but not CGRP-induced CCL5 production. Our data indicate that CGRP can play its pro-nociceptive role through both a spinal cord CCL5-dependent, p38-independent pathway, and a p38-depenented, CCL5-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Malon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, 11 Hills Beach Road, ME 04005, USA.
| | - Ling Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, 11 Hills Beach Road, ME 04005, USA.
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Girven M, Dugdale HF, Owens DJ, Hughes DC, Stewart CE, Sharples AP. l-glutamine Improves Skeletal Muscle Cell Differentiation and Prevents Myotube Atrophy After Cytokine (TNF-α) Stress Via Reduced p38 MAPK Signal Transduction. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2720-32. [PMID: 26991744 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumour Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) is chronically elevated in conditions where skeletal muscle loss occurs. As l-glutamine can dampen the effects of inflamed environments, we investigated the role of l-glutamine in both differentiating C2C12 myoblasts and existing myotubes in the absence/presence of TNF-α (20 ng · ml(-1) ) ± l-glutamine (20 mM). TNF-α reduced the proportion of cells in G1 phase, as well as biochemical (CK activity) and morphological differentiation (myotube number), with corresponding reductions in transcript expression of: Myogenin, Igf-I, and Igfbp5. Furthermore, when administered to mature myotubes, TNF-α induced myotube loss and atrophy underpinned by reductions in Myogenin, Igf-I, Igfbp2, and glutamine synthetase and parallel increases in Fox03, Cfos, p53, and Bid gene expression. Investigation of signaling activity suggested that Akt and ERK1/2 were unchanged, JNK increased (non-significantly) whereas P38 MAPK substantially and significantly increased in both myoblasts and myotubes in the presence of TNF-α. Importantly, 20 mM l-glutamine reduced p38 MAPK activity in TNF-α conditions back to control levels, with a corresponding rescue of myoblast differentiation and a reversal of atrophy in myotubes. l-glutamine resulted in upregulation of genes associated with growth and survival including; Myogenin, Igf-Ir, Myhc2 & 7, Tnfsfr1b, Adra1d, and restored atrophic gene expression of Fox03 back to baseline in TNF-α conditions. In conclusion, l-glutamine supplementation rescued suppressed muscle cell differentiation and prevented myotube atrophy in an inflamed environment via regulation of p38 MAPK. l-glutamine administration could represent an important therapeutic strategy for reducing muscle loss in catabolic diseases and inflamed ageing. J. Cell. Physiol. 9999: 231: 2720-2732, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Girven
- Stem Cells, Ageing and Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah F Dugdale
- Stem Cells, Ageing and Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Owens
- Stem Cells, Ageing and Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Centre de Recherche en Myologie (CRM), GH Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris 13, France
| | - David C Hughes
- Stem Cells, Ageing and Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Claire E Stewart
- Stem Cells, Ageing and Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Adam P Sharples
- Stem Cells, Ageing and Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Kim KJ, Joe YA, Kim MK, Lee SJ, Ryu YH, Cho DW, Rhie JW. Silica nanoparticles increase human adipose tissue-derived stem cell proliferation through ERK1/2 activation. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:2261-72. [PMID: 25848249 PMCID: PMC4378289 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s71925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Silicon dioxide composites have been found to enhance the mechanical properties of scaffolds and to support growth of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hADSCs) both in vitro and in vivo. Silica (silicon dioxide alone) exists as differently sized particles when suspended in culture medium, but it is not clear whether particle size influences the beneficial effect of silicon dioxide on hADSCs. In this study, we examined the effect of different sized particles on growth and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in hADSCs. Methods Silica gel was prepared by a chemical reaction using hydrochloric acid and sodium silicate, washed, sterilized, and suspended in serum-free culture medium for 48 hours, and then sequentially filtered through a 0.22 μm filter (filtrate containing nanoparticles smaller than 220 nm; silica NPs). hADSCs were incubated with silica NPs or 3 μm silica microparticles (MPs), examined by transmission electron microscopy, and assayed for cell proliferation, apoptosis, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Results Eighty-nine percent of the silica NPs were around 50–120 nm in size. When hADSCs were treated with the study particles, silica NPs were observed in endocytosed vacuoles in the cytosol of hADSCs, but silica MPs showed no cell entry. Silica NPs increased the proliferation of hADSCs, but silica MPs had no significant effect in this regard. Instead, silica MPs induced slight apoptosis. Silica NPs increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK)1/2, while silica MPs increased phosphorylation of p38. Silica NPs had no effect on phosphorylation of Janus kinase or p38. Pretreatment with PD98059, a MEK inhibitor, prevented the ERK1/2 phosphorylation and proliferation induced by silica NPs. Conclusion Scaffolds containing silicon dioxide for tissue engineering may enhance cell growth through ERK1/2 activation only when NPs around 50–120 nm in size are included, and single component silica-derived NPs could be useful for bioscaffolds in stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Joo Kim
- Department of Plastic Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea ; Department of Molecular Biomedicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ae Joe
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Medical Lifescience, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyoung Kim
- Department of Plastic Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea ; Department of Molecular Biomedicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Lee
- Department of Plastic Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Hee Ryu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea ; Department of Molecular Biomedicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea ; Department of Integrative Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Won Rhie
- Department of Plastic Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea ; Department of Molecular Biomedicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Sharples AP, Al-Shanti N, Hughes DC, Lewis MP, Stewart CE. The role of insulin-like-growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) and phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) in the regulation of myoblast differentiation and hypertrophy. Growth Horm IGF Res 2013; 23:53-61. [PMID: 23583027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The complex actions of the insulin-like-growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) in skeletal muscle are becoming apparent, with IGFBP2 being implicated in skeletal muscle cell proliferation and differentiation (Ernst et al., 1992; Sharples et al., 2010). Furthermore, PTEN signalling has been linked to IGFBP2 action in other cell types by co-ordinating downstream Akt signalling, a known modulator of myoblast differentiation. The present study therefore aimed to determine the interaction between IGFBP2 and PTEN on myoblast differentiation. It has previously been established that C2C12 cells have high IGFBP2 gene expression upon transfer to low serum media, and that expression reduces rapidly as cells differentiate over 72 h [1]. Wishing to establish a potential role for IGFBP2 in this model, a neutralising IGFBP2 antibody was administered to C2C12 myoblasts upon initiation of differentiation. Myoblasts subsequently displayed reduced morphological differentiation (myotube number), biochemical differentiation (creatine kinase) and myotube hypertrophy (myotube area) with an early reduction in Akt phosphorylation. Knock-down of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) using siRNA in the absence of the neutralising antibody did not improve differentiation or hypertrophy vs. control conditions, however, in the presence of the neutralising IGFBP2 antibody, differentiation was restored and importantly hypertrophy exceeded that of control levels. Overall, these data suggest that; 1) reduced early availability of IGFBP2 can inhibit myoblast differentiation at later time points, 2) knock-down of PTEN levels can restore myoblast differentiation in the presence of neutralising IGFBP2 antibody, and 3) PTEN inhibition acts as a potent inducer of myotube hypertrophy when the availability of IGFBP2 is reduced in C2C12 myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Sharples
- Stem Cell, Ageing and Molecular Physiology (SCAMP) Unit, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, UK.
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10
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Baer PC, Kuçi S, Krause M, Kuçi Z, Zielen S, Geiger H, Bader P, Schubert R. Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Human Adipose-Derived Stromal/Stem Cells and Their Subsets by a High Throughput Technology. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:330-9. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C. Baer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Selim Kuçi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, J.W. Goethe-University, Children's Hospital III, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Michael Krause
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Tumor Research, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Zyrafete Kuçi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, J.W. Goethe-University, Children's Hospital III, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielen
- Pulmonology, Allergy, and Cystic Fibrosis, Children's Hospital I, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Helmut Geiger
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Peter Bader
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, J.W. Goethe-University, Children's Hospital III, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Ralf Schubert
- Pulmonology, Allergy, and Cystic Fibrosis, Children's Hospital I, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt/M, Germany
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Liu Y, Xu L, Zeng Q, Wang J, Wang M, Xi D, Wang X, Yang D, Luo X, Ning Q. Downregulation of FGL2/prothrombinase delays HCCLM6 xenograft tumour growth and decreases tumour angiogenesis. Liver Int 2012; 32:1585-95. [PMID: 22925132 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2012.02865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2), which directly generates thrombin from prothrombin without activation of the conventional coagulation cascade, was shown to be overexpressed in various human malignant tumours. AIMS Herein, we aimed to investigate its expression pattern, biological function and mechanism of action in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS FGL2 expression and colocalization with fibrin was examined in 15 HCC tissues. FGL2 downregulation was performed by targeting microRNA in a HCCLM6 cell line in which FGL2 was highly expressed in xenografts of nude mice. The effects of FGL2 knockdown on tumour growth and angiogenesis were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Cytometric bead arrays were employed to identify FGL2-regulated signalling pathways. RESULTS FGL2 was overexpressed in HCC tissues and colocalized with fibrin deposition. Knockdown of FGL2 expression in HCCLM6 cells (hFGL2(low) HCCLM6) resulted in delayed xenografts tumour growth within an observation period of 42 days and decreased vascularization, which was accompanied by decreased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). In vitro hFGL2(low) HCCLM6 cells exhibited decreased proliferation without significant induction of apoptosis. Overexpression of FGL2 in HCCLM6 cells or addition of recombinant hFGL2 protein induced phosphorylation of p38-MAPK and ERK1/2 involving protease-activated receptors (PARs).activation. CONCLUSIONS FGL2 contributes to HCC tumour growth and angiogenesis in a thrombin-dependent manner, and downregulation of its expression might be of therapeutic significance in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Liu
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Al-Shanti N, Stewart CE. Inhibitory effects of IL-6 on IGF-1 activity in skeletal myoblasts could be mediated by the activation of SOCS-3. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:923-33. [PMID: 22033984 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In elderly people, low and high levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), respectively, are well documented and may contribute to reduced muscle mass and poor muscle function of ageing and suggesting a biological interactions between IGF-1 and IL-6. However, the dual effect of IGF-1/IL-6 on skeletal muscle differentiation and proliferation has not been fully investigated. We therefore hypothesised that IL-6 impairs the biological activity of IGF-1 in skeletal muscle through inhibiting its signalling pathways, ERK1/2 and Akt. Our aim was to examine the combined effects of these factors on models of muscle wasting, with objectives to examine skeletal muscle differentiation and proliferation using the murine C2 skeletal muscle cell line. Cells were cultured with DM, IGF-1 and IL-6 alone (control treatments), or co-cultured with IGF-1/IL-6. Co-incubation of C2 cells in IGF-1 plus IL-6 resulted in maximal cell death (22 ± 4%; P < 0.005) compared with control treatments (14 ± 2.9%). This was also confirmed by cyclin D1 expression levels in co-incubation treatments (7 ± 3.5%; P < 0.05) compared with control treatments (≈ 23%). The expression levels of myogenic-specific transcriptional factor mRNAs (myoD and myogenin) were also significantly (P < 0.005) reduced by 70% and 90%, respectively, under the co-incubation regimes, compared with control treatments. Signalling investigations showed significant phosphorylation reduction by 20%, (P < 0.05) of ERK1/2 and Akt in co-incubation treatments relative to either treatment alone. Expression studies for SOCS-3 (1.6-fold ± 0.08, P < 0.05) and IRS-1 (0.65-fold ± 0.13 P < 0.005) mRNAs showed significant elevation and reduction for both genes, respectively, in co-treatments relative to control treatments. These data may suggest that IL-6 exerts its inhibitory effects on IGF-1 signalling pathways (ERK1/2 and Akt) through blocking its receptor substrate IRS-1 by SOCS-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Al-Shanti
- School of Healthcare Science, Institute for Biomedical Research into Human Movement and Health, Manchester Metropolitan University, Oxford Road, Manchester, M1 5GD, England, UK.
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Li H, Xu Y, Fu Q, Li C. Effects of multiple agents on epithelial differentiation of rabbit adipose-derived stem cells in 3D culture. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:1760-70. [PMID: 22497213 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells have been given particular attention in tissue regeneration research due to their multipotency and proliferative activity. In this study, we investigated the possibility of epithelial differentiation of rabbit adipose-derived stem cells (rASCs) in an in vitro 3D culture system. The experimental procedure was performed with different contributing factors including all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), epidermal growth factor (EGF), keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and hydrocortisone in air-liquid interface culture, for modulating proliferation and providing a synergistic effect on epithelial differentiation of rASCs. After induction, immunofluorescence staining, western blot analysis, flow cytometry analysis, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay have been performed to detect the expression of epithelial-specific markers and mesenchymal marker alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). The growth pattern and viability of cells were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy and Hoechst 33258 assay, respectively. After treated with optimized induction medium (including 2.5 μM ATRA, 20 ng/mL EGF, 10 ng/mL KGF, 10 ng/mL HGF, and 0.5 μg/mL hydrocortisone), rASCs were observed to display a stratified epithelial-like morphology, with the expression of cytokeratin 19 and cytokeratin 13 in 63.69%±2.63% and 22.17%±1.51%, respectively, and the relative expression level of cytokeratin 19 increased to 3.152 compared with 0.151 before induction. The expression of α-SMA decreased to 19.40%±1.45% after induction, but almost no expression of involucrin was detected. The results showed that the establishment of an epithelial-specific microenvironment may be a feasible way for epithelial differentiation of ASCs in vitro, and provided an alternative for research on epithelium regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Li
- Department of Urology, Sixth People's Hospital, Jiao Tong University of Shanghai, Shanghai, PR China
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Nyakeriga AM, Garg H, Joshi A. TCR-induced T cell activation leads to simultaneous phosphorylation at Y505 and Y394 of p56(lck) residues. Cytometry A 2012; 81:797-805. [PMID: 22674786 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical studies have demonstrated that phosphorylation of lymphocyte cell kinase (p56(lck) ) is crucial for activation of signaling cascades following T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. However, whether phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of the activating or inhibitory tyrosine residues occurs upon activation is controversial. Recent advances in intracellular staining of phospho-epitopes and cytometric analysis, requiring few cells, have opened up novel avenues for the field of immunological signaling. Here, we assessed p56(lck) phosphorylation, using a multiparameter flow-cytometric based detection method following T cell stimulation. Fixation and permeabilization in conjunction with zenon labeling technology and/or fluorescently labeled antibodies against total p56(lck) or cognate phospho-tyrosine (pY) residues or surface receptors were used for detection purposes. Our observations showed that activation of Jurkat or primary human T cells using H(2) O(2) or TCR-induced stimulation led to simultaneous phosphorylation of the activating tyrosine residue, Y394 and the inhibitory tyrosine residue, Y505 of p56(lck) . This was followed by downstream calcium flux and expression of T cell activation markers; CD69 and CD40 ligand (CD40L). However, the extent of measurable activation readouts depended on the optimal stimulatory conditions (temperature and/or stimuli combinations). Treatment of cells with a p56(lck) -specific inhibitor, PP2, abolished phosphorylation at either residue in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these observations show that TCR-induced stimulation of T cells led to simultaneous phosphorylation of p56(lck) residues. This implies that dephosphorylation of Y505 is not crucial for p56(lck) activity. Also, it is clear that cytometric analysis provides for a rapid, sensitive, and quantitative method to supplement biochemical studies on p56(lck) signaling pathways in T cells at single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Nyakeriga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, Texas 79905, USA.
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Sharples AP, Al-Shanti N, Lewis MP, Stewart CE. Reduction of myoblast differentiation following multiple population doublings in mouse C2 C12 cells: a model to investigate ageing? J Cell Biochem 2012; 112:3773-85. [PMID: 21826704 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ageing skeletal muscle displays declines in size, strength, and functional capacity. Given the acknowledged role that the systemic environment plays in reduced regeneration (Conboy et al. [2005] Nature 433: 760-764), the role of resident satellite cells (termed myoblasts upon activation) is relatively dismissed, where, multiple cellular divisions in-vivo throughout the lifespan could also impact on muscular deterioration. Using a model of multiple population doublings (MPD) in-vitro thus provided a system in which to investigate the direct impact of extensive cell duplications on muscle cell behavior. C(2) C(12) mouse skeletal myoblasts (CON) were used fresh or following 58 population doublings (MPD). As a result of multiple divisions, reduced morphological and biochemical (creatine kinase, CK) differentiation were observed. Furthermore, MPD cells had significantly increased cells in the S and decreased cells in the G1 phases of the cell cycle versus CON, following serum withdrawal. These results suggest continued cycling rather than G1 exit and thus reduced differentiation (myotube atrophy) occurs in MPD muscle cells. These changes were underpinned by significant reductions in transcript expression of: IGF-I and myogenic regulatory factors (myoD and myogenin) together with elevated IGFBP5. Signaling studies showed that decreased differentiation in MPD was associated with decreased phosphorylation of Akt, and with later increased phosphorylation of JNK1/2. Chemical inhibition of JNK1/2 (SP600125) in MPD cells increased IGF-I expression (non-significantly), however, did not enhance differentiation. This study provides a potential model and molecular mechanisms for deterioration in differentiation capacity in skeletal muscle cells as a consequence of multiple population doublings that would potentially contribute to the ageing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Sharples
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Institute for Biomedical Research into Human Movement and Health (IRM), Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
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De Schauwer C, Meyer E, Cornillie P, De Vliegher S, van de Walle GR, Hoogewijs M, Declercq H, Govaere J, Demeyere K, Cornelissen M, Van Soom A. Optimization of the Isolation, Culture, and Characterization of Equine Umbilical Cord Blood Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 17:1061-70. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Catharina De Schauwer
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Sarne De Vliegher
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gerlinde R. van de Walle
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Maarten Hoogewijs
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Heidi Declercq
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Govaere
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kristel Demeyere
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Maria Cornelissen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Soom
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Liu Y, Xu S, Xiao F, Xiong Y, Wang X, Gao S, Yan W, Ning Q. The FGL2/fibroleukin prothrombinase is involved in alveolar macrophage activation in COPD through the MAPK pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 396:555-61. [PMID: 20438701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2)/fibroleukin has been reported to play a vital role in the pathogenesis of some critical inflammatory diseases by possessing immunomodulatory activity through the mediation of "immune coagulation" and the regulation of maturation and proliferation of immune cells. We observed upregulated FGL2 expression in alveolar macrophages from peripheral lungs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and found a correlation between FGL2 expression and increased macrophage activation markers (CD11b and CD14). The role of FGL2 in the activation of macrophages was confirmed by the detection of significantly decreased macrophage activation marker (CD11b, CD11c, and CD71) expression as well as the inhibition of cell migration and inflammatory cytokine (IL-8 and MMP-9) production in an LPS-induced FGL2 knockdown human monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1). Increased FGL2 expression co-localized with upregulated phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) in the lung tissues from COPD patients. Moreover, FGL2 knockdown in THP-1 cells significantly downregulated LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38-MAPK while upregulating phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Thus, we demonstrate that FGL2 plays an important role in macrophage activation in the lungs of COPD patients through MAPK pathway modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Liu
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
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