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Lazarski CA, Hanley PJ. Review of flow cytometry as a tool for cell and gene therapy. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:103-112. [PMID: 37943204 PMCID: PMC10872958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Quality control testing and analytics are critical for the development and manufacture of cell and gene therapies, and flow cytometry is a key quality control and analytical assay that is used extensively. However, the technical scope of characterization assays and safety assays must keep apace as the breadth of cell therapy products continues to expand beyond hematopoietic stem cell products into producing novel adoptive immune therapies and gene therapy products. Flow cytometry services are uniquely positioned to support the evolving needs of cell therapy facilities, as access to flow cytometers, new antibody clones and improved fluorochrome reagents becomes more egalitarian. This report will outline the features, logistics, limitations and the current state of flow cytometry within the context of cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Lazarski
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technology for Immunotherapy, Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA; The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Patrick J Hanley
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technology for Immunotherapy, Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA; The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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2
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Paramithiotis E, Varaklis C, Pillet S, Shafiani S, Lancelotta MP, Steinhubl S, Sugden S, Clutter M, Montamat-Sicotte D, Chermak T, Crawford SY, Lambert BL, Mattison J, Murphy RL. Integrated antibody and cellular immunity monitoring are required for assessment of the long term protection that will be essential for effective next generation vaccine development. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1166059. [PMID: 38077383 PMCID: PMC10701527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID pandemic exposed the critical role T cells play in initial immunity, the establishment and maintenance of long term protection, and of durable responsiveness against novel viral variants. A growing body of evidence indicates that adding measures of cellular immunity will fill an important knowledge gap in vaccine clinical trials, likely leading to improvements in the effectiveness of the next generation vaccines against current and emerging variants. In depth cellular immune monitoring in Phase II trials, particularly for high risk populations such as the elderly or immune compromised, should result in better understanding of the dynamics and requirements for establishing effective long term protection. Such analyses can result in cellular immunity correlates that can then be deployed in Phase III studies using appropriate, scalable technologies. Measures of cellular immunity are less established than antibodies as correlates of clinical immunity, and some misconceptions persist about cellular immune monitoring usefulness, cost, complexity, feasibility, and scalability. We outline the currently available cellular immunity assays, review their readiness for use in clinical trials, their logistical requirements, and the type of information each assay generates. The objective is to provide a reliable source of information that could be leveraged to develop a rational approach for comprehensive immune monitoring during vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Steve Steinhubl
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- PhysIQ, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Scott Sugden
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Infectious Diseases, Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, United States
| | - Matt Clutter
- Research and Development, CellCarta, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Todd Chermak
- Regulatory and Government Affairs, CellCarta, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephanie Y. Crawford
- Department of Pharmacy Systems, Outcomes and Policy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bruce L. Lambert
- Department of Communication Studies, Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - John Mattison
- Health Technology Advisory Board, Arsenal Capital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Robert L. Murphy
- Robert J. Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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3
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Selliah N, Nash V, Eck S, Green C, Oldaker T, Stewart J, Vitaliti A, Litwin V. Flow Cytometry Method Validation Protocols. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e868. [PMID: 37606503 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Analytical method validation provides a means to ensure that data are credible and reproducible. This article will provide a brief introduction to analytical method validation as applied to cellular analysis by flow cytometry, along with practical procedures for four different types of validation. The first, Basic Protocol 1 (the limited validation protocol), is recommended for research and non-regulated laboratories. Next, Basic Protocol 2) presents a reasonable, fit-for-purpose validation approach appropriate for biopharma and research settings. Basic Protocol 3 addresses the type of validation performed in clinical laboratories for moderate-risk tests developed in house. Finally, Basic Protocol 4 describes the process that should be applied whenever a method is being transferred from one facility to another. All four validation plans follow the fit-for-purpose validation approach, in which the validation parameters are selected based on the intended use of the assay. These validation protocols represent the minimal requirement and may not be applicable for every intended use such as high-risk clinical assays or data to be used as a primary endpoint in a clinical trial. The recommendations presented here are consistent with the white papers published by the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists and the International Clinical Cytometry Society, as well as with Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute Guideline H62: Validation of Assays Performed by Flow Cytometry (CLSI, 2021). © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Limited validation Basic Protocol 2: Fit-for-purpose validation for biopharma and research settings Basic Protocol 3: Validation for moderate clinical risk laboratory developed tests Basic Protocol 4: Transfer validation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Teri Oldaker
- Independent Consultant, San Clemente, California
| | | | - Alessandra Vitaliti
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
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Hickford ES, Dejager L, Yuill D, Kotian A, Shankar S, Staelens L, Ulrichts H, Lewis S, Louber J, Williams A, Le Provost GS, Cutler P. A biomarker assay validation approach tailored to the context of use and bioanalytical platform. Bioanalysis 2023; 15:757-771. [PMID: 37526064 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely acknowledged by the bioanalytical and biomarker community that biomarker assay validations should be fit-for-purpose depending on the context of use. The challenge is how to consistently apply these principles in teams responsible for measuring a disparate array of biomarkers, often on multiple analytical platforms, at various stages of the drug discovery and development pipeline and across diverse biology focus areas. To drive consistency, while maintaining the necessary flexibility to allow validations to be driven by scientific rationale and taking into consideration the context of use and associated biological and (pre)analytical factors, a framework applicable across biomarker assays was developed. Herein the authors share their perspective to engage in the ongoing conversation around fit-for-purpose biomarker assay validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Hickford
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Lien Dejager
- Precision Medicine & Biomarkers, Translational Medicine, UCB Pharma, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Daisy Yuill
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Apoorva Kotian
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Sucharita Shankar
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Ludovicus Staelens
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Pharma, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420 Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Hans Ulrichts
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Pharma, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420 Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
- Employed by UCB Pharma, Belgium or UCB Biopharma UK at the time the work was undertaken
| | - Sion Lewis
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Jade Louber
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
- Employed by UCB Pharma, Belgium or UCB Biopharma UK at the time the work was undertaken
| | - Amanda Williams
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Gabrielle S Le Provost
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Paul Cutler
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
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Magallon RE, Harmacek LD, Arger NK, Grewal P, Powers L, Werner BR, Barkes BQ, Li L, MacPhail K, Gillespie M, White EK, Collins SE, Brown T, Cardenas J, Chen ES, Maier LA, Leach SM, Hamzeh NY, Koth LL, O’Connor BP. Standardization of flow cytometry and cell sorting to enable a transcriptomic analysis in a multi-site sarcoidosis study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281210. [PMID: 36893197 PMCID: PMC9997938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution and regulation of various CD4+ T cell lineages that occur with remitting vs progressive courses in sarcoidosis are poorly understood. We developed a multiparameter flow cytometry panel to sort these CD4+ T cell lineages followed by measurement of their functional potential using RNA-sequencing analysis at six-month intervals across multiple study sites. To obtain good quality RNA for sequencing, we relied on chemokine receptor expression to identify and sort lineages. To minimize gene expression changes induced by perturbations of T cells and avoid protein denaturation caused by freeze/thaw cycles, we optimized our protocols using freshly isolated samples at each study site. To accomplish this study, we had to overcome significant standardization challenges across multiple sites. Here, we detail standardization considerations for cell processing, flow staining, data acquisition, sorting parameters, and RNA quality control analysis that were performed as part of the NIH-sponsored, multi-center study, BRonchoscopy at Initial sarcoidosis diagnosis Targeting longitudinal Endpoints (BRITE). After several rounds of iterative optimization, we identified the following aspects as critical for successful standardization: 1) alignment of PMT voltages across sites using CS&T/rainbow bead technology; 2) a single template created in the cytometer program that was used by all sites to gate cell populations during data acquisition and cell sorting; 3) use of standardized lyophilized flow cytometry staining cocktails to reduce technical error during processing; 4) development and implementation of a standardized Manual of Procedures. After standardization of cell sorting, we were able to determine the minimum number of sorted cells necessary for next generation sequencing through analysis of RNA quality and quantity from sorted T cell populations. Overall, we found that implementing a multi-parameter cell sorting with RNA-seq analysis clinical study across multiple study sites requires iteratively tested standardized procedures to ensure comparable and high-quality results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman E. Magallon
- Center for Genes, Environment, & Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Laura D. Harmacek
- Center for Genes, Environment, & Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nicholas K. Arger
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Pineet Grewal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Linda Powers
- Department of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Brenda R. Werner
- Department of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Briana Q. Barkes
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Li Li
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kristyn MacPhail
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - May Gillespie
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth K. White
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Collins
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Talyor Brown
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jessica Cardenas
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Edward S. Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lisa A. Maier
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sonia M. Leach
- Center for Genes, Environment, & Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nabeel Y. Hamzeh
- Department of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Laura L. Koth
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Brian P. O’Connor
- Center for Genes, Environment, & Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: O’
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Newton HS, Dobrovolskaia MA. Immunophenotyping: Analytical approaches and role in preclinical development of nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 185:114281. [PMID: 35405297 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical products can activate immune cells, suppress their function, or change the immune responses to traditional immunologically active agonists such as those present in microbes. Therefore, the assessment of immunostimulation, immunosuppression, and immunomodulation comprises the backbone of immunotoxicity studies of new drug entities. Depending on physicochemical properties (e.g., size, charge, surface functionalities, hydrophobicity), nanoparticles can be immunostimulatory, immunosuppressive, and immunomodulatory. Various methods and experimental frameworks have been established to support preclinical translational studies of nanotechnology-based drug products. Immunophenotyping after the exposure of cells or preclinical animal models to nanoparticles can provide critical information about the changes in both the numbers of immune cells and their activation status. However, this methodology is underutilized in preclinical studies of engineered nanomaterials. Herein, we review current literature about varieties of instrumentation and methods utilized for immunophenotyping, discuss their advantages and limitations, and propose a roadmap for applying immunophenotyping to support preclinical immunological characterization of nanotechnology-based formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S Newton
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick MD, USA
| | - Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick MD, USA.
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Paramithiotis E, Sugden S, Papp E, Bonhomme M, Chermak T, Crawford SY, Demetriades SZ, Galdos G, Lambert BL, Mattison J, McDade T, Pillet S, Murphy R. Cellular Immunity Is Critical for Assessing COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness in Immunocompromised Individuals. Front Immunol 2022; 13:880784. [PMID: 35693815 PMCID: PMC9179228 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.880784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccine clinical development was conducted with unprecedented speed. Immunity measurements were concentrated on the antibody response which left significant gaps in our understanding how robust and long-lasting immune protection develops. Better understanding the cellular immune response will fill those gaps, especially in the elderly and immunocompromised populations which not only have the highest risk for severe infection, but also frequently have inadequate antibody responses. Although cellular immunity measurements are more logistically complex to conduct for clinical trials compared to antibody measurements, the feasibility and benefit of doing them in clinical trials has been demonstrated and so should be more widely adopted. Adding significant cellular response metrics will provide a deeper understanding of the overall immune response to COVID-19 vaccination, which will significantly inform vaccination strategies for the most vulnerable populations. Better monitoring of overall immunity will also substantially benefit other vaccine development efforts, and indeed any therapies that involve the immune system as part of the therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott Sugden
- Scientific Team, CellCarta, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eszter Papp
- Global Research and Development, CellCarta, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie Bonhomme
- Vaccine Sciences Division, Pharmaceutical Product Development (PPD) Inc., Wilmington, NC, United States
| | - Todd Chermak
- Regulatory and Government Affairs, CellCarta, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephanie Y. Crawford
- Department of Pharmacy Systems, Outcomes and Policy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Gerson Galdos
- Robert J. Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bruce L. Lambert
- Center for Communication and Health, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - John Mattison
- Health Information, Kaiser Permanente, Pasadena, CA, United States
- Health Technology Advisory Board, Arsenal Capital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas McDade
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | | | - Robert Murphy
- Robert J. Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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8
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Patel S, Ramnoruth N, Wehr P, Rossjohn J, Reid HH, Campbell K, Nel HJ, Thomas R. Evaluation of a fit-for-purpose assay to monitor antigen-specific functional CD4+ T-cell subpopulations in rheumatoid arthritis using flow cytometry-based peptide-MHC class-II tetramer staining. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 207:72-83. [PMID: 35020859 PMCID: PMC8802177 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific T cells can serve as a response biomarker in non-clinical or clinical immunotherapy studies in autoimmune disease. There are protocols with optimized multimer staining methods to detect peptide (p)MHCII+ CD4+ T cells, and some qualified and validated protocols for pMHCI+ CD8+ T cells. However, no protocol is fully or partially qualified to enumerate and characterize antigen-specific pMHCII+ CD4+ T cells from patient samples. Implementing such an assay requires a desired level of specificity and precision, in terms of assay repeatability and reproducibility. In transgenic type II collagen (CII)-immunized HLA-DR1/DR4 humanized mouse models of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), CII259-273-specific T cells dominantly expand. Therefore antigen-specific T cells recognizing this epitope presented by rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-associated risk HLA-DR allomorphs are of interest to understand disease progression and responses to immunotherapy in RA patients. Using HLA-DRB1∗04:01 or ∗01:01-collagen type II (CII)259–273 tetramers, we evaluated parameters influencing precision and reproducibility of an optimized flow cytometry–based method for antigen-specific CD4+ T cells and eight specific subpopulations with and without tetramer positivity. We evaluated specificity, precision, and reproducibility for research environments and non-regulated laboratories. The assay has excellent overall precision with %CV<25% for intra-assay repeatability, inter-analyst precision, and inter-assay reproducibility. The precision of the assay correlated negatively with the cell viability after thawing, indicating that post-thaw viability is a critical parameter for reproducibility. This assay is suitable for longitudinal analysis of treatment response and disease activity outcome in RA patients, and adaptable for translational or immunotherapy clinical trial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Patel
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nishta Ramnoruth
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Pascale Wehr
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Hugh H Reid
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kim Campbell
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA.,Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hendrik J Nel
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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10
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Audia A, Bannish G, Bunting R, Riveley C. Flow cytometry and receptor occupancy in immune-oncology. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 22:87-94. [PMID: 34139906 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1944098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Immunotherapies are focused on strategies that alter immune responses, using antibodies that binds to receptors on different immune cell subsets and either activate or suppress their functions depending on the immune response being targeted. Hence, the necessity of developing assays that assess the functional and biological effect of a therapeutic on its target. When incorporated into high-parameter flow cytometry panels, receptor occupancy assay can simultaneously evaluate receptor expression and drug occupancy on defined cell subsets, which can provide information related to functional effects, and safety.Areas covered: This review focuses on the importance of developing, optimizing, and validating a robust Receptor Occupancy Assay (ROA) to improve dose selection, pharmacology monitoring and safety mainly in clinical settings.Expert opinion: The designing of an ROA can be challenging and can lead to exaggerated pharmacology if not accurately developed, optimized, and validated. However, improvements in our understanding of epitopes, binding, affinities, and pharmacological effects may lead to improved antibody drug targeting and receptor evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Audia
- Champions Oncology, Biomarker Services Solution, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Gregory Bannish
- Champions Oncology, Biomarker Services Solution, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rachel Bunting
- Champions Oncology, Biomarker Services Solution, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Chelsea Riveley
- Champions Oncology, Biomarker Services Solution, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
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11
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2020 White Paper on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis: BAV Guidance, CLSI H62, Biotherapeutics Stability, Parallelism Testing, CyTOF and Regulatory Feedback ( Part 2A - Recommendations on Biotherapeutics Stability, PK LBA Regulated Bioanalysis, Biomarkers Assays, Cytometry Validation & Innovation Part 2B - Regulatory Agencies' Inputs on Bioanalysis, Biomarkers, Immunogenicity, Gene & Cell Therapy and Vaccine). Bioanalysis 2021; 13:295-361. [PMID: 33511867 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The 14th edition of the Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (14th WRIB) was held virtually on June 15-29, 2020 with an attendance of over 1000 representatives from pharmaceutical/biopharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, contract research organizations, and regulatory agencies worldwide. The 14th WRIB included three Main Workshops, seven Specialized Workshops that together spanned 11 days in order to allow exhaustive and thorough coverage of all major issues in bioanalysis, biomarkers, immunogenicity, gene therapy and vaccine. Moreover, a comprehensive vaccine assays track; an enhanced cytometry track and updated Industry/Regulators consensus on BMV of biotherapeutics by LCMS were special features in 2020. As in previous years, this year's WRIB continued to gather a wide diversity of international industry opinion leaders and regulatory authority experts working on both small and large molecules to facilitate sharing and discussions focused on improving quality, increasing regulatory compliance and achieving scientific excellence on bioanalytical issues. This 2020 White Paper encompasses recommendations emerging from the extensive discussions held during the workshop, and is aimed to provide the Global Bioanalytical Community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to enable advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2020 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons. This publication covers the recommendations on (Part 2A) BAV, PK LBA, Flow Cytometry Validation and Cytometry Innovation and (Part 2B) Regulatory Input. Part 1 (Innovation in Small Molecules, Hybrid LBA/LCMS & Regulated Bioanalysis), Part 3 (Vaccine, Gene/Cell Therapy, NAb Harmonization and Immunogenicity) are published in volume 13 of Bioanalysis, issues 4, and 6 (2021), respectively.
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Quadrini KJ, Patti-Diaz L, Maghsoudlou J, Cuomo J, Hedrick MN, McCloskey TW. A flow cytometric assay for HLA-DR expression on monocytes validated as a biomarker for enrollment in sepsis clinical trials. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2021; 100:103-114. [PMID: 33432735 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Decreased expression of HLA-DR on monocytes (mHLA-DR) is a reliable indicator of immunosuppression in patients with sepsis and is correlated with increased risk of secondary infection and mortality. A flow cytometry-based laboratory developed test for the measurement of mHLA-DR in whole blood was validated for clinical trial enrollment, which is considered medical decision-making, for patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. METHODS The BD Quantibrite™ anti-HLA-DR/anti-monocyte reagent measures antibodies bound per cell of HLA-DR on CD14+ monocytes. The mHLA-DR assay was planned to support inclusion/exclusion of patients for a clinical trial and was validated according to New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) requirements for a new non-malignant leukocyte immunophenotyping assay. RESULTS Normal, healthy donor and sepsis patient samples were stable up to 72 h post-collection in Cyto-Chex BCT phlebotomy tubes. Pre-determined acceptance criteria were met for precision parameters (average %CV ≤ 20%) and global laboratory-to-laboratory comparisons (average %Δ ≤ 20%). The approaches taken to evaluate and report accuracy, analytical specificity and sensitivity, reportable range, reference interval, and the proposed multi-level quality control were accepted by NYSDOH. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the validation strategy necessary when the intended use of assay results changes from exploratory to medical decision making (patient enrollment), which successfully resulted in regulatory approval, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Quadrini
- Department of Research and Development, ICON Laboratory Services, Farmingdale, New York, USA
| | - Lisa Patti-Diaz
- Clinical Flow Cytometry, Department of Translational Pathology and Biomarker Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jasmin Maghsoudlou
- Department of Research and Development, ICON Laboratory Services, Farmingdale, New York, USA
| | - Joanne Cuomo
- Cellular Immunology, ICON Laboratory Services, Farmingdale, New York, USA
| | - Michael Nathan Hedrick
- Clinical Flow Cytometry, Department of Translational Pathology and Biomarker Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, USA
| | - Thomas W McCloskey
- Department of Research and Development, ICON Laboratory Services, Farmingdale, New York, USA
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Cabanski M, Oldaker T, Stewart JJ, Selliah N, Eck S, Green C, Litwin V, Vitaliti A. Flow cytometric method transfer: Recommendations for best practice. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2020; 100:52-62. [PMID: 33207038 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
As with many aspects of the validation and monitoring of flow cytometric methods, the method transfer processes and acceptance criteria described for other technologies are not fully applicable. This is due to the complexity of the highly configurable instrumentation, the complexity of cellular measurands, the lack of qualified reference materials for most assays, and limited specimen stability. There are multiple reasons for initiating a method transfer, multiple regulatory settings, and multiple context of use. All of these factors influence the specific requirements for the method transfer. This recommendation paper describes the considerations and best practices for the transfer of flow cytometric methods and provides individual case studies as examples. In addition, the manuscript emphasizes the importance of appropriately conducting a method transfer on data reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Cabanski
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Teri Oldaker
- Oldaker Consulting (LLC), San Clemente, California, USA
| | | | | | - Steve Eck
- AstraZeneca, Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Cherie Green
- Department of Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., A Member of Roche Group, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Alessandra Vitaliti
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Illingworth A, Johansson U, Huang S, Horna P, Wang SA, Almeida J, Wolniak KL, Psarra K, Torres R, Craig FE. International guidelines for the flow cytometric evaluation of peripheral blood for suspected Sézary syndrome or mycosis fungoides: Assay development/optimization, validation, and ongoing quality monitors. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2020; 100:156-182. [PMID: 33112044 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introducing a sensitive and specific peripheral blood flow cytometric assay for Sézary syndrome and mycosis fungoides (SS/MF) requires careful selection of assay design characteristics, and translation into a laboratory developed assay through development/optimization, validation, and continual quality monitoring. As outlined in a previous article in this series, the recommended design characteristics of this assay include at a minimum, evaluation of CD7, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD26, and CD45, analyzed simultaneously, requiring at least a 6 color flow cytometry system, with both quantitative and qualitative components. This article provides guidance from an international group of cytometry specialists in implementing an assay to those design specifications, outlining specific considerations, and best practices. Key points presented in detail are: (a) Pre-analytic components (reagents, specimen processing, and acquisition) must be optimized to: (i) identify and characterize an abnormal population of T-cells (qualitative component) and (ii) quantitate the abnormal population (semi/quasi-quantitative component). (b)Analytic components (instrument set-up/acquisition/analysis strategy and interpretation) must be optimized for the identification of SS/MF populations, which can vary widely in phenotype. Comparison with expert laboratories is strongly encouraged in order to establish competency. (c) Assay performance must be validated and documented through a validation plan and report, which covers both qualitative and semi/quasi-quantitative assay components (example template provided). (d) Ongoing assay-specific quality monitoring should be performed to ensure consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Illingworth
- Flow Cytometry Division, Dahl-Chase Diagnostic Services, Bangor, Maine, USA
| | - Ulrika Johansson
- SI-HMDS, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Pedro Horna
- Division of Hematopathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sa A Wang
- Department of Hematopathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Julia Almeida
- Cancer Research Center (IBMCC-CSIC/USAL-IBSAL); Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS) and Department of Medicine, IBSAL and CIBERONC, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Kristy L Wolniak
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Katherina Psarra
- Department of Immunology - Histocompatibility, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Richard Torres
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Fiona E Craig
- Division of Hematopathology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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15
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Sommer U, Eck S, Marszalek L, Stewart JJ, Bradford J, McCloskey TW, Green C, Vitaliti A, Oldaker T, Litwin V. High-sensitivity flow cytometric assays: Considerations for design control and analytical validation for identification of Rare events. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2020; 100:42-51. [PMID: 32940947 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The current consensus recommendation papers dealing with the unique requirements for the analytical validation of assays performed by flow cytometry address the validation of sensitivity (both analytical and functional) only in general terms. In this paper, a detailed approach for designing and validating the sensitivity of rare event methods is described. The impact of panel design and optimization on the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) and suggestions for reporting data near, or below, the LLOQ are addressed. This paper serves to provide best practices for the development, optimization, and analytical validation of flow cytometric assays designed to assess rare events. Note that this paper does not discuss clinical sensitivity validation, which addresses the positive and negative predictive value of the test result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Sommer
- Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven Eck
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Cherie Green
- A Member of Roche Group, Development Sciences Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alessandra Vitaliti
- Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Teri Oldaker
- Oldaker Consulting, San Clemente, California, USA
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16
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Czechowska K, Lannigan J, Wang L, Arcidiacono J, Ashhurst TM, Barnard RM, Bauer S, Bispo C, Bonilla DL, Brinkman RR, Cabanski M, Chang HD, Chakrabarti L, Chojnowski G, Cotleur B, Degheidy H, Dela Cruz GV, Eck S, Elliott J, Errington R, Filby A, Gagnon D, Gardner R, Green C, Gregory M, Groves CJ, Hall C, Hammes F, Hedrick M, Hoffman R, Icha J, Ivaska J, Jenner DC, Jones D, Kerckhof FM, Kukat C, Lanham D, Leavesley S, Lee M, Lin-Gibson S, Litwin V, Liu Y, Molloy J, Moore JS, Müller S, Nedbal J, Niesner R, Nitta N, Ohlsson-Wilhelm B, Paul NE, Perfetto S, Portat Z, Props R, Radtke S, Rayanki R, Rieger A, Rogers S, Rubbens P, Salomon R, Schiemann M, Sharpe J, Sonder SU, Stewart JJ, Sun Y, Ulrich H, Van Isterdael G, Vitaliti A, van Vreden C, Weber M, Zimmermann J, Vacca G, Wallace P, Tárnok A. Cyt-Geist: Current and Future Challenges in Cytometry: Reports of the CYTO 2018 Conference Workshops. Cytometry A 2020; 95:598-644. [PMID: 31207046 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanne Lannigan
- Flow Cytometry Core, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, 1300 Jefferson Park Ave., Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Lili Wang
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8312, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Judith Arcidiacono
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Thomas M Ashhurst
- Sydney Cytometry Facility, Discipline of Pathology, and Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruth M Barnard
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Steven Bauer
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Cláudia Bispo
- UCSF Parnassus Flow Cytometry Core Facility, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, California
| | - Diana L Bonilla
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ryan R Brinkman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Maciej Cabanski
- Novartis Pharma AG, Fabrikstrasse 10-4.27.02, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hyun-Dong Chang
- Schwiete-Laboratory Microbiota and Inflammation, German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lina Chakrabarti
- Research and Development, MedImmune, an AstraZeneca Company, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Grace Chojnowski
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | | | - Heba Degheidy
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Gelo V Dela Cruz
- Flow Cytometry Platform, Novo Nordisk Center for Stem Cell Biology - Danstem, University of Copenhagen, 3B Blegdamsvej, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven Eck
- Research and Development, MedImmune, an AstraZeneca Company, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - John Elliott
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8312, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | - Andy Filby
- Newcastle University, Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 7RU, UK
| | | | - Rui Gardner
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Flow Cytometry Core, New York, New York
| | | | - Michael Gregory
- Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Christopher J Groves
- Research and Development, MedImmune, an AstraZeneca Company, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | - Frederik Hammes
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jaroslav Icha
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Dominic C Jenner
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical Biological and Radiological Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
| | | | - Frederiek-Maarten Kerckhof
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian Kukat
- FACS & Imaging Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931, Köln, Germany
| | | | | | - Michael Lee
- The University California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, California
| | - Sheng Lin-Gibson
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8312, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Virginia Litwin
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Flow Cytometry Core, New York, New York
| | | | - Jenny Molloy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | | | - Susann Müller
- Working Group Flow Cytometry, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jakub Nedbal
- Marylou Ingram ISAC Scholar, King's College London, UK
| | - Raluca Niesner
- Marylou Ingram ISAC Scholar, German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nao Nitta
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo
| | - Betsy Ohlsson-Wilhelm
- SciGro, North Central Office, Foster Plaza 5, Suite 300/PMB 20, 651 Holiday Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicole E Paul
- LMA CyTOF Core, Dana-Faber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen Perfetto
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ziv Portat
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Life Sciences Core Facilities, Flow Cytometry Unit, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ruben Props
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefan Radtke
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, Washington
| | - Radhika Rayanki
- Research and Development, MedImmune, an AstraZeneca Company, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Aja Rieger
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Flow Cytometry Facility, Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, 6-020C Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, Canada
| | - Samson Rogers
- TTP plc, Melbourn Science Park, Melbourn, Hertfordshire SG8 6EE, UK
| | - Peter Rubbens
- KERMIT, Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robert Salomon
- Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthias Schiemann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - John Sharpe
- Cytonome/ST LLC, 9 Oak Park Drive, Bedford, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jennifer J Stewart
- Flow Contract Site Laboratory, LLC 18323, Bothell, Everett Highway, Suite 110, Bothell, Washington
| | | | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gert Van Isterdael
- VIB Flow Core, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Caryn van Vreden
- Sydney Cytometry Facility and Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Michael Weber
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jacob Zimmermann
- Mucosal Immunology and Host-Microbial Mutualism laboratories, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Paul Wallace
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York
| | - Attila Tárnok
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department Therapy Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Mfarrej B, Gaude J, Couquiaud J, Calmels B, Chabannon C, Lemarie C. Validation of a flow cytometry-based method to quantify viable lymphocyte subtypes in fresh and cryopreserved hematopoietic cellular products. Cytotherapy 2020; 23:77-87. [PMID: 32718876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Adoptive cellular therapy with immune effector cells (IECs) has shown promising efficacy against some neoplastic diseases as well as potential in immune regulation. Both inherent variability in starting material and variations in cell composition produced by the manufacturing process must be thoroughly evaluated with a validated method established to quantify viable lymphocyte subtypes. Currently, commercialized immunophenotyping methods determine cell viability with significant errors in thawed products since they do not include any viability staining. We hereby report on the validation of a flow cytometry-based method for quantifying viable lymphocyte immunophenotypes in fresh and cryopreserved hematopoietic cellular products. METHODS Using fresh or frozen cellular products and stabilized blood, we report on the validation parameters accuracy, uncertainty, precision, sensitivity, robustness and contamination between samples for quantification of viable CD3+, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD3-CD56+CD16+/- NK cells, CD19+ B cells and CD14+ monocytes of relevance to fresh and cryopreserved hematopoietic cellular products using the Cytomics FC500 cytometer (Beckman Coulter). RESULTS The acceptance criteria set in the validation plan were all met. The method is able to accommodate the variability in absolute numbers of cells in starting materials collected or cryopreserved from patients or healthy donors (uncertainty of ≤20% at three different concentrations), stability over time (compliance over 3 years during regular inter-laboratory comparisons) and confidence in meaningful changes during cell processing and manufacturing (intra-assay and intermediate precision of 10% coefficient of variation). Furthermore, the method can accurately report on the efficacy of cell depletion since the lower limit of quantification was established (CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells at 9, 8 and 8 cells/µL, respectively). The method complies with Foundation for the Accreditation of Cellular Therapy (FACT) standards for IEC, FACT-Joint Accreditation Committee of ISCT-EBMT (JACIE) hematopoietic cell therapy standards, International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use Q2(R1) and International Organization for Standardization 15189 standards. Furthermore, it complies with Ligand Binding Assay Bioanalytical Focus Group/American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists, International Council for Standardization of Hematology/International Clinical Cytometry Society and European Bioanalysis Forum recommendations for validating such methods. CONCLUSIONS The implications of this effort include standardization of viable cell immunophenotyping of starting material for cell manufacturing, cell selection and in-process quality controls or dosing of IECs. This method also complies with all relevant standards, particularly FACT-JACIE standards, in terms of enumerating and reporting on the viability of the "clinically relevant cell populations."
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Affiliation(s)
- Bechara Mfarrej
- Centre de Thérapie Cellulaire, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France.
| | - Julie Gaude
- Centre de Thérapie Cellulaire, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Jerome Couquiaud
- Centre de Thérapie Cellulaire, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Boris Calmels
- Centre de Thérapie Cellulaire, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | | | - Claude Lemarie
- Centre de Thérapie Cellulaire, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
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18
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2019 White Paper on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis: FDA Immunogenicity Guidance, Gene Therapy, Critical Reagents, Biomarkers and Flow Cytometry Validation (Part 3 - Recommendations on 2019 FDA Immunogenicity Guidance, Gene Therapy Bioanalytical Challenges, Strategies for Critical Reagent Management, Biomarker Assay Validation, Flow Cytometry Validation & CLSI H62). Bioanalysis 2019; 11:2207-2244. [PMID: 31820675 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2019 13th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (WRIB) took place in New Orleans, LA, USA on April 1-5, 2019 with an attendance of over 1000 representatives from pharmaceutical/biopharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, contract research organizations and regulatory agencies worldwide. WRIB was once again a 5-day, week-long event - a full immersion week of bioanalysis, biomarkers, immunogenicity and gene therapy. As usual, it was specifically designed to facilitate sharing, reviewing, discussing and agreeing on approaches to address the most current issues of interest including both small- and large-molecule bioanalysis involving LCMS, hybrid LBA/LCMS, LBA cell-based/flow cytometry assays and qPCR approaches. This 2019 White Paper encompasses recommendations emerging from the extensive discussions held during the workshop and is aimed to provide the bioanalytical community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to enable advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2019 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons. This publication (Part 3) covers New Insights in Biomarker Assay Validation, Current & Effective Strategies for Critical Reagent Management, Flow Cytometry Validation in Drug Discovery & Development & CLSI H62, Interpretation of the 2019 FDA Immunogenicity Guidance and Gene Therapy Bioanalytical Challenges. Part 1 (Innovation in Small Molecules and Oligonucleotides & Mass Spectrometry Method Development Strategies for Large Molecule Bioanalysis) and Part 2 (Recommendations on the 2018 FDA BMV Guidance, 2019 ICH M10 BMV Draft Guideline and regulatory agencies' input on bioanalysis, biomarkers, immunogenicity and gene therapy) are published in volume 11 of Bioanalysis, issues 22 and 23 (2019), respectively.
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19
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Oldaker T, Whitby L, Saber M, Holden J, Wallace PK, Litwin V. ICCS/ESCCA consensus guidelines to detect GPI-deficient cells in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and related disorders part 4 - assay validation and quality assurance. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2019; 94:67-81. [PMID: 29251828 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past six years, a diverse group of stakeholders have put forth recommendations regarding the analytical validation of flow cytometric methods and described in detail the differences between cell-based and traditional soluble analyte assay validations. This manuscript is based on these general recommendations as well as the published experience of experts in the area of PNH testing. The goal is to provide practical assay-specific guidelines for the validation of high-sensitivity flow cytometric PNH assays. Examples of the reports and validation data described herein are provided in Supporting Information. © 2017 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teri Oldaker
- Department of Flow Cytometry, Oldaker Teri-Genoptix Medical Laboratory, Carlsbad, California
| | - Liam Whitby
- Department of Haematology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Liam Whitby-UK NEQAS for Leucocyte Immunophenotyping, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - Maryam Saber
- Department of Flow Cytometry, Maryam Saber-Genoptix Medical Laboratory, Carlsbad, California
| | | | - Paul K Wallace
- Department of Flow and Image Cytometry, Wallace Paul K-Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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20
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Ampasavate C, Jutapakdee W, Phongpradist R, Tima S, Tantiworawit A, Charoenkwan P, Chinwong D, Anuchapreeda S. FLT3, a prognostic biomarker for acute myeloid leukemia (AML): Quantitative monitoring with a simple anti-FLT3 interaction and flow cytometric method. J Clin Lab Anal 2019; 33:e22859. [PMID: 30737839 PMCID: PMC6528579 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overexpression of fms‐like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) protein in leukemia is highly related to poor prognosis and reduced survival rate in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. Simple but efficient quantification of FLT3 protein levels on the leukemic cell surface using flow cytometry had been developed for rapid determination of FLT3 on intact cell surface. Methods Quantitation protocol for FLT3 biomarker in clinical samples was developed and validated. Cell model selection for calibration curve construction was identified and evaluated. Selected antibody concentrations, cell density, and incubation time were evaluated for most appropriate conditions. Comparison of the developed FLT3 determination protocol with the conventional Western blot analysis was performed. Results EoL‐1 cell line was selected for using as positive control cells. Calibration curve (20%‐120% of FLT3 positive cells) and quality control (QC) levels were constructed and evaluated. The results demonstrated good linearity (r2 > 0.99). The intra‐ and inter‐day precision and accuracy, expressed as the coefficient of variation (%CV) and % recovery, were <20% and fell in 80%‐120% in all cases. When compared with Western blotting results, FLT3 protein expression levels in leukemia patient's bone marrow samples were demonstrated in the same trend. Conclusions The effective, reliable, rapid, and economical analytical technique using the developed flow cytometric method was demonstrated for FLT3 protein determination on leukemic cell surface. This method provided a practical analysis of FLT‐3 biomarker levels which is valuable for physician decision in acute leukemia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadarat Ampasavate
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center for Research and Development of Natural Products for Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Wasimon Jutapakdee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Rungsinee Phongpradist
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Singkome Tima
- Division of Clinical Microscopy, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Adisak Tantiworawit
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pimlak Charoenkwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Dujrudee Chinwong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Songyot Anuchapreeda
- Center for Research and Development of Natural Products for Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Division of Clinical Microscopy, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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21
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Campbell JD, Fraser AR. Flow cytometric assays for identity, safety and potency of cellular therapies. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2018; 94:569-579. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Effects of strain, sex and age on immunophenotyping parameters in the rat and mouse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-018-2713-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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23
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The Geek Perspective: Answering the Call for Advanced Technology in Research Inquiry Related to Pediatric Brain Injury and Motor Disability. Pediatr Phys Ther 2017; 29:356-359. [PMID: 28953183 DOI: 10.1097/pep.0000000000000447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Academy of Pediatric Physical Therapy Research Summit IV issued a Call to Action for community-wide intensification of a research enterprise in inquiries related to pediatric brain injury and motor disability by way of technological integration. But the barriers can seem high, and the pathways to integrative clinical research can seem poorly marked. Here, we answer the Call by providing framework to 3 objectives: (1) instrumentation, (2) biometrics and study design, and (3) data analytics. We identify emergent cases where this Call has been answered and advocate for others to echo the Call both in highly visible physical therapy venues and in forums where the audience is diverse.
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Best practices in performing flow cytometry in a regulated environment: feedback from experience within the European Bioanalysis Forum. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:1253-1264. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry is a powerful tool that can be used for the support of (pre)clinical studies. Although various white papers are available that describe the set-up and validation of the instrumentation (the flow cytometer) and validation of flow cytometry methods, to date no guidelines exist that address the requirements for performing flow cytometry in a regulated environment. In this manuscript, the European Bioanalysis Forum presents additional practice guidance on the use of flow cytometry in the support of drug development programs and addresses areas that are not covered in the previous publications. The concepts presented here are based on the consensus of discussions in the European Bioanalysis Forum Topic Team 32, in meetings in Barcelona, Limelette and multiple telephone conferences.
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Mizrahi O, Ish Shalom E, Baniyash M, Klieger Y. Quantitative Flow Cytometry: Concerns and Recommendations in Clinic and Research. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2017; 94:211-218. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michal Baniyash
- ImProDia LTD; Herzliya Pituah 46723 Israel
- Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology; Israel-Canada Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University; Jerusalem 91120 Israel
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26
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2016 White Paper on recent issues in bioanalysis: focus on biomarker assay validation (BAV): (Part 3 – LBA, biomarkers and immunogenicity). Bioanalysis 2016; 8:2475-2496. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-4989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2016 10th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (10th WRIB) took place in Orlando, Florida with participation of close to 700 professionals from pharmaceutical/biopharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, contract research organizations, and regulatory agencies worldwide. WRIB was once again a weeklong event – A Full Immersion Week of Bioanalysis for PK, Biomarkers and Immunogenicity. As usual, it is specifically designed to facilitate sharing, reviewing, discussing and agreeing on approaches to address the most current issues of interest including both small and large molecules involving LCMS, hybrid LBA/LCMS, and LBA approaches, with the focus on PK, biomarkers and immunogenicity. This 2016 White Paper encompasses recommendations emerging from the extensive discussions held during the workshop, and is aimed to provide the bioanalytical community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to enable advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. This White Paper is published in 3 parts due to length. This part (Part 3) discusses the recommendations for large molecule bioanalysis using LBA, biomarkers and immunogenicity. Parts 1 (small molecule bioanalysis using LCMS) and Part 2 (Hybrid LBA/LCMS and regulatory inputs from major global health authorities) have been published in the Bioanalysis journal, issues 22 and 23, respectively.
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Best practice recommendations for the transfer of cell-based assays for the measurement of neutralizing anti-drug antibodies. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1845-57. [PMID: 27523191 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-4998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We recommend the application of a strategically designed step-wise approach to transfer cell-based assays that includes assessing analytical performance (through a fit for purpose validation and/or design of experiment robustness characterization), clinical performance (i.e., concordance) and performance or proficiency testing for long-term method monitoring. Here we focus on the application of this strategy to cell-based assays for the measurement of neutralizing anti-drug antibodies. This application is unique in that it requires a custom cell-based assay to be used over a long period of time (potentially phase 1a through the life of a marketed product) with the confidence of consistent method performance and result reporting. But, the process is adaptable to a variety of assay types and applications. We present lessons learned from two cell-based assay transfers that met relevant challenges while implementing alternative permutations of the recommended method transfer process.
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Green CL, Stewart JJ, Högerkorp CM, Lackey A, Jones N, Liang M, Xu Y, Ferbas J, Moulard M, Czechowska K, Mc Closkey TW, van der Strate BW, Wilkins DE, Lanham D, Wyant T, Litwin V. Recommendations for the development and validation of flow cytometry-based receptor occupancy assays. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2016; 90:141-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cherie L. Green
- Amgen, Inc; 1 Amgen Center Drive, Mailstop 30E-3-C Thousand Oaks California 91320
| | - Jennifer J. Stewart
- Flow Contract Site Laboratory, LLC; 13029 NE 126th PL, Unit A229 Kirkland Washington 98034
| | | | - Alan Lackey
- Laboratory Corporation of America® Holdings; LabCorp Clinical Trials; 201 Summit View Dr, Suite 200 Brentwood Tennessee 37027
| | - Nicholas Jones
- Laboratory Corporation of America® Holdings; LabCorp Clinical Trials; 201 Summit View Dr, Suite 200 Brentwood Tennessee 37027
| | - Meina Liang
- Medimmune, LLC; 319 North Bernardo Avenue Mountain View California 94043
| | - Yuanxin Xu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals; Bioanalytical Sciences; 300 Third Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02142
| | - John Ferbas
- Amgen, Inc; 1 Amgen Center Drive, Mailstop 30E-3-C Thousand Oaks California 91320
| | - Maxime Moulard
- BioCytex; 140 Chemin De L'armée D'afrique Marseille 13010 France
| | | | | | | | - Danice E.C. Wilkins
- Charles River Laboratories International, Inc; 6995 Longley Lane Reno Nevada 89511
| | - David Lanham
- Eurofins Pharma Bioanalysis Services UK Limited; 91 Park Drive Milton Park Abingdon OX14 4RY United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Wyant
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals; 35 Landsdown St Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
| | - Virginia Litwin
- Covance Central Laboratory Services; 8211 SciCor Dr Indianapolis Indiana 46214
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Koguchi Y, Gonzalez IL, Meeuwsen TL, Miller WL, Haley DP, Tanibata-Branham AN, Bahjat KS. A Semi-automated Approach to Preparing Antibody Cocktails for Immunophenotypic Analysis of Human Peripheral Blood. J Vis Exp 2016:e53485. [PMID: 26890325 PMCID: PMC4781742 DOI: 10.3791/53485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood by flow cytometry determines changes in the frequency and activation status of peripheral leukocytes during disease and treatment. It has the potential to predict therapeutic efficacy and identify novel therapeutic targets. Whole blood staining utilizes unmanipulated blood, which minimizes artifacts that can occur during sample preparation. However, whole blood staining must also be done on freshly collected blood to ensure the integrity of the sample. Additionally, it is best to prepare antibody cocktails on the same day to avoid potential instability of tandem-dyes and prevent reagent interaction between brilliant violet dyes. Therefore, whole blood staining requires careful standardization to control for intra and inter-experimental variability. Here, we report deployment of an automated liquid handler equipped with a two-dimensional (2D) barcode reader into a standard process of making antibody cocktails for flow cytometry. Antibodies were transferred into 2D barcoded tubes arranged in a 96 well format and their contents compiled in a database. The liquid handler could then locate the source antibody vials by referencing antibody names within the database. Our method eliminated tedious coordination for positioning of source antibody tubes. It provided versatility allowing the user to easily change any number of details in the antibody dispensing process such as specific antibody to use, volume, and destination by modifying the database without rewriting the scripting in the software method for each assay. A proof of concept experiment achieved outstanding inter and intra- assay precision, demonstrated by replicate preparation of an 11-color, 17-antibody flow cytometry assay. These methodologies increased overall throughput for flow cytometry assays and facilitated daily preparation of the complex antibody cocktails required for the detailed phenotypic characterization of freshly collected anticoagulated peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Koguchi
- Human Immune Monitoring Laboratory, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center;
| | - Iliana L Gonzalez
- Human Immune Monitoring Laboratory, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center
| | - Tanisha L Meeuwsen
- Human Immune Monitoring Laboratory, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center
| | - William L Miller
- Human Immune Monitoring Laboratory, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center
| | - Daniel P Haley
- Human Immune Monitoring Laboratory, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center; Sony Biotechnology
| | | | - Keith S Bahjat
- Human Immune Monitoring Laboratory, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center; Bristol-Myers Squibb;
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Schwickart M, Chavez C, Henderson S, Vainshtein I, Standifer N, DelNagro C, Mehrzai F, Schneider A, Roskos L, Liang M. Evaluation of assay interference and interpretation of CXCR4 receptor occupancy results in a preclinical study with MEDI3185, a fully human antibody to CXCR4. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2015; 90:209-19. [PMID: 26384735 PMCID: PMC5064743 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Receptor occupancy (RO) assays provide a means to measure the direct interaction of therapeutics with their cell surface targets. Free receptor assays quantify cell‐surface receptors not bound by a therapeutic while total receptor assays quantify the amount of target on the cell surface. Methods We developed both a flow cytometry‐based free RO assay to detect free surface CXCR4, and a total surface CXCR4 assay. In an effort to evaluate potential displacement interference, we performed in vitro experiments to compare on‐cell affinity with the IC50 values from in vitro and in vivo from the free CXCR4 assay. We determined free and total surface CXCR4 on circulating blood cells in cynomolgus monkeys dosed with MEDI3185, a fully human monoclonal antibody to CXCR4. Results We devised an approach to evaluate displacement interference during assay development and showed that our free assay demonstrated little to no displacement interference. After dosing cynomolgus monkeys with MEDI3185, we observed dose‐dependence in the magnitude and duration of receptor occupancy and found CXCR4 to increase on lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes. In a multiple dose study, we observed time points where surface CXCR4 appeared fully occupied but MEDI3185 was not detectable in serum. These paradoxical results represented a type of assay interference, and by comparing pharmacokinetic, ADA and total CXCR4 results, the most likely reason for the free CXCR4 results was the emergence of neutralizing anti‐drug antibodies (ADA). The total CXCR4 assay was unaffected by ADA and provided a reliable marker of target modulation in both in vivo studies. © 2015 The Authors Cytometry Part B: Clinical Cytometry Published byWiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schwickart
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, Medimmune, LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
| | - Carlos Chavez
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, Medimmune, LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
| | - Simon Henderson
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, Medimmune, LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
| | - Inna Vainshtein
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, Medimmune, LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
| | - Nathan Standifer
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, Medimmune, LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
| | | | - Freshta Mehrzai
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, Medimmune, LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
| | - Amy Schneider
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, Medimmune, LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
| | - Lorin Roskos
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, Medimmune, LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
| | - Meina Liang
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, Medimmune, LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
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31
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Moulard M, Ozoux ML. How validated receptor occupancy flow cytometry assays can impact decisions and support drug development. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2015; 90:150-8. [PMID: 26332593 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Because of the pressure of significant attrition in drug development, demonstration of target engagement after drug administration enables dose and regimen optimization, patient selection, and stratification from the earliest stages of drug development. The determination of receptor occupancy (RO) can support these efforts. Flow cytometry is one of the preferred technologies to be used based on the important advances in the technology over the last years enabling the simultaneous determination on target cells, of multi intra or surface cell parameters with adequate precision in a regulated environment. Nevertheless, compared to other platforms using the same antigen-antibody binding concept, the flow cytometry approach has faced several challenges, not only due to the technology per se and the diversity of receptor occupancy approaches, but also related to the nature of the matrix where the determination is performed. To illustrate these points, three case studies (antibody-drug conjugate and naked antibody) are provided here to highlight the importance of the choice of the right antibody pair to measure both receptor density (RD) and occupancy by the drug on cancer cells in blood and in bone marrow and the possibility to circumvent the lack of a critical reagent with an innovative approach. In addition, the use of RO data to determine the minimum anticipated biological effect level (MABEL) with translational data from preclinical to human studies, selection of starting dose for the first in man study will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie-Laure Ozoux
- Sanofi-Aventis Recherche et Développement, DSAR, Head of Biomarkers and Biological Analyses, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
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32
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Pockley AG, Foulds GA, Oughton JA, Kerkvliet NI, Multhoff G. Immune Cell Phenotyping Using Flow Cytometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 66:18.8.1-18.8.34. [PMID: 26523471 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx1808s66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent immunophenotyping uses fluorescently-conjugated antibodies to identify, characterize and quantify distinct subpopulations of cells within heterogeneous single-cell populations, either in the context of tissue (using fluorescence and imaging microscopy) or in a single-cell suspension (using multiparameter imaging microscopy, imaging cytometry, and/or flow cytometry). Flow cytometry is an optical, laser-based technology which analyzes the physical and fluorescent properties of cells in suspension in real-time as they flow through the instrument. This approach has a number of advantages over other techniques that can be used for characterizing cell populations in single-cell suspensions, in that it can nonsubjectively interrogate up to millions of cells and acquire data on the presence of different cell subpopulations and phenotypical changes within these populations in seconds. This unit describes basic procedures for the direct and indirect immunofluorescent staining of surface and intracellular proteins that are expressed by lymphoid cells which have been isolated from tissues or blood. Protocols for the resolution of dead cells and for the fixation of cells are also included. This unit also provides essential information relating to the selection and titration of antibodies, fluorochrome choice, spectral overlap and compensation, the use of controls, and the standardization of data acquisition and analysis. It also highlights new technologies and platforms that can be used to interrogate the presence of cell subpopulations and their phenotype to an even greater depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Graham Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Center, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Chromocyte Limited, Electric Works, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma A Foulds
- John van Geest Cancer Research Center, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Julie A Oughton
- Emeritus, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Nancy I Kerkvliet
- Emeritus, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Group "Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology," Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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33
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Quadrini KJ, Hegelund AC, Cortes KE, Xue C, Kennelly SM, Ji H, Högerkorp CM, Mc Closkey TW. Validation of a flow cytometry-based assay to assess C5aR receptor occupancy on neutrophils and monocytes for use in drug development. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2015; 90:177-90. [PMID: 26084468 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The C5a/C5a receptor (C5aR) pathway, a key component in the proinflammatory immune response, is an attractive therapeutic target since its dysregulation is implicated in a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. The objective of the present study was to validate a receptor occupancy (RO) assay for a human anti-C5aR monoclonal antibody drug candidate, NNC0215-0384 (NN0384). This flow cytometry-based assay measures the percentage (%), median fluorescence intensity (MFI), and molecules of equivalent soluble fluorochrome (MESF) of NN0384 binding to its target cells, neutrophils and monocytes, in whole blood from normal healthy donors and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with clinically active disease. The validation parameters assessed included postcollection and postprocessing sample stability, intra- and interassay precision, an analyst-to-analyst comparison, a comparison of normal healthy donor and RA patient sample postcollection stability, and a laboratory-to-laboratory comparison and assay transfer. The cumulative results indicate that the assay was reproducible, met the clearly defined acceptance criteria for the validation parameters tested, and was transferable to another laboratory. In conclusion, this RO assay is suitable for use to accrue pharmacodynamic biomarker data in a multicenter, global clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Quadrini
- Research and Development Department, ICON Laboratory Services, Farmingdale, New York
| | | | - Kasia E Cortes
- Research and Development Department, ICON Laboratory Services, Farmingdale, New York
| | - Chengsen Xue
- Research and Development Department, ICON Laboratory Services, Farmingdale, New York
| | - Susan M Kennelly
- Cellular Immunology, ICON Laboratory Services, Leopardstown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hong Ji
- Department of PharmacoDynamics, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas W Mc Closkey
- Research and Development Department, ICON Laboratory Services, Farmingdale, New York
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Zeigler BM, Cameron M, Nelson K, Bailey K, Weiner ML, Mahadevan B, Thorsrud B. The development and validation of methods for evaluating the immune system in preweaning piglets. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84:197-207. [PMID: 26341191 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The preweaning piglet has been found to be a valuable research model for testing ingredients used in infant formula. As part of the safety assessment, the neonates' immune system is an important component that has to be evaluated. In this study three concurrent strategies were developed to assess immune system status. The methods included (1) immunophenotying to assess circulating innate immune cell populations, (2) monitoring of circulating cytokines, particularly in response to a positive control agent, and (3) monitoring of localized gastrointestinal tissue cytokines using immunohistochemistry (IHC), particularly in response to a positive control agent. All assays were validated using white papers and regulatory guidance within a GLP environment. To validate the assays precision, accuracy and sample stability were evaluated as needed using a fit for purpose approach. In addition animals were treated with proinflammtory substances to detect a positive versus negative signal. In conclusion, these three methods were confirmed to be robust assays to evaluate the immune system and GIT-specific immune responses of preweaning piglets.
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35
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Liang M, Schwickart M, Schneider AK, Vainshtein I, Del Nagro C, Standifer N, Roskos LK. Receptor occupancy assessment by flow cytometry as a pharmacodynamic biomarker in biopharmaceutical development. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2015; 90:117-27. [PMID: 26054054 PMCID: PMC5042057 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Receptor occupancy (RO) assays are designed to quantify the binding of therapeutics to their targets on the cell surface and are frequently used to generate pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarker data in nonclinical and clinical studies of biopharmaceuticals. When combined with the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile, RO data can establish PKPD relationships, which are crucial for informing dose decisions. RO is commonly measured by flow cytometry on fresh blood specimens and is subject to numerous technical and logistical challenges. To ensure that reliable and high quality results are generated from RO assays, careful assay design, key reagent characterization, data normalization/reporting, and thorough planning for implementation are of critical importance during development. In this article, the authors share their experiences and perspectives in these areas and discuss challenges and potential solutions when developing and implementing a flow cytometry‐based RO method in support of biopharmaceutical drug development. © 2015 The Authors Cytometry Part B: Clinical Cytometry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Liang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, Medimmune, LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
| | - Martin Schwickart
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, Medimmune, LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
| | - Amy K Schneider
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, Medimmune, LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
| | - Inna Vainshtein
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, Medimmune, LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
| | - Christopher Del Nagro
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, Medimmune, LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
| | - Nathan Standifer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, Medimmune, LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
| | - Lorin K Roskos
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, Medimmune, LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
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36
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Du L, Grover A, Ramanan S, Litwin V. The evolution of guidelines for the validation of flow cytometric methods. Int J Lab Hematol 2015; 37 Suppl 1:3-10. [DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Du
- Hematology; Covance; Singapore City Singapore
| | - A. Grover
- Hematology; Covance; Indianapolis IN USA
| | - S. Ramanan
- Hematology; Covance; Singapore City Singapore
| | - V. Litwin
- Hematology; Covance; Indianapolis IN USA
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37
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Implementation of highly sophisticated flow cytometry assays in multicenter clinical studies: considerations and guidance. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:1299-311. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry is increasingly becoming an important technology for biomarkers used in drug discovery and development. Within clinical development flow cytometry is used for the determination of PD biomarkers, disease or efficacy biomarkers or patient stratification biomarkers. Significant differences exist between flow cytometry methodology and other widely used technologies measuring soluble biomarkers including ligand binding and mass spectrometry. These differences include the very heavy reliance on aspects of sample processing techniques as well as sample stabilization to ensure viable samples. These differences also require exploration of new approaches and wider discussion regarding method validation requirements. This paper provides a review of the current challenges, solutions, regulatory environment and recommendations for the application of flow cytometry to measure biomarkers in clinical development.
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Brown L, Green CL, Jones N, Stewart JJ, Fraser S, Howell K, Xu Y, Hill CG, Wiwi CA, White WI, O'Brien PJ, Litwin V. Recommendations for the evaluation of specimen stability for flow cytometric testing during drug development. J Immunol Methods 2015; 418:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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39
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Zeigler BM, Boyle-Holmes Y, Falzone D, Farmer J. Validation of an eight parameter immunophenotyping panel in adult canines for assessment of immunotoxicity. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 154:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Glier H, Holada K. Blood storage affects the detection of cellular prion protein on peripheral blood leukocytes and circulating dendritic cells in part by promoting platelet satellitism. J Immunol Methods 2012; 380:65-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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