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Shi Y, Sun Y, Seki A, Rutz S, Koerber JT, Wang J. A real-time antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis assay by live cell imaging. J Immunol Methods 2024; 531:113715. [PMID: 38936465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2024.113715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) is a cellular process by which antibody-opsonized targets (pathogens or cells) activate the Fc receptors on the surface of phagocytes to induce phagocytosis, resulting in internalization and degradation of pathogens or target cells through phagosome acidification. Besides NK cells-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), tumor-infiltrated monocytes and macrophages can directly kill tumor cells in the presence of tumor antigen-specific antibodies through ADCP, representing another attractive strategy for cancer immunotherapy. Even though several methods have been developed to measure ADCP, an automated and high-throughput quantitative assay should offer highly desirable advantages for drug discovery. In this study we established a new ADCP assay to identify therapeutical monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that facilitate macrophages phagocytosis of live target cells. We used Incucyte, an imaging system for live cell analysis. By labeling the live target cells with a pH sensitive dye (pHrodo), we successfully monitored the ADCP in real time. We demonstrated that our image-based assay is robust and quantitative, suitable for screening and characterization of therapeutical mAbs that directly kill target cells through ADCP. Furthermore, we found different subtypes of macrophages have distinct ADCP activities using both mouse and human primary macrophages differentiated in vitro. By studying various mAbs with mutations in their Fc regions using our assay, we showed that the variants with increased binding to Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) have enhanced ADCP activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchang Shi
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yonglian Sun
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Akiko Seki
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sascha Rutz
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - James T Koerber
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jianyong Wang
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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2
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Xiao L, Zhang L, Guo C, Xin Q, Gu X, Jiang C, Wu J. "Find Me" and "Eat Me" signals: tools to drive phagocytic processes for modulating antitumor immunity. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2024; 44:791-832. [PMID: 38923737 PMCID: PMC11260773 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis, a vital defense mechanism, involves the recognition and elimination of foreign substances by cells. Phagocytes, such as neutrophils and macrophages, rapidly respond to invaders; macrophages are especially important in later stages of the immune response. They detect "find me" signals to locate apoptotic cells and migrate toward them. Apoptotic cells then send "eat me" signals that are recognized by phagocytes via specific receptors. "Find me" and "eat me" signals can be strategically harnessed to modulate antitumor immunity in support of cancer therapy. These signals, such as calreticulin and phosphatidylserine, mediate potent pro-phagocytic effects, thereby promoting the engulfment of dying cells or their remnants by macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells and inducing tumor cell death. This review summarizes the phagocytic "find me" and "eat me" signals, including their concepts, signaling mechanisms, involved ligands, and functions. Furthermore, we delineate the relationships between "find me" and "eat me" signaling molecules and tumors, especially the roles of these molecules in tumor initiation, progression, diagnosis, and patient prognosis. The interplay of these signals with tumor biology is elucidated, and specific approaches to modulate "find me" and "eat me" signals and enhance antitumor immunity are explored. Additionally, novel therapeutic strategies that combine "find me" and "eat me" signals to better bridge innate and adaptive immunity in the treatment of cancer patients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyNational Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Louqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyNational Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Ciliang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyNational Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Qilei Xin
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryJinanShandongP. R. China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyNational Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryJinanShandongP. R. China
| | - Chunping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyNational Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryJinanShandongP. R. China
| | - Junhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyNational Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryJinanShandongP. R. China
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3
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de Moraes FCA, Sano VKT, Lôbo ADOM, Kelly FA, Morbach V, Pasqualotto E, Burbano RMR. Efficacy and Safety of Anti-CD38 Monoclonal Antibodies in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. J Pers Med 2024; 14:360. [PMID: 38672988 PMCID: PMC11051236 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14040360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The benefit of associating anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies to proteasome inhibitor (PI)/immunomodulatory agent (IA) and dexamethasone in the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MM) remains unclear. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for randomized controlled trials that investigated the addition of anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies to a therapy composed of PI/IA and dexamethasone versus PI/IA and dexamethasone alone for treating relapsed or refractory MM. Hazard ratios (HRs) or risk ratios (RRs) were computed for binary endpoints, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Six studies comprising 2191 patients were included. Anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody significantly improved progression-free survival (HR 0.52; 95% CI 0.43-0.61; p < 0.001) and overall survival (HR 0.72; 95% CI 0.63-0.83; p < 0.001). There was a significant increase in hematological adverse events, such as neutropenia (RR 1.41; 95% CI 1.26-1.58; p < 0.01) and thrombocytopenia (RR 1.14; 95% CI 1.02-1.27; p = 0.02), in the group treated with anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody. Also, there was a significant increase in non-hematological adverse events, such as dyspnea (RR 1.72; 95% CI 1.38-2.13; p < 0.01) and pneumonia (RR 1.34; 95% CI 1.13-1.59; p < 0.01), in the group treated with anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody. In conclusion, the incorporation of an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody demonstrated a promising prospect for reshaping the established MM treatment paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Victória Morbach
- Department of Medicine, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo 93510-235, Brazil;
| | - Eric Pasqualotto
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, Brazil;
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4
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Loaiza RA, Ramírez RA, Sepúlveda-Alfaro J, Ramírez MA, Andrade CA, Soto JA, González PA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. A molecular perspective for the development of antibodies against the human respiratory syncytial virus. Antiviral Res 2024; 222:105783. [PMID: 38145755 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading etiologic agent causing respiratory infections in infants, children, older adults, and patients with comorbidities. Sixty-seven years have passed since the discovery of hRSV, and only a few successful mitigation or treatment tools have been developed against this virus. One of these is immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies against structural proteins of the virus, such as Palivizumab, the first prophylactic approach approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the USA. In this article, we discuss different strategies for the prevention and treatment of hRSV infection, focusing on the molecular mechanisms against each target that underly the rational design of antibodies against hRSV. At the same time, we describe the latest results regarding currently approved therapies against hRSV and the challenges associated with developing new candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Loaiza
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Robinson A Ramírez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Javiera Sepúlveda-Alfaro
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Mario A Ramírez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Catalina A Andrade
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Jorge A Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile.
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5
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Besla R, Penuel E, Del Rosario G, Cosino E, Myrta S, Dillon M, Lazar GA, Nickles D, Spiess C, Yu SF, Polson AG. T cell-Dependent Bispecific Therapy Enhances Innate Immune Activation and Antibody-Mediated Killing. Cancer Immunol Res 2024; 12:60-71. [PMID: 37902604 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
T cell-retargeting therapies have transformed the therapeutic landscape for hematologic diseases. T cell-dependent bispecific antibodies (TDB) function as conditional agonists that induce a polyclonal T-cell response, resulting in target cell destruction and cytokine release. The relationship between this response and its effects on surrounding innate immune populations has not been fully explored. Here we show that treatment with mosunetuzumab in patients results in natural killer (NK) cell activation in the peripheral blood. We modeled this phenomenon in vitro and found that TDB-mediated killing activated NK cells, increasing NK function and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and enhanced the capability of macrophages to perform antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). This enhancement was triggered by cytokines released through TDB treatment, with IL2 and IFNγ being major drivers for increased ADCC and ADCP, respectively. Surprisingly, cytolytic ability could be further augmented through neutralization of IL10 for NK cells and TNFα for macrophages. Finally, we showed that TDB treatment enhanced the efficacy of Fc-driven killing to an orthogonal solid tumor target in vivo. These results provide rationale for novel antibody therapy combinations that take advantage of both adaptive and innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickvinder Besla
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Elicia Penuel
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Geoff Del Rosario
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Ely Cosino
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Mike Dillon
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Greg A Lazar
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Dorothee Nickles
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Christoph Spiess
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew G Polson
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
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6
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Díaz de león JSA, Aguilar I, Barb AW. Macrophage N-glycan processing inhibits antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis. Glycobiology 2023; 33:1182-1192. [PMID: 37792857 PMCID: PMC10876040 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Factors regulating macrophage effector function represent potential targets to optimize the efficacy of antibody-mediated therapies. Macrophages are myeloid cells capable of engulfing and destroying diseased or damaged target cells. Antibodies binding to the target cell surface can engage macrophage Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) to elicit antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), a process that contributes to treatments mediated by anti-tumor antibodies. Conversely, macrophage ADCP of apoptotic T cells is also linked to tolerance in the tumor environment. Here we evaluated the role of asparagine(N)-linked glycans in the function of macrophages derived from primary human monocytes. Macrophages treated with kifunensine, an inhibitor of N-glycan processing, exhibited greater target binding and ADCP of antibody-coated target cells. Kifunensine treatment increased ADCP of both rituximab-coated Raji B cells and trastuzumab-coated SKBR3 cells. ADCP required FcγRs; inhibiting CD64 / FcγRI led to the greatest reduction, followed by CD32 / FcγRII and then CD16 / FcγRIII in most donors. Kifunensine treatment also increased the antibody-binding affinity of CD16. Differences in the abundance of phosphorylated immune receptors, including Siglec-9, CD32a, and LAIR-1 correlated with the increased ADCP. These results demonstrate that N-glycan processing regulates macrophage effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús S Aguilar Díaz de león
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 120 E. Green St, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Isaac Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 120 E. Green St, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Adam W Barb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 120 E. Green St, Athens, GA 30602, United States
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 120 E. Green St, Athens, GA 30602, United States
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7
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Rodríguez-Nava C, Ortuño-Pineda C, Illades-Aguiar B, Flores-Alfaro E, Leyva-Vázquez MA, Parra-Rojas I, Del Moral-Hernández O, Vences-Velázquez A, Cortés-Sarabia K, Alarcón-Romero LDC. Mechanisms of Action and Limitations of Monoclonal Antibodies and Single Chain Fragment Variable (scFv) in the Treatment of Cancer. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1610. [PMID: 37371712 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are among the most effective tools for detecting tumor-associated antigens. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved more than 36 therapeutic antibodies for developing novel alternative therapies that have significant success rates in fighting cancer. However, some functional limitations have been described, such as their access to solid tumors and low interaction with the immune system. Single-chain variable fragments (scFv) are versatile and easy to produce, and being an attractive tool for use in immunotherapy models. The small size of scFv can be advantageous for treatment due to its short half-life and other characteristics related to the structural and functional aspects of the antibodies. Therefore, the main objective of this review was to describe the current situation regarding the mechanisms of action, applications, and limitations of monoclonal antibodies and scFv in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Rodríguez-Nava
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Citopatología e Histoquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Carlos Ortuño-Pineda
- Laboratorio de Proteínas y Ácidos Nucleicos, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Berenice Illades-Aguiar
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Eugenia Flores-Alfaro
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica y Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Leyva-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Isela Parra-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Diabetes, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | | | - Amalia Vences-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Karen Cortés-Sarabia
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Luz Del Carmen Alarcón-Romero
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Citopatología e Histoquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
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8
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Shivatare VS, Chuang PK, Tseng TH, Zeng YF, Huang HW, Veeranjaneyulu G, Wu HC, Wong CH. Study on antibody Fc-glycosylation for optimal effector functions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:5555-5558. [PMID: 37071468 PMCID: PMC10259620 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00672g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive structure-activity relationship study on antibody Fc-glycosylation has been performed using the chimeric anti-SSEA4 antibody chMC813-70 as a model. The α-2,6 sialylated biantennary complex type glycan was identified as the optimal Fc-glycan with significant enhancement in antibody effector functions, including binding to different Fc receptors and ADCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | - Po-Kai Chuang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | - Tzu-Hao Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | - Yi-Fang Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | - Han-Wen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | - Gannedi Veeranjaneyulu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | - Han-Chung Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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9
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Arman I, Haus-Cohen M, Reiter Y. The Intracellular Proteome as a Source for Novel Targets in CAR-T and T-Cell Engagers-Based Immunotherapy. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010027. [PMID: 36611821 PMCID: PMC9818436 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The impressive clinical success of cancer immunotherapy has motivated the continued search for new targets that may serve to guide potent effector functions in an attempt to efficiently kill malignant cells. The intracellular proteome is an interesting source for such new targets, such as neo-antigens and others, with growing interest in their application for cell-based immunotherapies. These intracellular-derived targets are peptides presented by MHC class I molecules on the cell surface of malignant cells. These disease-specific class I HLA-peptide complexes can be targeted by specific TCRs or by antibodies that mimic TCR-specificity, termed TCR-like (TCRL) antibodies. Adoptive cell transfer of TCR engineered T cells and T-cell-receptor-like based CAR-T cells, targeted against a peptide-MHC of interest, are currently tested as cancer therapeutic agents in pre-clinical and clinical trials, along with soluble TCR- and TCRL-based agents, such as immunotoxins and bi-specific T cell engagers. Targeting the intracellular proteome using TCRL- and TCR-based molecules shows promising results in cancer immunotherapy, as exemplified by the success of the anti-gp100/HLA-A2 TCR-based T cell engager, recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic uveal melanoma. This review is focused on the selection and isolation processes of TCR- and TCRL-based targeting moieties, with a spotlight on pre-clinical and clinical studies, examining peptide-MHC targeting agents in cancer immunotherapy.
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10
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Beyond neutralization: Fc-dependent antibody effector functions in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Rev Immunol 2022:10.1038/s41577-022-00813-1. [PMID: 36536068 PMCID: PMC9761659 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00813-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies are known to have a crucial role in protecting against SARS-CoV-2 infection and have been suggested to be a useful correlate of protection for vaccine clinical trials and for population-level surveys. In addition to neutralizing virus directly, antibodies can also engage immune effectors through their Fc domains, including Fc receptor-expressing immune cells and complement. The outcome of these interactions depends on a range of factors, including antibody isotype-Fc receptor combinations, Fc receptor-bearing cell types and antibody post-translational modifications. A growing body of evidence has shown roles for these Fc-dependent antibody effector functions in determining the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, measuring these functions is more complicated than assays that measure antibody binding and virus neutralization. Here, we examine recent data illuminating the roles of Fc-dependent antibody effector functions in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and we discuss the implications of these data for the development of next-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapeutics.
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11
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CD47 blockade improves the therapeutic effect of osimertinib in non-small cell lung cancer. Front Med 2022; 17:105-118. [PMID: 36414917 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-022-0934-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor osimertinib (OSI) has been approved as the first-line treatment for EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study aims to explore a rational combination strategy for enhancing the OSI efficacy. In this study, OSI induced higher CD47 expression, an important anti-phagocytic immune checkpoint, via the NF-κB pathway in EGFR-mutant NSCLC HCC827 and NCI-H1975 cells. The combination treatment of OSI and the anti-CD47 antibody exhibited dramatically increasing phagocytosis in HCC827 and NCI-H1975 cells, which highly relied on the antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis effect. Consistently, the enhanced phagocytosis index from combination treatment was reversed in CD47 knockout HCC827 cells. Meanwhile, combining the anti-CD47 antibody significantly augmented the anticancer effect of OSI in HCC827 xenograft mice model. Notably, OSI induced the surface exposure of "eat me" signal calreticulin and reduced the expression of immune-inhibitory receptor PD-L1 in cancer cells, which might contribute to the increased phagocytosis on cancer cells pretreated with OSI. In summary, these findings suggest the multidimensional regulation by OSI and encourage the further exploration of combining anti-CD47 antibody with OSI as a new strategy to enhance the anticancer efficacy in EGFR-mutant NSCLC with CD47 activation induced by OSI.
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12
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Mishra NN, Sharma A, Shalini S, Sharma S, Jain P, Sharma RK, Chander H, Prasad J, Anvikar AR, Chand S. National Control Laboratory Assessment of Quality of Rituximab Biosimilars in India. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2022; 41:260-274. [DOI: 10.1089/mab.2021.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anu Sharma
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
| | - Swati Shalini
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
| | - Sonia Sharma
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
| | - Paras Jain
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
| | - Ratnesh K. Sharma
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
| | - Harish Chander
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
| | - J.P. Prasad
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
| | - Anupkumar R. Anvikar
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
| | - Subhash Chand
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
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13
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Wu Y, Wen H, Bernstein ZJ, Hainline KM, Blakney TS, Congdon KL, Snyder DJ, Sampson JH, Sanchez-Perez L, Collier JH. Multiepitope supramolecular peptide nanofibers eliciting coordinated humoral and cellular antitumor immune responses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm7833. [PMID: 35857833 PMCID: PMC9299545 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm7833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines inducing antibodies against tumor-specific antigens have yet to be clinically successful. Here, we use a supramolecular α-helical peptide nanofiber approach to design epitope-specific vaccines raising simultaneous B cell, CD8+ T cell, and CD4+ T cell responses against combinations of selected epitopes and show that the concurrent induction of these responses generates strong antitumor effects in mice, with significant improvements over antibody or CD8+ T cell-based vaccines alone, in both prophylactic and therapeutic subcutaneous melanoma models. Nanofiber vaccine-induced antibodies mediated in vitro tumoricidal antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). The addition of immune checkpoint and phagocytosis checkpoint blockade antibodies further improved the therapeutic effect of the nanofiber vaccines against murine melanoma. These findings highlight the potential clinical benefit of vaccine-induced antibody responses for tumor treatments, provided that they are accompanied by simultaneous CD8+ and CD4+ responses, and they illustrate a multiepitope cancer vaccine design approach using supramolecular nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoying Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hanning Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Kelly M. Hainline
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tykia S. Blakney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - David J. Snyder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John H. Sampson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Joel H. Collier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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14
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Hong Y, Guo H, Wei M, Zhang Y, Fang M, Cheng T, Li Z, Ge S, Yao X, Yuan Q, Xia N. Cell-based reporter assays for measurements of antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity and phagocytosis against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. J Virol Methods 2022; 307:114564. [PMID: 35671888 PMCID: PMC9167684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 infections has led to excess deaths worldwide. Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against viral spike protein acquired from natural infections or vaccinations contribute to protection against new- and re-infections. Besides neutralization, antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis (ADCP) are also important for viral clearance. However, due to the lack of convenient methods, the ADCC and ADCP responses elicited by viral infections or vaccinations remain to be explored. Here, we developed cell-based assays using target cells stably expressing SARS-CoV-2 spikes and Jurkat-NFAT-CD16a/CD32a effector cells for ADCC/ADCP measurements of monoclonal antibodies and human convalescent COVID-19 plasmas (HCPs). In control samples (n = 190), the specificity was 99.5% (95%CI: 98.4–100%) and 97.4% (95%CI: 95.1–99.6%) for the ADCC and ADCP assays, respectively. Among 87 COVID-19 HCPs, 83 (sensitivity: 95.4%, 95%CI: 91.0–99.8%) and 81 (sensitivity: 93.1%, 95%CI: 87.8–98.4%) showed detectable ADCC (titer range: 7.4–1721.6) and ADCP activities (titer range: 4–523.2). Notably, both ADCC and ADCP antibody titers positively correlated with the nAb titers in HCPs. In summary, we developed new tools for quantitative ADCC and ADCP analysis against SARS-CoV-2, which may facilitate further evaluations of Fc-mediated effector functions in preventing and treating against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Huilin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Min Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Yali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Mujin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Yao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P.R. China.
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China
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15
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Cobb P, Niederwieser D, Cohen S, Hamm C, Burmester G, Seo N, Lehto SG, Hanes V. A review of the totality of evidence in the development of ABP 798, a rituximab biosimilar. Immunotherapy 2022; 14:727-740. [PMID: 35543293 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2022-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABP 798 (RIABNI™) is a biosimilar to rituximab reference product (RP), a monoclonal antibody that targets CD20. Approval of ABP 798 was based on the totality of evidence generated using a stepwise approach which began by showing that it is structurally and functionally similar to rituximab RP. This analytical assessment was followed by a demonstration of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic similarity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Comparative clinical efficacy and safety of ABP 798 with rituximab RP was demonstrated as a final step in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and in those with rheumatoid arthritis. Overall, the totality of evidence supported the conclusion that ABP 798 is highly similar to rituximab RP and provided scientific justification for extrapolation to other approved indications of rituximab RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Cobb
- St Vincent Frontier Cancer Center, Billings, MT 59102, USA
| | - Dietger Niederwieser
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04106, Germany
| | - Stanley Cohen
- Metroplex Clinical Research Center, Dallas, TX 75231, USA
| | - Caroline Hamm
- Windsor Oncology; Western University; Windsor, ON N8W2X3, Canada
| | - Gerd Burmester
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Free University & Humboldt University Berlin, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Neungseon Seo
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799, USA
| | - Sonya G Lehto
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799, USA
| | - Vladimir Hanes
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799, USA
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16
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Antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis of tropomyosin receptor kinase C (TrkC) expressing cancer cells for targeted immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:2099-2108. [PMID: 35032175 PMCID: PMC10365225 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Conventional cancer therapies such as chemotherapy are non-selective and induce immune system anergy, which lead to serious side effects and tumor relapse. It is a challenge to prime the body's immune system in the cancer-bearing subject to produce cancer antigen-targeting antibodies, as most tumor-associated antigens are expressed abundantly in cancer cells and some of normal cells. This study illustrates how hapten-based pre-immunization (for anti-hapten antibodies production) combined with cancer receptor labeling with hapten antigen constructs can elicit antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). Thus, the hapten antigen 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) was covalently combined with a cancer receptor-binding dipeptide (IYIY) to form a dipeptide-hapten construct (IYIY-DNP, MW = 1322.33) that targets the tropomyosin receptor kinase C (TrkC)-expressed on the surface of metastatic cancer cells. IYIY-DNP facilitated selective association of RAW264.7 macrophages to the TrkC expressing 4T1 cancer cells in vitro, forming cell aggregates in the presence of anti-DNP antibodies, suggesting initiation of anti-DNP antibody-dependent cancer cell recognition of macrophages by the IYIY-DNP. In in vivo, IYIY-DNP at 10 mg/kg suppressed growth of 4T1 tumors in DNP-immunized BALB/c mice by 45% (p < 0.05), when comparing the area under the tumor growth curve to that of the saline-treated DNP-immunized mice. Meanwhile, IYIY-DNP at 10 mg/kg had no effect on TrkC-negative 67NR tumor-bearing mice immunized with DNP. Tumor growth suppression activity of IYIY-DNP in DNP-immunized mice was associated with an increase in the anti-DNP IgG (7.3 × 106 ± 1.6 U/mL) and IgM (0.9 × 106 ± 0.07 U/mL) antibodies after five cycles of DNP treatment, demonstrated potential for hapten-based pre-immunization then treatment with IYIY-DNP to elicit ADCP for improved immunotherapy of TrkC expressing cancers.
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17
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Webb AM, Francis CR, Judson RJ, Kincross H, Lundy KM, Westhoff DE, Meadows SM, Kushner EJ. EHD2 modulates Dll4 endocytosis during blood vessel development. Microcirculation 2022; 29:e12740. [PMID: 34820962 PMCID: PMC9286817 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the absolute requirement of Delta/Notch signaling to activate lateral inhibition during early blood vessel development, many mechanisms remain unclear about how this system is regulated. Our objective was to determine the involvement of Epsin 15 Homology Domain Containing 2 (EHD2) in delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) endocytosis during Notch activation. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using both in vivo and in vitro models, we demonstrate that EHD2 is a novel modulator of Notch activation in endothelial cells through controlling endocytosis of Dll4. In vitro, EHD2 localized to plasma membrane-bound Dll4 and caveolae. Chemical disruption of caveolae complexes resulted in EHD2 failing to organize around Dll4 as well as loss of Dll4 internalization. Reduced Dll4 internalization blunted Notch activation in endothelial cells. In vivo, EHD2 is primarily expressed in the vasculature, colocalizing with junctional marker VE-cadherin and Dll4. Knockout of EHD2 in zebrafish produced a significant increase in dysmorphic sprouts in zebrafish intersomitic vessels during development and a reduction in downstream Notch signaling. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we demonstrate that EHD2 is necessary for Dll4 transcytosis and downstream Notch activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia M. Webb
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of DenverDenverColoradoUSA
| | | | - Rachael J. Judson
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of DenverDenverColoradoUSA
| | - Hayle Kincross
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of DenverDenverColoradoUSA
| | - Keanna M. Lundy
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of DenverDenverColoradoUSA
| | - Dawn E. Westhoff
- Cell and Molecular Biology DepartmentTulane UniversityNew OrleansLouisinaUSA
| | - Stryder M. Meadows
- Cell and Molecular Biology DepartmentTulane UniversityNew OrleansLouisinaUSA
| | - Erich J. Kushner
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of DenverDenverColoradoUSA
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18
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Wang Q, Wang T, Zhang R, Yang S, McFarland KS, Chung CY, Jia H, Wang LX, Cipollo JF, Betenbaugh MJ. The interplay of protein engineering and glycoengineering to fine-tune antibody glycosylation and its impact on effector functions. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:102-117. [PMID: 34647616 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The N-glycan pattern of an IgG antibody, attached at a conserved site within the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region, is a critical antibody quality attribute whose structural variability can also impact antibody function. For tailoring the Fc glycoprofile, glycoengineering in cell lines as well as Fc amino acid mutations have been applied. Multiple glycoengineered Chinese hamster ovary cell lines were generated, including defucosylated (FUT8KO), α-2,6-sialylated (ST6KI), and defucosylated α-2,6-sialylated (FUT8KOST6KI), expressing either a wild-type anti-CD20 IgG (WT) or phenylalanine to alanine (F241A) mutant. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry characterization of antibody N-glycans revealed that the F241A mutation significantly increased galactosylation and sialylation content and glycan branching. Furthermore, overexpression of recombinant human α-2,6-sialyltransferase resulted in a predominance of α-2,6-sialylation rather than α-2,3-sialylation for both WT and heavily sialylated F241A antibody N-glycans. Interestingly, knocking out α-1,6-fucosyltransferase (FUT8KO), which removed core fucose, lowered the content of N-glycans with terminal Gal and increased levels of terminal GlcNAc and Man5 groups on WT antibody. Further complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) analysis revealed that, regardless of the production cells, WT antibody samples have higher cytotoxic CDC activity with more exposed Gal residues compared to their individual F241A mutants. However, the FUT8KO WT antibody, with a large fraction of bi-GlcNAc structures (G0), displayed the lowest CDC activity of all WT antibody samples. Furthermore, for the F241A mutants, a higher CDC activity was observed for α-2,6- compared to α-2,3-sialylation. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) analysis revealed that the defucosylated WT and F241A mutants showed enhanced in vitro ADCC performance compared to their fucosylated counterparts, with the defucosylated WT antibodies displaying the highest overall ADCC activity, regardless of sialic acid substitution. Moreover, the FcγRIIIA receptor binding by antibodies did not always correspond directly with ADCC result. This study demonstrates that glycoengineering and protein engineering can both promote and inhibit antibody effector functions and represent practical approaches for varying glycan composition and functionalities during antibody development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tiexin Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Roushu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuang Yang
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products (DBPAP), Laboratory for Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin S McFarland
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Cheng-Yu Chung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongpeng Jia
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - John F Cipollo
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products (DBPAP), Laboratory for Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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19
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Liu C, Yu C, Yang Y, Huang J, Yu X, Duan M, Wang L, Wang J. Development of a novel reporter gene assay to evaluate antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis for anti-CD20 therapeutic antibodies. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108112. [PMID: 34521023 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
More than 100 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been approved by FDA. The mechanism of action (MoA) involves in neutralization of a specific target via the Fab region and Fc effector functions through Fc region, while the latter include complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). ADCP has been recognized one of the most important MoAs, especially for anti-cancer mAbs in recent years. However, traditional bioassays measuring ADCP always introduced primary macrophages and flow cytometry, which are difficult to handle and highly variable. In this study, we engineered a monoclonal Jurkat/NFAT/CD32a-FcεRIγ effector cell line that stably expresses CD32a-FcεRIγ chimeric receptor and NFAT-controlled luciferase. The corresponding mAb could bind with the membrane antigens on the target cells with its Fab fragment and CD32a-FcεRIγ on the effector cells with its Fc fragment, leading to the crosslinking of CD32a-FcεRIγ and the resultant expression of subsequent NFAT-controlled luciferase, which represents the bioactivity of ADCP based on the MoA of the mAb. With rituximab as the model mAb, Raji cells as the target cells, and Jurkat/NFAT/CD32a-FcεRIγ cells as the effector cells, we adopted the strategy of Design of Experiment (DoE) to optimize the bioassay. Then we fully validated the established bioassay according to ICH-Q2(R1), which proved the good assay performance characteristics of the bioassay, including specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity, stability and robustness. This RGA can be applied to evaluate the -ADCP bioactivity for anti-CD20 mAbs in lot release, stability testing as well as biosimilar comparability. The engineered cells may also potentially be used to evaluate the ADCP bioactivity of mAbs with other targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Liu
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institu-tes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Chuanfei Yu
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institu-tes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Yalan Yang
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institu-tes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institu-tes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yu
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institu-tes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Maoqin Duan
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institu-tes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Lang Wang
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institu-tes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing 102629, China.
| | - Junzhi Wang
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institu-tes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing 102629, China
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20
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Kim J, Lee JY, Kim HG, Kwak MW, Kang TH. Fc Receptor Variants and Disease: A Crucial Factor to Consider in the Antibody Therapeutics in Clinic. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9489. [PMID: 34502398 PMCID: PMC8431278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of antibodies is responsible for their protective function and long-lasting serum half-life via Fc-mediated effector function, transcytosis, and recycling through its interaction with Fc receptors (FcRs) expressed on various immune leukocytes, epithelial, and endothelial cells. Therefore, the Fc-FcRs interaction is a control point of both endogenous and therapeutic antibody function. There are a number of reported genetic variants of FcRs, which include polymorphisms in (i) extracellular domain of FcRs, which change their affinities to Fc domain of antibodies; (ii) both cytoplasmic and intracellular domain, which alters the extent of signal transduction; and (iii) the promoter region of the FcRs gene, which affects the expression level of FcRs, thus being associated with the pathogenesis of disease indications. In this review, we firstly describe the correlation between the genetic variants of FcRs and immunological disorders by individual differences in the extent of FcRs-mediated regulations. Secondly, we discuss the influence of the genetic variants of FcRs on the susceptibility to infectious diseases or cancer in the perspective of FcRs-induced effector functions. Overall, we concluded that the genetic variants of FcRs are one of the key elements in the design of antibody therapeutics due to their variety of clinical outcomes among individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kim
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program for Bio-Health Convergence, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea;
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea;
| | - Han Gil Kim
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea; (H.G.K.); (M.W.K.)
| | - Min Woo Kwak
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea; (H.G.K.); (M.W.K.)
| | - Tae Hyun Kang
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program for Bio-Health Convergence, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea;
- Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea;
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea; (H.G.K.); (M.W.K.)
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21
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Crombie JL, Brown JR. The future of antibody therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2021; 26:323-336. [PMID: 34375544 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2021.1966414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Outcomes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have been dramatically improved with the addition of anti-CD20 antibodies to chemotherapy, defining a new standard of care for many years. More recently, therapies targeting fundamental signaling and anti-apoptotic pathways within the CLL cell have demonstrated dramatic clinical responses, including in patients with high-risk prognostic markers, thus emerging as preferred therapy for many patients. While the addition of anti-CD20 antibodies to traditional chemotherapy resulted in significant improvements in outcomes, the role of monoclonal antibodies in the era of targeted agents remains an active area of investigation. Furthermore, since the advent of next-generation anti-CD20 antibodies, the role of specific anti-CD20 antibodies remains an open question. AREAS COVERED In this review, we highlight the important role that anti-CD20 antibody therapy has had in the field of CLL, both when used with chemotherapy and in combination with targeted therapy, as well as the current studies that are further exploring this treatment paradigm in the modern era. EXPERT OPINION While anti-CD20 antibodies have played a pivotal role in the treatment of CLL, additional studies will be required to determine the optimal application of these therapies in combination with targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Crombie
- Department of Medical Oncology , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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Nishio A, Bolte FJ, Takeda K, Park N, Yu ZX, Park H, Valdez K, Ghany MG, Rehermann B. Clearance of pegylated interferon by Kupffer cells limits NK cell activation and therapy response of patients with HBV infection. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/587/eaba6322. [PMID: 33790025 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aba6322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pegylated interferon-α (PEG-IFN-α), where IFN-α is attached to polyethylene glycol (PEG), is an approved treatment for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, a disease that causes liver-related morbidity and mortality in 257 million people worldwide. It is unknown why only a minority of patients respond to PEG-IFN-α. Using sequential blood samples and liver biopsies of patients with chronic HBV infection before, during, and after PEG-IFN-α treatment, we find that patients with early natural killer (NK) cell activation after PEG-IFN-α injection experienced greater liver inflammation, lysis of HBV-infected hepatocytes, and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) decline than those without. NK cell activation was associated with induction of interferon-stimulated genes and determined by PEG-IFN-α pharmacokinetics. Patients with delayed increases in PEG-IFN-α concentrations had greater amounts of PEG-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) immune complexes in the blood and more PEG and IgM detected in the liver than patients with rapid increase in PEG-IFN-α concentration. This was associated with reduced NK cell activation. These results indicate that the immunomodulatory functions of PEG-IFN-α, particularly activation of NK cells, play a pivotal role in the response to treatment and further demonstrate that these functions are affected by PEG-IFN-α pharmacokinetics. Accelerated clearance of antibody-complexed pegylated drugs by Kupffer cells may be important beyond the field of HBV therapeutics. Thus, these findings may contribute to improving the efficacy of pegylated drugs that are now being developed for other chronic diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nishio
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fabian J Bolte
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- Pathology Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nana Park
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zu-Xi Yu
- Pathology Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Heiyoung Park
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kristin Valdez
- Clinical Research Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marc G Ghany
- Clinical Research Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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23
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Complement factor H protects tumor cell-derived exosomes from complement-dependent lysis and phagocytosis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252577. [PMID: 34133431 PMCID: PMC8208531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are mediators of normal intercellular communication, but exosomes are also used by tumor cells to promote oncogenesis and metastasis. Complement factor H (CFH) protects host cells from attack and destruction by the alternative pathway of complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Here we show that CFH can protect exosomes from complement-mediated lysis and phagocytosis. CFH was found to be associated with EVs from a variety of tumor cell lines as well as EVs isolated from the plasma of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Higher levels of CFH-containing EVs correlated with higher metastatic potential of cell lines. GT103, a previously described antibody to CFH that preferentially causes CDC of tumor cells, was used to probe the susceptibility of tumor cell-derived exosomes to destruction. Exosomes were purified from EVs using CD63 beads. Incubation of GT103 with tumor cell-derived exosomes triggered exosome lysis primarily by the classical complement pathway as well as antibody-dependent exosome phagocytosis by macrophages. These results imply that GT103-mediated exosome destruction can be triggered by antibody Fc-C1q interaction (in the case of lysis), and antibody-Fc receptor interactions (in the case of phagocytosis). Thus, this work demonstrates CFH is expressed on tumor cell derived exosomes, can protect them from complement lysis and phagocytosis, and that an anti-CFH antibody can be used to target tumor-derived exosomes for exosome destruction via innate immune mechanisms. These findings suggest that a therapeutic CFH antibody has the potential to inhibit tumor progression and reduce metastasis promoted by exosomes.
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24
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Zian Z, Berry SPDG, Bahmaie N, Ghotbi D, Kashif A, Madkaikar M, Bargir UA, Abdullahi H, Khan H, Azizi G. The clinical efficacy of Rituximab administration in autoimmunity disorders, primary immunodeficiency diseases and malignancies. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 95:107565. [PMID: 33773205 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rituximab (RTX), as a monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapeutic intervention targeting CD20 on B cells, has proven efficacy in the treatment of patients with some immune-mediated diseases. In the present review, we provided information on the immunobiological mechanisms of signaling for RTX and its clinical applications, according to the immune-pathophysiology involved in the microenvironment of multiple diseases. We highlighted combination therapy, dose schedules, and laboratory monitoring, as well as the associated common and rare side effects to avoid. We also discussed the efficacy and safety of RTX-based therapeutic strategies and whether RTX therapy can be used as a promising treatment regimen for autoimmune diseases, primary immunodeficiency diseases, and malignancies. Our review highlights and supports the importance of collaboration between basic medical researchers and clinical specialists when considering the use of RTX in the treatment of various immune-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeineb Zian
- Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics Research Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier, P.B. 416, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - S P Déo-Gracias Berry
- Centre de Recherches Médicales (CERMEL) de Lambaréné, B.P: 242, Gabon; Technical University of Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Nazila Bahmaie
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Health Science, Near East University (NEU), Nicosia, 99138, Northern Cyprus, Cyprus
| | - Dana Ghotbi
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Kharazmi, Tehran 14911-15719, Iran
| | - Ali Kashif
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Manisha Madkaikar
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai 400070, India
| | - Umair Ahmed Bargir
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai 400070, India
| | - Hamisu Abdullahi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, 840232, Nigeria
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj 3149779453, Iran.
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25
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Abstract
Peroxynitrite (PNT) is a highly reactive oxidant that plays a key role in the destruction of foreign pathogens by specific phagocytic immune cells such as macrophages. However, when its production is dysregulated, this oxidant can contribute to cardiovascular disease, neurological diseases, and cancer. To facilitate the detection of PNT in living cells, we designed and synthesized a fluorescent sensor termed PS3 that accumulates in membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This subcellular targeting enhances the proximity of PS3 to the phagosome of macrophages where PNT is generated. When PS3-treated macrophages are stimulated with 10 µm opsonized tentagel microspheres, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) of these particles results in production of endogenous PNT, oxidative cleavage of the fluorescence-quenching phenolic side chain of PS3, and increased fluorescence that can be detected by confocal laser scanning microscopy, flow cytometry, and other assays. We describe methods for the synthesis of PS3 and evaluation of its photophysical properties, selectivity, and reactivity. We further report differential production of PNT during ADCP by the phagocytic cell lines RAW 264.7, J774A.1, and THP-1, as detected by confocal microscopy and changes in fluorescence intensity on 96-well plates. This approach may be useful for identification of modulators of PNT and related studies of ADCP.
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26
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Chu CC, Pinney JJ, Whitehead HE, Rivera-Escalera F, VanDerMeid KR, Zent CS, Elliott MR. High-resolution quantification of discrete phagocytic events by live cell time-lapse high-content microscopy imaging. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs237883. [PMID: 32005699 PMCID: PMC7075070 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.237883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a dynamic process central to immunity and tissue homeostasis. Current methods for quantification of phagocytosis largely rely on indirect or static measurements, such as target clearance or dye uptake, and thus provide limited information about engulfment rates or target processing. Improved kinetic measurements of phagocytosis could provide useful, basic insights in many areas. We present a live-cell, time-lapse and high-content microscopy imaging method based on the detection and quantification of fluorescent dye 'voids' within phagocytes that result from target internalization to quantify phagocytic events with high temporal resolution. Using this method, we measure target cell densities and antibody concentrations needed for optimal antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis. We compare void formation and dye uptake methods for phagocytosis detection, and examine the connection between target cell engulfment and phagolysosomal processing. We demonstrate how this approach can be used to measure distinct forms of phagocytosis, and changes in macrophage morphology during phagocytosis related to both engulfment and target degradation. Our results provide a high-resolution method for quantifying phagocytosis that provides opportunities to better understand the cellular and molecular regulation of this fundamental biological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Chu
- Department of Medicine and Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jonathan J Pinney
- Center for Vaccine Biology & Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Hannah E Whitehead
- Center for Vaccine Biology & Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Fatima Rivera-Escalera
- Center for Vaccine Biology & Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Karl R VanDerMeid
- Department of Medicine and Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Clive S Zent
- Department of Medicine and Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Michael R Elliott
- Center for Vaccine Biology & Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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27
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Flow cytometry-based assessment of direct-targeting anti-cancer antibody immune effector functions. Methods Enzymol 2020; 632:431-456. [PMID: 32000909 PMCID: PMC7000137 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody-based therapies are increasingly being used to treat cancer. Some mediate their therapeutic effects through modifying the function of immune cells globally, while others bind directly to tumor cells and can recruit immune effector cells through their Fc regions. As new direct-binding agents are developed, having the ability to test their Fc-mediated functions in a high-throughput manner is important for selecting antibodies with immune effector properties. Here, using monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody (rituximab) as an example and the CD20+ Raji cell line as tumor target, we describe flow cytometry-based assays for determining an antibody's capacity for mediating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). These assays are sensitive, reliable, affordable and avoid the use of radioactivity.
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28
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Jung JY, Kim JW, Kim HA, Suh CH. Rituximab biosimilar CT-P10 for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:979-986. [PMID: 31498682 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1665018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by long-standing inflammation in multiple joints. Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody, which binds to CD20, is effective in suppressing disease activity and preventing joint damage in RA. CT-P10 was developed as a biosimilar of rituximab and approved for use to treat hematologic malignancies and immune diseases including RA. Area covered: This article describes the need for this biosimilar and summarizes the non-clinical studies verifying the physicochemical and biologic similarities and the clinical studies confirming the clinical similarity of CT-P10 to rituximab in patients with RA. Expert opinion: CT-P10 had been evaluated and proven the efficacy and safety in RA in Phase I and III randomized controlled trial with extension studies including a switching regimen. Therefore, CT-P10 is recommended in the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yang Jung
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon , Korea
| | - Ji-Won Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon , Korea
| | - Hyoun-Ah Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon , Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Suh
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon , Korea
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29
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Wang Q, Chen Y, Park J, Liu X, Hu Y, Wang T, McFarland K, Betenbaugh MJ. Design and Production of Bispecific Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8030043. [PMID: 31544849 PMCID: PMC6783844 DOI: 10.3390/antib8030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the current biotherapeutic market dominated by antibody molecules, bispecific antibodies represent a key component of the next-generation of antibody therapy. Bispecific antibodies can target two different antigens at the same time, such as simultaneously binding tumor cell receptors and recruiting cytotoxic immune cells. Structural diversity has been fast-growing in the bispecific antibody field, creating a plethora of novel bispecific antibody scaffolds, which provide great functional variety. Two common formats of bispecific antibodies on the market are the single-chain variable fragment (scFv)-based (no Fc fragment) antibody and the full-length IgG-like asymmetric antibody. Unlike the conventional monoclonal antibodies, great production challenges with respect to the quantity, quality, and stability of bispecific antibodies have hampered their wider clinical application and acceptance. In this review, we focus on these two major bispecific types and describe recent advances in the design, production, and quality of these molecules, which will enable this important class of biologics to reach their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Yiqun Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jaeyoung Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Yifeng Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Tiexin Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Kevin McFarland
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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