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Wolszczak-Biedrzycka B, Bieńkowska A, Cieślikiewicz B, Smolińska-Fijołek E, Biedrzycki G, Dorf J. The effect of the third dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine on anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody levels in healthcare workers with and without COVID-19 infection. Ann Med 2023; 55:722-732. [PMID: 36820816 PMCID: PMC9970245 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2182907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM A third (booster) dose of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine became necessary due to the observed decrease in anti-SARS-CoV-2S antibody levels over time, new mutations, and low global vaccination rates. In this study, anti-SARS-CoV-2S antibody levels were measured (ECLIA assay) in 50 healthcare workers with and without a history of COVID-19 infection to determine the humoral immune response to the third dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine. METHODS Antibody levels were determined in the blood serum, and blood was sampled for analysis 20-40 days after the administration of the booster dose. RESULTS A greater increase in anti-SARS-CoV-2S antibody titers was noted in persons without a history of infection, but antibody levels continued to be higher in previously infected individuals when the results were adjusted for age, gender, BMI, type of work, and presence of comorbidities. CONCLUSION The results of this study can be used to improve the vaccination strategy for the general population.KEY MESSAGESThree doses of the vaccine BNT162b2 strongly stimulate the immune system to produce anti-SARS-CoV-2s antibodies, especially in people with a previous infection COVID-19.Age, gender, and BMI may be associated with different humoral immune response to the BNT162b2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Wolszczak-Biedrzycka
- Department of Psychology and Sociology of Health and Public Health, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
- The Oncology Center of the Region of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna Bieńkowska
- Department of Psychology and Sociology of Health and Public Health, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
- The Oncology Center of the Region of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Beata Cieślikiewicz
- Department of Psychology and Sociology of Health and Public Health, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Grzegorz Biedrzycki
- Hospital Dispensary, Regional Specialist Hospital in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Justyna Dorf
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Cappetto KD, Brown JC, Englund JA, Zerr DM, Dickerson JA, Wang X, Strelitz B, Klein EJ. Paediatric healthcare and hospital worker SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody: A longitudinal cohort study. IJID REGIONS 2023; 7:281-286. [PMID: 37234562 PMCID: PMC10175074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Background This study sought to determine the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) protein immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in healthcare and hospital workers (HCHWs), and changes in IgG N antibody levels over time. Methods Longitudinal study of HCHWs at a freestanding, urban paediatric tertiary care hospital. Asymptomatic HCHWs aged ≥18 years working in clinical areas were eligible to enrol. Participants completed four surveys and blood draws over 12 months. Specimens were tested for IgG N at four timepoints and IgG S at 12 months. Results In total, 531 HCHWs enrolled in this study; of these, 481 (91%), 429 (81%) and 383 (72%) completed follow-up blood draws at 2, 6 and 12 months, respectively. Five of 531 (1%), 5/481 (1%), 6/429 (1%) and 5/383 (1.3%) participants were seropositive for IgG N at baseline, 2, 6 and 12 months, respectively. All (374/374; 100%) participants who received one or two doses of either mRNA COVID-19 vaccine were seropositive for IgG S. One of nine unvaccinated participants was seropositive for IgG S. Conclusions In this paediatric hospital, IgG N and IgG S were detected in 1.9% and 97.9% of HCHWs, respectively. This study demonstrated low transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among HCHWs with appropriate infection prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie C Brown
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Janet A Englund
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Danielle M Zerr
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jane A Dickerson
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xing Wang
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Eileen J Klein
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Orlandi C, Stefanetti G, Barocci S, Buffi G, Diotallevi A, Rocchi E, Ceccarelli M, Peluso S, Vandini D, Carlotti E, Magnani M, Galluzzi L, Casabianca A. Comparing Heterologous and Homologous COVID-19 Vaccination: A Longitudinal Study of Antibody Decay. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051162. [PMID: 37243247 DOI: 10.3390/v15051162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The humoral response after vaccination was evaluated in 1248 individuals who received different COVID-19 vaccine schedules. The study compared subjects primed with adenoviral ChAdOx1-S (ChAd) and boosted with BNT162b2 (BNT) mRNA vaccines (ChAd/BNT) to homologous dosing with BNT/BNT or ChAd/ChAd vaccines. Serum samples were collected at two, four and six months after vaccination, and anti-Spike IgG responses were determined. The heterologous vaccination induced a more robust immune response than the two homologous vaccinations. ChAd/BNT induced a stronger immune response than ChAd/ChAd at all time points, whereas the differences between ChAd/BNT and BNT/BNT decreased over time and were not significant at six months. Furthermore, the kinetic parameters associated with IgG decay were estimated by applying a first-order kinetics equation. ChAd/BNT vaccination was associated with the longest time of anti-S IgG negativization and with a slow decay of the titer over time. Finally, analyzing factors influencing the immune response by ANCOVA analysis, it was found that the vaccine schedule had a significant impact on both the IgG titer and kinetic parameters, and having a Body Mass Index (BMI) above the overweight threshold was associated with an impaired immune response. Overall, the heterologous ChAd/BNT vaccination may offer longer-lasting protection against SARS-CoV-2 than homologous vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Orlandi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Arco d'Augusto 2, 61032 Fano, PU, Italy
- Laboratorio Covid, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Arco d'Augusto 2, 61032 Fano, PU, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Stefanetti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Arco d'Augusto 2, 61032 Fano, PU, Italy
| | - Simone Barocci
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche Area Vasta 1 (ASUR Marche AV1), Viale Comandino 70, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Gloria Buffi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Arco d'Augusto 2, 61032 Fano, PU, Italy
| | - Aurora Diotallevi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Arco d'Augusto 2, 61032 Fano, PU, Italy
| | - Ettore Rocchi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Marcello Ceccarelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Arco d'Augusto 2, 61032 Fano, PU, Italy
| | - Sara Peluso
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Daniela Vandini
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche Area Vasta 1 (ASUR Marche AV1), Viale Comandino 70, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Eugenio Carlotti
- Department of Prevention, ASUR Marche AV1, Viale Comandino 21, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Arco d'Augusto 2, 61032 Fano, PU, Italy
- Laboratorio Covid, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Arco d'Augusto 2, 61032 Fano, PU, Italy
| | - Luca Galluzzi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Arco d'Augusto 2, 61032 Fano, PU, Italy
| | - Anna Casabianca
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Arco d'Augusto 2, 61032 Fano, PU, Italy
- Laboratorio Covid, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Arco d'Augusto 2, 61032 Fano, PU, Italy
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An Immunological Review of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccine Serology: Innate and Adaptive Responses to mRNA, Adenovirus, Inactivated and Protein Subunit Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010051. [PMID: 36679897 PMCID: PMC9865970 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, which is defined by its positive-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) structure. It is in the order Nidovirales, suborder Coronaviridae, genus Betacoronavirus, and sub-genus Sarbecovirus (lineage B), together with two bat-derived strains with a 96% genomic homology with other bat coronaviruses (BatCoVand RaTG13). Thus far, two Alphacoronavirus strains, HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63, along with five Betacoronaviruses, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, have been recognized as human coronaviruses (HCoVs). SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in more than six million deaths worldwide since late 2019. The appearance of this novel virus is defined by its high and variable transmission rate (RT) and coexisting asymptomatic and symptomatic propagation within and across animal populations, which has a longer-lasting impact. Most current therapeutic methods aim to reduce the severity of COVID-19 hospitalization and virus symptoms, preventing the infection from progressing from acute to chronic in vulnerable populations. Now, pharmacological interventions including vaccines and others exist, with research ongoing. The only ethical approach to developing herd immunity is to develop and provide vaccines and therapeutics that can potentially improve on the innate and adaptive system responses at the same time. Therefore, several vaccines have been developed to provide acquired immunity to SARS-CoV-2 induced COVID-19-disease. The initial evaluations of the COVID-19 vaccines began in around 2020, followed by clinical trials carried out during the pandemic with ongoing population adverse effect monitoring by respective regulatory agencies. Therefore, durability and immunity provided by current vaccines requires further characterization with more extensive available data, as is presented in this paper. When utilized globally, these vaccines may create an unidentified pattern of antibody responses or memory B and T cell responses that need to be further researched, some of which can now be compared within laboratory and population studies here. Several COVID-19 vaccine immunogens have been presented in clinical trials to assess their safety and efficacy, inducing cellular antibody production through cellular B and T cell interactions that protect against infection. This response is defined by virus-specific antibodies (anti-N or anti-S antibodies), with B and T cell characterization undergoing extensive research. In this article, we review four types of contemporary COVID-19 vaccines, comparing their antibody profiles and cellular aspects involved in coronavirus immunology across several population studies.
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Oliveira-Silva J, Reis T, Lopes C, Batista-Silva R, Ribeiro R, Marques G, Pacheco V, Rodrigues T, Afonso A, Pinheiro V, Araújo L, Rodrigues F, Antunes I. Long-term serological SARS-CoV-2 IgG kinetics following mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: real-world data from a large cohort of healthcare workers. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 122:1-7. [PMID: 35568366 PMCID: PMC9093081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess kinetics and predictive variables of humoral immune response to mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine administration. METHODS We collected blood samples before (T0) and 15, 90, and 180 days after vaccination (T1, T2, and T3, respectively). The Quant SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin (IgG) II Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay was used to determine anti-spike IgG. RESULTS In almost 3000 healthcare-collected blood samples at the three time points, we found the following: at 15 days postvaccination, 97.6% of subjects presented a robust IgG anti-spike response (>4160 AU/ml); then, at three and six months, it decreased in median 6.5-fold to 35.0% and 3.0-fold to 3.3%, respectively. A linear mixed-effects model supported that female gender, younger age groups, and being seropositive prevaccination maintained higher antibody titers. Curves became tighter with time progression, although titers from seropositive subjects decrease at a slower rate than seronegative ones. CONCLUSION These findings strengthen the case for a steep decrease of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies up to six months, suggesting that serological evaluation might guide the need for periodic booster vaccinations in specific groups prone to lower antibody titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Oliveira-Silva
- Department of Occupational Health, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, Coimbra, Portugal,Correspondence to: Joana Oliveira-Silva, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, Edifício São Jerónimo - Serviço de Saúde Ocupacional, 3004-561, Coimbra, Portugal; Phone: +351 968 538 473
| | - Teresa Reis
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristiana Lopes
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Batista-Silva
- Department of Occupational Health, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ribeiro
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Portugal,i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal,Hospital de São Martinho, Valongo, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Marques
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vania Pacheco
- Department of Occupational Health, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tiago Rodrigues
- Department of Occupational Health, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Afonso
- Department of Occupational Health, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vítor Pinheiro
- Department of Occupational Health, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lucília Araújo
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernando Rodrigues
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Antunes
- Department of Occupational Health, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, Coimbra, Portugal
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Rodriguez-Blanque R, Sánchez-García JC, Cobos-Vargas Á, Aguilar Quesada A, Maldonado-Lobón JA, Olivares M, Blanco-Rojo R. Evaluation of the effect of Loigolactobacillus coryniformis K8 CECT 5711 consumption in health care workers exposed to COVID-19. Front Nutr 2022; 9:962566. [PMID: 35990320 PMCID: PMC9381739 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.962566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, an unprecedented burden has been placed on health care systems, with health care workers (HCWs) being most at risk of COVID-19 infection. The effect of the probiotic Loigolactobacillus coryniformis K8 CECT 5711 on frontline HCWs exposed to the virus was studied in a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Parameters related to the incidence and severity of COVID-19 as well as the immune response and the side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine were evaluated. For 2 months, a group of 250 front-line HCWs over the age of 20 was randomly allocated to receive either L. coryniformis K8 or a placebo daily. SARS-CoV-2 infection incidence was verified via PCR or antigen test. In those volunteers who were vaccinated during the intervention, serum levels of specific IgG were analyzed at the end of the study. The incidence of COVID-19 infection was very low [IR (SD) = 0.016 (0.011)], and no significant difference was found between the groups [IRR (95% CI): 1.008 (0.140–7.268), p = 0.994]. For immune response analysis, the total sample was divided according to the days between the first dose and the antibody analysis (cutoff points were set at ≤ 56, 57–80 and ≥ 81 days). The specific IgG level decreased over time (p > 0.001). However, in the subgroup of subjects for whom more than 81 days had passed since they received the first dose, the specific IgG levels were significantly higher in the those that took the L. coryniformis K8 [7.12 (0.21)] than in the control group [6.48 (0.19)] (P = 0.040). Interestingly, the subjects who started probiotic consumption before the first dose reported significantly fewer side effects (of any kind) at the 1st dose of the vaccine (OR: 0.524, p = 0.043), specifically less arm pain (OR: 0.467, p = 0.017). In conclusion, the administration of L. coryniformis K8 CECT 5711 to HCWs helps to extend the immune protection generated by the COVID-19 vaccine over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mónica Olivares
- Department of Research and Development, Biosearch Life, a Kerry Company, Granada, Spain
| | - Ruth Blanco-Rojo
- Department of Research and Development, Biosearch Life, a Kerry Company, Granada, Spain
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7
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Serological Response and Relationship with Gender-Sensitive Variables among Healthcare Workers after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12060994. [PMID: 35743778 PMCID: PMC9225338 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12060994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-induced immunity is a key strategy in the long-term control of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of our study was to explore the relationship between mRNA vaccine-induced antibodies and gender-sensitive variables among healthcare workers. Two thousand-sixty-five volunteers who received the BNT162b2 vaccine were enrolled in the study and followed up. Demographic, clinical, and social variables (educational level, marital status, occupation, childcare) were evaluated through a self-administered questionnaire. Anti-Spike (S) IgG were measured at 1 month (T1) and at 5 months (T2) after the second vaccine dose. At T1, median anti-S IgG values were 693 [394−>800] AU/mL (1 AU = 2.6 BAU). Values > 800 AU/mL (2080 BAU/mL) were directly associated with a previous COVID-19 (p < 0.001) infection and inversely with age (p < 0.001), smoking habit (p < 0.001), and autoimmune diseases (p < 0.001). At T2, a significant decreasing in anti-S IgG values was observed (187 [81−262] AU/mL), with a median decrease of 72 [60−82]%. On multivariate data analysis, a reduction of more than 82% was directly associated with male sex (p < 0.021), age (p < 0.001), smoking (p = 0.038), hypertension (p = 0.042), and, inversely, with previous COVID-19 infection (p < 0.001) and being “cohabiting” (p = 0.005). Our findings suggest that demographic, clinical, and social variables play a role in anti-S IgG values decreasing in long-term follow up and should be considered to find personalized vaccine schedules.
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Parthymou A, Habeos EE, Habeos GI, Deligakis A, Livieratos E, Marangos M, Chartoumpekis DV. Factors associated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titres 3 months post-vaccination with the second dose of BNT162b2 vaccine: a longitudinal observational cohort study in western Greece. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e057084. [PMID: 35589363 PMCID: PMC9121112 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 has been extensively deployed during COVID-19 pandemic. One efficient method to evaluate response to vaccination is the assessment of humoral immunity by measuring SARS-CoV-2 antibody titres. We investigated the association between anthropometric parameters (age, body mass index), smoking, diabetes, statin use, hypertension, levels of 25(OH)D and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and SARS-CoV-2 antibody titres after vaccination. DESIGN In this longitudinal observational cohort study, 712 subjects were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies 3 months after the second dose of BNT162b2 vaccine. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify which factors are associated with the antibody titres. SETTING Healthcare units of western Greece (University Hospital of Patras and "St Andrews" State General Hospital of Patras). PARTICIPANTS All adults receiving their second dose of BNT162b2 vaccine at the participating healthcare units were eligible to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria were SARS-CoV-2 infection or positive SARS-CoV-2 antibody titre at baseline. Patients who did not provide all necessary information were excluded from our analyses. RESULTS We found age to be negatively associated with antibody titre (-0.005; 95% CI -0.009 to -0.001, p=0.0073), as was male gender (-0.11; 95% CI -0.1738 to -0.04617, p=0.0008). The interaction of age and gender was significant (-0.01090; 95% CI -0.01631 to -0.005490, p<0.0001), highlighting that the rate of decline in antibody titre with increasing age tends to be higher in men rather than in women. No linear trend was found between DHEAS levels and antibody titres when the lower quartile of DHEAS levels was used as reference. Tobacco use was associated with low antibody titre (-0.1097; 95% CI -0.174 to -0.046, p=0.0008) but overweight, obese or underweight subjects had similar antibody responses to normal-weight individuals. Although subjects with diabetes and hypertension had numerically lower antibody titres, this association was not statistically significant. Vitamin D levels showed no clear relationships with antibody titres. CONCLUSIONS Age, male gender and tobacco use are negatively associated with antibody titres after COVID-19 vaccination, but our data showed no clear correlation with vitamin D levels. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04954651; Results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Parthymou
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Evagelia E Habeos
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - George I Habeos
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Ektoras Livieratos
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Markos Marangos
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Salvagno GL, Henry BM, Pighi L, De Nitto S, Gianfilippi G, Lippi G. Three-month ad interim analysis of total anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in healthy recipient of a single BNT162b2 vaccine booster. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 60:e181-e183. [PMID: 35562102 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luca Salvagno
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Service of Laboratory Medicine, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | - Brandon M Henry
- Clinical Laboratory, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Laura Pighi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Service of Laboratory Medicine, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | - Simone De Nitto
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Service of Laboratory Medicine, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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10
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Bai J, Chiba A, Murayama G, Kuga T, Tamura N, Miyake S. Sex, Age, and Ethnic Background Shape Adaptive Immune Responses Induced by the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine. Front Immunol 2022; 13:786586. [PMID: 35418996 PMCID: PMC8995562 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.786586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccine-induced adaptive responses have been well investigated. However, the effects of sex, age, and ethnic background on the immune responses elicited by the mRNA vaccine remain unclear. Here, we performed comprehensive analyses of adaptive immune responses elicited by the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. Vaccine-induced antibody and T cell responses declined over time but persisted after 3 months, and switched memory B cells were even increased. Spike-specific CD4+ T and CD8+ T cell responses were decreased against the B.1.351 variant, but not against B.1.1.7. Interestingly, T cell reactivity against B.1.617.1 and B.1.617.2 variants was decreased in individuals carrying HLA-A24, suggesting adaptive immune responses against variants are influenced by different HLA haplotypes. T follicular helper cell responses declined with increasing age in both sexes, but age-related decreases in antibody levels were observed only in males, and this was associated with the decline of T peripheral helper cell responses. In contrast, vaccine-induced CD8+ T cell responses were enhanced in older males. Taken together, these findings highlight that significant differences in the reactogenicity of the adaptive immune system elicited by mRNA vaccine were related to factors including sex, age, and ethnic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Bai
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asako Chiba
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Goh Murayama
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiga Kuga
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Tamura
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Miyake
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Higher Antibody Concentrations in U.S. Health Care Workers Associated with Greater Reactogenicity Post-Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040601. [PMID: 35455350 PMCID: PMC9031985 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple factors may be associated with immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Factors potentially related to magnitude and durability of response include age, time, and vaccine reactogenicity. This study analyzed SARS-CoV-2 IgG spike antibody responses following the second dose of vaccine in healthcare workers (HCWs). Data were collected from participants enrolled in a longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 serology study over a 12-month period. Participants completed a survey documenting symptoms post-vaccination. Serum specimens were tested for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies using the Abbott Architect AdvisdeDx SARS-CoV-2 IgGII assay. Antibody levels were compared against time from second vaccine dose, and symptoms following vaccination. Altogether, 335 women (86.6%) and 52 men (13.4%) participated. Median age was 37 years (IQR 30-43). Overall median antibody level was 2150.80 [1246.12, 3556.98] AU/mL (IQR). Age was not associated with antibody concentration (p-value = 0.10). Higher antibody responses (2253 AU/mL vs. 1506 AU/mL; p = 0.008) were found in HCWs with one or more symptoms after the second dose of the vaccine (n = 311). Antibody responses persisted throughout the study period post-vaccination; statistically significant decreases in antibody responses were observed over time (p < 0.001). Higher antibody response was associated with reactogenicity post-vaccine. Age and sex were not associated with higher antibody responses.
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12
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IgG antibody production and persistence to 6 months following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: a Northern Ireland observational study. Vaccine 2022; 40:2535-2539. [PMID: 35346536 PMCID: PMC8900637 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Willuweit K, Frey A, Passenberg M, Korth J, Saka N, Anastasiou OE, Möhlendick B, Schütte A, Schmidt H, Rashidi-Alavijeh J. Patients with Liver Cirrhosis Show High Immunogenicity upon COVID-19 Vaccination but Develop Premature Deterioration of Antibody Titers. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030377. [PMID: 35335009 PMCID: PMC8949848 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection is known to lead to severe morbidity and mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis. For this reason, vaccination of these patients against COVID-19 is widely recommended. However, data regarding immunogenicity in patients with liver cirrhosis is limited and even less is known about the kinetics of antibody response, as well as the optimal timing of booster immunization. We analyzed immunogenicity in 110 patients with liver cirrhosis after receiving two doses of the mRNA-based vaccine BNT162b2 following the standard protocol and compared these results to a control group consisting of 80 healthcare workers. One hundred and six patients with liver cirrhosis (96%) developed antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, compared to 79 (99%) in the control group (p = 0.400). Still, the median SARS-CoV-2 IgG titer was significantly lower in patients with liver cirrhosis compared to the control group (939 vs. 1905 BAU/mL, p = 0.0001). We also analyzed the strength of the antibody response in relation to the time between the second dose and antibody detection. Antibody titers remained relatively stable in the control group while showing a rapid and significant decrease in patients with liver cirrhosis. In conclusion, our data reveals a favorable initial outcome after vaccination with the COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2 in cirrhotic patients but show a rapid deterioration of the antibody response after time, thereby giving a strong hint towards the importance of early booster immunization for this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Willuweit
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (K.W.); (A.F.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (A.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Alexandra Frey
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (K.W.); (A.F.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (A.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Moritz Passenberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (K.W.); (A.F.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (A.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Johannes Korth
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Nissrin Saka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (K.W.); (A.F.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (A.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Olympia E. Anastasiou
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Birte Möhlendick
- Institute of Pharmacogenetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Andreas Schütte
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (K.W.); (A.F.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (A.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Hartmut Schmidt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (K.W.); (A.F.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (A.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Jassin Rashidi-Alavijeh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (K.W.); (A.F.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (A.S.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-201-723-84001
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14
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Perkmann T, Mucher P, Perkmann-Nagele N, Radakovics A, Repl M, Koller T, Schmetterer KG, Bigenzahn JW, Leitner F, Jordakieva G, Wagner OF, Binder CJ, Haslacher H. The Comparability of Anti-Spike SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Tests is Time-Dependent: a Prospective Observational Study. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0140221. [PMID: 35196824 PMCID: PMC8865567 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01402-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Various commercial anti-Spike SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests are used for studies and in clinical settings after vaccination. An international standard for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies has been established to achieve comparability of such tests, allowing conversions to BAU/mL. This study aimed to investigate the comparability of antibody tests regarding the timing of blood collection after vaccination. For this prospective observational study, antibody levels of 50 participants with homologous AZD1222 vaccination were evaluated at 3 and 11 weeks after the first dose and 3 weeks after the second dose using two commercial anti-Spike binding antibody assays (Roche and Abbott) and a surrogate neutralization assay. The correlation between Roche and Abbott changed significantly depending on the time point studied. Although Abbott provided values three times higher than Roche 3 weeks after the first dose, the values for Roche were twice as high as for Abbott 11 weeks after the first dose and 5 to 6 times higher at 3 weeks after the second dose. The comparability of quantitative anti-Spike SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests was highly dependent on the timing of blood collection after vaccination. Therefore, standardization of the timing of blood collection might be necessary for the comparability of different quantitative SARS-COV-2 antibody assays. IMPORTANCE This work showed that the comparability of apparently standardized SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays (Roche, Abbott; both given in BAU/mL) after vaccination depends on the time of blood withdrawal. Initially (3 weeks after the first dose AZD1222), there were 3 times higher values in the Abbott assay, but this relationship inversed before boosting (11 weeks after the first dose) with Roche 2 times greater than Abbott. After the booster, Roche quantified ca. 5 times higher levels than Abbott. This must be considered by clinicians when interpreting SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Perkmann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Mucher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Astrid Radakovics
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Repl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Koller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus G. Schmetterer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Florentina Leitner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Galateja Jordakieva
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oswald F. Wagner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph J. Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmuth Haslacher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Chahla RE, Tomas-Grau RH, Cazorla SI, Ploper D, Vera Pingitore E, López MA, Aznar P, Alcorta ME, Vélez EMDM, Stagnetto A, Ávila CL, Maldonado-Galdeano C, Socias SB, Heinze D, Navarro SA, Llapur CJ, Costa D, Flores I, Edelstein A, Kowdle S, Perandones C, Lee B, Apfelbaum G, Mostoslavsky R, Mostoslavsky G, Perdigón G, Chehín RN. Long-term analysis of antibodies elicited by SPUTNIK V: A prospective cohort study in Tucumán, Argentina. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2022; 6:100123. [PMID: 34841388 PMCID: PMC8604626 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2021.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gam-COVID-Vac (SPUTNIK V) has been granted emergency use authorization in 70 nations and has been administered to millions worldwide. However, there are very few peer-reviewed studies describing its effects. Independent reports regarding safety and effectiveness could accelerate the final approval by the WHO. We aimed to study the long-term humoral immune response in naïve and previously infected volunteers who received SPUTNIK V. METHODS Humoral immune responses, assayed by anti-SARS-CoV-2-spike-RBD IgG ELISA and neutralization assays, were measured in 602 healthcare workers at 0, 14, 28, 60 and 180 days after receiving SPUTNIK V between December 2020 and July 2021 in Tucumán, Argentina. FINDINGS Seroconversion was detected in 97% of individuals after 28 days post-vaccination (dpv) (N = 405). Anti-RBD titers began to decrease after 60 dpv (N = 328), but remained detectable in 94% at 90 dpv (N = 224). At 180 dpv, anti-RDB titers persisted in 31% (N = 146). Previous infection triggered an increased immune response to the first dose and increased neutralization activity against variants of concern (VOC). Second doses in previously infected individuals further increased titers, even 90 dpv (N = 75). Basal antibody titers had more influence on post-vaccination anti-RBD responses than the time elapsed between diagnosis and vaccination (N = 274). INTERPRETATION Data presented herein provides essential knowledge regarding the kinetics of antibodies induced by SPUTNIK V up to six months after immunization, and suggests that when considering one-dose vaccination policies for individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, serological studies to determine basal titers may be important, independent of when diagnosis occurred. FUNDING Tucumán Public Health System (SIPROSA), Argentinean National Research Council (CONICET), National University of Tucumán (UNT).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Hernán Tomas-Grau
- Instituto de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Celular Aplicada IMMCA (UNT-CONICET-SIPROSA). Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | - Diego Ploper
- Instituto de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Celular Aplicada IMMCA (UNT-CONICET-SIPROSA). Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Esteban Vera Pingitore
- Instituto de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Celular Aplicada IMMCA (UNT-CONICET-SIPROSA). Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | - Patricia Aznar
- Laboratorio de Salud Pública (LSP-SIPROSA). Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | | | - Agustín Stagnetto
- Instituto de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Celular Aplicada IMMCA (UNT-CONICET-SIPROSA). Tucumán, Argentina
| | - César Luís Ávila
- Instituto de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Celular Aplicada IMMCA (UNT-CONICET-SIPROSA). Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | - Sergio Benjamín Socias
- Instituto de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Celular Aplicada IMMCA (UNT-CONICET-SIPROSA). Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Dar Heinze
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University School of Medicine. Boston, MA, United States
| | - Silvia Adriana Navarro
- Instituto de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Celular Aplicada IMMCA (UNT-CONICET-SIPROSA). Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | - Dardo Costa
- Laboratorio de Salud Pública (LSP-SIPROSA). Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Isolina Flores
- Laboratorio de Salud Pública (LSP-SIPROSA). Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Alexis Edelstein
- Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Shreyas Kowdle
- Department of Microbiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. New York, NY, United States
| | - Claudia Perandones
- Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. New York, NY, United States
| | - Gabriela Apfelbaum
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT). Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Raúl Mostoslavsky
- The Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gustavo Mostoslavsky
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University School of Medicine. Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gabriela Perdigón
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos-CERELA (CONICET). Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Rosana Nieves Chehín
- Instituto de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Celular Aplicada IMMCA (UNT-CONICET-SIPROSA). Tucumán, Argentina
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16
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Oliveira-Silva J, Reis T, Lopes C, Batista-Silva R, Ribeiro R, Marques G, Pacheco V, Rodrigues T, Afonso A, Pinheiro V, Araújo L, Rodrigues F, Antunes I. Humoral response to the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine: Real-world data from a large cohort of healthcare workers. Vaccine 2022; 40:650-655. [PMID: 34952755 PMCID: PMC8664659 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was responsible for the death of millions of people around the world, which accelerated the study of vaccines. The BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 is a messenger RNA vaccine that encodes the spike protein of the virus. However, the duration of the protection conferred by this vaccine and factors associated with immune responses require validation in large cohorts. METHODS Here, we present data of humoral immune response to vaccination in4264 healthcare workers, tested before (T0) and 15 and 90 days (T1 and T2, respectively) following vaccination.Peripheral blood was collected for immunological analysis using the Quant SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay (CMIA) to determine anti-spike IgG, receptor binding domain (RBD), S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2. FINDINGS At T0, 96·8% (n = 4129) of participants had IgG antibodies non-reactive to anti-SARS-CoV-2. Fifteen days after completing the vaccination, the IgG overall median titer was significantly elevated (21·7x103AU/mL). Both for uni- and multivariate logistic regression analyses women presented higher antibody levels than men, independent of age. Titers were significantly altered among age groups, decreasing by each increase in 10-year of age. At 3 months after completing the vaccination, anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers were 6·3-fold diminished. This real-world post-vaccination data confirmed production of a frequent and elevated anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers, associated with high protection rates. Females and younger participants had higher titer 15 days after vaccination, and despite the significant reduction from 15-to-90 days, those with higher pre-vaccination titers maintained higher levels throughout the remaining timepoints. INTERPRETATION These findings support the need to track humoral immunity kinetics to uncover viral susceptibility and eventually implement re-vaccination, particularly in groups prone to lower humoral immune response. FUNDING No external funding was received to conduct this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Oliveira-Silva
- Department of Occupational Heath, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Reis
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristiana Lopes
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Batista-Silva
- Department of Occupational Heath, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ribeiro
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Marques
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vânia Pacheco
- Department of Occupational Heath, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tiago Rodrigues
- Department of Occupational Heath, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Afonso
- Department of Occupational Heath, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vítor Pinheiro
- Department of Occupational Heath, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lucília Araújo
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernando Rodrigues
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Antunes
- Department of Occupational Heath, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
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17
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Wolszczak-Biedrzycka B, Bieńkowska A, Dorf J. Assessment of Post-Vaccination Antibody Response Eight Months after the Administration of BNT1622b2 Vaccine to Healthcare Workers with Particular Emphasis on the Impact of Previous COVID-19 Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1508. [PMID: 34960254 PMCID: PMC8704861 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
At the end of 2020, COVID-19 vaccination programs were initiated in many countries, including Poland. The first vaccine approved in Poland was the BNT162b2 mRNA preparation (Pfizer/BioNTech), and the first vaccinated group were healthcare workers. The aim of the present study was to evaluate post-vaccine antibody titers 8 months after the second vaccine dose had been administered to a group of employees of the Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration in Olsztyn (Poland). The employees were divided into two groups: persons who had COVID-19 in the fourth quarter of 2020 and were vaccinated in January-February 2021, and persons without a history of COVID-19 who were vaccinated during the same period. The analyzed material was venous blood serum collected from 100 hospital employees on 23-28 September 2021. The level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies was measured with a Roche Cobas e411 analyzer using the electrochemiluminescence (ECLIA) method. The study demonstrated that persons with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection had significantly higher antibody levels (taking into account gender, age, type of work performed, and severity of post-vaccination symptoms) than employees without a history of COVID-19. The study also revealed that the type of work, age, gender, and the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection can influence the humoral immune response. The presented results may prove helpful in the context of administering additional vaccine doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Wolszczak-Biedrzycka
- Department of Psychology and Sociology of Health and Public Health, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland;
- The Oncology Center of the Region of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Wojska Polskiego 37, 10-228 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna Bieńkowska
- Department of Psychology and Sociology of Health and Public Health, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland;
- The Oncology Center of the Region of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Wojska Polskiego 37, 10-228 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Justyna Dorf
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland;
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18
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Padoan A, Cosma C, Bonfante F, Della Rocca F, Barbaro F, Santarossa C, Dall'Olmo L, Pagliari M, Bortolami A, Cattelan A, Cianci V, Basso D, Plebani M. Neutralizing antibody titers six months after Comirnaty vaccination: kinetics and comparison with SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 60:456-463. [PMID: 34911170 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES mRNA vaccines, including Comirnaty (BNT162b2 mRNA, BioNTech-Pfizer), elicit high IgG and neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses after the second dose, but the progressive decrease in serum antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 following vaccination have raised questions concerning long-term immunity, decreased antibody levels being associated with breakthrough infections after vaccination, prompting the consideration of booster doses. METHODS A total number of 189 Padua University-Hospital healthcare workers (HCW) who had received a second vaccine dose were asked to collect serum samples for determining Ab at 12 (t12) and 28 (t28) days, and 6 months (t6m) after their first Comirnaty/BNT162b2 inoculation. Ab titers were measured with plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), and three chemiluminescent immunoassays, targeting the receptor binding domain (RBD), the trimeric Spike protein (trimeric-S), and surrogate viral neutralization tests (sVNT). RESULTS The median percentages (interquartile range) for decrease in antibodies values 6 months after the first dose were 86.8% (67.1-92.8%) for S-RBD IgG, 82% (58.6-89.3%) for trimeric-S, 70.4% (34.5-86.4%) for VNT-Nab, 75% (50-87.5%) for PRNT50 and 75% (50-93.7%) for PRNT90. At 6 months, neither PRNT titers nor VNT-Nab and S-RBD IgG bAb levels correlated with age (p=0.078) or gender (p=0.938), while they were correlated with previous infection (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS After 6 months, a method-independent reduction of around 90% in anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was detected, while no significant differences were found between values of males and females aged between 24 and 65 years without compromised health status. Further efforts to improve analytical harmonization and standardization are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Padoan
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Cosma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Barbaro
- Infective and Tropical Disease Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Dall'Olmo
- Department of Surgical Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences - DISCOG, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Pagliari
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessio Bortolami
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cattelan
- Infective and Tropical Disease Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Vito Cianci
- Emergency Department, Padua University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniela Basso
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Plebani
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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19
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Peng XL, Cheng JSY, Gong HL, Yuan MD, Zhao XH, Li Z, Wei DX. Advances in the design and development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Mil Med Res 2021; 8:67. [PMID: 34911569 PMCID: PMC8674100 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-021-00360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the end of 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread worldwide. The RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2, which is highly infectious and prone to rapid mutation, encodes both structural and nonstructural proteins. Vaccination is currently the only effective method to prevent COVID-19, and structural proteins are critical targets for vaccine development. Currently, many vaccines are in clinical trials or are already on the market. This review highlights ongoing advances in the design of prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines against COVID-19, including viral vector vaccines, DNA vaccines, RNA vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, inactivated virus vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines and bionic nanoparticle vaccines. In addition to traditional inactivated virus vaccines, some novel vaccines based on viral vectors, nanoscience and synthetic biology also play important roles in combating COVID-19. However, many challenges persist in ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Liang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Ji-Si-Yu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Hai-Lun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Meng-Di Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Zibiao Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634 Singapore
| | - Dai-Xu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
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20
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Evaluation of Antibody Response to Heterologous Prime-Boost Vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2: An Observational Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2021. [PMID: 34960224 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121478.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In several countries, thrombotic events after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 have led to heterologous messenger RNA (mRNA) boosting. We tested the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein four weeks after heterologous priming with the ChAdOx1 (ChAd) vector vaccine followed by boosting with BNT162b2(ChAd/BNT), comparing data of homologous regimen (BNT/BNT, ChAd/ChAd) subjects positive for SARS-CoV-2 after the first dose of BNT162b2 (BNT1dose/CoV2) and convalescent COVID-19. METHODS healthy subjects naïve for SARS-CoV-2 infection were assessed for serum IgG anti-S-RBD response 21 days after priming (T1), 4 (TFULL) and 15 (T15W) weeks after booster dose. RESULTS The median IgG anti-S-RBD levels at TFULL of Chad/BNT group were significantly higher than the BNT/BNT group and ChAd/ChAd. Those of BNT/BNT group were significantly higher than ChAd/ChAd. IgG anti-S-RBD of BNT1dose/CoV2 group were similar to BNT/BNT, ChAd/BNT and ChAd/Chad group. The levels among COVID-19 convalescents were significantly lower than ChAd/BNT, BNT/BNT, ChAd/Chad and BNT1dose/CoV2. The proportion of subjects reaching an anti-S-RBD titer >75 AU/mL, correlated with high neutralizing titer, was 94% in ChAd/BNT and BNT/BNT, 60% in BNT1dose/CoV2, 25% in ChAd/ChAd and 4.2% in convalescents. At T15W the titer of ChAd/BNT was still significantly higher than other vaccine schedules, while the anti-S-RBD decline was reduced for ChAd/ChAd and similar for other combinations. CONCLUSION Our data highlight the magnitude of IgG anti-S-RBD response in ChAd/BNT dosing, supporting the current national guidelines for heterologous boosting.
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21
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Firinu D, Perra A, Campagna M, Littera R, Meloni F, Sedda F, Conti M, Costanzo G, Erbi M, Usai G, Locci C, Carta MG, Cappai R, Orrù G, Del Giacco S, Coghe F, Chessa L. Evaluation of Antibody Response to Heterologous Prime-Boost Vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2: An Observational Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121478. [PMID: 34960224 PMCID: PMC8704060 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In several countries, thrombotic events after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 have led to heterologous messenger RNA (mRNA) boosting. We tested the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein four weeks after heterologous priming with the ChAdOx1 (ChAd) vector vaccine followed by boosting with BNT162b2(ChAd/BNT), comparing data of homologous regimen (BNT/BNT, ChAd/ChAd) subjects positive for SARS-CoV-2 after the first dose of BNT162b2 (BNT1dose/CoV2) and convalescent COVID-19. Methods: healthy subjects naïve for SARS-CoV-2 infection were assessed for serum IgG anti-S-RBD response 21 days after priming (T1), 4 (TFULL) and 15 (T15W) weeks after booster dose. Results: The median IgG anti-S-RBD levels at TFULL of Chad/BNT group were significantly higher than the BNT/BNT group and ChAd/ChAd. Those of BNT/BNT group were significantly higher than ChAd/ChAd. IgG anti-S-RBD of BNT1dose/CoV2 group were similar to BNT/BNT, ChAd/BNT and ChAd/Chad group. The levels among COVID-19 convalescents were significantly lower than ChAd/BNT, BNT/BNT, ChAd/Chad and BNT1dose/CoV2. The proportion of subjects reaching an anti-S-RBD titer >75 AU/mL, correlated with high neutralizing titer, was 94% in ChAd/BNT and BNT/BNT, 60% in BNT1dose/CoV2, 25% in ChAd/ChAd and 4.2% in convalescents. At T15W the titer of ChAd/BNT was still significantly higher than other vaccine schedules, while the anti-S-RBD decline was reduced for ChAd/ChAd and similar for other combinations. Conclusion: Our data highlight the magnitude of IgG anti-S-RBD response in ChAd/BNT dosing, supporting the current national guidelines for heterologous boosting
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Firinu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (M.E.); (G.U.); (C.L.); (M.G.C.); (G.O.); (S.D.G.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-070-5109-6128; Fax: +39-070-5109-6227
| | - Andrea Perra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (A.P.); (F.S.)
- Associazione per l’Avanzamento della Ricerca per i Trapianti O.d.V., Non Profit Organisation, 09100 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Marcello Campagna
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (M.E.); (G.U.); (C.L.); (M.G.C.); (G.O.); (S.D.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Roberto Littera
- Associazione per l’Avanzamento della Ricerca per i Trapianti O.d.V., Non Profit Organisation, 09100 Cagliari, Italy;
- Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federico Meloni
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (M.E.); (G.U.); (C.L.); (M.G.C.); (G.O.); (S.D.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Francesca Sedda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (A.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Maria Conti
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (M.E.); (G.U.); (C.L.); (M.G.C.); (G.O.); (S.D.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Giulia Costanzo
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (M.E.); (G.U.); (C.L.); (M.G.C.); (G.O.); (S.D.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Monica Erbi
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (M.E.); (G.U.); (C.L.); (M.G.C.); (G.O.); (S.D.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Gianmario Usai
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (M.E.); (G.U.); (C.L.); (M.G.C.); (G.O.); (S.D.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Carlotta Locci
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (M.E.); (G.U.); (C.L.); (M.G.C.); (G.O.); (S.D.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Mauro Giovanni Carta
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (M.E.); (G.U.); (C.L.); (M.G.C.); (G.O.); (S.D.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Riccardo Cappai
- Laboratory Clinical Chemical Analysis and Microbiology, University Hospital of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (R.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Germano Orrù
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (M.E.); (G.U.); (C.L.); (M.G.C.); (G.O.); (S.D.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Stefano Del Giacco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (M.E.); (G.U.); (C.L.); (M.G.C.); (G.O.); (S.D.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Ferdinando Coghe
- Laboratory Clinical Chemical Analysis and Microbiology, University Hospital of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (R.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Luchino Chessa
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (M.E.); (G.U.); (C.L.); (M.G.C.); (G.O.); (S.D.G.); (L.C.)
- Associazione per l’Avanzamento della Ricerca per i Trapianti O.d.V., Non Profit Organisation, 09100 Cagliari, Italy;
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22
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Brisotto G, Muraro E, Montico M, Corso C, Evangelista C, Casarotto M, Caffau C, Vettori R, Cozzi MR, Zanussi S, Turetta M, Ronchese F, Steffan A. IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 decay but persist 4 months after vaccination in a cohort of healthcare workers. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 523:476-482. [PMID: 34755649 PMCID: PMC8555109 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Monitoring the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 is pivotal in the evaluation of long-term vaccine efficacy. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies represent an advisable tool to reach this goal, especially for the still poorly defined antibody trend induced by the new class of mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anti-Spike RBD IgG antibodies were monitored in a cohort of healthcare workers at CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, through MAGLUMI® chemiluminescence assay, at 1 and 4 months after full-schedule of BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccination. RESULTS At 1 month after vaccination, 99.9% of 767 healthcare workers showed a reactive antibody response, which was inversely correlated with age, and positively associated with a previous history of COVID-19, and mRNA-1273 vaccination. Serological response was maintained in 99.6% of the 516 subjects monitored also at follow-up. An antibody decay from 559.8 AU/mL (IQR 359.7-845.7) to 92.7 AU/mL (IQR 65.1-148.6; p < 0.001) was observed, independently from age and sex. CONCLUSION Our data supported the ability of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines to induce at least a 4 months-lasting IgG response, even outside the rules of clinical trials. The antibody decay observed at follow-up suggested to deepen the immune response characterization to identify subjects with low anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity possibly requiring a vaccination boost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Brisotto
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Elena Muraro
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy.
| | - Marcella Montico
- Clinical Trial Office, Scientific Direction, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Chiara Corso
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Chiara Evangelista
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Casarotto
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Cristina Caffau
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Roberto Vettori
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Cozzi
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Stefania Zanussi
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Matteo Turetta
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Federico Ronchese
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Agostino Steffan
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
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23
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Kandimalla R, Chakraborty P, Vallamkondu J, Chaudhary A, Samanta S, Reddy PH, De Feo V, Dewanjee S. Counting on COVID-19 Vaccine: Insights into the Current Strategies, Progress and Future Challenges. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1740. [PMID: 34829969 PMCID: PMC8615473 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of a novel coronavirus viz., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in late 2019 and its subsequent substantial spread produced the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic worldwide. Given its unprecedented infectivity and pathogenicity, the COVID-19 pandemic had a devastating impact on human health, and its clinical management has been a great challenge, which has led to the development and speedy trials of several vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 at an exceptional pace. As a result, several COVID-19 vaccines were made commercially available in the first half of 2021. Although several COVID-19 vaccines showed promising results, crucial insights into their epidemiology, protective mechanisms, and the propensities of reinfection are not largely reviewed. In the present report, we provided insights into the prospects of vaccination against COVID-19 and assessed diverse vaccination strategies including DNA, mRNA, protein subunits, vector-based, live attenuated, and inactivated whole/viral particle-based vaccines. Next, we reviewed major aspects of various available vaccines approved by the World Health Organization and by the local administrations to use against COVID-19. Moreover, we comprehensively assessed the success of these approved vaccines and also their untoward effects, including the possibility of reinfection. We also provided an update on the vaccines that are under development and could be promising candidates in the future. Conclusively, we provided insights into the COVID-19 vaccine epidemiology, their potency, and propensity for SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, while a careful review of their current status, strategies, success, and future challenges was also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kandimalla
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal 506007, Telangana, India
| | - Pratik Chakraborty
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India;
| | | | - Anupama Chaudhary
- Orinin-BioSystems, LE-52, Lotus Road 4, CHD City, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India;
| | - Sonalinandini Samanta
- Department of Dermatology (Skin & Venereology), ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Patna 801103, Bihar, India;
| | - P. Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA;
- Department of Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Vincenzo De Feo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India;
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24
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Campo F, Venuti A, Pimpinelli F, Abril E, Blandino G, Conti L, De Virgilio A, De Marco F, Di Noia V, Di Domenico EG, Di Martino S, Ensoli F, Giannarelli D, Mandoj C, Mazzola F, Moretto S, Petruzzi G, Petrone F, Pichi B, Pontone M, Vidiri A, Vujovic B, Piaggio G, Sperandio E, Rosati V, Cognetti F, Morrone A, Ciliberto G, Pellini R. Antibody Persistence 6 Months Post-Vaccination with BNT162b2 among Health Care Workers. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101125. [PMID: 34696233 PMCID: PMC8538824 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We present immunogenicity data 6 months after the first dose of BNT162b2 in correlation with age, gender, BMI, comorbidities and previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS An immunogenicity evaluation was carried out among health care workers (HCW) vaccinated at the Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO). All HCW were asked to be vaccine by the national vaccine campaign at the beginning of 2021. Serum samples were collected on day 1 just prior to the first dose of the vaccine and on day 21 just prior to the second vaccination dose. Thereafter sera samples were collected 28, 49, 84 and 168 days after the first dose of BNT162b2. Quantitative measurement of IgG antibodies against S1/S2 antigens of SARS-CoV-2 was performed with a commercial chemiluminescent immunoassay. RESULTS Two hundred seventy-four HWCs were analyzed, 175 women (63.9%) and 99 men (36.1%). The maximum antibody geometric mean concentration (AbGMC) was reached at T2 (299.89 AU/mL; 95% CI: 263.53-339.52) with a significant increase compared to baseline (p < 0.0001). Thereafter, a progressive decrease was observed. At T5, a median decrease of 59.6% in COVID-19 negative, and of 67.8% in COVID-19 positive individuals were identified with respect to the highest antibody response. At T1, age and previous COVID-19 were associated with differences in antibody response, while at T2 and T3 differences in immune response were associated with age, gender and previous COVID-19. At T4 and T5, only COVID-19 positive participants demonstrated a greater antibody response, whereas no other variables seemed to influence antibody levels. CONCLUSIONS Overall our study clearly shows antibody persistence at 6 months, albeit with a certain decline. Thus, the use of this vaccine in addressing the COVID-19 pandemic is supported by our results that in turn open debate about the need for further boosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Campo
- Department Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), 00144 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (F.M.); (S.M.); (G.P.); (B.P.); (V.R.); (R.P.)
| | - Aldo Venuti
- HPV Unit, UOSD Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), 00144 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Fulvia Pimpinelli
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), 00144 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (E.A.); (E.G.D.D.); (F.E.); (M.P.)
| | - Elva Abril
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), 00144 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (E.A.); (E.G.D.D.); (F.E.); (M.P.)
| | - Giovanni Blandino
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Laura Conti
- Department Clinical Pathology and Cancer Biobank, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), 00144 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Armando De Virgilio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy;
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Federico De Marco
- RIDAIT Department, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Di Noia
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (V.D.N.); (F.C.)
| | - Enea Gino Di Domenico
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), 00144 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (E.A.); (E.G.D.D.); (F.E.); (M.P.)
| | - Simona Di Martino
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Ensoli
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), 00144 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (E.A.); (E.G.D.D.); (F.E.); (M.P.)
| | - Diana Giannarelli
- Biostatistical Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Chiara Mandoj
- Department Clinical Pathology and Cancer Biobank, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), 00144 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Francesco Mazzola
- Department Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), 00144 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (F.M.); (S.M.); (G.P.); (B.P.); (V.R.); (R.P.)
| | - Silvia Moretto
- Department Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), 00144 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (F.M.); (S.M.); (G.P.); (B.P.); (V.R.); (R.P.)
| | - Gerardo Petruzzi
- Department Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), 00144 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (F.M.); (S.M.); (G.P.); (B.P.); (V.R.); (R.P.)
| | - Fabrizio Petrone
- U.O.C. DITRAR, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Barbara Pichi
- Department Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), 00144 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (F.M.); (S.M.); (G.P.); (B.P.); (V.R.); (R.P.)
| | - Martina Pontone
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), 00144 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (E.A.); (E.G.D.D.); (F.E.); (M.P.)
| | - Antonello Vidiri
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Branka Vujovic
- Medical Direction, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute and San Gallicano Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giulia Piaggio
- Department of Research, IRCSS Technological Innovation & Advanced Diagnostics, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Eleonora Sperandio
- UOSD Clinical Trial Center, Biostatistic and Bionformatic, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Valentina Rosati
- Department Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), 00144 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (F.M.); (S.M.); (G.P.); (B.P.); (V.R.); (R.P.)
| | - Francesco Cognetti
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (V.D.N.); (F.C.)
| | - Aldo Morrone
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gennaro Ciliberto
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Raul Pellini
- Department Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), 00144 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (F.M.); (S.M.); (G.P.); (B.P.); (V.R.); (R.P.)
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Decreasing humoral response among healthcare workers up to 4 months after two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine. J Infect 2021; 84:248-288. [PMID: 34600020 PMCID: PMC8480148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bayart JL, Douxfils J, Gillot C, David C, Mullier F, Elsen M, Eucher C, Van Eeckhoudt S, Roy T, Gerin V, Wieers G, Laurent C, Closset M, Dogné JM, Favresse J. Waning of IgG, Total and Neutralizing Antibodies 6 Months Post-Vaccination with BNT162b2 in Healthcare Workers. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1092. [PMID: 34696200 PMCID: PMC8540417 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Data about the long-term duration of antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination are still scarce and are important to design vaccination strategies. In this study, 231 healthcare professionals received the two-dose regimen of BNT162b2. Of these, 158 were seronegative and 73 were seropositive at baseline. Samples were collected at several time points. The neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and antibodies against the nucleocapsid and the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 were measured. At day 180, a significant antibody decline was observed in seronegative (-55.4% with total antibody assay; -89.6% with IgG assay) and seropositive individuals (-74.8% with total antibody assay; -79.4% with IgG assay). The estimated half-life of IgG from the peak humoral response was 21 days (95% CI: 13-65) in seronegative and 53 days (95% CI: 40-79) in seropositive individuals. The estimated half-life of total antibodies was longer and ranged from 68 days (95% CI: 54-90) to 114 days (95% CI: 87-167) in seropositive and seronegative individuals, respectively. The decline of NAbs was more pronounced (-98.6%) and around 45% of the subjects tested were negative at day 180. Whether this decrease correlates with an equivalent drop in the clinical effectiveness against the virus would require appropriate clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Bayart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Pierre, 1340 Ottignies, Belgium; (J.-L.B.); (T.R.); (V.G.)
| | - Jonathan Douxfils
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.G.); (J.-M.D.); (J.F.)
- Qualiblood s.a., 5000 Namur, Belgium;
| | - Constant Gillot
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.G.); (J.-M.D.); (J.F.)
| | | | - François Mullier
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium; (F.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Marc Elsen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Luc Bouge, 5004 Bouge, Belgium; (M.E.); (C.E.)
| | - Christine Eucher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Luc Bouge, 5004 Bouge, Belgium; (M.E.); (C.E.)
| | | | - Tatiana Roy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Pierre, 1340 Ottignies, Belgium; (J.-L.B.); (T.R.); (V.G.)
| | - Vincent Gerin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Pierre, 1340 Ottignies, Belgium; (J.-L.B.); (T.R.); (V.G.)
| | - Grégoire Wieers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinique St-Pierre, 1340 Ottignies, Belgium;
| | - Christine Laurent
- Department of Internal Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium;
| | - Mélanie Closset
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium; (F.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Jean-Michel Dogné
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.G.); (J.-M.D.); (J.F.)
| | - Julien Favresse
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.G.); (J.-M.D.); (J.F.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Luc Bouge, 5004 Bouge, Belgium; (M.E.); (C.E.)
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Tré-Hardy M, Cupaiolo R, Wilmet A, Antoine-Moussiaux T, Della Vecchia A, Horeanga A, Papleux E, Vekemans M, Beukinga I, Blairon L. Six-month interim analysis of ongoing immunogenicity surveillance of the mRNA-1273 vaccine in healthcare workers: A third dose is expected. J Infect 2021; 83:559-564. [PMID: 34437927 PMCID: PMC8380546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Scarce data are currently available on the kinetics of antibodies after vaccination with mRNA vaccines as a whole and, with mRNA-1273, in particular. We report here an ad-interim analysis of data obtained after a 6-month follow-up in a cohort of healthcare workers (HCWs) who received the mRNA-1273 vaccine. These new data provide more insight into whether and in whom a 3rd dose could be necessary. Methods Our study compared the anti-S antibody kinetics at 2 weeks (T1), 3 months (T3) and 6 months (T4) after the first injection, and 2 weeks after the second injection (T2). The 201 participating HCWs were stratified according to their initial serological status. The vaccine effectiveness was also assessed through a medical questionnaire. Results We report here a marked and statistically significant antibody decrease (P < 0.05) between T3 and T4, especially in naïve vaccinees. The analysis of potential confounding factors or known risk factors for severe COVID-19 disease did not reveal any influence on the drop observed. Six-month after vaccination, only one, symptomatic, infection was reported in our cohort. Conclusions In a supply-limited environment, our results plead for reserving the 3rd dose scheme, in the upcoming months, to seronegative individuals prior to vaccination, especially when the serological status is easily accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Tré-Hardy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Iris Hospitals South, rue Jean Paquot 63, 1050 Brussels, Brussels, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, Belgium.
| | - Roberto Cupaiolo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Iris Hospitals South, rue Jean Paquot 63, 1050 Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alain Wilmet
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Iris Hospitals South, rue Jean Paquot 63, 1050 Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Alexandra Horeanga
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Iris Hospitals South, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Marc Vekemans
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Iris Hospitals South, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Beukinga
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Iris Hospitals South, rue Jean Paquot 63, 1050 Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Blairon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Iris Hospitals South, rue Jean Paquot 63, 1050 Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
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