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Mattana F, Muraglia L, Barone A, Colandrea M, Saker Diffalah Y, Provera S, Cascio AS, Omodeo Salè E, Ceci F. Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen-Targeted Therapy in Prostate Cancer: History, Combination Therapies, Trials, and Future Perspective. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1643. [PMID: 38730595 PMCID: PMC11083597 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, the development of PET/CT radiopharmaceuticals, targeting the Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA), changed the management of prostate cancer (PCa) patients thanks to its higher diagnostic accuracy in comparison with conventional imaging both in staging and in recurrence. Alongside molecular imaging, PSMA was studied as a therapeutic agent targeted with various isotopes. In 2021, results from the VISION trial led to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 as a novel therapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and set the basis for a radical change in the future perspectives of PCa treatment and the history of Nuclear Medicine. Despite these promising results, primary resistance in patients treated with single-agent [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 remains a real issue. Emerging trials are investigating the use of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in combination with other PCa therapies in order to cover the multiple oncologic resistance pathways and to overcome tumor heterogeneity. In this review, our aim is to retrace the history of PSMA-targeted therapy from the first preclinical studies to its future applications in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mattana
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (A.B.); (M.C.); (A.S.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Lorenzo Muraglia
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Humanitas IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy;
| | - Antonio Barone
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (A.B.); (M.C.); (A.S.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Marzia Colandrea
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (A.B.); (M.C.); (A.S.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Yasmina Saker Diffalah
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Silvia Provera
- Division of Pharmacy, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); (E.O.S.)
| | - Alfio Severino Cascio
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (A.B.); (M.C.); (A.S.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Emanuela Omodeo Salè
- Division of Pharmacy, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); (E.O.S.)
| | - Francesco Ceci
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (A.B.); (M.C.); (A.S.C.); (F.C.)
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Suzuki H, Kannaka K, Uehara T. Approaches to Reducing Normal Tissue Radiation from Radiolabeled Antibodies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:508. [PMID: 38675468 PMCID: PMC11053530 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiolabeled antibodies are powerful tools for both imaging and therapy in the field of nuclear medicine. Radiolabeling methods that do not release radionuclides from parent antibodies are essential for radiolabeling antibodies, and practical radiolabeling protocols that provide high in vivo stability have been established for many radionuclides, with a few exceptions. However, several limitations remain, including undesirable side effects on the biodistribution profiles of antibodies. This review summarizes the numerous efforts made to tackle this problem and the recent advances, mainly in preclinical studies. These include pretargeting approaches, engineered antibody fragments and constructs, the secondary injection of clearing agents, and the insertion of metabolizable linkages. Finally, we discuss the potential of these approaches and their prospects for further clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Radiotherapy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan; (K.K.); (T.U.)
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3
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Pena-Bonhome C, Fiaccabrino D, Rama T, Fernández-Pavón D, Southcott L, Zhang Z, Lin KS, de Blas A, Patrick BO, Schaffer P, Orvig C, Jaraquemada-Peláez MDG, Rodríguez-Blas T. Toward 68Ga and 64Cu Positron Emission Tomography Probes: Is H 2dedpa- N, N'-pram the Missing Link for dedpa Conjugation? Inorg Chem 2023; 62:20593-20607. [PMID: 36662237 PMCID: PMC10731644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
H2dedpa-N,N'-pram (H2L1), a new chelator derived from the hexadentate ligand 1,2-bis[[(6-carboxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]amino]ethane (H2dedpa), which incorporates 3-propylamine chains anchored to the secondary amines of the ethylenediamine core of the latter, has emerged as a very promising scaffold for preparing 68Ga- and 64Cu-based positron emission tomography probes. This new platform is cost-effective and easy to prepare, and the two pendant primary amines make it versatile for the preparation of bifunctional chelators by conjugation and/or click chemistry. Reported herein, we have also included the related H2dedpa-N,N'-prpta (H2L2) platform as a simple structural model for its conjugated systems. X-ray crystallography confirmed that the N4O2 coordination sphere provided by the dedpa2- core is maintained at both Ga(III) and Cu(II). The complex formation equilibria were deeply investigated by a thorough multitechnique approach with potentiometric, NMR spectrometric, and UV-vis spectrophotometric titrations, revealing effective chelation. The thermodynamic stability of the Ga(III) complexes at physiological relevant conditions is slightly higher than that of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), the common and clinically approved chelator used in the clinic [pGa = 19.5 (dedpa-N,N'-pram) and 20.8 (dedpa-N,N'-prpta) versus 18.5 (DOTA) at identical conditions], and significantly higher for the Cu(II) complexes [pCu = 21.96 (dedpa-N,N'-pram) and 22.8 (dedpa-N,N'-prpta) versus 16.2 (DOTA)], which are even more stable than that of the parent ligand dedpa2- (pCu = 18.5) and that of 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (NOTA) (pCu = 18.5). This high stability found for Cu(II) complexes is related to the conversion of the secondary amines of the ethylenediamine core of dedpa2- into tertiary amines, whereby the architecture of the new H2L1 chelator is doubly optimal in the case of this metal ion: high accessibility of the primary amine groups and their incorporation via the secondary amines, which contributes to a significant increase in the stability of the metal complex. Quantitative labeling of both chelators with both radionuclides ([68Ga]Ga3+ and [64Cu]Cu2+) was observed within 15 min at room temperature with concentrations as low as 10-5 M. Furthermore, serum stability studies confirmed a high radiochemical in vitro stability of all systems and therefore confirmed H2L1 as a promising and versatile chelator for further radiopharmaceutical in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Pena-Bonhome
- Grupo
METMED, Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, Coruña 15071A, Spain
| | - Desiree Fiaccabrino
- Medicinal
Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Life
Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Tamara Rama
- Grupo
METMED, Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, Coruña 15071A, Spain
| | - Daniel Fernández-Pavón
- Grupo
METMED, Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, Coruña 15071A, Spain
| | - Lily Southcott
- Medicinal
Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Life
Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Zhengxing Zhang
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research
Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research
Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department
of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Andrés de Blas
- Grupo
METMED, Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, Coruña 15071A, Spain
| | - Brian O. Patrick
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Paul Schaffer
- Life
Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
- Department
of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal
Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | | | - Teresa Rodríguez-Blas
- Grupo
METMED, Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, Coruña 15071A, Spain
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Calatayud DG, Lledos M, Casarsa F, Pascu SI. Functional Diversity in Radiolabeled Nanoceramics and Related Biomaterials for the Multimodal Imaging of Tumors. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2023; 3:389-417. [PMID: 37876497 PMCID: PMC10591303 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.3c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology advances have the potential to assist toward the earlier detection of diseases, giving increased accuracy for diagnosis and helping to personalize treatments, especially in the case of noncommunicative diseases (NCDs) such as cancer. The main advantage of nanoparticles, the scaffolds underpinning nanomedicine, is their potential to present multifunctionality: synthetic nanoplatforms for nanomedicines can be tailored to support a range of biomedical imaging modalities of relevance for clinical practice, such as, for example, optical imaging, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET). A single nanoparticle has the potential to incorporate myriads of contrast agent units or imaging tracers, encapsulate, and/or be conjugated to different combinations of imaging tags, thus providing the means for multimodality diagnostic methods. These arrangements have been shown to provide significant improvements to the signal-to-noise ratios that may be obtained by molecular imaging techniques, for example, in PET diagnostic imaging with nanomaterials versus the cases when molecular species are involved as radiotracers. We surveyed some of the main discoveries in the simultaneous incorporation of nanoparticulate materials and imaging agents within highly kinetically stable radio-nanomaterials as potential tracers with (pre)clinical potential. Diversity in function and new developments toward synthesis, radiolabeling, and microscopy investigations are explored, and preclinical applications in molecular imaging are highlighted. The emphasis is on the biocompatible materials at the forefront of the main preclinical developments, e.g., nanoceramics and liposome-based constructs, which have driven the evolution of diagnostic radio-nanomedicines over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Calatayud
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Department
of Electroceramics, Instituto de Cerámica
y Vidrio, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Marina Lledos
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Casarsa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia I. Pascu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- Centre
of Therapeutic Innovations, University of
Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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Low HY, Yang CT, Xia B, He T, Lam WWC, Ng DCE. Radiolabeled Liposomes for Nuclear Imaging Probes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093798. [PMID: 37175207 PMCID: PMC10180453 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative nuclear imaging techniques are in high demand for various disease diagnostics and cancer theranostics. The non-invasive imaging modality requires radiotracing through the radioactive decay emission of the radionuclide. Current preclinical and clinical radiotracers, so-called nuclear imaging probes, are radioisotope-labeled small molecules. Liposomal radiotracers have been rapidly developing as novel nuclear imaging probes. The physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of liposomes have been elucidated to address their long circulation and stability as radiopharmaceuticals. Various radiolabeling methods for synthesizing radionuclides onto liposomes and synthesis strategies have been summarized to render them biocompatible and enable specific targeting. Through a variety of radionuclide labeling methods, radiolabeled liposomes for use as nuclear imaging probes can be obtained for in vivo biodistribution and specific targeting studies. The advantages of radiolabeled liposomes including their use as potential clinical nuclear imaging probes have been highlighted. This review is a comprehensive overview of all recently published liposomal SPECT and PET imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Ying Low
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore
| | - Chang-Tong Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Bin Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Tao He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Winnie Wing Chuen Lam
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - David Chee Eng Ng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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6
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Amanuel KF. Production of 68Ge, 68Ga, 67Ga, 65Zn, and 64Cu important radionuclides for medical applications: theoretical model predictions for α-particles with 66Zn at ≈10–40 MeV. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2022-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Theoretical predictions were made using TALYS-1.95(G) and EMPIRE 3.2 reaction-model codes for 69Ge, 67Ge, and medically used 68Ge, 67Ga, 68Ga, 65Zn, 64Cu radionuclides produced in the interaction of α-projectile with 66Zn-target at 10–40 MeV α-energies. Pearson’s statistical coefficients showed moderate to strong positive correlations between the theoretically predicted and experimentally measured production cross sections for radionuclides with practical medical applications. Furthermore, the present results indicated that a medium-sized cyclotron and a single α + 66Zn system (projectile + target system) might be an option for optimized production of 68Ge, 68Ga, 67Ga, 65Zn, and 64Cu radionuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kifle F. Amanuel
- Department of Applied Physics , Hawassa University , Hawassa , P. O. Box 05 , Ethiopia
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7
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Amanuel F. Nuclear model prediction of cross-section for 125 - 119I radionuclides produced in proton + 125Te reaction at ≈ 5–100 MeV. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 188:110351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Copper-67-Labeled Bombesin Peptide for Targeted Radionuclide Therapy of Prostate Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060728. [PMID: 35745647 PMCID: PMC9229378 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is a promising molecular target for imaging and therapy of prostate cancer using bombesin peptides that bind to the receptor with high affinity. Targeted copper theranostics (TCTs) using copper radionuclides, 64Cu for imaging and 67Cu for therapy, offer significant advantages in the development of next-generation theranostics. [64Cu]Cu-SAR-BBN is in clinical development for PET imaging of GRPR-expressing cancers. This study explores the therapeutic efficacy of [67Cu]Cu-SAR-BBN in a pre-clinical mouse model. The peptide was radiolabeled with 67Cu, and specific binding of the radiolabeled peptide towards GRPR-positive PC-3 prostate cancer cells was confirmed with 52.2 ± 1.4% total bound compared to 5.8 ± 0.1% with blocking. A therapy study with [67Cu]Cu-SAR-BBN was conducted in mice bearing PC-3 tumors by injecting 24 MBq doses a total of six times. Tumor growth was inhibited by 93.3% compared to the control group on day 19, and median survival increased from 34.5 days for the control group to greater than 54 days for the treatment group. The ease and stability of the radiochemistry, favorable biodistribution, and the positive tumor inhibition demonstrate the suitability of this copper-based theranostic agent for clinical assessment in the treatment of cancers expressing GRPR.
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Orlov AP, Trofimova TP, Orlova MA. Transition metals, their organic complexes, and radionuclides promising for medical use. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3429-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Jauregui-Osoro M, De Robertis S, Halsted P, Gould SM, Yu Z, Paul RL, Marsden PK, Gee AD, Fenwick A, Blower PJ. Production of copper-64 using a hospital cyclotron: targetry, purification and quality analysis. Nucl Med Commun 2021; 42:1024-1038. [PMID: 34397988 PMCID: PMC8357037 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To construct and evaluate a 64Cu production system that minimises the amount of costly 64Ni, radionuclidic impurities and nonradioactive metal contamination and maximises radiochemical and radionuclidic purity and molar activity; and to report analytical and quality control methods that can be used within typical PET radiochemistry production facilities to measure metal ion concentrations and radiometal molar activities. METHODS Low volume was ensured by dissolving the irradiated nickel in a low volume of hydrochloric acid (<1 mL) using the concave gold target backing as a reaction vessel in a custom-built target holder. Removal of contaminating 55Co and nonradioactive trace metals was ensured by adding an intermediate hydrochloric acid concentration step during the conventional ion-exchange elution process. The radionuclidic purity of the product was determined by half-life measurements, gamma spectroscopy and ion radiochromatography. Trace metal contamination and molar activity were determined by ion chromatography. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS On a small scale, suitable for preclinical research, the process produced typically 3.2 GBq 64Cu in 2 mL solution from 9.4 ± 2.1 mg nickel-64 electroplated onto a gold target backing. The product had high molar activity (121.5 GBq/µmol), was free of trace metal contamination detectable by ion chromatography and has been used for many preclinical and clinical PET imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Jauregui-Osoro
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St Thomas’ Hospital
| | - Simona De Robertis
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St Thomas’ Hospital
| | - Philip Halsted
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St Thomas’ Hospital
| | - Sarah-May Gould
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St Thomas’ Hospital
| | - Zilin Yu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St Thomas’ Hospital
| | - Rowena L Paul
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St Thomas’ Hospital
| | - Paul K Marsden
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St Thomas’ Hospital
| | - Antony D Gee
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St Thomas’ Hospital
| | - Andrew Fenwick
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, London, UK
| | - Philip J. Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St Thomas’ Hospital
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Tosato M, Dalla Tiezza M, May NV, Isse AA, Nardella S, Orian L, Verona M, Vaccarin C, Alker A, Mäcke H, Pastore P, Di Marco V. Copper Coordination Chemistry of Sulfur Pendant Cyclen Derivatives: An Attempt to Hinder the Reductive-Induced Demetalation in 64/67Cu Radiopharmaceuticals. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:11530-11547. [PMID: 34279088 PMCID: PMC8389837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The Cu2+ complexes formed by a series of cyclen derivatives bearing sulfur pendant arms, 1,4,7,10-tetrakis[2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl]-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (DO4S), 1,4,7-tris[2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl]-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (DO3S), 1,4,7-tris[2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl]-10-acetamido-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (DO3SAm), and 1,7-bis[2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl]-4,10-diacetic acid-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (DO2A2S), were studied in aqueous solution at 25 °C from thermodynamic and structural points of view to evaluate their potential as chelators for copper radioisotopes. UV-vis spectrophotometric out-of-cell titrations under strongly acidic conditions, direct in-cell UV-vis titrations, potentiometric measurements at pH >4, and spectrophotometric Ag+-Cu2+ competition experiments were performed to evaluate the stoichiometry and stability constants of the Cu2+ complexes. A highly stable 1:1 metal-to-ligand complex (CuL) was found in solution at all pH values for all chelators, and for DO2A2S, protonated species were also detected under acidic conditions. The structures of the Cu2+ complexes in aqueous solution were investigated by UV-vis and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and the results were supported by relativistic density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Isomers were detected that differed from their coordination modes. Crystals of [Cu(DO4S)(NO3)]·NO3 and [Cu(DO2A2S)] suitable for X-ray diffraction were obtained. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments highlighted the remarkable stability of the copper complexes with reference to dissociation upon reduction from Cu2+ to Cu+ on the CV time scale. The Cu+ complexes were generated in situ by electrolysis and examined by NMR spectroscopy. DFT calculations gave further structural insights. These results demonstrate that the investigated sulfur-containing chelators are promising candidates for application in copper-based radiopharmaceuticals. In this connection, the high stability of both Cu2+ and Cu+ complexes can represent a key parameter for avoiding in vivo demetalation after bioinduced reduction to Cu+, often observed for other well-known chelators that can stabilize only Cu2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Tosato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Dalla Tiezza
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Nóra V May
- Centre for Structural Science, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok Körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Abdirisak Ahmed Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sonia Nardella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Orian
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Verona
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Christian Vaccarin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - André Alker
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Mäcke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Hugstetterstrasse 55, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paolo Pastore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Valerio Di Marco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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12
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Amanuel F. Nuclear model prediction for production of medical 22Na, 51Cr, 60Co, 61Cu, 64Cu, 65Zn, 67, 68Ga, 88Y and 99Mo radionuclides: Comparison of experimental and theoretical data. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 172:109674. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Wang X, Gu X, Li L, Yu B, Lv L, Chen Q, Xu M. An excellent electrochemical aptasensor for amyloid-β oligomers based on a triple-helix aptamer switch via target-triggered signal transduction DNA displacement events. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3707-3716. [PMID: 33861355 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An excellent aptasensor for electrochemical detection of amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs) at trace levels was fabricated based on a triple-helix aptamer switch (THAS) via target-triggered signal transduction DNA displacement events. Specifically, a single-stranded anti-AβO aptamer (Apt) carrying two symmetrical arm segments was first attached via Au-S binding to an Au electrode. Gold nanoparticle (GNP)-tagged signal transduction probes (GNP-STPs) were simultaneously hybridized with the two arm segments of the Apt, and a rigid THAS was formed on the Au electrode. Compared to the conventional hybrid, the number of GNPs on the Au electrode increased significantly with the THAS, effectively improving the stability of the Apt to avoid lodging. Trithiocyanuric acid (TA) was utilized to further gather the GNPs and form network-like TA/GNPs. As a result, the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) response of GNPs was clearly enhanced. When AβOs were present, target-triggered signal transduction DNA displacement events were carried out from THAS via the reaction of the Apt with the AβOs, which caused the GNP-STP to dissociate from the Au electrode, and thus a significant reduction in the DPV response was observed. The assay was able to sensitively detect trace AβOs by monitoring the AβO-controlled DPV response change. It exhibited a wide linear range from 1 fM to 10 pM with a low detection limit of 0.5 fM, and was successfully employed for the determination of AβOs in 20 serum samples, with good recovery. Moreover, the developed assay can provide a sensitive and selective platform for many studies or investigations related to Alzheimer's disease (AD) monitoring and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xuan Gu
- Key Laboratory of the Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Linyu Li
- Key Laboratory of the Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Bingjia Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Liangrui Lv
- Key Laboratory of the Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qingqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Mingming Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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14
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Herrero Álvarez N, Bauer D, Hernández-Gil J, Lewis JS. Recent Advances in Radiometals for Combined Imaging and Therapy in Cancer. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2909-2941. [PMID: 33792195 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear medicine is defined as the use of radionuclides for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The imaging modalities positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are based on γ-emissions of specific energies. The therapeutic technologies are based on β- -particle-, α-particle-, and Auger electron emitters. In oncology, PET and SPECT are used to detect cancer lesions, to determine dosimetry, and to monitor therapy effectiveness. In contrast, radiotherapy is designed to irreparably damage tumor cells in order to eradicate or control the disease's progression. Radiometals are being explored for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. Strategies that combine both modalities (diagnostic and therapeutic), referred to as theranostics, are promising candidates for clinical applications. This review provides an overview of the basic concepts behind therapeutic and diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals and their significance in contemporary oncology. Select radiometals that significantly impact current and upcoming cancer treatment strategies are grouped as clinically suitable theranostics pairs. The most important physical and chemical properties are discussed. Standard production methods and current radionuclide availability are provided to indicate whether a cost-efficient use in a clinical routine is feasible. Recent preclinical and clinical developments and outline perspectives for the radiometals are highlighted in each section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Herrero Álvarez
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - David Bauer
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Javier Hernández-Gil
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Biomedical MRI/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Katholieke Universiteit, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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15
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Yang H, Gao F, McNeil B, Zhang C, Yuan Z, Zeisler S, Kumlin J, Zeisler J, Bénard F, Ramogida C, Schaffer P. Synthesis of DOTA-pyridine chelates for 64Cu coordination and radiolabeling of αMSH peptide. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2021; 6:3. [PMID: 33438075 PMCID: PMC7803858 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-020-00119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 64Cu is one of the few radioisotopes that can be used for both imaging and therapy, enabling theranostics with identical chemical composition. Development of stable chelators is essential to harness the potential of this isotope, challenged by the presence of endogenous copper chelators. Pyridyl type chelators show good coordination ability with copper, prompting the present study of a series of chelates DOTA-xPy (x = 1–4) that sequentially substitute carboxyl moieties with pyridyl moieties on a DOTA backbone. Results We found that the presence of pyridyl groups significantly increases 64Cu labeling conversion yield, with DOTA-2Py, −3Py and -4Py quantitatively complexing 64Cu at room temperature within 5 min (1 × 10− 4 M). [64Cu]Cu-DOTA-xPy (x = 2–4) exhibited good stability in human serum up to 24 h. When challenged with 1000 eq. of NOTA, no transmetallation was observed for all three 64Cu complexes. DOTA-xPy (x = 1–3) were conjugated to a cyclized α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (αMSH) peptide by using one of the pendant carboxyl groups as a bifunctional handle. [64Cu]Cu-DOTA-xPy-αMSH retained good serum stability (> 96% in 24 h) and showed high binding affinity (Ki = 2.1–3.7 nM) towards the melanocortin 1 receptor. Conclusion DOTA-xPy (x = 1–3) are promising chelators for 64Cu. Further in vivo evaluation is necessary to assess the full potential of these chelators as a tool to enable further theranostic radiopharmaceutical development. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41181-020-00119-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Feng Gao
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Brooke McNeil
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Zheliang Yuan
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Stefan Zeisler
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Joel Kumlin
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Jutta Zeisler
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - François Bénard
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel St, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Caterina Ramogida
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Paul Schaffer
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada. .,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel St, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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16
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Abbas Abadi S, Alirezapour B, Kertész I, Rasaee MJ, Mohammadnejad J, Paknejad M, Yousefnia H, Zolghadri S. Preparation, quality control, and biodistribution assessment of [
111
In]In‐DOTA‐PR81 in BALB/c mice bearing breast tumors. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2021; 64:168-180. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Behrouz Alirezapour
- Radiation Application Research School Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI) Tehran Iran
| | - István Kertész
- Department of Nuclear Medicine University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - Mohammad Javad Rasaee
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medical Siences Tarbiat Modares University (TMU) Tehran Iran
| | - Javad Mohammadnejad
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences & Technologies University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Malihe Paknejad
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Hassan Yousefnia
- Radiation Application Research School Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI) Tehran Iran
| | - Samaneh Zolghadri
- Material and Nuclear Fuel Research School Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI) Tehran Iran
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17
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Reactor produced [ 64Cu]CuCl 2 as a PET radiopharmaceutical for cancer imaging: from radiochemistry laboratory to nuclear medicine clinic. Ann Nucl Med 2020; 34:899-910. [PMID: 33048309 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-020-01522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Copper-64 is a useful theranostic radioisotope that is attracting renewed interest from the nuclear medicine community in the recent times. This study aims to demonstrate the utility of research reactors to produce clinical-grade 64Cu via 63Cu(n,γ)64Cu reaction and use it in the form of [64Cu]CuCl2 as a radiopharmaceutical for PET imaging of cancer in human patients. METHODS Copper-64 was produced by irradiation of natural CuO target in a medium flux research reactor. The irradiated target was radiochemically processed and detailed quality control analyses were carried out. Sub-acute toxicity studies were carried out with different doses of Cu in Wistar rats. The biological efficacy of the radiopharmaceutical was established in preclinical setting by biodistribution studies in melanoma tumor bearing mice. After getting regulatory approvals, [64Cu]CuCl2 formulation was clinically used for PET imaging of prostate cancer and glioblastoma patients. RESULTS Large-scale (~ 30 GBq) production of 64Cu could be achieved in a typical batch and it was adequate for formulation of clinical doses for multiple patients. The radiopharmaceutical met all the purity requirements for administration in human subjects. Studies carried out in animal model showed that the toxicity due to "cold" Cu in clinical dose of [64Cu]CuCl2 for PET scans would be negligible. Clinical PET scans showed satisfactory uptake of the radiopharmaceutical in the primary cancer and its metastatic sites. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on use of reactor produced [64Cu]CuCl2 for PET imaging of cancer in human patients. It is envisaged that this route of production of 64Cu would aid towards affordable availability of this radioisotope for widespread clinical use in countries with limited cyclotron facilities.
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18
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Pasquali M, Martini P, Shahi A, Jalilian AR, Osso JA, Boschi A. Copper-64 based radiopharmaceuticals for brain tumors and hypoxia imaging. THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE (AIMN) [AND] THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF RADIOPHARMACOLOGY (IAR), [AND] SECTION OF THE SOCIETY OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2020; 64:371-381. [PMID: 33026209 DOI: 10.23736/s1824-4785.20.03285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The most common and aggressive primary malignancy of the central nervous system is Glioblastoma that, as a wide range of malignant solid tumor, is characterized by extensive hypoxic regions. A great number of PET radiopharmaceuticals have been developed for the identification of hypoxia in solid tumors, among these, we find copper-based tracers. The aim of the current review paper was to provide an overview of radiocopper compounds applied for preclinical and clinical research in brain tumors and hypoxia imaging or therapy. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Copper offers a wide variety of isotopes, useful for nuclear medicine applications, but only 64Cu and 67Cu are under the spotlight of the scientific community since being good candidates for theranostic applications. Between the two, 64Cu availability and production cost have attracted more interest of the scientific community. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS In order to better understand the application of copper-bis thiosemicarbazones in hypoxia imaging, an overview of the role of hypoxia in cancer, existing non-imaging and imaging techniques for hypoxia identification and promising future avenues regarding hypoxia is necessary. Different proposed uptake mechanisms of [64Cu][Cu(ATSM)] inside the cell will be discussed and other 64Cu-based tracers for brain tumors described. CONCLUSIONS Among radio copper compounds [64Cu][Cu(ATSM)] is the most studied radiopharmaceutical for imaging and treatment of brain tumors. Experimental evidence suggested that [64Cu][Cu(ATSM)] could be more appropriately considered as a marker of over-reduced intracellular state rather than a pure hypoxia agent. Moreover, preliminary clinical data suggested that [64Cu]CuCl<inf>2</inf> can be a potentially useful diagnostic agent for malignancies of the central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Micol Pasquali
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics, National Laboratories of Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Petra Martini
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics, National Laboratories of Legnaro, Padua, Italy.,Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Arman Shahi
- Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Amir R Jalilian
- Department of Nuclear Science and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Joao A Osso
- Department of Nuclear Science and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Alessandra Boschi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy -
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19
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do Carmo SJC, Scott PJH, Alves F. Production of radiometals in liquid targets. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2020; 5:2. [PMID: 31925619 PMCID: PMC6954154 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-019-0088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last several years, the use of radiometals has gained increasing relevance in supporting the continuous development of new, complementary and more specific biological targeting agents. Radiopharmaceuticals labelled with radiometals from elements such as Tc, Zr, Y, Ga and Cu received increasing attention as they find application in both diagnostic SPECT and PET imaging techniques and radiotherapeutic purposes. Such interest stems from the wide variety of radionuclides available with distinct and complementary nuclear decay characteristics to choose from with unequalled specificity, but can also be explained by growing demand in targeted radionuclide therapy. As a result, as routine supply of these radiometals becomes mandatory, studies describing their production processes have expanded rapidly. Although most radiometals are traditionally provided by the irradiation of solid targets in specialized cyclotrons, recently developed techniques for producing radiometals through the irradiation of liquid targets have received growing attention due to compatibility with commonly available small medical cyclotrons, promising characteristics and encouraging results. Irradiating liquid targets to produce radiometals appears as a fast, reliable, convenient and cost-efficient alternative to the conventional solid target techniques, characterized by complex and time-consuming pre- and post-irradiation target handling. Production of radiometals in liquid targets incorporated to complete manufacturing processes for daily routine is already recognized as a viable alternative and complementary supply methodology to existing solid target based infrastructures to satisfy growing clinical demands. For instance, several sites already use the approach to produce 68Ga-radiopharmaceuticals for clinical use. This review article covers the production of common radiometals with clinical potential through the irradiation liquid targets. A comparison with the traditional solid target irradiation methods is presented when relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio J C do Carmo
- ICNAS - Produção, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Francisco Alves
- ICNAS - Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal. .,IPC - Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, 3046-854, Coimbra, Portugal.
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20
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Orlova MA, Trofimova TP, Zolotova NS, Ivanov IA, Spiridonov VV, Proshin AN, Borodkov AS, Yaroslavov AA, Orlov AP. Copper complexes: cytotoxicity and transport possibilities. Russ Chem Bull 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-019-2649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Cieslikiewicz-Bouet M, Eliseeva SV, Aucagne V, Delmas AF, Gillaizeau I, Petoud S. Near-infrared emitting lanthanide(iii) complexes as prototypes of optical imaging agents with peptide targeting ability: a methodological approach. RSC Adv 2019; 9:1747-1751. [PMID: 35518044 PMCID: PMC9059771 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09419e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A methodological approach to design prototypes of specific near-infrared emitting imaging agents based on a small molecular compound combining a lanthanide(iii) ion, the cyclen derivative as a coordinating unit and the azo-dye as a sensitizer with a Arg-Gly-Asp cyclopeptide as a targeting moiety, is presented here. NIR Ln(iii) complexes combining a cyclen derivative, azo-dye as a sensitizer and a cRGD peptide as a targeting moiety.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vincent Aucagne
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire
- CNRS UPR 4301
- 45071 Orléans Cedex 2
- France
| | - Agnès F. Delmas
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire
- CNRS UPR 4301
- 45071 Orléans Cedex 2
- France
| | - Isabelle Gillaizeau
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique
- UMR CNRS 7311
- Université d’Orléans
- 45100 Orléans
- France
| | - Stéphane Petoud
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire
- CNRS UPR 4301
- 45071 Orléans Cedex 2
- France
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22
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Rustagi V, Gomika Udugamasooriya D. A facile on-bead method for fully symmetric tetra-substituted DOTA derivatizations using peptoid moieties. Biopolymers 2018; 110:e23249. [PMID: 30550621 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The metal-chelated 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) has made a significant impact on the field of diagnostic imaging. This imaging mechanism is largely dependent on the four side arm functionalities around the DOTA scaffold. We previously demonstrated the effect of peptoid residue modification on these DOTA side arms, thereby conferring diverse physiochemical properties to the imaging mechanism. We generated two on-bead Eu(III)-DOTA libraries with three side arm modifications, where the remaining arm was used to attach DOTA onto the resin. However, having an on-bead fully symmetric tetra-substituted DOTA synthesis route can greatly improve the fields of diagnostic, therapeutic, and theragnostic agent development. Here, we report an efficient method for the synthesis of symmetric tetra-substituted DOTA derivatives by modification with peptoid moieties on all four arms using a conceptually unique solid-phase synthesis approach. Resins with different loading capacities were examined for synthesis feasibility and high loading resins were most effective. The reaction yields were also studied by varying the number of peptoid residues and incorporating different linkers. We have tested the binding ability of the tetra-substituted derivative with its previously tested tri-substituted analogs as model applications. Our protocol provides an efficient and facile on-bead synthesis route for fully symmetric tetra-substituted DOTA derivatizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeta Rustagi
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, 4849 Calhoun Rd, Health Building 2, Room 7033, Houston, Texas 77204-5037
| | - D Gomika Udugamasooriya
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, 4849 Calhoun Rd, Health Building 2, Room 7033, Houston, Texas 77204-5037
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77030-4009
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Clinical aspects of radiolabeled aptamers in diagnostic nuclear medicine: A new class of targeted radiopharmaceuticals. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 27:2282-2291. [PMID: 30502114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Targeted radiopharmaceuticals offer the possibility of improved imaging with reduced side effects. Up to now, a variety of biological receptors such as aptamers have been successfully radiolabeled and applied to diagnostic imaging of cancers. The concept of using radio-labeled aptamers for binding to their targets has stimulated an immense body of research in diagnostic nuclear medicine. These biological recognition elements are single-stranded oligonucleotides that interact with their target molecules with high affinity and specificity in unique three-dimensional structures. Because of their high affinity and specificity, the receptor-binding aptamers labeled with gamma emitters such as 99mTc, 64Cu, 111In, 18F and 67Ga can facilitate the visualization of receptor-expressing tissues noninvasively. Compared to the antibody-based radiopharmaceuticals, the radiolabeled aptamers provide a number of advantages for clinical diagnostics including high stability, low cost, and ease of production and modification, low immunogenicity and, especially, superior tissue penetration because of their smaller size. In this review, we present recent progresses and challenges in aptamer-based diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals and highlight some representative applications of aptamers in nuclear medicine.
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Hassanzadeh L, Chen S, Veedu RN. Radiolabeling of Nucleic Acid Aptamers for Highly Sensitive Disease-Specific Molecular Imaging. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:E106. [PMID: 30326601 PMCID: PMC6315947 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are short single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotide ligand molecules with a unique three-dimensional shape, capable of binding to a defined molecular target with high affinity and specificity. Since their discovery, aptamers have been developed for various applications, including molecular imaging, particularly nuclear imaging that holds the highest potential for the clinical translation of aptamer-based molecular imaging probes. Their easy laboratory production without any batch-to-batch variations, their high stability, their small size with no immunogenicity and toxicity, and their flexibility to incorporate various functionalities without compromising the target binding affinity and specificity make aptamers an attractive class of targeted-imaging agents. Aptamer technology has been utilized in nuclear medicine imaging techniques, such as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET), as highly sensitive and accurate biomedical imaging modalities towards clinical diagnostic applications. However, for aptamer-targeted PET and SPECT imaging, conjugation of appropriate radionuclides to aptamers is crucial. This review summarizes various strategies to link the radionuclides to chemically modified aptamers to accomplish aptamer-targeted PET and SPECT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Hassanzadeh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center & Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy-International Campus, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran.
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
| | - Suxiang Chen
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth 6009, Australia.
| | - Rakesh N Veedu
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth 6009, Australia.
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25
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Abstract
Nuclear medicine is composed of two complementary areas, imaging and therapy. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon imaging, including single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), comprise the imaging component of nuclear medicine. These areas are distinct in that they exploit different nuclear decay processes and also different imaging technologies. In PET, images are created from the 511 keV photons produced when the positron emitted by a radionuclide encounters an electron and is annihilated. In contrast, in single-photon imaging, images are created from the γ rays (and occasionally X-rays) directly emitted by the nucleus. Therapeutic nuclear medicine uses particulate radiation such as Auger or conversion electrons or β- or α particles. All three of these technologies are linked by the requirement that the radionuclide must be attached to a suitable vector that can deliver it to its target. It is imperative that the radionuclide remain attached to the vector before it is delivered to its target as well as after it reaches its target or else the resulting image (or therapeutic outcome) will not reflect the biological process of interest. Radiochemistry is at the core of this process, and radiometals offer radiopharmaceutical chemists a tremendous range of options with which to accomplish these goals. They also offer a wide range of options in terms of radionuclide half-lives and emission properties, providing the ability to carefully match the decay properties with the desired outcome. This Review provides an overview of some of the ways this can be accomplished as well as several historical examples of some of the limitations of earlier metalloradiopharmaceuticals and the ways that new technologies, primarily related to radionuclide production, have provided solutions to these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
| | - Alan B Packard
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology , Boston Children's Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States.,Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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Bergeron DE, Cessna JT, Fitzgerald R, Pibida L, Zimmerman BE. Standardization of 64Cu activity. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 139:266-273. [PMID: 29879531 PMCID: PMC6240916 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The complex decay scheme that makes 64Cu promising as both an imaging and therapeutic agent in medicine also makes the absolute measurement of its activity challenging. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has completed a primary activity standardization of a 64CuCl2 solution using the 4πβ(LS)-γ(NaI) live-timed anticoincidence (LTAC) counting method with a combined standard uncertainty of 0.51 %. Two liquid scintillation (LS) counting methods were employed for confirmatory measurements. Secondary measurements were made by high-purity germanium detectors, pressurized ionization chambers (IC), and a well-type NaI(Tl) counter. Agreement between the LTAC-based standard and standards from other laboratories was established via IC calibration factors. Poor agreement between methods and with theoretical IC responses may indicate a need for improved β+/- branching probabilities and a better treatment of β+/- spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Bergeron
- Radiation Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20874, USA.
| | - J T Cessna
- Radiation Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20874, USA
| | - R Fitzgerald
- Radiation Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20874, USA
| | - L Pibida
- Radiation Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20874, USA
| | - B E Zimmerman
- Radiation Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20874, USA
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27
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JIANG M, WANG XY, WANG XB. Advances in Detection Methods of β-Amyloid Protein. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(18)61107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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28
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Madru R, Budassi M, Benveniste H, Lee H, Smith SD, Schlyer DJ, Vaska P, Knutsson L, Strand SE. Simultaneous Preclinical Positron Emission Tomography-Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Lymphatic Drainage of Chelator-Free 64Cu-Labeled Nanoparticles. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2018; 33:213-220. [PMID: 30036073 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2017.2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hybrid positron emission tomography (PET)-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems have been taken in use as new clinical diagnostic tools including detection and therapy planning of cancer. To reduce the amount of contrast agents injected in patients while fully benefitting both modalities, dual-modality probes are required. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was first aimed at developing a hybrid PET-MRI probe by labeling superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with 64Cu using a fast and chelator-free conjugation method, and second, to demonstrate the ability of the agent to target sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in vivo using simultaneous PET-MRI imaging. RESULTS High labeling efficiency of 97% produced within 10-15 min was demonstrated at room temperature. 64Cu-SPIONs were chemically stable in mouse serum for 24 h and after intradermal injection in the hind paw of C57BL/6J mice, demonstrated specific accumulation in the SLN. Simultaneous PET-MRI clearly demonstrated visualization of 64Cu-SPIONs, in dynamic and static imaging sequences up to 24 h after administration. CONCLUSION The use of a single hybrid probe and simultaneous hybrid imaging provides an efficient, complementary integration of quantitation and is expected to improve preoperative planning and intraoperative guidance of cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Madru
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University , Lund, Sweden
| | - Michael Budassi
- 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York.,3 Department of Biosciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Brookhaven, New York
| | - Helene Benveniste
- 4 Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Hedok Lee
- 4 Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - S David Smith
- 3 Department of Biosciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Brookhaven, New York
| | - David J Schlyer
- 3 Department of Biosciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Brookhaven, New York
| | - Paul Vaska
- 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York
| | - Linda Knutsson
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University , Lund, Sweden
| | - Sven-Erik Strand
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University , Lund, Sweden .,5 Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology and Pathology, Lund University , Lund, Sweden
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29
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Bergeron DE, Fitzgerald R. Monte Carlo modelling of live-timed anticoincidence (LTAC) counting for Cu-64. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 134:280-285. [PMID: 28974327 PMCID: PMC6237201 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The radionuclide copper-64 is a promising candidate for nuclear medicine, but its complex decay creates challenges in the primary standardization of its activity. Monte Carlo simulations of live-timed anticoincidence (LTAC) counting of 64Cu were used to calculate corrections to extrapolation intercepts, resulting in improved activity determinations. A small correction (-0.33%) to the linear extrapolation of LTAC data acquired with a γ-gate over the 1346keV gamma peak was determined. We discuss the physical origin of the correction. We also use experimental data to demonstrate a Monte Carlo scaling that allows for inclusion of data acquired with a γ-gate set over the annihilation photon peak(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis E. Bergeron
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8642, USA,
| | - Ryan Fitzgerald
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8642, USA,
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30
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Amyloid β-targeted metal complexes for potential applications in Alzheimer's disease. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:679-701. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is currently an incurable neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people around the world. The aggregation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ), one of the primary pathological hallmarks of AD, plays a key role in the AD pathogenesis. In this regard, Aβ aggregates have been considered as both biomarkers and drug targets for the diagnosis and therapy of AD. Various Aβ-targeted metal complexes have exhibited promising potential as anti-AD agents due to their fascinating physicochemical properties over the past two decades. This review classifies the complexes into three groups based on their potential applications in AD including therapy, diagnosis and theranosis. The recent representative examples are highlighted in terms of design rationale, working mechanism and potential applications.
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31
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McInnes LE, Rudd SE, Donnelly PS. Copper, gallium and zirconium positron emission tomography imaging agents: The importance of metal ion speciation. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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32
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Chen K, Cui M. Recent progress in the development of metal complexes as β-amyloid imaging probes in the brain. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1393-1407. [PMID: 30108850 PMCID: PMC6072098 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00064b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we have focused on the recent progress in metal complexes that are able to bind to β-amyloid (Aβ) species. We have discussed various radioactive complexes of 99mTc, 68Ga, 64Cu, 89Zr, and 111In, which were designed as Aβ imaging agents for positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging, non-radioactive Re and Ru complexes as Aβ sensors using luminescence methods, and Gd3+ complexes as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 10 58808891
| | - Mengchao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 10 58808891
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33
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Marciniak A, Brasuń J. Somatostatin analogues labeled with copper radioisotopes: current status. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2017; 313:279-289. [PMID: 28804185 PMCID: PMC5533839 DOI: 10.1007/s10967-017-5323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is a promising way to treat patients with inoperable tumors or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. This therapeutic strategy is using radiolabeled peptides, which are capable of selective biding to receptors overexpressed in the cancer cells. One of the group of receptor-avid peptide used in the PRRT are the analogues of somatostatin (SST) connected to the complexes of radionuclides (e.g. 90Y, 177Lu or 111In). Many studies have shown that radiopharmaceuticals based on Cu radioisotopes are promising for the diagnosis and treatment of various cancers. This mini-review focuses on recent developments and summarises the results of multiple studies addressing SST agonists and antagonists radiolabeled to Cu radioisotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Marciniak
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Brasuń
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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34
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67Cu-Radiolabeling of a multimeric RGD peptide for αVβ3 integrin-targeted radionuclide therapy. Nucl Med Commun 2017; 38:347-355. [DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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35
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do Carmo SJC, Alves VHP, Alves F, Abrunhosa AJ. Fast and cost-effective cyclotron production of61Cu using anatZn liquid target: an opportunity for radiopharmaceutical production and R&D. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:14556-14560. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01836c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Following our previous work on the production of radiometals, such as64Cu and68Ga, through the irradiation of liquid targets using a medical cyclotron, we describe in this paper a technique to produce61Cu through the irradiation of natural zinc using a liquid target.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. J. C. do Carmo
- ICNAS – Produção
- University of Coimbra
- Pólo das Ciências da Saúde
- 3000-548 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - V. H. P. Alves
- ICNAS – Produção
- University of Coimbra
- Pólo das Ciências da Saúde
- 3000-548 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - F. Alves
- ICNAS – Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health; University of Coimbra; Pólo das Ciências da Saúde
- 3000-548 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - A. J. Abrunhosa
- ICNAS – Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health; University of Coimbra; Pólo das Ciências da Saúde
- 3000-548 Coimbra
- Portugal
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36
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Ziegler M, Alt K, Paterson BM, Kanellakis P, Bobik A, Donnelly PS, Hagemeyer CE, Peter K. Highly Sensitive Detection of Minimal Cardiac Ischemia using Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Activated Platelets. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38161. [PMID: 27909290 PMCID: PMC5133579 DOI: 10.1038/srep38161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A reliable method for the diagnosis of minimal cardiac ischemia would meet a strong demand for the sensitive diagnosis of coronary artery disease in cardiac stress testing and risk stratification in patients with chest pain but unremarkable ECGs and biomarkers. We hypothesized that platelets accumulate early on in ischemic myocardium and a newly developed technology of non-invasive molecular PET imaging of activated platelets can thus detect minimal degrees of myocardial ischemia. To induce different degrees of minimal cardiac ischemia, the left anterior descending artery (LAD) was ligated for 10, 20 or 60 min. Mice were injected with a newly generated scFvanti-GPIIb/IIIa-64CuMeCOSar radiotracer, composed of a single-chain antibody that only binds to activated integrin GPIIb/IIIa (αIIbβIII) and thus to activated platelets, and a sarcophagine cage MeCOSar complexing the long half-life PET tracer copper-64. A single PET/CT scan was performed. Evans Blue/TTC staining to detect necrosis as well as classical serological biomarkers like Troponin I and heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) were negative, whereas PET imaging of activated platelets was able to detect small degrees of ischemia. Taken together, molecular PET imaging of activated platelets represents a unique and highly sensitive method to detect minimal cardiac ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Ziegler
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker IDI Heart &Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karen Alt
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker IDI Heart &Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Vascular Biotechnology, Baker IDI Heart &Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brett M Paterson
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Kanellakis
- Vascular Biology &Atherosclerosis, Baker IDI Heart &Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alex Bobik
- Vascular Biology &Atherosclerosis, Baker IDI Heart &Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christoph E Hagemeyer
- Vascular Biotechnology, Baker IDI Heart &Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker IDI Heart &Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
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37
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Yan L, Shen L, Zhou H, Wu C, Zhao Y, Wang L, Fang X, Zhang G, Xu J, Yang W. Combination of the fluorescent conjugated polymer and 1, 4, 7, 10- tetraazacyclododecane-1, 4, 7-triacetic acid gadolinium chelate as an agent for dual-modal imaging. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Template synthesis and X-ray structure of the tris-glyoximate iron(II) clathrochelates with terminal reactive groups. Inorganica Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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39
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Salerno M, Santo Domingo Porqueras D. Alzheimer's disease: The use of contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging to detect amyloid beta peptide inside the brain. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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40
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Porqueras DSD, Beyler M, Tripier R, Salerno M. Intracellular Transport Studies of Picolinate Macrocyclic Copper and Lanthanide Complexes. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Santo Domingo Porqueras
- Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS (UMR 7244), UFR-SMBH; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité; 74 rue Marcel Cachin 93017, Bobigny France
| | - Maryline Beyler
- UMR-CNRS 6521, UFR des Sciences et Techniques; Université de Bretagne Occidentale; 6 avenue Victor le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837 29238 Brest Cedex 3 France
| | - Raphaël Tripier
- UMR-CNRS 6521, UFR des Sciences et Techniques; Université de Bretagne Occidentale; 6 avenue Victor le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837 29238 Brest Cedex 3 France
| | - Milena Salerno
- Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS (UMR 7244), UFR-SMBH; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité; 74 rue Marcel Cachin 93017, Bobigny France
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41
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Jin ZH, Furukawa T, Degardin M, Sugyo A, Tsuji AB, Yamasaki T, Kawamura K, Fujibayashi Y, Zhang MR, Boturyn D, Dumy P, Saga T. αVβ3 Integrin-Targeted Radionuclide Therapy with 64Cu-cyclam-RAFT-c(-RGDfK-)4. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2076-85. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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42
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Holland JP, Ferdani R, Anderson CJ, Lewis JS. Copper-64 Radiopharmaceuticals for Oncologic Imaging. PET Clin 2016; 4:49-67. [PMID: 27156895 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The positron emitting radionuclide (64)Cu has a radioactive half-life of 12.7 hours. The decay characteristics of (64)Cu allow for PET images that are comparable in quality to those obtained using (18)F. Given the longer radioactive half-life of (64)Cu compared with (18)F and the versatility of copper chemistry, copper is an attractive alternative to the shorter-lived nuclides for PET imaging of peptides, antibodies, and small molecules that may require longer circulation times. This article discusses a number of copper radiopharmaceuticals, such as Cu-ATSM, that have been translated to the clinic and new developments in copper-based radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Holland
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Riccardo Ferdani
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carolyn J Anderson
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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43
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Kilian K, Pęgier M, Pyrzyńska K. The fast method of Cu-porphyrin complex synthesis for potential use in positron emission tomography imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 159:123-127. [PMID: 26836453 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrin based photosensitizers are useful agents for photodynamic therapy and fluorescence imaging of cancer. Additionally, porphyrins are excellent metal chelators, forming stable metalo-complexes and (64)Cu isotope can serve as a positron emitter (t1/2=12.7h). The other advantage of (64)Cu is its decay characteristics that facilitates the use of (64)Cu-porphyrin complex as a therapeutic agent. Thus, (64)Cu chelation with porphyrin photosensitizer may become a simple and versatile labeling strategy for clinical positron emission tomography. The present study reports a convenient method for the synthesis of Cu complex with tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP). The experimental conditions for labeling, such as the metal-to-ligand molar ratio, pH and time of reaction were optimized to achieve a high complexation efficiency in a short period of time as possible. In order to accelerate the metallation, the use of substitution reactions of cadmium or lead porphyrin and the presence of reducing agent, such as ascorbic acid, hydroxylamine and flavonoid - morin, were evaluated. The optimum conditions for the synthesis of the copper complex were borate buffer at pH9 with the addition of 10-fold molar excess, with respect to Cu(2+) ions and TCPP and ascorbic acid which resulted in reduction of the reaction time from 30 min to below 1 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kilian
- Heavy Ion Laboratory, University of Warsaw, 5ath Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maria Pęgier
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 1st Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krystyna Pyrzyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 1st Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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44
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Wu N, Kang CS, Sin I, Ren S, Liu D, Ruthengael VC, Lewis MR, Chong HS. Promising bifunctional chelators for copper 64-PET imaging: practical (64)Cu radiolabeling and high in vitro and in vivo complex stability. J Biol Inorg Chem 2016; 21:177-84. [PMID: 26666778 PMCID: PMC5116241 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-015-1318-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) using copper-64 is a sensitive and non-invasive imaging technique for diagnosis and staging of cancer. A bifunctional chelator that can present rapid radiolabeling kinetics and high complex stability with (64)Cu is a critical component for targeted PET imaging. Bifunctional chelates 3p-C-NE3TA, 3p-C-NOTA, and 3p-C-DE4TA were evaluated for complexation kinetics and stability with (64)Cu in vitro and in vivo. Hexadentate 3p-C-NOTA and heptadentate 3p-C-NE3TA possess a smaller TACN-based macrocyclic backbone, while nonadentate 3p-C-DE4TA is constructed on a larger CYCLEN-based ring. The frequently explored chelates of (64)Cu, octadentate C-DOTA and hexadentate C-NOTA were also comparatively evaluated. Radiolabeling kinetics of bifunctional chelators with (64)Cu was assessed under mild conditions. All bifunctional chelates instantly bound to (64)Cu in excellent radiolabeling efficiency at room temperature. C-DOTA was less efficient in binding (64)Cu than all other chelates. All (64)Cu-radiolabeled bifunctional chelates remained stable in human serum without any loss of (64)Cu for 2 days. When challenged by an excess amount of EDTA, (64)Cu complexes of C-NOTA, 3p-C-NE3TA and 3p-C-NOTA were shown to be more stable than (64)Cu-C-DOTA and (64)Cu-3p-C-DE4TA. (64)Cu complexes of the new chelates 3p-C-NE3TA and 3p-C-NOTA displayed comparable in vitro and in vivo complex stability to (64)Cu-C-NOTA. In vivo biodistribution result indicates that the (64)Cu-radiolabeled complexes of 3p-C-NOTA and 3p-C-NE3TA possess excellent in vivo complex stability, while (64)Cu-3p-C-DE4TA was dissociated as evidenced by high renal and liver retention in mice. The results of in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that the bifunctional chelates 3p-C-NE3TA and 3p-C-NOTA offer excellent chelation chemistry with (64)Cu for potential PET imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 S. Dearborn St, LS 182, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Chi Soo Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 S. Dearborn St, LS 182, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Inseok Sin
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 S. Dearborn St, LS 182, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Siyuan Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 S. Dearborn St, LS 182, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Dijie Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Varyanna C Ruthengael
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Michael R Lewis
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Hyun-Soon Chong
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 S. Dearborn St, LS 182, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA.
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45
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Ramogida CF, Boros E, Patrick BO, Zeisler SK, Kumlin J, Adam MJ, Schaffer P, Orvig C. Evaluation of H2CHXdedpa, H2dedpa- and H2CHXdedpa-N,N′-propyl-2-NI ligands for 64Cu(ii) radiopharmaceuticals. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:13082-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00932h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hexadentate acyclic chelate H2CHXdedpa and related N,N′-alkylated ligands are radiolabeled with radioactive 64Cu(ii) under mild conditions forming kinetically inert complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina F. Ramogida
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Eszter Boros
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Brian O. Patrick
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
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Felten AS, Petry N, Henry B, Pellegrini-Moïse N, Selmeczi K. C-Functionalized chiral dioxocyclam and cyclam derivatives with 1,2,3-triazole units: synthesis, complexation properties and crystal structures of copper(ii) complexes. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj01927c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
NewC-functionalized dioxocyclam and cyclam derivatives with 1,2,3-triazoles attached to carbon atoms within the skeleton were designed as valuable bifunctional chelators for molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.-S. Felten
- Université de Lorraine
- UMR 7565 SRSMC
- 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy
- France
- CNRS
| | - N. Petry
- Université de Lorraine
- UMR 7565 SRSMC
- 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy
- France
- CNRS
| | - B. Henry
- Université de Lorraine
- UMR 7565 SRSMC
- 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy
- France
- CNRS
| | | | - K. Selmeczi
- Université de Lorraine
- UMR 7565 SRSMC
- 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy
- France
- CNRS
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Jamier V, Mume E, Papamicaël C, Smith SV. The Influence of Amino Group Position on Aryl Moiety of SarAr on Metal Complexation and Protein Labelling. Aust J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/ch15794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
New hexaazamacrobicyclic cage bi-functional chelators (BFCs), 1-N-(3-aminobenzyl)-3,6,10,13,16,19-hexaazabicyclo[6.6.6]eicosane-1,8-diamine (m-SarAr) and 1-N-(2-aminobenzyl)-3,6,10,13,16,19-hexaazabicyclo[6.6.6]eicosane-1,8-diamine (o-SarAr), were synthesised. Their complexation with selected transitions metal ions i.e. CuII, CoII, and CdII was investigated over a range of pH at micromolar concentrations. CuII was complexed by m-SarAr and o-SarAr rapidly within 5 min in pH range of 5–9 at ambient temperature. In contrast, the complexation of CoII and CdII by these ligands was slower. The conjugation efficiencies of p-SarAr, m-SarAr, and o-SarAr to bovine serum albumin (BSA) were compared under various reactions. Conditions were optimised to a molar ratio of BSA/N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC)/BFC of 1 : 250 : 50 in pH 5 buffer for 30 min at ambient temperature. Under these conditions, the average number of p-SarAr, m-SarAr, or o-SarAr attached to BSA were determined to be 2.21 ± 0.16, 4.90 × 10–1 ± 2.48 × 10–2, and 2.67 × 10–2 ± 2.67 × 10–3, respectively. This fundamental study clearly demonstrates that the position of the amine on the phenyl ring has a significant effect on the metal complexation and conjugation reactions with BSA.
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48
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Synthesis, structure and reactivity of iron(II) clathrochelates with terminal formyl (acetal) groups. Inorganica Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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49
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Bardajee GR, Mohammadi M, Kakavand N. Copper(II)-diaminosarcophagine-functionalized SBA-15: a heterogeneous nanocatalyst for the synthesis of benzimidazole, benzoxazole and benzothiazole derivatives under solvent-free conditions. Appl Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marzieh Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Urmia University; 57159 Urmia Iran
| | - Nahale Kakavand
- Department of Chemistry; Payame Noor University (PNU); PO Box 19395-3697 Tehran Iran
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50
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Kang CS, Wu N, Chen Y, Sun X, Bandara N, Liu D, Lewis MR, Rogers BE, Chong HS. Transferrin conjugates of triazacyclononane-based bifunctional NE3TA chelates for PET imaging: Synthesis, Cu-64 radiolabeling, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 154:60-6. [PMID: 26583705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Three different polyaminocarboxylate-based bifunctional NE3TA (7-[2-[carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl]-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4-diacetic acid) chelating agents were synthesized for potential use in copper 64-PET imaging applications. The bifunctional chelates were comparatively evaluated using transferrin (Tf) as a model targeting vector that binds to the transferrin receptor overexpressed in many different cancer cells. The transferrin conjugates of the NE3TA-based bifunctional chelates were evaluated for radiolabeling with (64)Cu. In vitro stability and cellular uptake of (64)Cu-radiolabeled conjugates were evaluated in human serum and prostate (PC-3) cancer cells, respectively. Among the three NE3TA-Tf conjugates tested, N-NE3TA-Tf was identified as the best conjugate for radiolabeling with (64)Cu. N-NE3TA-Tf rapidly bound to (64)Cu (>98% radiolabeling efficiency, 1min, RT), and (64)Cu-N-NE3TA-Tf remained stable in human serum for 2days and demonstrated high uptake in PC-3 cancer cells. (64)Cu-N-NE3TA-Tf was shown to have rapid blood clearance and increasing tumor uptake in PC-3 tumor bearing mice over a 24h period. This bifunctional chelate presents highly efficient chelation chemistry with (64)Cu under mild condition that can be applied for radiolabeling of various tumor-specific biomolecules with (64)Cu for potential use in PET imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Soo Kang
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ningjie Wu
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yunwei Chen
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xiang Sun
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nilantha Bandara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Dijie Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Michael R Lewis
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, United States; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Buck E Rogers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Hyun-Soon Chong
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, United States.
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