1
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Ferraro G, Lyčková T, Massai L, Štarha P, Messori L, Merlino A. Picoplatin binding to proteins: X-ray structures and mass spectrometry data on the adducts with lysozyme and ribonuclease A. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:8535-8540. [PMID: 38727007 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00773e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The reactivity of the anticancer drug picoplatin (cis-amminedichlorido(2-methylpyridine)platinum(II) complex) with the model proteins hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) and bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) was investigated by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI MS) and X-ray crystallography. The data were compared with those previously obtained for the adducts of these proteins with cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin under the same experimental conditions. ESI-MS data show binding of Pt to both proteins, with fragments retaining the 2-methylpyridine ligand and, possibly, a chloride ion. X-ray crystallography identifies different binding sites on the two proteins, highlighting a different behaviour of picoplatin in the absence or presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Metal-containing fragments bind to HEWL close to the side chains of His15, Asp18, Asp119 and both Lys1 and Glu7, whereas they bind to RNase A on the side chain of His12, Met29, His48, Asp53, Met79, His105 and His119. The data suggest that the presence of DMSO favours the loss of 2-methylpyridine and alters the ability of the Pt compound to bind to the two proteins. With both proteins, picoplatin appears to behave similarly to cisplatin and carboplatin when dissolved in DMSO, whereas it behaves more like oxaliplatin in the absence of the coordinating solvent. This study provides important insights into the pharmacological profile of picoplatin and supports the conclusion that coordinating solvents should not be used to evaluate the biological activities of Pt-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giarita Ferraro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, via Cinthia, 21, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Tereza Lyčková
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lara Massai
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Pavel Štarha
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Luigi Messori
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, via Cinthia, 21, 80126, Naples, Italy.
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2
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Baglini E, Chiaverini L, Tolbatov I, Taliani S, Da Settimo F, La Mendola D, Barresi E, Marzo T. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for ovarian cancer treatment: from organic to inorganic chemotherapeutics towards selectivity-a perspective overview. Biometals 2024; 37:275-288. [PMID: 37930483 PMCID: PMC11006779 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00547-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is a lethal gynecologic cancer in industrialized countries. Treatments for OC include the surgical removal and chemotherapy. In the last decades, improvements have been made in the surgery technologies, drug combinations and administration protocols, and in diagnosis. However, mortality from OC is still high owing to recurrences and insurgence of drug resistance. Accordingly, it is urgent the development of novel agents capable to effectively target OC. In this respect, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may play an important role. Most of TKIs developed and tested so far are organic. However, owing to their chemical versatility, also metals can be exploited to design selective and potent TKIs. We provide a short and easy-to-read overview on the main organic TKIs with a summary of those that entered clinical trials. Additionally, we describe the potential of metal-based TKIs, focusing on this overlooked family of compounds that may significantly contribute towards the concept of precision-medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Baglini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Chiaverini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Iogann Tolbatov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, via F. Marzolo 8, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Diego La Mendola
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Barresi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Tiziano Marzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
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3
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Tolbatov I, Marrone A, Shepard W, Chiaverini L, Upadhyay Kahaly M, La Mendola D, Marzo T, Ciccone L. Inorganic Drugs as a Tool for Protein Structure Solving and Studies on Conformational Changes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202937. [PMID: 36477932 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic drugs are capable of tight interactions with proteins through coordination towards aminoacidic residues, and this feature is recognized as a key aspect for their pharmacological action. However, the "protein metalation process" is exploitable for solving the phase problem and structural resolution. In fact, the use of inorganic drugs bearing specific metal centers and ligands capable to drive the binding towards the desired portions of the protein target could represent a very intriguing and fruitful strategy. In this context, a theoretical approach may further contribute to solve protein structures and their refinement. Here, we delineate the main features of a reliable experimental-theoretical integrated approach, based on the use of metallodrugs, for protein structure solving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iogann Tolbatov
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Alessandro Marrone
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - William Shepard
- Department PROXIMA2 A, Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lorenzo Chiaverini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Diego La Mendola
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziano Marzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lidia Ciccone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
- Department PROXIMA2 A, Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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4
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In silico investigation of organometallic complexes for identification of RNase A inhibitor. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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5
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Monti DM, Loreto D, Iacobucci I, Ferraro G, Pratesi A, D’Elia L, Monti M, Merlino A. Protein-Based Delivery Systems for Anticancer Metallodrugs: Structure and Biological Activity of the Oxaliplatin/β-Lactoglobulin Adduct. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040425. [PMID: 35455422 PMCID: PMC9033069 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
β-lactoglobulin is the major component of whey. Here, the adduct formed upon the reaction of the protein with oxaliplatin (OXA) has been prepared, structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography and electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry, and evaluated as a cytotoxic agent. The data demonstrate that OXA rapidly binds β-lactoglobulin via coordination with a Met7 side chain upon release of the oxalate ligand. The adduct is significantly more cytotoxic than the free drug and induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Overall, our results suggest that metallodrug/β-lactoglobulin adducts can be used as anticancer agents and that the protein can be used as a metallodrug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (D.M.M.); (D.L.); (I.I.); (G.F.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
| | - Domenico Loreto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (D.M.M.); (D.L.); (I.I.); (G.F.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
| | - Ilaria Iacobucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (D.M.M.); (D.L.); (I.I.); (G.F.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies s.c.a.r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giarita Ferraro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (D.M.M.); (D.L.); (I.I.); (G.F.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
| | - Alessandro Pratesi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Luigi D’Elia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (D.M.M.); (D.L.); (I.I.); (G.F.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
| | - Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (D.M.M.); (D.L.); (I.I.); (G.F.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies s.c.a.r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (D.M.M.); (D.L.); (I.I.); (G.F.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
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6
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7
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Ferraro G, Demitri N, Vitale L, Sciortino G, Sanna D, Ugone V, Garribba E, Merlino A. Spectroscopic/Computational Characterization and the X-ray Structure of the Adduct of the V IVO-Picolinato Complex with RNase A. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:19098-19109. [PMID: 34847328 PMCID: PMC8693189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The structure, stability, and enzymatic activity of the adduct formed upon the reaction of the V-picolinato (pic) complex [VIVO(pic)2(H2O)], with an octahedral geometry and the water ligand in cis to the V═O group, with the bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) were studied. While electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, circular dichroism, and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy substantiate the interaction between the metal moiety and RNase A, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) allows us to determine that a carboxylate group, stemming from Asp or Glu residues, and imidazole nitrogen from His residues are involved in the V binding at acidic and physiological pH, respectively. Crystallographic data demonstrate that the VIVO(pic)2 moiety coordinates the side chain of Glu111 of RNase A, by substituting the equatorial water molecule at acidic pH. Computational methods confirm that Glu111 is the most affine residue and interacts favorably with the OC-6-23-Δ enantiomer establishing an extended network of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals stabilizations. By increasing the pH around neutrality, with the deprotonation of histidine side chains, the binding of the V complex to His105 and His119 could occur, with that to His105 which should be preferred when compared to that to the catalytically important His119. The binding of the V compound affects the enzymatic activity of RNase A, but it does not alter its overall structure and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giarita Ferraro
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra−Sincrotrone
Trieste, S.S. 14 km 163.5
in Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luigi Vitale
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sciortino
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Daniele Sanna
- Istituto
di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Trav. La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Valeria Ugone
- Istituto
di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Trav. La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Eugenio Garribba
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Università di Sassari, Viale San Pietro, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
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8
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Massai L, Ciambellotti S, Cosottini L, Messori L, Turano P, Pratesi A. Direct detection of iron clusters in L ferritins through ESI-MS experiments. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16464-16467. [PMID: 34729572 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03106f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human cytoplasmic ferritins are heteropolymers of H and L subunits containing a catalytic ferroxidase center and a nucleation site for iron biomineralization, respectively. Here, ESI-MS successfully detected labile metal-protein interactions revealing the formation of tetra- and octa-iron clusters bound to L subunits, as previously underscored by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Massai
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Silvia Ciambellotti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy. .,Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy. .,Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (C.I.R.M.M.P.), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Cosottini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy. .,Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy. .,Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (C.I.R.M.M.P.), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Luigi Messori
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Paola Turano
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy. .,Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy. .,Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (C.I.R.M.M.P.), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pratesi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry (DCCI), University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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9
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Marzo T, Ferraro G, Cucci LM, Pratesi A, Hansson Ö, Satriano C, Merlino A, La Mendola D. Oxaliplatin inhibits angiogenin proliferative and cell migration effects in prostate cancer cells. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 226:111657. [PMID: 34784565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenin (Ang) is a potent angiogenic protein that is overexpressed in many types of cancer at concentration values correlated to the tumor aggressiveness. Here, by means of an integrated multi-technique approach based on crystallographic, spectrometric and spectroscopic analyses, we demonstrate that the anti-cancer drug oxaliplatin efficiently binds angiogenin. Microscopy cellular studies, carried out on the prostate cancer cell (PC-3) line , show that oxaliplatin inhibits the angiogenin prompting effect on cell proliferation and migration, which are typical features of angiogenesis process. Overall, our findings point to angiogenin as a possible target of oxaliplatin, thus suggesting a potential novel mechanism for the antineoplastic activity of this platinum drug and opening the avenue to novel approaches in the combined anti-cancer anti-angiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Marzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giarita Ferraro
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Lorena Maria Cucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pratesi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Örjan Hansson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, PO Box 462, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Cristina Satriano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Diego La Mendola
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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10
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Tao J, Jia S, Wang M, Huang Z, Wang B, Zhang W, Wei Y, Li W, Jiang H, Du Z. Systematic Identification of Proteins Binding with Cisplatin in Blood by Affinity Chromatography and a Four-Dimensional Proteomic Method. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4553-4565. [PMID: 34427088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin is widely used for the treatment of various solid tumors. It is mainly administered by intravenous injection, and a substantial amount of the drug will bind to plasma proteins, a feature that is closely related to its pharmacokinetics, activity, toxicity, and side effects. However, due to the unique properties of platinum complexes and the complexity of the blood proteome, existing methods cannot systematically identify the binding proteome of cisplatin in blood. In this study, high-abundance protein separation and an ion mobility mass spectrometry-based 4D proteomic method were combined to systematically and comprehensively identify the binding proteins of cisplatin in blood. The characteristic isotope patterns of platinated peptides and a similarity algorithm were utilized to eliminate false-positive identification. Finally, 39 proteins were found to be platinated. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the identified proteins were mainly involved in the complement and coagulation cascade pathways. The binding ratio of some peptides with cisplatin was measured based on the area ratio of the free peptide using the parallel reaction monitoring method. This study provides a new method for systematically identifying binding proteins of metal drugs in blood, and the identified proteins might be helpful for understanding the toxicity of platinum anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Shuailong Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Meiqin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Zhuobin Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Yinyu Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Wenzhuo Li
- School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Hongliang Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Zhifeng Du
- School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
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11
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Ferraro G, Loreto D, Merlino A. Interaction of Platinum-based Drugs with Proteins: An Overview of Representative Crystallographic Studies. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:6-27. [PMID: 32579504 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200624162213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pt-based drugs are widely used in clinics for the treatment of cancer. The mechanism of action of these molecules relies on their interaction with DNA. However, the recognition of these metal compounds by proteins plays an important role in defining pharmacokinetics, side effects and their overall pharmacological profiles. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies provided important information on the molecular mechanisms at the basis of this process. Here, the molecular structures of representative adducts obtained upon reaction with proteins of selected Pt-based drugs, including cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin, are briefly described and comparatively examined. Data indicate that metal ligands play a significant role in driving the reaction of Pt compounds with proteins; non-covalent interactions that occur in the early steps of Pt compound/protein recognition process play a crucial role in defining the structure of the final Pt-protein adduct. In the metallated protein structures, Pt centers coordinate few protein side chains, such as His, Met, Cys, Asp, Glu and Lys residues upon releasing labile ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giarita Ferraro
- Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Domenico Loreto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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12
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Cirri D, Bartoli F, Pratesi A, Baglini E, Barresi E, Marzo T. Strategies for the Improvement of Metal-Based Chemotherapeutic Treatments. Biomedicines 2021; 9:504. [PMID: 34064364 PMCID: PMC8147839 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the various research approaches we have explored in recent years to improve metal-based agents for cancer or infection treatments. Although cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin remain the cornerstones in tumor chemotherapy, the discovery and approval of novel inorganic anticancer drugs is a very slow process. Analogously, although a few promising inorganic drugs have found clinical application against parasitic or bacterial infections, their use remains relatively limited. Moreover, the discovery process is often affected by small therapeutic enhancements that are not attractive for the pharmaceutical industry. However, the availability of increasing mechanistic information for the modes of action of established inorganic drugs is fueling the exploration of various approaches for developing effective inorganic chemotherapy agents. Through a series of examples, some from our own research experience, we focus our attention on a number of promising strategies, including (1) drug repurposing, (2) the simple modification of the chemical structures of approved metal-based drugs, (3) testing novel drug combinations, and (4) newly synthesized complexes coupling different anticancer drugs. Accordingly, we aim to suggest and summarize a series of reliable approaches that are exploitable for the development of improved and innovative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Cirri
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry (DCCI), Univerisity of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Francesco Bartoli
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, Univerisity of Pisa, Via Risorgimento, 36, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Pratesi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry (DCCI), Univerisity of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Emma Baglini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.B.); (E.B.)
| | - Elisabetta Barresi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.B.); (E.B.)
| | - Tiziano Marzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.B.); (E.B.)
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13
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Abstract
Recent advances in structural studies unveiling the basis of the metal compounds/protein recognition process are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo
- Napoli
- Italy
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Fahmy SA, Ponte F, Fawzy IM, Sicilia E, Bakowsky U, Azzazy HMES. Host-Guest Complexation of Oxaliplatin and Para-Sulfonatocalix[n]Arenes for Potential Use in Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2020; 25:E5926. [PMID: 33327642 PMCID: PMC7765097 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
P-sulfonatocalix[n]arenes have demonstrated a great potential for encapsulation of therapeutic drugs via host-guest complexation to improve solubility, stability, and bioavailability of encapsulated drugs. In this work, guest-host complexes of a third-generation anticancer drug (oxaliplatin) and p-4-sulfocalix[n]arenes (n = 4 and 6; p-SC4 and p-SC6, respectively) were prepared and investigated, using 1H NMR, UV, Job's plot analysis, and DFT calculations, for use as cancer therapeutics. The peak amplitude of the prepared host-guest complexes was linearly proportional to the concentration of oxaliplatin in the range of 1.0 × 10-5 M-1 to 2.1 × 10-4 M-1. The reaction stoichiometry between either p-SC4 or p-SC6 and oxaliplatin in the formed complexes was 1:1. The stability constants for the complexes were 5.07 × 104 M-1 and 6.3 × 104 M-1. These correspond to complexation free energy of -6.39 and -6.52 kcal/mol for p-SC4 and p-SC6, respectively. Complexation between oxaliplatin and p-SC4 or p-SC6 was found to involve hydrogen bonds. Both complexes exhibited enhanced biological and high cytotoxic activities against HT-29 colorectal cells and MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma compared to free oxaliplatin, which warrants further investigation for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Ashraf Fahmy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo 11835, Egypt;
| | - Fortuna Ponte
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (F.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Iten M. Fawzy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 12311, Egypt;
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (F.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Udo Bakowsky
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hassan Mohamed El-Said Azzazy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo 11835, Egypt;
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15
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Increasing the effectiveness of oxaliplatin using colloidal immunoglobulin G nanoparticles: Synthesis, cytotoxicity, interaction, and release studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 195:111255. [PMID: 32683237 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel biomacromolecule was prepared for a stabilizer sustained anticancer drug release system. Colloidal immunoglobulin G (IgG) nanoparticles (IgGNP) were synthesized and then characterized using FT-IR, SEM, zeta sizer, and AFM. Moreover, the formation of spherical shape IgGNP with an appropriate average size (144.56 ± 2 nm) and a narrow distribution for the drug release was confirmed. Also, the conjugation of oxaliplatin (OX) to IgGNP (OX@IgGNP) was demonstrated via the combination of spectroscopy and physical analyses. In this regard, the interaction was spantaneous with static quenching mechanism. OX caused well dispersity with no agglomeration on IgGNP with an average size of 142.31 ± 4 nm. Furthermore, the encapsulation efficiency (%EE) and drug loading (%DL) percentages were determined. Accordingly, the release behavior indicated that OX was sustained from IgGNP more than IgG (approximately 150 h) and the highest release amount of OX (100 %) was obtained at acidic medium (pH 5.5). Notably, the kinetic model was zero order and release mechanism followed by diffusion and Fick's model at neutral medium and combination of diffusion and swelling controlled and non-Fickian model at acidic medium. In addition, the anticancer effect of OX@IgGNP was evaluated on the human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 using MTT assay and DAPI staining that showed a remarkable efficacy, while the cytotoxicity in human fibroblast cell lines, HFFF2 has decreased. In this study, gene expression was investigated using real time PCR, which verified IgGNP induced programmed cell death in MCF-7 breast cancer cell more effectively than free OX. Subsequently, a novel nano scale biological macromolecule can be introduced as a sustained and prolonged anticancer drug release.
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16
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Sciortino G, Sánchez-Aparicio JE, Rodríguez-Guerra Pedregal J, Garribba E, Maréchal JD. Computational insight into the interaction of oxaliplatin with insulin. Metallomics 2020; 11:765-773. [PMID: 30724953 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00341f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In an organism, cisplatin and its derivatives are known to interact with proteins besides their principal DNA target. These off-target interactions have major therapeutic consequences including undesired side effects, loss of bioavailability and emergence of resistance. Insulin is one of the prototypical protein targets of platinum drugs as it has been seen to be involved in bioavailability reduction and might also determine resistance in certain cancer lines. However, despite the interest in understanding the nature of the oxaliplatin-insulin adducts, no 3D models have been achieved so far. In this study, we apply our recent computational multiscale protocol optimized for bioinorganic interactions to provide structural insights into these systems. To do so, the initial structures are predicted by blind protein-metalloligand docking calculations optimized to account for a metal-containing species, and then refined using a Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics (QM/MM) integrated protocol. The results are consistent with experimental information obtained from fragment analysis, and also provide novel structural information like conformational changes occurring upon binding and potential effects on the biological functions of the protein. This study opens an avenue towards applying similar strategies to a wide ensemble of metallodrug-protein/peptide systems for which no structural data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sciortino
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain.
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17
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Cziferszky M, Gust R. Top-down mass spectrometry reveals multiple interactions of an acetylsalicylic acid bearing Zeise's salt derivative with peptides. J Biol Inorg Chem 2020; 25:285-293. [PMID: 32060649 PMCID: PMC7082381 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-020-01760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Synergistic effects and promising anticancer activities encourage the combination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with metallodrugs. Here, we discuss the interactions of an organometallic complex consisting of an acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) moiety attached to a PtII center via an alkenol linker in a Zeise's salt-type coordination (ASA-buten-PtCl3) with model peptides angiotensin 1 (AT), substance P (Sub P), and ubiquitin (UQ). Top-down mass spectrometry experiments show that the amino acid involved in the initial binding to the metal complex controls the coordination sphere of PtII in the adducts. The strong trans labilizing effect of the coordinating sulfur atom in Met causes fast release of the organic moiety and leads to the formation of dimers and oligomers in the case of Sub P. In contrast, interactions with nitrogen donors in AT result in stable adducts containing the intact ASA-buten-PtII complex. UQ forms two sets of PtII adducts, only one of them retains the ASA moiety, which is presumably the result of an unexpected binding geometry. Importantly, UQ is additionally acetylated at various Ser and Lys residues by the ASA-buten-PtCl3 complex. Control experiments with ASA are negative. This is the first example of concomitant platination and acetylation of a peptide with an ASA metal complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Cziferszky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, CMBI-Center for Molecular Biosciences, CCB-Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, CMBI-Center for Molecular Biosciences, CCB-Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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18
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19
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Balasco N, Ferraro G, Loreto D, Iacobucci I, Monti M, Merlino A. Cisplatin binding to β-lactoglobulin: a structural study. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:12450-12457. [PMID: 32852026 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02582h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The first structural study on the interaction of β-lactoglobulin with the anticancer compound cisplatin is here reported by combining spectroscopic, crystallographic and mass spectrometry techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Balasco
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging
- CNR
- 80134 Napoli
- Italy
| | - Giarita Ferraro
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”
- University of Florence
- Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
| | - Domenico Loreto
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo
- Napoli
- Italy
| | - Ilaria Iacobucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo
- Napoli
- Italy
| | - Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo
- Napoli
- Italy
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo
- Napoli
- Italy
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20
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Annunziata A, Cucciolito ME, Esposito R, Ferraro G, Monti DM, Merlino A, Ruffo F. Five‐Coordinate Platinum(II) Compounds as Potential Anticancer Agents. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Annunziata
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II via Cintia 21 – 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Maria Elena Cucciolito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II via Cintia 21 – 80126 Napoli Italy
- Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo CIRCC Via Celso Ulpiani 27 – 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Roberto Esposito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II via Cintia 21 – 80126 Napoli Italy
- Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo CIRCC Via Celso Ulpiani 27 – 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Giarita Ferraro
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff” Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo Università degli Studi di Firenze Via della Lastruccia, 3‐13 – 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Daria Maria Monti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II via Cintia 21 – 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II via Cintia 21 – 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Francesco Ruffo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II via Cintia 21 – 80126 Napoli Italy
- Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo CIRCC Via Celso Ulpiani 27 – 70126 Bari Italy
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21
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Miodragović Đ, Merlino A, Swindell EP, Bogachkov A, Ahn RW, Abuhadba S, Ferraro G, Marzo T, Mazar AP, Messori L, O’Halloran TV. Arsenoplatin-1 Is a Dual Pharmacophore Anticancer Agent. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6453-6457. [PMID: 30943017 PMCID: PMC6830503 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Arsenoplatins are adducts of two chemically important anticancer drugs, cisplatin and arsenic trioxide, that have a Pt(II) bond to an As(III) hydroxide center. Screens of the NCI-60 human tumor cell lines reveal that arsenoplatin-1 (AP-1), [Pt(μ-NHC(CH3)O)2ClAs(OH)2], the first representative of this novel class of anticancer agents, displays a superior activity profile relative to the parent drugs As2O3 or cisplatin in a majority of cancer cell lines tested. These activity profiles are important because the success of arsenic trioxide in blood cancers (such as APL) has not been seen in solid tumors due to the rapid clearance of arsenous acid from the body. To understand the biological chemistry of these compounds, we evaluated interactions of AP-1 with the two important classes of biomolecules-proteins and DNA. The first structural studies of AP-1 bound to model proteins reveal that platinum(II) binds the Nε of His in a manner that preserves the Pt-As bond. We find that AP-1 readily enters cells and binds to DNA with an intact Pt-As bond (Pt:As ratio of 1). At longer incubation times, however, the Pt:As ratio in DNA samples increases, suggesting that the Pt-As bond breaks and releases the As(OH)2 moiety. We conclude that arsenoplatin-1 has the potential to deliver both Pt and As species to a variety of hematological and solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Đenana Miodragović
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois
60208, United States
- Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 North St Louis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60625, United
States
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte
Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Elden P. Swindell
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois
60208, United States
| | - Abraham Bogachkov
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois
60208, United States
| | - Richard W. Ahn
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois
60208, United States
| | - Sara Abuhadba
- Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 North St Louis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60625, United
States
| | - Giarita Ferraro
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, Università degli Studi Firenze, via della
Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Tiziano Marzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrew P. Mazar
- Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Luigi Messori
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, Università degli Studi Firenze, via della
Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Thomas V. O’Halloran
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois
60208, United States
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22
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Reaction with Proteins of a Five-Coordinate Platinum(II) Compound. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030520. [PMID: 30691130 PMCID: PMC6387405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stable five-coordinate Pt(II) complexes have been highlighted as a promising and original platform for the development of new cytotoxic drugs. Their interaction with proteins has been scarcely studied. Here, the reactivity of the five-coordinate Pt(II) compound [Pt(I)(Me) (dmphen)(olefin)] (Me = methyl, dmphen = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, olefin = dimethylfumarate) with the model proteins hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) and bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) has been investigated by X-ray crystallography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The X-ray structures of the adducts of RNase A and HEWL with [Pt(I)(Me)(dmphen)(olefin)] are not of very high quality, but overall data indicate that, upon reaction with RNase A, the compound coordinates the side chain of His105 upon releasing the iodide ligand, but retains the pentacoordination. On the contrary, upon reaction with HEWL, the trigonal bi-pyramidal Pt geometry is lost, the iodide and the olefin ligands are released, and the metal center coordinates the side chain of His15 probably adopting a nearly square-planar geometry. This work underlines the importance of the combined use of crystallographic and mass spectrometry techniques to characterize, in detail, the protein–metallodrug recognition process. Our findings also suggest that five-coordinate Pt(II) complexes can act either retaining their uncommon structure or functioning as prodrugs, i.e., releasing square-planar platinum complexes as bioactive species.
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23
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Ferraro G, Pica A, Petruk G, Pane F, Amoresano A, Cilibrizzi A, Vilar R, Monti DM, Merlino A. Preparation, structure, cytotoxicity and mechanism of action of ferritin-Pt(II) terpyridine compound nanocomposites. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:2995-3007. [PMID: 30501559 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM A Pt(II)-terpyridine compound, bearing two piperidine substituents at positions 2 and 2' of the terpyridine ligand (1), is highly cytotoxic and shows a mechanism of action distinct from cisplatin. 1 has been incorporated within the ferritin nanocage (AFt). MATERIALS & METHODS Spectroscopic and crystallographic data of the Pt(II)-AFt nanocomposite have been collected and in vitro anticancer activity has been explored using cancer cells. RESULTS Pt(II)-containing fragments bind His49, His114 and His132. Pt(II)-AFt nanocomposite is less cytotoxic than 1, but it is more toxic than cisplatin at high concentrations. The Pt(II)-AFt nanocomposite triggers necrosis in cancer cells, as free 1 does. CONCLUSION Pt(II)-AFt nanocomposites are promising vehicles to deliver Pt-based drugs to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giarita Ferraro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Pica
- EMBL Grenoble, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Ganna Petruk
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Pane
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela Amoresano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Agostino Cilibrizzi
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Ramon Vilar
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Daria Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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24
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Sciortino G, Garribba E, Maréchal JD. Validation and Applications of Protein-Ligand Docking Approaches Improved for Metalloligands with Multiple Vacant Sites. Inorg Chem 2018; 58:294-306. [PMID: 30475597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Decoding the interaction between coordination compounds and proteins is of fundamental importance in biology, pharmacy, and medicine. In this context, protein- ligand docking represents a particularly interesting asset to predict how small compounds could interact with biomolecules, but to date, very little information is available to adapt these methodologies to metal-containing ligands. Here, we assessed the predictive capability of a metal-compatible parameter set for the docking program GOLD for metallo ligands with multiple vacant sites and different geometries. The study first presents a benchmark of 25 well-characterized X-ray metallo ligand-protein adducts. In 100% of the cases, the docking solutions are superimposable to the X-ray determination, and in 92% the value of the root-mean-square deviation between the experimental and calculated structures is lower than 1.5 Å. After the validation step, we applied these methods to five case studies for the prediction of the binding of pharmacological active metal species to proteins: (i) the anticancer copper(II) complex [CuII(Br)(2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde benzoyl hydrazine)(indazole)] to human serum albumin (HSA); (ii) one of the active species of antidiabetic and antitumor vanadium compounds, VIVO2+ ion, to carboxypeptidase; (iii) the antiarthritic species [AuI(PEt3)]+ to HSA; (iv) the antitumor oxaliplatin to ubiquitin; (v) the antitumor ruthenium(II) compound RAPTA-PentaOH to cathepsin B. The calculations suggested that the binding modes are in good agreement with the partial information retrieved from spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis and allowed us, in certain cases, to propose additional hypotheses. This method is an important update in protein-metallo ligand docking, which could have a wide field of application, from biology and inorganic biochemistry to medicinal chemistry and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sciortino
- Departament de Química , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Cerdanyola del Vallés , Barcelona 08193 , Spain.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia , Università di Sassari , Via Vienna 2 , Sassari I-07100 , Italy
| | - Eugenio Garribba
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia , Università di Sassari , Via Vienna 2 , Sassari I-07100 , Italy
| | - Jean-Didier Maréchal
- Departament de Química , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Cerdanyola del Vallés , Barcelona 08193 , Spain
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25
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Russo Krauss I, Ferraro G, Pica A, Márquez JA, Helliwell JR, Merlino A. Principles and methods used to grow and optimize crystals of protein-metallodrug adducts, to determine metal binding sites and to assign metal ligands. Metallomics 2018; 9:1534-1547. [PMID: 28967006 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00219j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of the interactions between biological macromolecules (proteins and nucleic acids) and metal-based drugs is a fundamental prerequisite for understanding their mechanisms of action. X-ray crystallography enables the structural analysis of such complexes with atomic level detail. However, this approach requires the preparation of highly diffracting single crystals, the measurement of diffraction patterns and the structural analysis and interpretation of macromolecule-metal interactions from electron density maps. In this review, we describe principles and methods used to grow and optimize crystals of protein-metallodrug adducts, to determine metal binding sites and to assign and validate metal ligands. Examples from the literature and experience in our own laboratory are provided and key challenges are described, notably crystallization and molecular model refinement against the X-ray diffraction data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Russo Krauss
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy.
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26
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Cucciolito ME, D’Amora A, De Feo G, Ferraro G, Giorgio A, Petruk G, Monti DM, Merlino A, Ruffo F. Five-Coordinate Platinum(II) Compounds Containing Sugar Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization, Cytotoxic Activity, and Interaction with Biological Macromolecules. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:3133-3143. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b03118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Cucciolito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC), via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Angela D’Amora
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gianmarco De Feo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giarita Ferraro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Giorgio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ganna Petruk
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Daria Maria Monti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Ruffo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC), via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
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27
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Messori L, Merlino A. Protein metalation by metal-based drugs: X-ray crystallography and mass spectrometry studies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:11622-11633. [PMID: 29019481 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06442j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The combined use of X-ray crystallography and mass spectrometry represents a valuable strategy to investigate and characterize protein metalation induced by anticancer metal-based drugs. Here, we summarize a series of significant results recently obtained in our laboratories upon the examination of the structures of several adducts of proteins with representative metallodrugs (mostly containing ruthenium, gold and platinum). The general mechanisms of protein metalation that emerge from a careful comparative analysis of these structures are illustrated and their mechanistic implications are discussed. Possible directions for future work in the field are delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Messori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Italy.
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28
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Marzo T, Pratesi A, Cirri D, Pillozzi S, Petroni G, Guerri A, Arcangeli A, Messori L, Gabbiani C. Chlorido and bromido oxaliplatin analogues as potential agents for CRC treatment: Solution behavior, protein binding and cytotoxicity evaluation. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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29
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Picone D, Donnarumma F, Ferraro G, Gotte G, Fagagnini A, Butera G, Donadelli M, Merlino A. A comparison study on RNase A oligomerization induced by cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 173:105-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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30
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Pontillo N, Ferraro G, Helliwell JR, Amoresano A, Merlino A. X-ray Structure of the Carboplatin-Loaded Apo-Ferritin Nanocage. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:433-437. [PMID: 28435532 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The second-generation Pt anticancer agent carboplatin (CBDCA) was encapsulated within the apo horse spleen ferritin (AFt) nanocage, and the X-ray structure of the drug-loaded protein was refined at 1.49 Å resolution. Two Pt binding sites, different from the one observed in the cisplatin-encapsulated AFt, were identified in Ft subunits by inspection of anomalous electron density maps at two wavelengths and difference Fourier electron density maps, which provide the necessary sensitivity to discriminate between Pt from CBDCA and Cd ions that are present in the crystallization conditions. Pt centers coordinate to the NE2 atom of His49 and to the NE2 atom of His132, both on the inner surface of the Ft nanocage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pontillo
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso
Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giarita Ferraro
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso
Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - John R. Helliwell
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Manchester, Brunswick Street, Manchester M13 9PL, England
| | - Angela Amoresano
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso
Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso
Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- CNR Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages, Via Mezzocannone 16, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
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31
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Merlino A, Marzo T, Messori L. Protein Metalation by Anticancer Metallodrugs: A Joint ESI MS and XRD Investigative Strategy. Chemistry 2017; 23:6942-6947. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy) and CNR Institute of Biostructure and Bioimages, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80100, Napoli (Italy
| | - Tiziano Marzo
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; University of Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Department of Chemistry; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Luigi Messori
- Department of Chemistry; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto fiorentino (FI) Italy
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32
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Cirri D, Pillozzi S, Gabbiani C, Tricomi J, Bartoli G, Stefanini M, Michelucci E, Arcangeli A, Messori L, Marzo T. PtI2(DACH), the iodido analogue of oxaliplatin as a candidate for colorectal cancer treatment: chemical and biological features. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:3311-3317. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03867k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PtI2(DACH) has been prepared and tested. PtI2(DACH) shows different chemical and biological features than oxaliplatin, manifesting cellular effects nearly comparable to those of parent drug in three cellular lines of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Cirri
- Laboratory of Metals in Medicine (MetMed)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florence
- Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
| | - S. Pillozzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine
- University of Florence
- 50134 Firenze
- Italy
| | - C. Gabbiani
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry
- University of Pisa
- 56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - J. Tricomi
- Laboratory of Metals in Medicine (MetMed)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florence
- Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
| | - G. Bartoli
- Laboratory of Metals in Medicine (MetMed)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florence
- Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
| | | | - E. Michelucci
- Mass Spectrometry Centre (CISM)
- University of Florence
- 50019 Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
| | - A. Arcangeli
- Laboratory of Metals in Medicine (MetMed)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florence
- Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
| | - L. Messori
- Laboratory of Metals in Medicine (MetMed)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florence
- Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
| | - T. Marzo
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry
- University of Pisa
- 56124 Pisa
- Italy
- Laboratory of Metals in Medicine (MetMed)
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33
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Solomatina AI, Chelushkin PS, Krupenya DV, Podkorytov IS, Artamonova TO, Sizov VV, Melnikov AS, Gurzhiy VV, Koshel EI, Shcheslavskiy VI, Tunik SP. Coordination to Imidazole Ring Switches on Phosphorescence of Platinum Cyclometalated Complexes: The Route to Selective Labeling of Peptides and Proteins via Histidine Residues. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 28:426-437. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia I. Solomatina
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of
Chemistry, Universitetskii
prospect. 26, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pavel S. Chelushkin
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of
Chemistry, Universitetskii
prospect. 26, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Institute
of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi
prospect, Vasilievskii Island, 31, 199004 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitrii V. Krupenya
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of
Chemistry, Universitetskii
prospect. 26, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ivan S. Podkorytov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Biomolecular
NMR Laboratory, Botanicheskaya
Str., 17, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana O. Artamonova
- Research
Center of Nanobiotechnologies, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya, 29, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Sizov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of
Chemistry, Universitetskii
prospect. 26, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexei S. Melnikov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Department
of Physics, Ulianovskaya
Str., 3, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Research
Center of Nanobiotechnologies, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya, 29, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladislav V. Gurzhiy
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of Earth Sciences and Biology Department, University embankment. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena I. Koshel
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of Earth Sciences and Biology Department, University embankment. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Sergey P. Tunik
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of
Chemistry, Universitetskii
prospect. 26, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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34
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Interactions between proteins and Ru compounds of medicinal interest: A structural perspective. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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35
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Russo Krauss I, Ferraro G, Merlino A. Cisplatin-Protein Interactions: Unexpected Drug Binding to N-Terminal Amine and Lysine Side Chains. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:7814-6. [PMID: 27482735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Literature studies carried out by mass spectrometry and X-ray crystallography have demonstrated that cisplatin is able to bind proteins mainly close to Met, His, and free Cys side chains. To identify possible alternative modes of cisplatin binding to proteins at the molecular level, here we have solved the high-resolution X-ray structure of the adduct formed in the reaction between the drug and the model protein thaumatin, which does not contain any His and free Cys residues and possesses just one buried Met. Our data reveal unexpected cisplatin binding sites on the protein surface that could have general significance: cisplatin fragments -[Pt(NH3)2Cl](+), -[Pt(NH3)Cl2], and -[Pt(NH3)2(OH2)](2+) bind to a protein N-terminus and close to Lys and Glu side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Russo Krauss
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II , Via Cintia, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Giarita Ferraro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II , Via Cintia, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II , Via Cintia, I-80126 Naples, Italy
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36
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37
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Hildebrandt J, Görls H, Häfner N, Ferraro G, Dürst M, Runnebaum IB, Weigand W, Merlino A. Unusual mode of protein binding by a cytotoxic π-arene ruthenium(ii) piano-stool compound containing an O,S-chelating ligand. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:12283-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02380k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A new π-arene Ru(ii) piano-stool compound, showing significant cytotoxic activityin vitro, was synthesized. The X-ray structure of this compound and that of its complex with RNase A were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hildebrandt
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Jena
- Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Jena
- Germany
| | - Norman Häfner
- Department of Gynecology
- Jena University Hospital - Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena
- Germany
| | - Giarita Ferraro
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- Italy
| | - Matthias Dürst
- Department of Gynecology
- Jena University Hospital - Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena
- Germany
| | - Ingo B. Runnebaum
- Department of Gynecology
- Jena University Hospital - Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena
- Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weigand
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Jena
- Germany
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- Italy
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages
- Naples
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38
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Caterino M, Petruk AA, Vergara A, Ferraro G, Marasco D, Doctorovich F, Estrin DA, Merlino A. Mapping the protein-binding sites for iridium(iii)-based CO-releasing molecules. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:12206-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01685e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry, Raman microspectroscopy, circular dichroism and X-ray crystallography have been used to investigate the reaction of CO-releasing molecule Cs2IrCl5CO with the model protein RNase A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Caterino
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo
- Napoli
- Italy
| | - Ariel A. Petruk
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE-CONICET
- University of Buenos Aires
- Ciudad Universitaria
- C1428EHA Buenos Aires
| | - Alessandro Vergara
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo
- Napoli
- Italy
| | - Giarita Ferraro
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo
- Napoli
- Italy
| | - Daniela Marasco
- CNR Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages
- Napoli
- Italy
- Department of Pharmacy
- University of Naples Federico II
| | - Fabio Doctorovich
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE-CONICET
- University of Buenos Aires
- Ciudad Universitaria
- C1428EHA Buenos Aires
| | - Dario A. Estrin
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE-CONICET
- University of Buenos Aires
- Ciudad Universitaria
- C1428EHA Buenos Aires
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo
- Napoli
- Italy
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