1
|
Khalid Z, Muhammad J, Ali H, Rana MS, Usman M, Alam MM, Ullah R, Ullah A, Umair M, Ahmad A, Salman M, Ikram A, Khan A, Bari A. Insights into measles virus: Serological surveillance and molecular characterization. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:994-1000. [PMID: 38636313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2024.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measles has been a significant public health concern in Pakistan, especially in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province, where sporadic and silent epidemics continue to challenge existing control measures. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and investigate the molecular epidemiology of the measles virus (MeV) in KPK and explore the vaccination status among the suspected individuals. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted between February and October 2021. A total of 336 suspected measles cases from the study population were analyzed for IgM antibodies using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Throat swabs were randomly collected from a subset of positive cases for molecular analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of MeV isolates was performed using the neighbor-joining method. The vaccination status of individuals was also recorded. RESULTS Among the suspected participants, 61.0% (205/336) were ELISA positive for IgM antibodies, with a higher prevalence in males (64.17%) compared to females (57.04%). The majority of cases (36.0%) were observed in infants and toddlers, consistent with previous reports. The majority of IgM-positive cases (71.7%) had not received any dose of measles vaccine, highlighting gaps in vaccine coverage and the need for improved immunization programs. Genetic analysis revealed that all MeV isolates belonged to the B3 genotype, with minor genetic variations from previously reported variants in the region. CONCLUSION This study provides valuable insights into the genetic epidemiology of the MeV in KPK, Pakistan. The high incidence of measles infection among unvaccinated individuals highlights the urgency of raising awareness about vaccine importance and strengthening routine immunization programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Khalid
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, KP 22610, Pakistan.
| | - Javed Muhammad
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, KP 22610, Pakistan.
| | - Hina Ali
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, China.
| | | | - Muhammad Usman
- National Institute of Health, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan.
| | | | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Arif Ullah
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, KP 22610, Pakistan.
| | - Massab Umair
- National Institute of Health, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan.
| | - Ashfaq Ahmad
- National Institute of Health, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan.
| | | | - Aamer Ikram
- National Institute of Health, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan.
| | - Amjad Khan
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, KP, Pakistan; The University of Kentucky, KY 40506, United States.
| | - Ahmed Bari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang S, Wang C, Liu X, Liu Y, Xiong P, Tao Z, Chen M, Xu Q, Zhang L, Xu A. Comparative study on molecular epidemiology of measles H1 outbreak and sporadic cases in Shandong Province, 2013–2019. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:305. [PMID: 35421927 PMCID: PMC9011973 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08492-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Measles caused by measles virus (MeV) is a highly contagious viral disease which has also been associated with complications including pneumonia, myocarditis, encephalitis, and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. The current study isolated 33 strains belonging to 2 groups, outbreak and sporadic strains, in 13 cities of Shandong province, China from 2013 to 2019. Comparison of genetic characterization among 15 outbreak strains and 18 sporadic strains was performed by analyzing nucleotide sequences of the C-terminal region of N protein gene (N-450).
Results
All 33 stains belonged to genotype H1. The outbreak strains and sporadic strains distributed crossly in phylogenetic tree. Sequences alignment revealed some interesting G to A transversion which changed the amino acids on genomic sites 1317, 1422, and 1543. The nucleotide and amino acid similarities among outbreak isolates were 98–100% (0–10 nucleotide variations) and 97.7–100%, respectively; They were 97.3–100% and 96.6–100%, respectively for sporadic isolates. Evolutionary genetics analysis revealed that the mean evolution rates of outbreak and sporadic isolates were 1.26 N 10− 3 and 1.48 N 10− 3 substitutions per site per year separately, which were similar with corresponding data before 2012. Local transmission analysis suggested that there were three transmission chains in this study, two of them originated from Japan. Outbreak cases and sporadic cases emerged alternatively and were reciprocal causation on the transmission chains.
Conclusions
Our study investigated the phylogeny and evolutional genetics of MeV during a 7-year surveillance, and compared epidemic and genetic characteristics of outbreak strains and sporadic strains. These results underscore the importance of evolutionary study alongside with sporadic cases in discovering and tracing possible outbreaks, especially in the stage of measles elimination.
Collapse
|
3
|
Rana MS, Usman M, Ikram A, Alam MM, Salman M, Zaidi SSZ, Umair M, Stanikzai N, Shakoor A, Afghan F. Molecular identification and characterization of Measles virus genotypes circulating in Afghanistan, 2008-2018. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3448-3452. [PMID: 35261036 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The measles virus remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age. Molecular identification of circulating wild-type measles virus (MV) strains is a vital component of the measles elimination program. We received 159 oral swab samples from Afghanistan during 2008-2018. Viral RNA was extracted, followed by one-step RT-PCR and positive amplicons were subject to sequencing for genotype identification. Out of 159 total samples, 52% (83/159) were detected positive by RT-PCR. Genotype D4 was identified from 2.4% (2/83), genotype H1, 4.8% (4/83) and genotype B3, 92.7% (77/83) cases respectively. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Suleman Rana
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Ikram
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Masroor Alam
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Salman
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Sohail Zahoor Zaidi
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Massab Umair
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Abdul Shakoor
- World Health Organizations (WHO), Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Fazel Afghan
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Kabul, Afghanistan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou N, Li M, Huang Y, Zhou L, Wang B. Genetic Characterizations and Molecular Evolution of the Measles Virus Genotype B3's Hemagglutinin (H) Gene in the Elimination Era. Viruses 2021; 13:1970. [PMID: 34696400 PMCID: PMC8540759 DOI: 10.3390/v13101970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) genotype B3 is one globally significant circulating genotype. Here, we present a systematic description of long-term evolutionary characterizations of the MeV genotype B3's hemagglutinin (H) gene in the elimination era. Our results show that the B3 H gene can be divided into two main sub-genotypes, and the highest intra-genotypic diversity was observed in 2004. MeV genotype B3's H gene diverged in 1976; its overall nucleotide substitution rate is estimated to be 5.697 × 10-4 substitutions/site/year, and is slowing down. The amino acid substitution rate of genotype B3's H gene is also decreasing, and the mean effective population size has been in a downward trend since 2000. Selection pressure analysis only recognized a few sites under positive selection, and the number of positive selection sites is getting smaller. All of these observations may reveal that genotype B3's H gene is not under strong selection pressure, and is becoming increasingly conservative. MeV H-gene or whole-genome sequencing should be routine, so as to better elucidate the molecular epidemiology of MeV in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (N.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Mingma Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (N.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (N.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Lu Zhou
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Acute Infectious Diseases, Nanjing 210009, China;
| | - Bei Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (N.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
How Cities Cope in Outbreak Events? THE CITY IN NEED 2020. [PMCID: PMC7278263 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-5487-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak can cause more problems than just the spread of disease. It can be an antagonistic nemesis to our cities and communities, particularly if we lack preparedness and resilience. Its progress is usually unclear as it can be completely different from case to case, and can react differently in different contexts and with different groups of people. Such reactions may purely relate to climatic conditions, hygienic status, and environmental attributes of the context. Those reactions can also differ from one group of people to another, while the disease has to find its correct host as well the way it can transmit and evolve. Consequently, the magnitude of impacts would depend on many factors, of which the nature of the disease is very important during the whole outbreak progress.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zaidi SSZ, Hameed A, Ali N, Rana MS, Umair M, Alam MM, Aamir UB, Khurshid A, Sharif S, Shaukat S, Angez M, Mujtaba G, Arshad Y, Akthar R, Sufian MM, Mehmood N. Epidemiological and molecular investigation of a measles outbreak in Punjab, Pakistan, 2013-2015. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1297-1303. [PMID: 29704426 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of an effective vaccine, the measles virus continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Molecular characterization of wild-type measles strains is an invaluable component of epidemiological studies or surveillance systems that provides important information pertinent to outbreak linkages and transmission pathways. Serum samples and throat swabs were collected from suspected measles cases from the Punjab province of Pakistan (2013-2015) and further tested for measles immunoglobulin M (IgM) through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for molecular characterization. Among the total of 5415 blood samples, 59% tested positive for measles IgM. Males had a higher infection rate (55%) than females (45%), and the highest frequency of positive cases (63%) was found in the age group of 0 to 5 years. Partial sequencing of the nucleoprotein gene showed that 27 strains belonged to the B3 genotype, whereas 2 viruses were identified as D4. On phylogenetic analysis, Pakistani B3 strains were found to be closely related to previously reported indigenous strains and those from neighboring countries of Iran and Qatar. This is the first report on the detection of the measles B3 genotype from Punjab, Pakistan. The current study shows a high burden of measles infections in Punjab province owing to poor routine immunization coverage in major cities. It is imperative that national health authorities adopt strategic steps on an urgent basis for improvement of routine immunization coverage. Molecular epidemiology of the measles viruses circulating in different parts of the country can provide useful data to manage future outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sohail Zahoor Zaidi
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Chak Shahzad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Hameed
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Biological sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Massab Umair
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Chak Shahzad, Pakistan
| | | | - Uzma Bashir Aamir
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Chak Shahzad, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Khurshid
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Chak Shahzad, Pakistan
| | - Salmaan Sharif
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Chak Shahzad, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Shaukat
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Chak Shahzad, Pakistan
| | - Mehar Angez
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Chak Shahzad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Mujtaba
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Chak Shahzad, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Arshad
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Chak Shahzad, Pakistan
| | - Ribqa Akthar
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Chak Shahzad, Pakistan
| | | | - Nayab Mehmood
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Chak Shahzad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|