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Kozłowski P, Leszczyńska A, Ciepiela O. Long COVID Definition, Symptoms, Risk Factors, Epidemiology and Autoimmunity: A Narrative Review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE OPEN 2024; 11:100068. [PMID: 39034937 PMCID: PMC11256271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajmo.2024.100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The virus called SARS-CoV-2 emerged in 2019 and quickly spread worldwide, causing COVID-19. It has greatly impacted on everyday life, healthcare systems, and the global economy. In order to save as many lives as possible, precautions such as social distancing, quarantine, and testing policies were implemented, and effective vaccines were developed. A growing amount of data collected worldwide allowed the characterization of this new disease, which turned out to be more complex than other common respiratory tract infections. An increasing number of convalescents presented with a variety of nonspecific symptoms emerging after the acute infection. This possible new global health problem was identified and labelled as long COVID. Since then, a great effort has been made by clinicians and the scientific community to understand the underlying mechanisms and to develop preventive measures and effective treatment. The role of autoimmunity induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in the development of long COVID is discussed in this review. We aim to deliver a description of several conditions with an autoimmune background observed in COVID-19 convalescents, including Guillain-Barré syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome and related thrombosis, and Kawasaki disease highlighting a relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of autoimmunity. However, further studies are required to determine its true clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kozłowski
- Central Laboratory, University Clinical Centre of the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Leszczyńska
- Central Laboratory, University Clinical Centre of the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Ciepiela
- Central Laboratory, University Clinical Centre of the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Zhang D, Kukkar D, Kim KH, Bhatt P. A comprehensive review on immunogen and immune-response proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and their applications in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129284. [PMID: 38211928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) prompts humoral immune responses in the human body. As the auxiliary diagnosis of a current infection, the existence of viral proteins can be checked from specific antibodies (Abs) induced by immunogenic viral proteins. For people with a weakened immune system, Ab treatment can help neutralize viral antigens to resist and treat the disease. On the other hand, highly immunogenic viral proteins can serve as effective markers for detecting prior infections. Additionally, the identification of viral particles or the presence of antibodies may help establish an immune defense against the virus. These immunogenic proteins rather than SARS-CoV-2 can be given to uninfected people as a vaccination to improve their coping ability against COVID-19 through the generation of memory plasma cells. In this work, we review immunogenic and immune-response proteins derived from SARS-CoV-2 with regard to their classification, origin, and diverse applications (e.g., prevention (vaccine development), diagnostic testing, and treatment (via neutralizing Abs)). Finally, advanced immunization strategies against COVID-19 are discussed along with the contemporary circumstances and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daohong Zhang
- College of Food Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, Shandong, China; Bio-Nanotechnology Research Institute, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, Shandong, China
| | - Deepak Kukkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India; University Center for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Poornima Bhatt
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India; University Center for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
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3
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Chandran SCS, Christopher I, Sounderraajan A, Murugesan V, Sabapathy I, Periyasamy V, Manikkam R. Molecular docking analysis of quercetin with known CoVid-19 targets. Bioinformation 2023; 19:1081-1085. [PMID: 38046509 PMCID: PMC10692980 DOI: 10.6026/973206300191081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Combat and care during CoVid-19 was non-trivial. Therefore, it is of interest to use the pharmacologically active plant component quercetin for the treatment of CoVid-19. Quercetin exhibits favourable ADMET values and abides by Lipinski's rule of five. When quercetin and remdesivir were positioned in relation to the CoVid-19 targets, quercetin exhibited a greater propensity for binding and H-bond interaction in their molecular interactions. Thus, the quercetin molecule can be used to manage CoVid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ireen Christopher
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
- DBT-BIF Centre, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aishwariya Sounderraajan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
- DBT-BIF Centre, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Viji Murugesan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
- DBT-BIF Centre, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Indu Sabapathy
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
- DBT-BIF Centre, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi Periyasamy
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
- DBT-BIF Centre, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajalakshmi Manikkam
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
- DBT-BIF Centre, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Zoology, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu
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Villafaña-Diaz L, Perez-Garcia JC, Barron-Villaverde D, Perez-Santos M. Patenting trends by Mexican pharmaceutical companies. Pharm Pat Anal 2023; 12:275-286. [PMID: 38197381 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2023-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Aim: the activity of patent claims by Mexican pharmaceutical companies is unknown. Objective: analyse the trend in patents of Mexican pharmaceutical companies. Method: a search for patents was carried out in the patent database of the Mexican Institute of Industrial Property, using the list of Mexican pharmaceutical companies belonging to the Mexican Association of Pharmaceutical Research Industries, and the codes A61K, A61P and C07 of the International Patent Classification. Results: the leading companies in patent applications were Liomont, Senosiain and RIMSA; however, Mexican pharmaceutical companies claim very few patents, only 266 patent applications in the period 2000-2020, with a technological factor with a value of zero, and a commercial factor of little value. Conclusion: Mexican pharmaceutical companies lack a robust patent system, without growth, and with a low percentage of patents with high commercial value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Villafaña-Diaz
- Posgrado en Planeación Estratégica y Dirección Tecnológica, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Puebla, CP, 72410, México
| | - Juan C Perez-Garcia
- Posgrado en Planeación Estratégica y Dirección Tecnológica, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Puebla, CP, 72410, México
| | - Diana Barron-Villaverde
- Posgrado en Planeación Estratégica y Dirección Tecnológica, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Puebla, CP, 72410, México
| | - Martin Perez-Santos
- Dirección de Innovación y Transferencia de Conocimiento, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, CP, 72570, México
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der Weid IV, de Souza Mendes CD, Fonseca PC, Viveiros Rosa SG. Patent profile for the approved and in clinical trials Mpox vaccines. Pharm Pat Anal 2023; 12:103-111. [PMID: 37671905 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2023-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Mpox disease was reported in 110 countries since May 2022, with 88,026 cases and 148 deaths by 21 June 2023. Although some drugs were already approved for Mpox treatment, the available smallpox vaccines can provide 85% cross-prevention, but there are no scientific publications describing the patent portfolio for Mpox vaccines. This paper aims to contribute to the identification of the status of the smallpox vaccine patents now applied for Mpox. We retrieved ten vaccines, but only a few had a patent portfolio and one under patent litigation processes in three continents. Also, no specific Mpox vaccine was retrieved and, in this sense, technological monitoring studies should be performed to provide a future vision regarding Mpox prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene von der Weid
- National Institute of Industrial Property, Division of Studies & Projects, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20090-910, Brazil
| | - Cristina d'Urso de Souza Mendes
- National Institute of Industrial Property, Division of Studies & Projects, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20090-910, Brazil
| | - Paula C Fonseca
- National Institute of Industrial Property, Patent Division IX, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20090-910, Brazil
| | - Sandro G Viveiros Rosa
- National Institute of Indrustrial Property, Patent Division I, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20090-910, Brazil
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Parental COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy for Children and Its Influencing Factors: A Riyadh-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030518. [PMID: 36992102 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that vaccination is the best clinical approach for successfully controlling COVID-19 infection. Understanding the disparities in COVID-19 vaccination apprehension among parents in different societies is crucial for effectively implementing COVID-19 vaccination programs. This observational cross-sectional study was carried out in the Riyadh region of Saudi Arabia between February and April 2022. The validated questionnaire was shared with parents who had children between the ages of five and eleven years. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Multinomial regression analysis was conducted to determine the factors significantly affecting vaccine-use decisions. Of the 699 participants, 83% of the mothers were between the ages of 35 and 44 years, 67% were university educated, and only 14% were healthcare workers. A large proportion of parents, with an age range of 18–34 years (p = 0.001), and those with a higher income group (p = 0.014), demonstrated significant vaccine hesitancy. Further, parents who received one or two vaccination doses were significantly (p = 0.02) more hesitant than those who received more than two doses of the vaccine. Furthermore, a significantly (p = 0.002) high percentage of parents who follow the Ministry of Health (MOH) guidelines for personal preventive measures were hesitant about their children’s vaccination. Concerns about side effects (31.4%) and a lack of safety data (31.2%) on the COVID-19 vaccines were the two most significant reasons for parents to develop vaccine hesitancy. Social media (24.3%), poor perceived immunity (16.3 %), and news articles (15.5%) were the top three contributors to this hesitancy. Vaccinated parents were 8.21 times more likely to be vaccination-hesitant than non-vaccinated parents. Additionally, parents with less education and a COVID-19-positive child at home increased the odds of vaccine hesitancy by 1.66 and 1.48 times, respectively. Overall, one-third of the parents were not prepared to vaccinate their children, and one-quarter of the respondents had not decided about vaccination. This study shows that parents in Riyadh are generally reluctant to vaccinate their children against COVID-19. As social media is a primary source of information for parents, public health professionals should utilize the platform to encourage parents to support vaccine acceptance.
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A Review on COVID-19: Primary Receptor, Endothelial Dysfunction, Related Comorbidities, and Therapeutics. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 2023. [PMCID: PMC9843681 DOI: 10.1007/s40995-022-01400-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Since December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic named coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and resulted in a worldwide economic crisis. Utilizing the spike-like protein on its surface, the SARS-CoV-2 binds to the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which highly expresses on the surface of many cell types. Given the crucial role of ACE2 in the renin–angiotensin system, its engagement by SARS-CoV-2 could potentially result in endothelial cell perturbation. This is supported by the observation that one of the most common consequences of COVID-19 infection is endothelial dysfunction and subsequent vascular damage. Furthermore, endothelial dysfunction is the shared denominator among previous comorbidities, including hypertension, kidney disease, cardiovascular diseases, etc., which are associated with an increased risk of severe disease and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Several vaccines and therapeutics have been developed and suggested for COVID-19 therapy. The present review summarizes the relationship between ACE2 and endothelial dysfunction and COVID-19, also reviews the most common comorbidities associated with COVID-19, and finally reviews several categories of potential therapies against COVID-19.
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Humble RM, Scott SD, Dubé E, Olson J, MacDonald SE. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on parents' perceptions and acceptance of routine childhood vaccination in Canada: A national longitudinal study. Vaccine 2023; 41:407-415. [PMID: 36462954 PMCID: PMC9684123 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A decline in routine vaccination was reported by some countries early in the COVID-19 pandemic. In the context of the pandemic, determinants of routine childhood vaccination may have changed. Changes over time in parents' perceptions of routine vaccines and intentions for their children during the pandemic have not been fully explored. Understanding changes provides opportunities to promote routine childhood vaccines and address factors that may compromise parents' acceptance. METHODS We conducted longitudinal analysis of two sequential national surveys during the pandemic (Dec 2020 and Oct/Nov 2021) to assess changes over time in Canadian parents' perceptions of routine childhood vaccines, intentions to vaccinate, access for their children ≤ 17 years, and differences among sociodemographic characteristics. McNemar-Bowker tests were used to determine changes in parents' responses collected at two time points. RESULTS Of the 650 parents in the sample, 25.1% with a child ≤ 6 years and 20.5% with a child 7-17 years perceived that routine childhood vaccines were more important because of the pandemic. Between the two time points, parents' confidence in the safety (72.8% to 80.2%, p <.001) and effectiveness (81.7% to 85.2%, p =.007) of routine vaccines increased, parents were more engaged in vaccine decision-making (73.4% to 79.8%, p =.006), and everyday stress preventing vaccination decreased (78.8% to 68.5%, p <.001). Acceptance of routine vaccines increased (82.9% to 86.5%, p =.021), but more parents were undecided about influenza vaccination (12.6% to 20.3%, p =.002). Compared to parents with 1 child, those with 2 children reported increased vaccination acceptance (82.6% to 87.4%, p =.024). INTERPRETATION Under the spotlight of COVID-19, parents' confidence in routine vaccines, engagement in decision-making, and vaccination acceptance increased. Vaccination providers should support parents' decision-making as they navigate routine childhood vaccine uncertainties. Differences in parents' acceptance of routine and influenza vaccines for their children highlight the need for targeted communication strategies for specific vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M. Humble
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Corresponding author at: Faculty of Nursing, Level 3, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405-87 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Shannon D. Scott
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eve Dubé
- Department of Anthropology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Joanne Olson
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Ait Hamdan Y, El Amerany F, Desbrières J, Aghrinane A, Oudadesse H, Rhazi M. The evolution of the global COVID-19 epidemic in Morocco and understanding the different therapeutic approaches of chitosan in the control of the pandemic. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022; 80:1-27. [PMID: 36466080 PMCID: PMC9685138 DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In 2020, Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a new viral respiratory disease caused by a virus that belongs to Coronaviridae family, has been identified. It is a very severe flu that negatively affects the functions of the lung and other respiratory organs. COVID-19 virus can be transmitted between people either by touching an infected person or by direct contact with their respiratory droplets. Therefore, the COVID-19 virus has become a global concern due to its rapid spread and severity. Based on the World Health Organization report from 2 March 2020 to 24 October 2022, the total infected cases and deaths in Morocco are around 1,265,389 (3.46%) and 16,280 (0.04%), respectively. Recently, some scientists have found that chitosan, a polymer existed in nature, can inhibit COVID-19 infection and repair damaged tissue. Therefore, understanding chitosan mechanisms in controlling COVID-19, might lead to innovative strategies in the medical field, such as developing drugs against SARS-CoV-2, and replacing vaccines, which have negative side effects. This review aims to show the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide, specifically in Morocco, its pathophysiology, and its ability to silence the immune system. This review also provides an overview of the treatments and measures applied to protect human beings and how chitosan acts and controls COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Ait Hamdan
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Bio-Resources, Environment and Materials, Higher Normal School, Department of Biology, Cadi Ayyad University, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Fatima El Amerany
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Bio-Resources, Environment and Materials, Higher Normal School, Department of Biology, Cadi Ayyad University, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco
- Laboratory of Sustainable Development and Health Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology of Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, PO Box 549, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Jacques Desbrières
- IPREM, University of Pau and Adour Countries (UPPA), Hélioparc Pau Pyrénées, 2 Avenue P. Angot, 64053 PAU Cedex 09, France
| | - Abdessadek Aghrinane
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Ecology and Ecosystem Valorization, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, 24000 El Jadida, Morocco
| | | | - Mohammed Rhazi
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Bio-Resources, Environment and Materials, Higher Normal School, Department of Biology, Cadi Ayyad University, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco
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Said SA, Abdulbaset A, El-Kholy AA, Besckales O, Sabri NA. The effect of Ni gella sativa and vitamin D3 supplementation on the clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1011522. [PMID: 36425571 PMCID: PMC9681154 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1011522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel coronavirus that causes severe infection in the respiratory system. Since the immune status plays an essential role in combating COVID-19, herbal medicines, which have an immunomodulatory effect, may help prevent and even treat COVID-19. Nigella sativa is one of the herbal medicines with antiviral and immunomodulatory activities, and its therapeutic effectiveness makes it a promising add-on therapy for COVID-19. In addition, vitamin D3 has an immunomodulatory role, but the effect of therapeutic vitamin D3 supplementation in SARS-CoV-2 infection is still not well-known. Objective: This study aims to investigate the effects of Nigella sativa and vitamin D3 as single supplemental therapies and in combination on viral clearance indicated by a negative polymerase chain reaction and the alleviation of symptoms during the study follow-up duration of 14 days. Patients and Methods: The study design was an open-label randomized controlled clinical trial conducted at the Respiratory Hospital at the Kobry El Qobba Armed Forces Medical Complex. In total, 120 COVID-19 patients with mild to moderate symptoms were randomly assigned to four groups, with thirty patients each, as follows: Group 1 received an oral dose of 900 mg Nigella sativa through 450 mg soft gelatin capsules twice daily for two weeks; Group 2 received 2,000 IU of vitamin D3 through 1000-IU tablets given as two tablets, once daily; Group 3 received 900 mg of Nigella sativa and 2,000 IU of vitamin D3 in the same manner of dosing as in the previous groups; and Group 4 was the control group. All groups received standard therapy for COVID-19 infections and clinical management of COVID-19's clinical symptoms. Results: The Nigella sativa-vitamin D3 combination in addition to the standard therapy for COVID-19 infections significantly contributed to the alleviation of most COVID-19 symptoms: 50% of patients were free of cough after 7 days, 70% showed an absence of fatigue after 4 days, 80% had no headache after 5 days, 90% were free of rhinorrhea after 7 days, and 86.7% of the patients had no dyspnea after 7 days. Moreover, patients in the four studied groups showed a reduced median temperature after 3 days of treatment. Negative results of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test recorded on the 7th and 14th day of therapy were superior in the Nigella sativa and vitamin D3 combination arm compared to those of the other studied arms where the value of the odds ratio (OR) on the 7th day was 0.13 with 95% CI: 0.03-0.45 and that of the 14th day was 0.09 with 95% CI: 0.02-0.3. Conclusion: The results of this study showed a promising therapeutic benefit of the administration of Nigella sativa and vitamin D3 combination in COVID-19 patients with mild to moderate symptoms. Additionally, the remarkable viral clearance in a short time interval and reduction in the severity and progression of symptoms recommended the use of this combination as an add-on therapy for the management of COVID-19 patients. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT04981743.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa A. Said
- Respiratory Specialized Hospital, Kobry Al Qobba Military Complex, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alsayyed Abdulbaset
- Respiratory Specialized Hospital, Kobry Al Qobba Military Complex, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal A. El-Kholy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Osama Besckales
- Respiratory Specialized Hospital, Kobry Al Qobba Military Complex, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nagwa A. Sabri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Alshammari MK, Fatima W, Alraya RA, Khuzaim Alzahrani A, Kamal M, Alshammari RS, Alshammari SA, Alharbi LM, Alsubaie NS, Alosaimi RB, Asdaq SMB, Imran M. Selenium and COVID-19: A spotlight on the clinical trials, inventive compositions, and patent literature. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:1225-1233. [PMID: 36265330 PMCID: PMC9529344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium is an indispensable trace element for all living organisms. It is an essential structural component of several selenium-dependent enzymes, which support the human body's defense mechanism. Recently, the significance of selenium in preventing/treating COVID-19 has been documented in the literature. This review highlights the clinical studies, compositions, and patent literature on selenium to prevent/treat COVID-19. Selenium exerts its anti-COVID-19 action by reducing oxidative stress, declining the expression of the ACE-2 receptor, lowering the discharge of pro-inflammatory substances, and inhibiting the 3CLPro (main protease) and PLpro enzyme of SARS-CoV-2. The data of clinical studies, inventive compositions, and patent literature revealed that selenium monotherapy and its compositions with other nutritional supplements/drugs (vitamin, iron, zinc, copper, ferulic acid, resveratrol, spirulina, N-acetylcysteine, fish oil, many herbs, doxycycline, azithromycin, curcumin, quercetin, etc.,) might be practical to prevent/treat COVID-19. The studies have also suggested a correlation between COVID-19 and selenium deficiency. This indicates that adequate selenium supplementation may provide promising treatment outcomes in COVID-19 patients. The authors foresee the development and commercialization of Selenium-based compositions and dosage forms (spray, inhalers, control release dosage forms, etc.) to battle COVID-19. We also trust that numerous selenium-based compositions are yet to be explored. Accordingly, there is good scope for scientists to work on developing novel and inventive selenium-based compositions to fight against COVID-19. However, there is also a need to consider the narrow therapeutic window and chemical interaction of selenium before developing selenium-based compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Waseem Fatima
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Reem Ahmed Alraya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, First Health Cluster in Eastern Province, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| | - A Khuzaim Alzahrani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mehnaz Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Reem Saud Alshammari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Maternity and Children Hospital, Rafha 76321, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sarah Ayad Alshammari
- Al-Dawaa Medical Services Company (DMSCO), Eastern Province, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Norah Saad Alsubaie
- Sales Department, SPIMACO Addwaeih, Eastern Region Office, Al-Hofuf 9449, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | | - Mohd Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia.
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Rizvi SAA, Einstein GP, Tulp OL, Sainvil F, Branly R. Introduction to Traditional Medicine and Their Role in Prevention and Treatment of Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1442. [PMID: 36291651 PMCID: PMC9599697 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases have been a threat to human health globally. The relentless efforts and research have enabled us to overcome most of the diseases through the use of antiviral and antibiotic agents discovered and employed. Unfortunately, the microorganisms have the capability to adapt and mutate over time and antibiotic and antiviral resistance ensues. There are many challenges in treating infections such as failure of the microorganisms to respond to the therapeutic agents, which has led to more chronic infections, complications, and preventable loss of life. Thus, a multidisciplinary approach and collaboration is warranted to create more potent, effective, and versatile therapies to prevent and eradicate the old and newly emerging diseases. In the recent past, natural medicine has proven its effectiveness against various illnesses. Most of the pharmaceutical agents currently used can trace their origin to the natural products in one way, shape, or form. The full potential of natural products is yet to be realized, as numerous natural resources have not been explored and analyzed. This merits continuous support in research and analysis of ancient treatment systems to explore their full potential and employ them as an alternative or principal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed A. A. Rizvi
- College of Biomedical Sciences, Larkin University, Miami, FL 33169, USA
| | - George P. Einstein
- College of Medicine, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Olveston P.O. Box 506, UK
| | - Orien L. Tulp
- College of Medicine, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Olveston P.O. Box 506, UK
| | - Frantz Sainvil
- College of Medicine, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Olveston P.O. Box 506, UK
| | - Rolando Branly
- Physical Sciences Department, Broward College, Davie, FL 33332, USA
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Ashwlayan VD, Antlash C, Imran M, Asdaq SMB, Alshammari MK, Alomani M, Alzahrani E, Sharma D, Tomar R, Arora MK. Insight into the biological impact of COVID-19 and its vaccines on human health. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:3326-3337. [PMID: 35185356 PMCID: PMC8837491 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) is a contagious illness that has been declared a global epidemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The coronavirus causes diseases ranging in severity from the common cold to severe respiratory diseases and death. Coronavirus primarily affects blood pressure by attaching to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2) receptor. This virus has an impact on multiple organ systems, including the central nervous system, immune system, cardiovascular system, peripheral nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, endocrine system, urinary system, skin, and pregnancy. For the prevention of COVID-19, various vaccines such as viral-like particle vaccines, entire inactivated virus vaccines, viral vector vaccines, live attenuated virus vaccines, subunit vaccines, RNA vaccines, and DNA vaccines are now available. Some of the COVID-19 vaccines are reported to cause a variety of adverse effects that range from mild to severe in nature. SARS-CoV-2 replication is controlled by the RNA-Dependent RNA-Polymerase enzyme (RdRp). The availability of FDA-approved anti-RdRp drugs (Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir) as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 that tightly bind to its RdRp may aid in the treatment of patients and reduce the risk of the mysterious new form of COVID-19 viral infection. RdRp inhibitors, such as remdesivir (an anti-Ebola virus experimental drug) and favipiravir (an anti-influenza drug), inhibit RdRp and thus slow the progression of COVID-19 and associated clinical symptoms, as well as significantly shorten recovery time. Molnupiravir, an orally active RdRp inhibitor and noval broad spectrum antiviral agent, is an isopropyl pro-drug of EIDD-1931 for emergency use. Galidesivir's in vitro and in vivo activities are limited to RNA of human public health concern. Top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to combat the SARS-CoV-2 strain include guanosine derivatives (IDX-184), setrobuvir, and YAK. The goal of this review is to compile scattered information on available COVID-19 vaccines and other treatments for protecting the human body from their harmful effects and to provide options for making better choices in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrish Dhwaj Ashwlayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, NH-58 Meerut-Delhi Bypass, Bagpat Crossing, Meerut 250005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chanchal Antlash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, NH-58 Meerut-Delhi Bypass, Bagpat Crossing, Meerut 250005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd. Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Marwa Alomani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, First Health Cluster in Eastern Province, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, First Health Cluster in Eastern Province, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Divya Sharma
- Department of Computer Science, Deva Nagri College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ritu Tomar
- School of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics, DIT University, Dehradun, India
| | - Mandeep Kumar Arora
- School of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics, DIT University, Dehradun, India
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14
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The Therapeutic and Prophylactic Potential of Quercetin against COVID-19: An Outlook on the Clinical Studies, Inventive Compositions, and Patent Literature. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050876. [PMID: 35624740 PMCID: PMC9137692 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a phenolic flavonol compound with established antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immuno-stimulant properties. Recent studies demonstrate the potential of quercetin against COVID-19. This article highlighted the prophylactic/therapeutic potential of quercetin against COVID-19 in view of its clinical studies, inventions, and patents. The literature for the subject matter was collected utilizing different databases, including PubMed, Sci-Finder, Espacenet, Patentscope, and USPTO. Clinical studies expose the potential of quercetin monotherapy, and also its combination therapy with other compounds, including zinc, vitamin C, curcumin, vitamin D3, masitinib, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and ivermectin. The patent literature also examines claims that quercetin containing nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and dietary supplements, alone or in combination with other drugs/compounds, including favipiravir, remdesivir, molnupiravir, navitoclax, dasatinib, disulfiram, rucaparib, tamarixin, iota-carrageenan, and various herbal extracts (aloe, poria, rosemary, and sphagnum) has potential for use against COVID-19. The literature reveals that quercetin exhibits anti-COVID-19 activity because of its inhibitory effect on the expression of the human ACE2 receptors and the enzymes of SARS-CoV-2 (MPro, PLPro, and RdRp). The USFDA designated quercetin as a “Generally Recognized as Safe” substance for use in the food and beverage industries. It is also an inexpensive and readily available compound. These facts increase the possibility and foreseeability of making novel and economical drug combinations containing quercetin to prevent/treat COVID-19. Quercetin is an acidic compound and shows metabolic interaction with some antivirals, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory agents. Therefore, the physicochemical and metabolic drug interactions between quercetin and the combined drugs/compounds must be better understood before developing new compositions.
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15
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Imran M, Khan SA, Abida, Alshammari MK, Alkhaldi SM, Alshammari FN, Kamal M, Alam O, Asdaq SMB, Alzahrani AK, Jomah S. Nigella sativa L. and COVID-19: A Glance at The Anti-COVID-19 Chemical Constituents, Clinical Trials, Inventions, and Patent Literature. Molecules 2022; 27:2750. [PMID: 35566101 PMCID: PMC9105261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has had an impact on human quality of life and economics. Scientists have been identifying remedies for its prevention and treatment from all possible sources, including plants. Nigella sativa L. (NS) is an important medicinal plant of Islamic value. This review highlights the anti-COVID-19 potential, clinical trials, inventions, and patent literature related to NS and its major chemical constituents, like thymoquinone. The literature was collected from different databases, including Pubmed, Espacenet, and Patentscope. The literature supports the efficacy of NS, NS oil (NSO), and its chemical constituents against COVID-19. The clinical data imply that NS and NSO can prevent and treat COVID-19 patients with a faster recovery rate. Several inventions comprising NS and NSO have been claimed in patent applications to prevent/treat COVID-19. The patent literature cites NS as an immunomodulator, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, a source of anti-SARS-CoV-2 compounds, and a plant having protective effects on the lungs. The available facts indicate that NS, NSO, and its various compositions have all the attributes to be used as a promising remedy to prevent, manage, and treat COVID-19 among high-risk people as well as for the therapy of COVID-19 patients of all age groups as a monotherapy or a combination therapy. Many compositions of NS in combination with countless medicinal herbs and medicines are still unexplored. Accordingly, the authors foresee a bright scope in developing NS-based anti-COVID-19 composition for clinical use in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shah Alam Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Muscat 130, Oman;
| | - Abida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Saif M. Alkhaldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, King Khalid Hospital in Majmaah, Riyadh 76312, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Mehnaz Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ozair Alam
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | | | - A. Khuzaim Alzahrani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shahamah Jomah
- Pharmacy Department, Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group, Riyadh 11643, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Imran M, Fatima W, Alzahrani AK, Suhail N, Alshammari MK, Alghitran AA, Alshammari FN, Ghoneim MM, Alshehri S, Shakeel F. Development of Therapeutic and Prophylactic Zinc Compositions for Use against COVID-19: A Glimpse of the Trends, Inventions, and Patents. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061227. [PMID: 35334884 PMCID: PMC8955262 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential nutrient for human health; it is involved in the catalytic, structural, and regulatory functions of the human cellular system. Different compositions of zinc, as well as its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, are available on the market. Recent studies have demonstrated the role of zinc in combating COVID-19. It has been determined that zinc prevents the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into cells by lowering the expression of ACE-2 receptors and inhibiting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2. Zinc also prevents the cytokine storm that takes place after the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the cell, via its anti-inflammatory activity. The authors believe that no study has yet been published that has reviewed the trends, inventions, and patent literature of zinc compositions to treat/prevent COVID-19. Accordingly, this review has been written in order to fill this gap in the literature. The information about the clinical studies and the published patents/patent applications was retrieved from different databases. This review covers patent literature on zinc compositions up to 31 January 2022. Many important patents/patent applications for zinc-based compositions filed by innovative universities and industries were identified. The patent literature revealed zinc compositions in combination with zinc ionophores, antioxidants, antivirals, antibiotics, hydroxychloroquine, heparin, ivermectin, and copper. Most of these studies were supported by clinical trials. The patent literature supports the potential of zinc and its pharmaceutical compositions as possible treatments for COVID-19. The authors believe that countless zinc-based compositions are still unexplored, and there is an immense opportunity to evaluate a considerable number of the zinc-based compositions for use against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.I.); (F.S.)
| | - Waseem Fatima
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia;
| | - A. Khuzaim Alzahrani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia; (A.K.A.); (N.S.)
| | - Nida Suhail
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia; (A.K.A.); (N.S.)
| | | | - Abdulrahman A. Alghitran
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11176, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fayez Nafea Alshammari
- Community Pharmacist, Al-Dawaa Pharmacies, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Hafer Albatin 39911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (M.I.); (F.S.)
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17
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Effect of Different Adjuvants on Immune Responses Elicited by Protein-Based Subunit Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and Its Delta Variant. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030501. [PMID: 35336907 PMCID: PMC8950793 DOI: 10.3390/v14030501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become more serious because of the continuous emergence of variants of concern (VOC), thus calling for the development of broad-spectrum vaccines with greater efficacy. Adjuvants play important roles in enhancing the immunogenicity of protein-based subunit vaccines. In this study, we compared the effect of three adjuvants, including aluminum, nanoparticle manganese and MF59, on the immunogenicity of three protein-based COVID-19 vaccine candidates, including RBD-Fc, RBD and S-trimer. We found that the nanoparticle manganese adjuvant elicited the highest titers of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a, as well as neutralizing antibodies against infection by pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 and its Delta variant. What is more, the nanoparticle manganese adjuvant effectively reduced the viral load of the authentic SARS-CoV-2 and Delta variant in the cell culture supernatants. These results suggest that nanoparticle manganese, known to facilitate cGAS-STING activation, is an optimal adjuvant for protein-based COVID-19 subunit vaccines.
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18
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Boshra MS, Hussein RRS, Mohsen M, Elberry AA, Altyar AE, Tammam M, Sarhan RM. A Battle against COVID-19: Vaccine Hesitancy and Awareness with a Comparative Study between Sinopharm and AstraZeneca. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020292. [PMID: 35214750 PMCID: PMC8876757 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Awareness about the COVID-19 vaccine’s adverse effects is crucial for gaining public trust. As we still lack proof of vaccines’ safety, this survey aimed to investigate Egyptians’ general awareness of the Sinopharm and AstraZeneca vaccines against COVID-19 and provide considerable evidence on their side effects and complications. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted in Egypt between 20 September and 10 October in 2021, with multiple-choice questions (MCQs) covering all data on vaccine administration confusion, adverse effects or intensity, and complications. Results: Among the 390 participants, 42.3% reported being hesitant before receiving one of the vaccines. About 40.3% of participants were previously infected before getting vaccinated while only 4.6% reported being infected after vaccination. The AstraZeneca vaccine demonstrated higher side effects and symptoms than the Sinopharm vaccine while the Sinopharm vaccine showed a significantly higher rate of COVID-19 infection after vaccination. Conclusions: People with higher educational levels and chronic respiratory diseases represent an excellent model for accepting COVID-19 vaccination. A booster shot is recommended for people vaccinated with the Sinopharm vaccine due to a significantly higher rate of COVID-19 infection after vaccination; however, the Sinopharm vaccine shows a more acceptable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian S. Boshra
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef P.O. Box 62514, Egypt; (M.S.B.); (R.R.S.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Raghda R. S. Hussein
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef P.O. Box 62514, Egypt; (M.S.B.); (R.R.S.H.); (M.M.)
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo P.O. Box 12055, Egypt
| | - Marwa Mohsen
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef P.O. Box 62514, Egypt; (M.S.B.); (R.R.S.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Ahmed A. Elberry
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef P.O. Box 62514, Egypt;
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah 21441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed E. Altyar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah 21441, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Rania M. Sarhan
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef P.O. Box 62514, Egypt; (M.S.B.); (R.R.S.H.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-100-878-9509; Fax: +20-235-676-109
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