The efficacy and safety of itopride as an add-on therapy to a proton pump inhibitor in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease

Introduction

The primary objective was to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of itopride as an add-on therapy to a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Aim

Reflux disease affects the largest percentage of the population worldwide, symptoms overlap with many other conditions which hamper diagnostic and therapy presenting challenges in treating patients and prompting an intensive search for new, more effective therapeutic regimens.

Material and methods

A retrospective study was undertaken with 140 enrolled patients with reflux disease, confirmed by 24-hour pH impedance previously treated with PPIs without any significant improvement. Itopride was added to the PPI therapy in a dose of 150 mg/day, after which the severity of reflux disease symptoms was reassessed.

Results

The greatest improvement after the combined treatment (p < 0.001) was experienced in the context of heartburn, nausea and laryngopharyngeal symptoms. There was also a high percentage of statistically significant (p < 0.01) improvement in burning in the oesophagus and stomach and regarding postprandial fullness, gastric retention and swallowing disorders. No adverse effects were noted.

Conclusions

The presented study clearly demonstrates that in patients ineffectively treated with PPIs, the addition of itopride to the therapy for 8 weeks without changing the PPI dose, significantly improves the efficacy of treatment of reflux disease and thus shortens the need for medication usage and reduces the costs of therapy, potential side effects of PPI, improves the patient's quality of life and decreases the frequency of medical appointments.

Traditional Formulations for Managing COVID-19: A Systematic Review

Background: The advancing etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have prompted the medical community to consider Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani as add-on preventive and therapeutic options. Objective: To explore the effect of standalone or integrative Traditional Formulations (TFs) on selected clinical symptoms and biomarkers of COVID-19. Search strategy: Out of 465 articles identified from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus, 17 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 1646 COVID-19 patients published from January 2020 to February 2022 were included in the study. Inclusion criteria: RCTs that compared the effect of standalone/integrative TFs in decoction, tablet, and powder forms with placebo plus standard care (SC)/placebo/SC as controls involving mild to severe symptomatic COVID-19 patients were included. Data extraction and analysis: Three reviewers independently assessed the titles and abstracts of each article based on the inclusion after deleting duplicates. The relevant full texts were retrieved and examined, and then their data were extracted and double-checked by three independent reviewers using prepared data extraction forms. The primary outcome variables were reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, fever, cough, dyspnea, myalgia, headache, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and D-dimer. Results: The effect of different TFs or integrative TFs was more to inhibit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) than the controls. There was an increase in fever and cough, a decrease in dyspnea, myalgia, headache, and ESR, no change in CRP, and a slight increase in D-dimer as an effect of TFs. Conclusions: Integrative or standalone TF may be the inexpensive preventive and therapeutic option to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and its clinical symptoms.

An update on combination therapies for multiple sclerosis: where are we now?

INTRODUCTION

In theory, combination of two agents, which are suboptimal when given individually, may result in a significant increase in therapeutic effect. Combination therapies have proven particularly effective against infections such as HIV, cancer, and also chronic autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.

AREAS COVERED

The authors review the literature, searching for randomized placebo-controlled or comparative, double-blind or investigator-blinded clinical trials, not including open label clinical trials, of treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) with combination therapy or add-on therapy, including trials of induction therapy, trials for prevention of disease activity or worsening, amelioration of adverse effects, and treatment of relapses, and trials to increase remyelination.

EXPERT OPINION

Combination of two platform therapies (Interferon-beta or glatiramer acetate) was without additional effect. Clinical trials with add-on, often applying repurposed drugs (e.g. simvastatin, atorvastatin, minocycline, estriol, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, albuterol, vitamin D), have been negative, apart from monthly methylprednisolone that, however, had low tolerability. Combination therapy for neuroprotection/remyelination showed some interesting results, though we are still awaiting results of phase III trials. The results of combination of anti-inflammatory therapies have in general been disappointing. In the future, combination of new effective neuroprotective/remyelinating drugs and highly effective anti-inflammatory treatments may benefit people with MS.

Should substitution monotherapy or combination therapy be used after failure of the first antiseizure medication? Observations from a 30-year cohort study

OBJECTIVES

To assess the temporal trends in the use of second antiseizure (ASM) regimens and compare the efficacy of substitution monotherapy and combination therapy after failure of initial monotherapy in people with epilepsy.

METHODS

This was a longitudinal observational cohort study conducted at the Epilepsy Unit of the Western Infirmary in Glasgow, Scotland. We included patients who were newly treated for epilepsy with ASMs between July 1982, and October 2012. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 2 years. Seizure freedom was defined as no seizure for at least 1 year on unchanged medication at the last follow up.

RESULTS

During the study period, 498 patients were treated with a second ASM regimen after failure of the initial ASM monotherapy, of whom 346 (69%) were prescribed combination therapy and 152 (31%) were given substitution monotherapy. The proportion of patients receiving second regimen as combination therapy increased during the study period from 46% in first epoch (1985-1994) to 78% in the last (2005-2015) (RR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.17-2.36, corrected-p = .010). Overall, 21% (104/498) of the patients achieved seizure freedom on the second ASM regimen, which was less than half of the seizure-free rate on the initial ASM monotherapy (45%, p < .001). Patients who received substitution monotherapy had similar seizure-free rate compared with those who received combination therapy (RR = 1.17, 95% CI: 0.81-1.69, p = .41). Individual ASMs used, either alone or in combination, had similar efficacy. However, the subgroup analysis was limited by small sample sizes.

SIGNIFICANCE

The choice of second regimen used based on clinical judgment was not associated with treatment outcome in patients whose initial monotherapy failed due to poor seizure control. Alternative approaches such as machine learning should be explored to aid individualized selection of the second ASM regimen.

Efficacy and safety of janagliflozin as add-on therapy to metformin in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin alone: A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial

AIM

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of janagliflozin in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) inadequately controlled with metformin monotherapy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This multicentre phase 3 trial included a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled period, followed by a 28-week extension period. Patients (N = 421) with HbA1c of 7.0% or higher and 10.5% or less were randomized (1:1:1) to receive once-daily placebo, janagliflozin 25 or 50 mg. After the 24-week treatment period, patients on placebo were re-randomized (1:1) to janagliflozin 25 or 50 mg for the additional 28-week treatment, whereas patients on janagliflozin maintained the same therapy. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline in HbA1c to week 24.

RESULTS

At week 24, the placebo-adjusted least squares mean changes of HbA1c were -0.58% and -0.58% with janagliflozin 25 and 50 mg, respectively (P < .0001 for both). The proportion of patients achieving HbA1c less than 7.0% was higher with janagliflozin 25 and 50 mg compared with placebo (41.8%, 41.7% and 28.0%, respectively). Both janagliflozin doses provided significant reductions in fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour postprandial glucose, body weight and systolic blood pressure, and improvements in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and insulin sensitivity compared with placebo (P < .05 for all). The trends in improvement of these variables were retained during the 28-week extension period. No severe hypoglycaemia occurred throughout the whole 52-week treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Janagliflozin 25 or 50 mg once-daily added to metformin therapy significantly improved glycaemic control, reduced body weight and systolic blood pressure, improved high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and insulin sensitivity, and was generally well-tolerated by Chinese T2D patients who had poor glycaemic control with metformin monotherapy.

Lacosamide as the first add-on therapy in adult patients with focal epilepsy: A multicenter real-world study

Background

Prospective observations on the effectiveness, safety, tolerance, and influence of comorbidity of add-on lacosamide (LCM) therapy are still lacking, especially for domestic generic LCM in China.

Objective

In this multicenter real-world study, we aimed to evaluate lacosamide (LCM) as the first add-on therapy in adult Chinese patients with focal epilepsy that had initially been treated with monotherapy.

Methods

A cohort of consecutive focal epilepsy patients aged over 16 years were enrolled and followed at the multi-epilepsy centers in China. LCM was prescribed as the first add-on therapy. The main outcome measures included seizure frequency and response rate. Data on seizure-free rate, retention rate, scales of depression and anxiety, and adverse events were also collected as additional outcome measures.

Results

A total number of 107 adult subjects (60 men, 56.07%) were enrolled. The mean age was 37.16 ± 15.01 years, and the mean age at seizure onset was 312.35 ± 199.97 months. After the LCM add-on therapy, the ≥50% response rates were 76.19, 81.73, 94.12, and 95.79% at the visit at 4 weeks (visit 2), 8 weeks (visit 3), 16 weeks (visit 4), and 24 weeks (visit 5), respectively, compared to the baseline (visit 1). A total of 34 patients (31.78%) had no seizures during the whole follow-up period. The posttreatment emotional performance of the 97 subjects, defined as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory (NDDI) scores, was significantly better than the baseline one. Only one patient suffered from mild dizziness.

Conclusion

LCM as the first add-on therapy in adult focal epilepsy in China was effective and safe. Further prospective studies with long-term follow-up periods are needed to confirm our present findings.

Clinical trial registration

http://www.chictr.org.cn, ChiCTR2100042485.

Batoclimab as an add-on therapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients with acute attacks

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a severe neurological inflammatory disease mainly caused by pathogenic aquaporin-4 antibodies (AQP4-IgG). The safety and efficacy of the neonatal Fc receptor antagonist batoclimab addition to conventional intravenous methylprednisolone pulse (IVMP) therapy in patients with NMOSD acute attacks was assessed.

METHODS

In an open-label, dose-escalation phase 1b study, NMOSD patients with acute myelitis and/or optic neuritis received four doses of weekly subcutaneous injections of either 340 mg or 680 mg batoclimab with concurrent IVMP and were followed up for 27 weeks. The primary end-points were safety and tolerability. Secondary end-points included pharmacodynamics and efficacy, with key efficacy assessment at week 4.

RESULTS

In total nine NMOSD patients were enrolled, including two and seven in the 340 and 680 mg groups. Five patients had acute myelitis, while the remaining four had unilateral optic neuritis. Batoclimab add-on therapy had an overall good safety profile without serious adverse events. In the 680 mg group, mean immunoglobulin G (IgG) reached its maximum reduction at the last dose (day 22). In the meantime, AQP4-IgG was undetectable in six of seven subjects whose baseline AQP4-IgG titers ranged from 1:32 to 1:320. Expanded Disability Status Scale score was reduced by 1.3 ± 0.4 at week 4 (2.7 ± 1.3) compared with baseline (4.0 ± 1.0).

CONCLUSIONS

Batoclimab add-on therapy to IVMP is safe and tolerated in patients with NMOSD. Preliminary evidence suggests a beneficial neurological effect. A randomized controlled trial would be needed to prove the efficacy.

The effect of Ni gella sativa and vitamin D3 supplementation on the clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients: A randomized controlled clinical trial

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel coronavirus that causes severe infection in the respiratory system. Since the immune status plays an essential role in combating COVID-19, herbal medicines, which have an immunomodulatory effect, may help prevent and even treat COVID-19. Nigella sativa is one of the herbal medicines with antiviral and immunomodulatory activities, and its therapeutic effectiveness makes it a promising add-on therapy for COVID-19. In addition, vitamin D3 has an immunomodulatory role, but the effect of therapeutic vitamin D3 supplementation in SARS-CoV-2 infection is still not well-known. Objective: This study aims to investigate the effects of Nigella sativa and vitamin D3 as single supplemental therapies and in combination on viral clearance indicated by a negative polymerase chain reaction and the alleviation of symptoms during the study follow-up duration of 14 days. Patients and Methods: The study design was an open-label randomized controlled clinical trial conducted at the Respiratory Hospital at the Kobry El Qobba Armed Forces Medical Complex. In total, 120 COVID-19 patients with mild to moderate symptoms were randomly assigned to four groups, with thirty patients each, as follows: Group 1 received an oral dose of 900 mg Nigella sativa through 450 mg soft gelatin capsules twice daily for two weeks; Group 2 received 2,000 IU of vitamin D3 through 1000-IU tablets given as two tablets, once daily; Group 3 received 900 mg of Nigella sativa and 2,000 IU of vitamin D3 in the same manner of dosing as in the previous groups; and Group 4 was the control group. All groups received standard therapy for COVID-19 infections and clinical management of COVID-19's clinical symptoms. Results: The Nigella sativa-vitamin D3 combination in addition to the standard therapy for COVID-19 infections significantly contributed to the alleviation of most COVID-19 symptoms: 50% of patients were free of cough after 7 days, 70% showed an absence of fatigue after 4 days, 80% had no headache after 5 days, 90% were free of rhinorrhea after 7 days, and 86.7% of the patients had no dyspnea after 7 days. Moreover, patients in the four studied groups showed a reduced median temperature after 3 days of treatment. Negative results of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test recorded on the 7th and 14th day of therapy were superior in the Nigella sativa and vitamin D3 combination arm compared to those of the other studied arms where the value of the odds ratio (OR) on the 7th day was 0.13 with 95% CI: 0.03-0.45 and that of the 14th day was 0.09 with 95% CI: 0.02-0.3. Conclusion: The results of this study showed a promising therapeutic benefit of the administration of Nigella sativa and vitamin D3 combination in COVID-19 patients with mild to moderate symptoms. Additionally, the remarkable viral clearance in a short time interval and reduction in the severity and progression of symptoms recommended the use of this combination as an add-on therapy for the management of COVID-19 patients. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT04981743.

Efficacy of Cerebrolysin Treatment as an Add-On Therapy to Mechanical Thrombectomy in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke Due to Large Vessel Occlusion: Study Protocol for a Prospective, Open Label, Single-Center Study With 12 Months of Follow-Up

This study is designed to determine the efficacy of Cerebrolysin treatment as an add-on therapy to mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in reducing global disability in subjects with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We have planned a single center, prospective, open-label, single-arm study with a 12-month follow-up of 50 patients with moderate to severe AIS, with a small established infarct core and with good collateral circulation who achieve significant reperfusion following MT and who receive additional Cerebrolysin within 8 h of stroke onset compared to 50 historical controls treated with MT alone, matched for age, clinical severity, occlusion location, baseline perfusion lesion volume, onset to reperfusion time, and use of iv thrombolytic therapy. The primary outcome measure will be the overall proportion of subjects receiving Cerebrolysin compared to the control group experiencing a favorable functional outcome (by modified Rankin Scale 0-2) at 90 days, following stroke onset. The secondary objectives are to determine the efficacy of Cerebrolysin as compared to the control group in reducing the risk of symptomatic secondary hemorrhagic transformation, improving neurological outcomes (NIHSS 0-2 at day 7, day 30, and 90), reducing mortality rates (over the 90-day and 12 months study period), and improving: activities of daily living (by Barthel Index), health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L) assessed at day 30, 90, and at 12 months. The other measures of efficacy in the Cerebrolysin group will include: assessment of final stroke volume and penumbral salvage (measured by CT/CTP at 30 days) and its change compared to baseline volume, changes over time in language function (by the 15-item Boston Naming Test), hemispatial neglect (by line bisection test), global cognitive function (by The Montreal Cognitive Assessment), and depression (by Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) between day 30 and day 90 assessments). The patients will receive 30 ml of Cerebrolysin within 8 h of AIS stroke onset and continue treatment once daily until day 21 (first cycle) and they will receive a second cycle of treatment (30 ml/d for 21 days given in the Outpatient Department or Neurorehabilitation Clinic) from day 69 to 90.

Efficacy and Safety of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Inhibitors as Adjuvant Treatments for Patients with Hypercholesterolemia Treated with Statin: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis

Background: The proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors are potent LDL-C lowering agents. However, few head-to-head studies evaluated the efficacy on the lowering in other atherogenic apolipoproteins and safety of PCSK9 inhibitors at different dosages as an add-on statins therapy in hypercholesterolemia patients.

Methods: This study is a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized control trials to compare the efficacy of lipid reduction and adverse events of PCSK9 inhibitors in statin-treated hypercholesterolemia patients. PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases were searched till April 20, 2021, for randomized controlled trials. Random-effect network meta-analyses were undertaken to compare the differences in the percent reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), and lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] levels and the risk of AEs among different PCSK9 inhibitors.

Results: A total of 22 articles with 42,786 patients were included. The lipid reductions in LDL-C, ApoB, and Lp(a) with add-on PCSK9 inhibitors vs. placebo in statin-treated patients across all trials were 50–63%, 43–52%, and 23–31%, respectively. Evolocumab 140 mg Q2W was ranked the best among all treatment strategies for lowering LDL-C, ApoB, and Lp(a) levels, and the treatment difference was 68.05% (95% confidence interval (CI), 62.43% to 73.67) in LDL-C reduction, 54.95% (95% CI, 49.55% to 60.35%) in ApoB reduction, and 34.25% (95% CI, 27.59% to 40.91%) in Lp(a) reduction compared with the placebo. No significant risk difference of adverse events between PCSK9 inhibitors and placebo was found.

Conclusion: PCSK9 inhibitors showed a significant effect on the reduction in LDL-C, ApoB, and Lp(a) levels in statin-treated patients. Evolocumab 140 mg Q2W showed significantly larger degrees of LDL-C, ApoB, and Lp(a) reduction.

Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus using the traditional Chinese medicine Jinlida as an add-on medication: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

Numerous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in China have shown that jinlida granules are a promising traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Controversial results have been reported in different RCTs. The aim of our study was to evaluate the adjuvant hypoglycemic effect of jinlida granules on persons with T2DM and to explore the source of heterogeneity between these RCTs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Medical article databases were individually searched by two authors for RCTs that provided data regarding the effect of jinlida granules in the treatment of T2DM before 1 June 2022. The methodological quality of the included RCTs was comprehensively assessed by two authors. Data from RCTs with low risk of bias were pooled using Stata SE 12.0 (random-effects model). Evidence derived from the meta-analysis will be assessed according to the GRADE system.

RESULTS

Twenty-two RCTs were eventually included in the systematic review and three RCTs with low risk of bias were analyzed in the meta-analysis. Compared with the control groups, significant changes were found in lowering glycosylated hemoglobin a1c (mean difference -0.283 with 95% CI -0.561, -0.004; P=0.046), and were not found in lowering 2-hour postprandial glucose (mean difference -0.314 with 95% CI -1.599, 0.972; P=0.632) and fasting blood glucose (mean difference -0.152 with 95% CI -0.778, -0.474; P=0.634) in the jinlida groups. The GRADE-assessed evidence quality for the outcomes was moderate.

CONCLUSION

The adjuvant hypoglycemic effect of jinlida granules on adult Chinese persons with T2DM was statistically found in lowering HbA1c and was not statistically found in lowering FPG and 2h-PG. Evidence grading should be considered moderate, and the results should be interpreted cautiously. Whether the efficacy of HbA1c-lowering related to clinical significance remains to be investigated in future RCTs. Differences in HbA1c, FPG and 2h-PG at baseline and high risk of bias were important source of heterogeneity between these RCTs. In order to objectively evaluate the efficacy of jinlida granules on T2DM, it is urgently needed that high-quality RCTs evaluating the hypoglycemic effect of jinlida granules in the treatment of qi-yin deficiency pattern T2DM.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42018085135.

Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Lacosamide as an Adjunctive Treatment in Adults With Refractory Epilepsy

Background: Lacosamide (LCM), a novel AED (antiepileptic drug), was used as an adjunctive treatment in patients with partial-onset seizures or without secondary generalization. However, no meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the efficacy of LCM as an adjunctive treatment in post-marketing clinical studies.

Aims: To assess the safety and efficacy of LCM as an adjunctive treatment in adults with refractory epilepsy, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and real-world studies were performed.

Methods: All studies were identified from electronic databases. Both RCTs and observational prospective studies were included. Primary outcomes included responder rate, adverse effects (AEs) and withdraw rate. The pooled rates (PR) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Publication bias was assessed with Begg's or Egger's tests.

Results: Total 16 studies (3,191 patients) including 5 RCTs and 11 real-word studies were enrolled. The pooled 50% responder rate and seizure-free rate were 48% (95% CI: 0.42, 0.54) and 9% (95% CI: 0.06, 0.11) in all studies, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that the pooled 50% responder rate were 53% (95% CI: 0.44, 0.62) from observational studies and 38% (95% CI: 0.35, 0.42) from RCTs, respectively; the pooled seizure-free rate were 13% (95% CI: 0.09, 0.18) from observational studies and 4% (95% CI: 0.06, 0.11) from RCTs, respectively. Similar incidence of AEs were reported in real-world studies (0.57, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.72) and RCTs (0.59, 95% CI: 0.42–0.76). Finally, a total of 13% (95%CI: 0.09, 0.16) and 13% (95% CI: 0.08, 0.16) of all patients prescribed with LCM was withdrawn in RCTs and real-world studies, respectively, due to the occurrence of AEs. Furthermore, similar to the 50% responder rate, seizure-free rate, incidence of AEs and withdraw rate were reported at 6-month or at least 12-month of LCM adjunction. Publication bias was not detected in these studies.

Conclusions: Our results revealed that LCM adjunctive therapy even with long-term treatment was efficacious and well tolerated in adults with refractory epilepsy.

Alzheimer's Disease THErapy With NEuroaid (ATHENE): A Randomized Double-Blind Delayed-Start Trial

OBJECTIVES

Preclinical and clinical studies indicate a role for MLC901 (NeuroAiD II) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The primary aim was to investigate its safety as add-on therapy to standard treatment and the secondary aims its effect on cognition and slowing disease progression.

DESIGN

Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled delayed-start study.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANT

Patients with mild to moderate probable AD by NINCDS-ADRDA criteria, stable on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or memantine (n = 125), were randomized to receive MLC901 (early starters) or placebo (delayed starters) for 6 months, followed by a further 6 months when all patients received MLC901, in a delayed-start design (clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03038035).

METHODS

The primary outcome measure was occurrence of serious adverse events (SAEs) at 6 months. Secondary outcomes included the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog) and other assessment scales.

RESULTS

There was no significant difference in the risk of SAEs between early and delayed starters at month (M) 6 (22.6% vs 27.0%, risk difference -4.4%, 90% CI -16.9% to 8.3%). Similarly, there was no significant difference in the risk of adverse events and the occurrence of stroke or vascular events between early and delayed starters throughout the 12-month study period. Early starters did not differ significantly on ADAS-Cog from delayed starters at M6 [mean difference (MD) -1.0, 95% CI -3.3 to 1.3] and M12 (MD -2.35, 95% CI -5.45 to 0.74) on intention-to-treat analysis. Other cognitive assessment scales did not show significant differences.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

This study of 125 persons with dementia found no evidence of a significant increase in adverse events between MLC901 and placebo, thus providing support for further studies on both efficacy and safety. Analyses suggest the potential of MLC901 in slowing down AD progression, but this requires further confirmation in larger and longer studies using biomarkers for AD.

Henagliflozin as add-on therapy to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin: A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial

AIM

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of henagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled with metformin.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This multicentre phase 3 trial included a 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled period, followed by a 28-week extension period. Patients with a glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level of 7.0% (53 mmol/mol) to 10.5% (91 mmol/mol) were randomized and treated with once-daily placebo (n = 161), henagliflozin 5 mg (n = 162), or henagliflozin 10 mg (n = 160). After 24 weeks, patients on placebo were switched to 5 mg or 10 mg henagliflozin for the additional 28-week treatment, and patients on henagliflozin during 24-week treatment period maintained this initial therapy. The primary endpoint was change in HbA1c from baseline to Week 24.

RESULTS

At Week 24, the least squares mean HbA1c changes versus placebo from baseline were - 0.76% (-8.3 mmol/mol) and - 0.80% (-8.7 mmol/mol) for henagliflozin 5 and 10 mg, respectively (all P < 0.0001). Compared with the placebo group, both doses of henagliflozin lowered fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose, body weight and blood pressure, and increased the proportions of patients achieving HbA1c <7.0% (53 mmol/mol) at Week 24. The trends in these improvements were sustained over an additional 28 weeks. Slightly higher proportions of ketosis and presence of urine ketone bodies were observed in patients treated with henagliflozin compared to placebo at Week 24. No diabetic ketoacidosis or episodes of severe hypoglycaemia were reported.

CONCLUSIONS

Henagliflozin 5 mg or 10 mg as add-on therapy to metformin provided a new therapeutic option for the treatment of T2DM patients who have inadequate glycaemic control with metformin alone, and was generally well tolerated.

Clinical Effectiveness and Safety of Once-Weekly GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Dulaglutide as Add-On to Metformin or Metformin Plus Insulin Secretagogues in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes

AIMS AND METHODS

The aim of this monocentric retrospective observational study was to evaluate the 18-month safety and effectiveness of GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) dulaglutide (DU) 1.5 mg/once weekly as an add-on to metformin (MET) or MET plus conventional insulin secretagogues in a study cohort with excess body weight and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Comparative efficacy versus liraglutide (LIRA) 1.2-1.8 mg/once daily in a study sample naïve to GLP-1 RAs, frequency matching for age, gender, T2D duration, degree of glycemic impairment, cardiovascular comorbidities, and medications, was addressed as a secondary aim. Clinical and biochemical data for efficacy outcomes and information on drug discontinuation due to adverse events (AEs) were collected from digital records.

RESULTS

Initial analysis included 126 overweight and obese T2D patients (48.4% females). Out of these, 13 discontinued DU due to moderate-severe gastrointestinal AEs after a mean follow-up of 6 (4 standard deviations (SD)) months, while 65 completed 18 months of continuous therapy. At 6 months, there was a significant mean HbA1c reduction of -0.85% (1.17 SD) with respect to baseline values (p < 0.001), which remained stable during 18 months follow-up. These results were accompanied by a moderate weight loss sustained over time, with a mean reduction of -2.0% (4.3 SD) at 6 months and -1.3% (4.8 SD) at 18 months (p = 0.091). At univariate analysis, a negative correlation between baseline body mass index (BMI) and risk of drug discontinuation due to gastrointestinal AEs was observed. The protective effect of obesity against drug discontinuation was confirmed by logistic regression analysis. Neither gender, nor age, nor T2D duration, nor concomitant conventional insulin secretagogue use, nor switching to DU from other GLP-1 RAs influenced its long-term effectiveness. However, higher baseline HbA1c values emerged as predictors of clinically relevant efficacy outcomes, either in terms of HbA1c reduction ≥ 0.5% or body weight loss ≥ 5%. The efficacy outcomes were corroborated by head-to-head comparison with LIRA, a GLP-1 RA with durable beneficial effects on glycemic control and body weight in real-world experiences. With the advantage of once-weekly administration, at 18-month follow-up, a significantly larger fraction of patients on DU therapy reached glycemic targets (HbA1c ≤ 7.0%) when compared to those on LIRA: from 14.8% at baseline (both groups) to 64.8% with DU and 42.6% with LIRA (p = 0.033).

CONCLUSIONS

Although limited by a retrospective design and lack of constant up-titration for LIRA to the highest dose, these findings indicate that the beneficial responses to DU on a background of MET or MET plus insulin secretagogues are durable, especially in the presence of obesity and greater HbA1c impairment.

Effectiveness of dose-escalated topiramate monotherapy and add-on therapy in neurosurgery-related epilepsy: A prospective study

BACKGROUND

Lesional and symptomatic causes of epilepsy are the most common neurological disorders of the brain. Topiramate effectively controls newly diagnosed epilepsy and refractory focal seizures, but high-dose topiramate does not improve seizure control. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of dose-escalated topiramate as first-line monotherapy and add-on therapy in patients with neurosurgery-related epilepsy.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A total of 55 neurosurgical patients with epilepsy were divided into monotherapy and add-on therapy groups and both groups received topiramate via the dose-escalation method. The primary efficacy outcomes were seizure-free rate and seizure response rate. Adverse events and seizure frequency were recorded.

RESULTS

The seizure response rate in the first month of monotherapy was significantly better than that of add-on therapy (89% vs 65%, P < .05), but no significant differences were found in seizure response rates between the 2 groups after 2 months of treatment. Both monotherapy and add-on therapy were effective in controlling seizures, with mean seizure frequency of 0.725 vs 0.536 and seizure-free rate of 88% vs 78.6%. Both treatments showed good improvement of seizure frequency in patients without tumor. The efficacy of monotherapy was better than that of add-on therapy (80% vs 29.2%) in patients with body mass index (BMI) ≤24. However, add-on therapy was better than monotherapy (76.7% vs 21.4%) in patients with BMI > 24. Dizziness (25.5%) and headache (16.4%) were the most common adverse events. No severe adverse event such as cognitive impairment was observed.

CONCLUSIONS

Dose-escalated topiramate monotherapy and add-on therapy demonstrate good efficacy and safety, with fewer adverse events in seizure control in neurosurgical patients.

Inhalations with Brine Solution from the 'Wieliczka' Salt Mine Diminish Airway Hyperreactivity and Inflammation in a Murine Model of Non-Atopic Asthma

Inhalations with brine solutions are old but underestimated add-ons to pharmacological treatments of inflammatory lung diseases. Although widely used, not all features underlying their action on the respiratory system have been explored. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanism of the beneficial action of inhalations of brine solution from the 'Wieliczka' Salt Mine, a Polish health resort, in a murine model of non-atopic asthma. Asthma was induced in BALB/c mice by skin sensitization with dinitrofluorobenzene followed by an intratracheal challenge of cognate hapten. All animals underwent 12 inhalation sessions with brine solution, pure water or physiological saline. Control mice were not inhaled. We found that brine inhalations reduced, as compared to non-inhaled mice, the typical asthma-related symptoms, like airway hyperreactivity (AHR), the infiltration of pro-inflammatory cells into the bronchial tree, and the inflammation of the airways at the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-6. The level of the anti-inflammatory IL-10 was elevated in brine-inhaled mice. Inhalations with pure water increased AHR, whereas saline had no influence, either on AHR or cytokine concentrations. These observations indicate that inhalations with a brine solution from the 'Wieliczka' Salt Mine diminish the asthma-related symptoms, mostly by reducing the inflammatory status and by decreasing AHR.

Treatment of Type 2 diabetes with Tianqi Jiangtang Capsule: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

Tianqi Jiangtang Capsule is a commonly used Chinese patent medicine for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in China. The purpose of this study is to systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Tianqi Jiangtang Capsule in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

METHODS

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of Tianqi Jiangtang Capsule in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus were retrieved. According to the requirements of Cochrane Manual, the included literature was assessed and meta-analyzed with RevMan 5.3 software.

RESULTS

(1) Meta-analysis included 8 RCTs and 1029 participants.(2) There were two studies on adverse reactions.(3) Meta-analysis showed that Tianqi Jiangtang Capsule could significantly reduce HbA1c (n = 1029; MD, -0.31; 95% CI, [-0.43 to -0.19]; P < .00001; I = 0%). FBG (Z = 4.28 (P < .0001), MD = 0.78, 95%CI[-1.14 to -0.43]). 2hPG [OR = -1.25, 95% CI [-1.25 to -0.65], Z = 6.26 (P < .00001)] compared with the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

According to the results of this study, Tianqi Jiangtang Capsule combined with antidiabetic agents may have a better therapeutic effect on diabetes mellitus than antidiabetic agents alone, but due to the low methodological quality and limited number of studies, more high-quality studies are needed to verify it.

The Impact of Phytosterols on the Healthy and Diseased Brain

The central nervous system (CNS) is the most cholesterol-rich organ in mammals. Cholesterol homeostasis is essential for proper brain functioning and dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism can lead to neurological problems. Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are examples of neurological diseases that are characterized by a disturbed cholesterol metabolism. Phytosterols (PS) are plant-derived components that structurally and functionally resemble cholesterol. PS are known for their cholesterol-lowering properties. Due to their ability to reach the brain, researchers have started to investigate the physiological role of PS in the CNS. In this review, the metabolism and function of PS in the diseased and healthy CNS are discussed.

Analysis of the Authorized Target Populations for Fixed Dose Combination Products Between 2000 and 2017 Reveals Discrepancies Between EMA's and FDA's Views on Initial Dual-Therapy

BACKGROUND

A fixed dose combination (FDC) product containing two components can be authorized for the use in 3 conceptual scenarios (1) as substitution for a treatment regimen containing both components given separately (substitution therapy) or (2) as replacement for a treatment regimen where the patient currently receives one of the components (add-on therapy) or (3) initial treatment of patients naïve to both components (initial combination therapy).

METHOD

Trends in European Medicine Agency (EMA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of FDC products for the 3 scenarios were explored by comparing the therapeutic indications retrieved from the EMA and FDA websites for FDCs approved between January 2000 and April 2017 within 5 selected therapeutic areas: type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

RESULT

Approval decisions between EMA and FDA were largely aligned for the substitution therapy and add-on therapy scenarios. Discrepancies were found for the initial combination therapy scenario.

CONCLUSION

Since EMA and FDA rely on similar conceptional models when approving FDCs, the reasons behind this general disparity are not clear, but may be found in the lack of evidence from the registration studies. Sponsors and health authorities should work collaboratively on closing that gap.

A Bayesian Network Meta-analysis of Add-on Drug Therapies Specific for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Background: Recently published meta-analyses did not discriminate between drug agents used for initial and sequential combination therapy. Objective: To assess the comparative efficacy of drugs specific for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) as add-on therapies based on 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), all-cause mortality, and discontinuation due to adverse events (AEs). Methods: EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched until December 9, 2018, for the randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials (RCTs) conducted on primarily adult patients diagnosed with PAH. Data extracted from applicable RCTs were as follows: for 6MWD mean change from baseline, the total number of patients, and the number of patients with events, per treatment. Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted in a Bayesian framework. Results: A total of 16 RCTs were eligible for analysis, with 4112 patients. Add-on therapy with tadalafil or inhaled treprostinil performed better than endothelin receptor antagonists alone [27 m; 95% credible interval (CrI): (11, 43); and 19 m; 95% CrI: (10, 27); respectively]. Add-on therapy with macitentan or bosentan performed better than phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors alone [26 m; 95% CrI: (6.4, 45); and 22 m; 95% CrI: (5.1, 38); respectively]. Differences in all-cause mortality and discontinuation due to AEs were nonsignificant. Conclusion and Relevance: Our NMA evaluated efficacy and safety of add-on therapies in patients with PAH. None of the previous meta-analyses evaluated RCTs focusing solely on patients pretreated with another PAH-specific drug therapy. Our results support guideline recommendations on combination therapy in PAH patients and add the quantitative perspective on which sequential therapy demonstrated the greatest effect size.

Tolvaptan in reversing worsening acute heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective

In this meta-analysis, we aimed to compare efficacy and clinical outcomes of tolvaptan in treating acute heart failure (AHF).

Methods

Using MEDLINE, we searched relevant clinical studies using tolvaptan that investigated clinical effects in treating AHF. We performed meta-analysis for potentially extractable clinical outcomes such as body weight reduction, change in serum sodium levels, and clinical or safety events including worsening heart failure, worsening renal function (WRF), all-cause mortality, rehospitalization, and dyspnea improvement.

Results

The results showed that tolvaptan significantly reduced body weight (mean change: −1.28 kg, 95% credible interval (CI): −1.58–0.98), increased serum sodium levels (mean change: 3.48 mmol/L; 95% Cl: 3.22–3.74), and improved dyspnea function (odds ratio (OR): 1.43; 95% CI: 1.26–1.62) versus conventional therapy. The event risk of WRF was also significantly reduced (OR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.15–0.80). Low, intermediate, and high tolvaptan doses did not reduce mortality and rehospitalization risks. No significant publication bias was observed regarding effects on mortality and rehospitalization.

Conclusion

Current evidence indicates that using tolvaptan as add-on therapy can decrease body weight, increase sodium levels, improve dyspnea function, and reverse WRF, which may circumvent loop diuretics overdose and improve outcomes in patients with AHF.

Sorafenib with Transarterial Chemoembolization Achieves Improved Survival vs. Sorafenib Alone in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

We hypothesized that sorafenib plus transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) would confer survival benefits over sorafenib alone for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (aHCC). We investigated this while using the population-based All-Cancer Dataset to assemble a cohort (n = 3674; median age, 60; 83% men) of patients receiving sorafenib for aHCC (Child-Pugh A) with macro-vascular invasion or nodal/distant metastases. The patients were classified into the sorafenib-TACE group (n = 426) or the propensity score-matched sorafenib-alone group (n = 1686). All of the participants were followed up until death or the end of the study. Time-dependent Cox model and the Mantel-Byar test were used for survival analysis. During the median follow-ups of 221 and 133 days for the sorafenib-TACE and sorafenib-alone groups, 164 (39%) and 916 (54%) deaths occurred, respectively; the corresponding median overall survivals (OS) were 381 and 204 days, respectively (hazard ratio, HR: 0.74; 95% confidence interval, CI, 0.63-0.88; p = 0.021). The one-year and six-month OS were 53.5% and 80.3% in the sorafenib-TACE group and 32.4% and 54.4% in the sorafenib-alone group, respectively. The major complications were comparable between the two groups. The addition of TACE to sorafenib improves survival, with a 26% reduction in mortality. These findings provide strong real-world evidence that supports this combination strategy for eligible Child-Pugh A aHCC patients.

Effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine Jinlida granules as an add-on therapy for type 2 diabetes: A system review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

Jinlida granules are a commonly prescribed oral medication in China used in combination with antidiabetic drugs to lower blood glucose. The aim of this study was to systematically identify and pool the findings of randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness and safety of Jinlida granules as add-on therapy for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes (T2D).

METHODS

The China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wang Fang, PubMed, China biology medicine (CBM), and VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals (VIP) databases were searched for papers regarding the effects of Jinlida granules in T2D published before 1 July 2018. A pooled analysis of extracted data was performed using random-effects models.

RESULTS

In all, data were retrieved for 15 studies including 1810 individuals. Decreases in HbA1c were greater in groups receiving Jinlida granules as add-on therapy compared with control groups (n = 1820; mean difference - 0.66; 95% confidence interval - 0.72, -0.60; P < 0.00001; I²  = 38%). In addition, Jinlida granules reduced body mass index and had beneficial effects on homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. No obvious adverse events were reported.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings from this meta-analysis demonstrate additional benefits of Jinlida granules as an add-on therapy for T2D and that Jinlida granules are generally safe. Treatment with Jinlida granules provided clinically and statistically significant reductions in fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour post-load glucose, and HbA1c levels in patients with T2D. However, the findings should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size and study limitations.

Allopurinol: Old Drug, New Indication in Neonates?

BACKGROUND

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is an important cause of neonatal mortality and neurological morbidity, even despite hypothermia treatment. Neuronal damage in these infants is partly caused by the production of superoxides via the xanthine-oxidase pathway and concomitant free radical formation. Allopurinol is a xanthine-oxidase inhibitor and can potentially reduce the formation of these superoxides that lead to brain damage in HIE.

METHODS

The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the animal and clinical data about the neuroprotective effect of allopurinol in HIE and the relevant mechanisms leading to brain injury in HIE.

RESULTS

A possible neuroprotective effect of allopurinol has been suggested based on several preclinical studies in rats, piglets and sheep. Allopurinol seemed to inhibit the formation of superoxide and to scavenge free radicals directly, but the effect on brain damage was inconclusive in these preclinical trials. The neuroprotective effect was also investigated in neonates with HIE. In three small studies, in which, allopurinol was administered postnatally and a pilot and one multi-center study, in which, allopurinol was administered antenatally, a possible beneficial effect was found. After combining the data of 2 postnatal allopurinol studies, long-term follow-up was only beneficial in infants with moderate HIE, therefore, large-scale studies are needed. Additionally, safety, pharmacokinetics and the neuroprotective effect of allopurinol in other neonatal populations are discussed in this review.

CONCLUSION

The available literature is not conclusive whether allopurinol is a neuroprotective add-on therapy in infants with HIE. More research is needed to establish the neuroprotective effect of allopurinol especially in combination with hypothermia.

A new phototherapy regimen during winter as an add-on therapy, coupled with oral vitamin D supplementation, for the long-term control of atopic dermatitis: study protocol for a multicentre, randomized, crossover, pragmatic trial - the PRADA trial

Background

Atopic dermatitis is a highly prevalent, chronic, relapsing disease in both adults and children. On the severity spectrum, lower-end patients benefit from small amounts of topical anti-inflammatory treatments (TAT), whereas higher-end patients need systemic immunosuppressants; in-between patients are treated with TAT and phototherapy. The major therapeutic challenge in this population is the long-term control of disease activity, and the current TAT-based pro-active strategy does not meet all their needs. Immunosuppressants are used as long-term control add-on treatments, but they are restricted to the most severely affected patients because of safety concerns. In addition, neither immunosuppressants nor other strategies have been properly evaluated in the long term despite long-term control having been acknowledged as one of the most important core outcome domains to be targeted in atopic dermatitis trials. Safe add-on therapies, rigorously evaluated for long-term control of the disease, are therefore needed. Phototherapy and vitamin D supplementation are both good candidates.

Methods

This is a multicenter, national, randomized, superiority, crossover trial testing add-on phototherapy (one winter under spaced sessions of phototherapy and one winter under observation) among subjects receiving standard care (i.e., TAT). On the same population, we will test the long-term control provided by oral supplementation of vitamin D versus placebo in a randomized, superiority, double-blind, parallel-group trial. The primary outcomes are (1) repeat measures of the PO-SCORAD severity score over 1 year and (2) cumulate consumption of TAT (number of tubes) during the winter. They will be tested following a hierarchical testing procedure. The secondary outcomes will be measures repeated over 2 years of investigator-based severity scores, patient-reported severity and quality of life scores, serum vitamin D levels, weeks during which the disease is well-controlled, inter-visit cumulate consumption of TAT, and synthetic patient-reported satisfaction at the end of each winter.

Discussion

This study includes two separate 2-year pragmatic trials designed to evaluate the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation and pro-active phototherapy for primary care atopic dermatitis patients receiving TAT on long-term control of disease activity. The experimental design enables the study of both interventions and exploration of the interaction between vitamin D and phototherapy. A pragmatic trial is particularly suited to the assessment of long-term control. This study explores the possibility of new and safe therapeutic strategies for the control of long-term atopic dermatitis, and is an example of efficacy research that is unlikely to be sponsored by industrialists. A potentially effective low-cost therapeutic strategy for long-term control is essential for patients and public health.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02537509, first received: 1 September 2015.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-019-3276-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors as add-on therapy to insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

PURPOSE

Addition of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors to insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may achieve better glycemic control. However, results of pilot randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are inconsistent. We aimed to perform a meta-analysis of RCTs to evaluate efficacy and safety of DPP4 inhibitors compared with placebo/no treatment as add-on therapy to insulin in T2DM patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Relevant studies were identified via a search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases. A fixed or random effect model was applied according to the heterogeneity.

RESULTS

Overall, 22 RCTs with 6,957 T2DM patients were included. Addition of DPP4 inhibitors to insulin was associated with significantly reduced HbA1c as compared with controls (weighed mean difference [WMD]: -0.54%, p<0.001). The benefits of DPP4 inhibitors as add-on therapy on HbA1c were independent of study design, follow-up duration, categories of DPP4 inhibitors used, and using of fixed/adjustable insulin doses as indicated by predefined subgroup analyses. Moreover, addition of DPP4 inhibitors to insulin was associated with significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (WMD: -0.47mmol/L, p<0.001), postprandial glucose at 2 hrs (WMD: -2.03 mmol/L, p<0.001), and daily dose of insulin (WMD: -2.73U/d, p<0.001), while body weight (WMD: 0.02 g, p=0.81) or risk of symptomatic hypoglycemia (risk ratio: 0.92, p=0.37) were not affected.

CONCLUSIONS

Addition of DPP4 inhibitors to insulin significantly improved the glycemic control in T2DM patients without further increasing the risk of weight gain and hypoglycemia.

Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin for type 2 diabetes mellitus: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

This study was designed to evaluate the efficiency and tolerability of empagliflozin (EMPA) as monotherapy or add-on to existing therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

METHODS

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing efficacy and safety of EMPA vs placebo or EMPA plus other antidiabetes drugs vs placebo plus other oral antidiabetes drugs (OADs) in T2DM were recruited from electronic database Pubmed, Web of Knowledge, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), supplemented by a hand search of the reference lists of selected articles. Main effect sizes were change from baseline on glycemia control, body weight, blood pressure, and complications (i.e., incidence of urinary and genital tract infections, and morbidity of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia). Random-effects model was used to account for clinical or methodologic heterogeneity across studies.

RESULTS

Fifteen RCTs with a total number of 7891 individuals (5374 in EMPA group and 2517 in control group) were suitable for this meta-analysis. The results demonstrated that significant improvements in glycemia control, body weight, and blood pressure were associated with EMPA application (i.e., monotherapy and add-on therapy) in patient with T2DM when compared with placebo. Meanwhile, EMPA 10 and 20 mg improved glycemia, body weight, and blood pressure control for patients with T2DM. There was no significant difference in incidence of hypoglycemia and urinary tract infections across EMPA and placebo group. Significant reduced risk of hyperglycemia was revealed in EMPA group vs placebo (risk ratio: 0.34, 95%confidence interval: 0.23-0.49, P < .00001), except in patients on background insulin therapy. However, increased risk of genital infection was noted across EMPA vs placebo (risk ratio: 2.59, 95% confidence interval: 1.80-3.71, P < .00001).

CONCLUSION

Our evidence supports the application of EMPA in treatment of patients with T2DM who are obesity or at risk of weight gain.

Citicoline (CDP-choline) add-on therapy to risperidone for treatment of negative symptoms in patients with stable schizophrenia: A double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of citicoline add-on therapy in treatment of negative symptoms in patients with stable schizophrenia.

METHODS

In a double-blind and placebo-controlled study, patients with stable schizophrenia (DSM-5) were randomized to receive either 2,500 mg/day citicoline or placebo in addition to risperidone for 8 weeks. The patients were assessed using the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS), the extrapyramidal symptom rating scale (ESRS), and Hamilton depression rating scale (HDRS). The primary outcome was the difference in PANSS negative subscale score reduction from baseline to week 8 between the citicoline and the placebo groups.

RESULTS

Sixty-six individuals (out of 73 enrolled) completed the trial. The citicoline group demonstrated significantly greater improvement in negative scores, F(1.840, 118.360) = 8.383, p = .001, as well as general psychopathology, F(1.219, 78.012) = 6.636, p = .008; change in general psychopathology did not remain significant after adjustment, and total PANSS scores, F(1.633, 104.487) = 15.400, p < .001, compared with the placebo. HDRS scores and its changes, ESRS score, and frequency of other side effects were not significantly different between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Citicoline add-on therapy to risperidone can effectively improve the primary negative symptoms of patients with schizophrenia.

A 52-week extension study of switching from gemigliptin vs sitagliptin to gemigliptin only as add-on therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes who are inadequately controlled with metformin alone

We investigated the long-term efficacy and safety of gemigliptin and the efficacy and safety of gemigliptin treatment after once-daily treatment with sitagliptin 100 mg, in patients with type 2 diabetes. This was a 28-week extension of a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, parallel study of gemigliptin or sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin therapy. After randomization to sitagliptin 100 mg qd (S), gemigliptin 25 mg bid (G1) or gemigliptin 50 mg qd (G2) and after completing 24 weeks of treatment, 118 patients switched from gemigliptin 25 mg bid to 50 mg qd (G1/G2), 111 patients continued gemigliptin 50 mg qd (G2/G2) and 106 patients switched from sitagliptin 100 mg qd to gemigliptin 50 mg qd (S/G2). All 3 treatments reduced glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) (S/G2,-0.99% [95% CI -1.25%, -0.73%]; G1/G2, -1.11% [95% CI -1.33%, -0.89%]; G2/G2, -1.06% [95% CI -1.28%, -0.85%]). The percentage of patients achieving HbA1c < 6.5% was 27.6% in the G1/G2 group at both Week 24 and Week 52, and ranged from 27.3% to 32.7% in the G2/G2 group (difference in proportions, 5% [95% CI -6%, 17%]), while it increased from 6.8% to 27.3% from Week 24 to Week 52 in the S/G2 group (difference in proportions, 20% [95% CI 7%, 34%]). Addition of gemigliptin 50 mg qd to metformin was shown to be efficacious for 52 weeks. Switching from sitagliptin 100 mg to gemigliptin 50 mg showed consistent glyacemic control over the previous treatment.

Acupuncture as Add-On Treatment of the Positive, Negative, and Cognitive Symptoms of Patients with Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review

Background: Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder that has a large impact on patients' lives. In addition to Western medicine, the use of additional treatments, such as acupuncture, in treating the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms is increasing. Methods: We conducted a systematic review on the use of acupuncture as an add-on treatment for patients with schizophrenia that are in regular care, with a special focus on the treatment of the often accompanying sleep disorders. In this study, we searched the Medline, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and ERIC databases with a cut-off date of 31 December 2017, thereby following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) protocol. Results: Our search resulted in 26 eligible studies with 1181 patients with schizophrenia who received acupuncture treatment. Most studies showed limited evidence for the use of acupuncture as add-on therapy in the treatment of the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms, but beneficial effects have been reported in the treatment of the accompanying sleep disorders. Conclusions: Limited evidence was found for the use of acupuncture as add-on therapy in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia; however, positive results were found in the treatment of sleep disorders, but this result needs to be confirmed in large, randomized, controlled trials.

The influence of spatial distribution on add-on therapy of designed Ca-Alg/CS MEMs system

To improve the efficacy and reduce the systemic toxicity of the diabetes mellitus, herewith, we developed a novel microparticles-embedded microcapsules (MEMs) system, synthesized from calcium alginate/chitosan (Ca-Alg/CS), by emulsion gelation using a high voltage electrostatic droplet generator. In our study, we selected two antidiabetic drugs insulin (INS) and metformin (MET) as model drugs to investigate different spatial distribution appropriate of MEMs system. Characterization based on particle size and morphology, encapsulation efficiency and drug loading, as well as drug delivery properties were carried out on the MEMs system. Typical multi-chamber structure was shown by SEM and the optical spectra. The average diameters of microparticles and Ca-Alg/CS MEMs were 2100 nm and 410 μm, respectively. Insulin and MET were embedded into MEMs via electrostatic reaction according to FT-IR spectra. Moreover, drug loading and encapsulation efficiency of INS were higher than that of MET in this system when drugs were loaded alone or together. More importantly, this system has potential for orderly drug release and well sustained release when MET in the inner and INS in the outer space could be applied as a combination therapy for diabetes. The obtained in vivo experimental data on diabetes rats has shown that the designed MEMs system resulted in a higher hypoglycemic effect within add-on therapy.

Chance of reimbursement for ADD-ON therapies in Poland and in the world - review of the reimbursement recommendations

INTRODUCTION

Oncology drugs combined with standard therapies (so-called add-on therapies, e.g. bevacizumab, palbociclib) often receive negative recommendations regarding the legitimacy of public financing, issued by government agencies responsible for their assessment, i.e. health technology assessment agencies. The aim of the study was to estimate the scale of the problem related to the reimbursement of add-on therapies used in the treatment of breast and genitourinary cancers in Poland and in the world.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A multimodal approach was used to select add-on therapies. The reimbursement routes were analysed in 8 reference countries (Poland, Canada, England, Wales, France, Scotland, Australia, New Zealand). Based on a systematic search, data for breast and urogenital cancers were included.

RESULTS

A total of 68 reimbursement documents for add-on therapies were identified. The analysis showed that in Poland, 20% of innovative schemes including add-on therapies should be reimbursed, while in the world the percentage of positive recommendations reaches 56%. It was observed that globally (including data for Poland) the chance for a favorable reimbursement recommendation for add-on therapies is 53%, with 29% being positive recommendations with limitations. In Poland, the majority of negative recommendations concern genitourinary cancers in comparison to breast cancer (83% vs 75%).

CONCLUSIONS

Poland is at the head of the countries in terms of the number of negative reimbursement recommendations. Bearing in mind the world’s need of modifying the criteria for the evaluation of oncological therapies in the context of the possibility of their reimbursement, one should expect a change in the approach to the assessment of the legitimacy of financing innovative add-on therapies in Poland.

Patterns of antiepileptic drug prescription in Sweden: A register-based approach

OBJECTIVES

To determine drug utilization pathways from the incident healthcare visit due to epilepsy and three years onward.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Anti-epileptic drug utilization was calculated using individual information on inpatient- and outpatient care utilization and drug sales. Throughout, we used national register information pertaining to pharmaceutical sales linked to diagnosis-related healthcare utilization. Information on pharmaceutical sales was collected for the 2007-2013 period.

RESULTS

For the entire studied period, a majority of new patients with epilepsy were initiated on anti-epileptic drug treatment with a monotherapy (98%); most of these patients remained on that first treatment (64%). The three most frequently prescribed drugs accounted for 72% of the initiated AED treatments. Patients with epilepsy (ICD-10: G40/41) were most commonly prescribed carbamazepine, lamotrigine and valproate. The most common second-line monotherapy was levetiracetam. About 12% of new patients with epilepsy who were initiated on AED treatment during the period eventually switched to an add-on therapy. The proportion of patients who were initiated on treatment with carbamazepine or valproate decreased, and the proportion of patients who remained on their initial monotherapy increased between 2007 and 2013.

CONCLUSIONS

A limited number of anti-epileptic drugs accounted for the treatment of a majority of new patients with epilepsy (carbamazepine, lamotrigine and valproate accounted for more than 70%). Add-on therapies showed the same pattern, as the most frequently prescribed add-on regimens were the same ones that accounted for most of the monotherapies. There was a tendency towards fewer patients being initiated on AED treatment with either carbamazepine or valproate.

INITIAL RESULTS FROM A NON-INTERVENTIONAL MULTICENTER STUDY IN ROMANIA (REALITY)

Metformin, a biguanide, remains the most widely used first-line type 2 diabetes drug. It is generally considered weight-neutral with chronic use and does not increase the risk of hypoglycaemia. Most patients eventually require more than one antihyperglycemic agent to achieve target blood glucose levels. The primary objective of this non-interventional study was to describe and compare the main criteria used by physicians from regular outpatient setting in selecting the add-on therapy in patients with inadequately metformin-controlled type 2 diabetes in 2 time points at 1-year distance by assessment of patient, and/or agent characteristics and/or physician decision. At the end of phase one of the study, the mean duration of type 2 diabetes was 6.8 years. The majority of patients included in the study were overweight (32%) and obese (62%), and presented diabetes complications (59.6%). In 50% of the cases, the major reason for selecting the second-line therapy was related to patient characteristics, while agent characteristics and physician decision were the main categories in 38% and 12%, respectively. Importance to achieve glycemic control and estimated treatment efficacy were selected in 73.9% and 82.4% of patients, calculated as percentage in the respective categories.

Effects of saxagliptin add-on therapy to insulin on blood glycemic fluctuations in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, control, open-labeled trial

BACKGROUND

To investigate whether saxagliptin add-on therapy to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) further improve blood glycemic control than CSII therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2D).

METHODS

This was a single-center, randomized, control, open-labeled trial. Newly diagnosed T2D patients were recruited between February 2014 and December 2015. Subjects were divided into saxagliptin add-on therapy to CSII group (n = 31) and CSII therapy group (n = 38). The treatment was maintained for 4 weeks. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed at baseline. Serum samples were obtained before and 30 and 120 minutes after oral administration for glucose, insulin, and C-peptide determination. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was performed before and endpoint.

RESULTS

A total of 69 subjects were admitted. After 4-week therapy, CGM data showed that patients with saxagliptin add-on therapy exhibited further improvement of mean amplitude glycemic excursion (MAGE), the incremental area under curve of plasma glucose >7.8 and 10 mmol/L compared with that of control group. In addition, the hourly mean blood glucose concentrations, especially between 0000 and 0600 in patient with saxagliptin add-on therapy, were significantly lower compared with that of the control patients. Furthermore, patients in saxagliptin add-on group needed lower insulin dose to maintain euglycemic control. In addition, severe hypoglycemic episode was not observed from any group.

CONCLUSION

Saxagliptin add-on therapy to insulin had the ability of further improve blood glycemic controlling, with lower insulin dose required by patients with T2D to maintain euglycemic controlling.

Profile of omalizumab in the treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria

Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a disease with significant morbidity and relative prevalence that has important effects on the quality of life (QoL) of those who suffer from it. Omalizumab is a recombinant humanized anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody that binds to the Cε3 domain of the IgE heavy chain and prevents it from binding to its high-affinity receptor FcεRI. It has been largely studied in the field of asthma and is currently approved for the treatment of both adult and pediatric (children; >6-year-old) patients. In addition, in recent, well-controlled clinical trials in patients with CSU resistant to antihistamines, add-on therapy with subcutaneous omalizumab significantly reduced the severity of itching, and the number and size of hives, and increased patients’ health-related QoL and the proportion of days free from angioedema compared with placebo, with an excellent tolerance. Thus, omalizumab is an effective and well-tolerated add-on therapy for patients with CSU who are symptomatic despite background therapy with H1 antihistamines. In this review, we cover the following points: epidemiology, pathogenesis, assessment of activity, impact on QoL, and treatment of CSU, and finally, we focus on omalizumab in the treatment of CSU including the pharmacokinetic properties and mechanism of action, and use in pregnant women, nursing infants, and children.

Renoprotective effects of berberine as adjuvant therapy for hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Evaluation via biochemical markers and color Doppler ultrasonography

Diabetes and hypertension are complex and serious diseases that may ultimately lead to renal complications. Adequate control of blood glucose and blood pressure contributes to decreased renal risks, but may not be sufficient for certain patients. The current study was undertaken to investigate the renoprotective effects of berberine as an adjuvant therapy to standard hypotensive and hypoglycemic treatment in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this 2-year clinical study, 69 hypertensive patients with T2DM, whose blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) were adequately controlled by hypotensive and oral hypoglycemic agents prior to the study, were enrolled and randomly assigned into control (33 cases) and add-on (36 cases) groups. Berberine was orally administrated to the patients in the add-on group concomitantly with standard hypotensive and hypoglycemic treatment. Baseline characteristics, including the levels of FPG, glycated hemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, serum creatinine, urinary albumin-to-creatine ratio (UACR), urinary osteopontin and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) were determined. Furthermore, the oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde, urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and total-antioxidant capacity, and the inflammatory parameters vascular adhesion molecule-1, C-reactive protein and high molecular weight-adiponectin were evaluated. In addition, ultrasonographic parameters, including peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity and renal arterial resistance index were determined. After treatment, it was observed that the control and add-on treatments were able to adequately control blood pressure and blood glucose. Patients in the add-on group exhibited significant reductions in renal damage biochemical markers (UACR, urinary osteopontin and KIM-1) and improved renal hemodynamics, in addition to reduced inflammation and oxidative stress. The present results suggest that berberine is beneficial for hypertensive patients with T2DM as add-on therapy to standard hypotensive and hypoglycemic agents.

Observational study to evaluate the clinical benefit of lamotrigine add-on therapy in bipolar patients in a naturalistic treatment setting

INTRODUCTION

The objective of the current study was to assess, in a naturalistic treatment setting, the clinical benefits of lamotrigine add-on therapy for patients with bipolar disorder.

METHODS

This was an open-label, prospective, naturalistic, 12-week, observational study that included 98 bipolar patients treated with lamotrigine add-on therapy, in addition to mood stabilizers or atypical antipsychotics for 1-4 weeks. The clinical benefits of lamotrigine augmentation were evaluated using the Clinical Global Impression-Clinical Benefit (CGI-CB) Scale, and the Clinical Global Impression of Bipolar Disorder-Severity scale was used to evaluate the severity of the patients' conditions.

RESULTS

According to paired t-test analyses, the mean CGI-CB score significantly decreased from 7.2 ± 2.7 at baseline to 3.8 ± 2.5 at Week 12. Likewise, the mean score for Clinical Global Impression of Bipolar Disorder-Severity scale significantly decreased from 4.7 ± 0.9 at baseline to 3.1 ± 1.2 at Week 12. Analysis of covariance showed that the extent to which CGI-CB scores changed from baseline to Week 12 did not significantly differ between patients with bipolar I and II disorder. However, the change in CGI-CB scores between Weeks 4 and 12 was significantly smaller in bipolar II patients than bipolar I patients. A total of 21 (21.4%) patients dropped out during the course of the study, and 30 patients (30.6%) reported 82 adverse events.

DISCUSSION

The results of this study demonstrated that the use of lamotrigine in patients with bipolar disorder, especially those whom conventional mood stabilizers or antipsychotics are insufficiently effective or intolerable, can be beneficial regardless of the type of bipolar disorder.

Use of asenapine as add-on therapy in the treatment of bipolar disorder: a comprehensive review and case series

INTRODUCTION

Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs), conducted in schizophrenic and bipolar patients, have documented the efficacy and tolerability of asenapine as monotherapy both for short- and long-term treatment. However, evidence on its augmentative use is more limited and related to the manic/mixed phase of bipolar disorder (BD).

AREAS COVERED

The present article reviews augmentative asenapine efficacy and safety/tolerability in the treatment of BD. It also includes some original cases of bipolar patients treated with add-on asenapine in the short- and long-term.

EXPERT OPINION

To date, only a single RCT with manic/mixed patients with partial response to mood-stabilizer monotherapy supports the efficacy and safety/tolerability of augmentative asenapine to lithium/valproate, both in acute and long-term treatment. Additionally, two case reports confirm the overall effectiveness of augmentative asenapine to clozapine and valproate. Our case series, consisting of 4 bipolar patients treated with adjunctive asenapine to mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics - with treatment duration ranging from 1 to 14 months - provided clinical results that are consistent with literature data. Taken as a whole, available evidence seems to support the efficacy and safety of adjunctive asenapine in bipolar patients, though additional studies with active comparators are requested to confirm the current body of evidence.

The SGLT2 Inhibitor Empagliflozin for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a Bench to Bedside Review

INTRODUCTION

The treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) continues to pose challenges for clinicians and patients. The dramatic rise in T2DM prevalence, which has paralleled the rise in obesity, has strained the healthcare system and prompted the search for therapies that not only effectively treat hyperglycemia, but are also weight neutral or promote weight loss. In most clinical situations after diagnosis, patients are advised to adopt lifestyle changes and metformin is initiated to help control blood glucose levels. However, metformin may not be tolerated, or may not be sufficient for those with higher glucose levels at diagnosis. Even among those who have initial success with metformin, the majority eventually require one or more additional agents to achieve their treatment goals. Because T2DM is a progressive disease, the requirement for combination treatment escalates over time, driving the need for therapies with complementary mechanisms of action.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Online public resources were searched using "empagliflozin", identifying 32 articles in PubMed, and 12 abstracts presented at the 2013 American Diabetes Association meeting. Peer-reviewed articles and abstracts describing preclinical studies and clinical trials were retrieved, and relevant publications included in this review. Trials registered on clinicaltrials.gov were searched for ongoing empagliflozin studies.

CONCLUSION

The sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are of great interest since they provide a novel, insulin-independent mechanism of action. The SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin has demonstrated promising pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. In clinical trials, empagliflozin has demonstrated a good efficacy and safety profile in a broad range of patients with T2DM, and appears to be an attractive adjunct therapeutic option for the treatment of T2DM. Ongoing trials, including patients with T2DM and comorbidities such as hypertension, are expected to provide important additional data, which will further define the role of empagliflozin in a growing movement toward individualized approaches to diabetes care.

Real-world application of the roadmap model in chronic hepatitis B patients with telbivudine therapy

BACKGROUND

The roadmap concept provides a strategy to maximize hepatitis B virus suppression and minimize drug resistance by add-on or switching therapy in patients with a suboptimal response at Week 24. The efficacy of this strategy in routine clinical practice remains to be validated.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of our study was to validate the roadmap concept in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B, and to investigate the virologic efficacy and kinetics of quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen (qHBsAg) during telbivudine therapy in a real-world setting.

METHODS

A prospective, cohort study enrolled 96 consecutive, treatment-naïve patients with chronic hepatitis B receiving telbivudine therapy. At Week 24, only 17 of 42 (40%) partial or inadequate responders (hepatitis B virus DNA 60-2000 and >2000 IU/mL, respectively) followed the roadmap model and consented to adefovir add-on therapy. The remaining patients continued to receive telbivudine monotherapy.

RESULTS

At Week 96, none of the patients receiving adefovir add-on therapy, and 28% of patients receiving telbivudine monotherapy, either partial or inadequate responders, developed genotypic resistance (P = 0.03). Poor early qHBsAg kinetics (an increase in qHBsAg >0.4 log IU/mL at Week 12) was the only significant predictor of genotypic resistance (adjusted hazard ratio = 13.83; 95% CI, 1.79-106.76; P = 0.01). Telbivudine monotherapy was efficacious in 94% of partial responders who did not have poor early qHBsAg kinetics, remaining free of drug resistance after 2 years.

CONCLUSIONS

The application of the roadmap model with add-on adefovir therapy prevented genotypic resistance. However, telbivudine monotherapy achieved a good response in the majority of partial responders who did not have poor early qHBsAg kinetics. Poor early qHBsAg kinetics was an early predictor of genotypic resistance at Week 96. Modification of the roadmap model to incorporate early qHBsAg kinetics may further optimize the efficacy of the treatment strategy of hepatitis B virus.

Clinical experience with THC:CBD oromucosal spray in patients with multiple sclerosis-related spasticity

This detailed medical charts' data collection study conducted at a multiple sclerosis (MS) clinic in Germany evaluated the effectiveness of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)/cannabidiol (CBD) oromucosal spray in patients with resistant MS spasticity. Over a 15-month timeframe, THC:CBD spray was initiated in 166 patients. Mean follow-up was 9 months. In all, 120 patients remained on treatment for a response rate of 72%. THC:CBD spray was used as add-on therapy in 95 patients and as monotherapy in 25 patients to achieve best-possible therapeutic results. Among responders, the mean spasticity 0-10 numerical rating scale (NRS) score decreased by 57%, from 7.0 before treatment to 3.0 within 10 days of starting THC:CBD spray. The mean dosage was 4 sprays/day. Most patients who withdrew from treatment (40/46) had been receiving THC:CBD spray for less than 60 days. Main reasons for treatment discontinuation were: adverse drug reactions, mainly dizziness, fatigue and oral discomfort (23 patients; 13.9%); lack of efficacy (14 patients; 8.4%); or need for a baclofen pump (9 patients; 5.4%). No new safety signals were noted with THC:CBD spray during the evaluation period. In this routine clinical practice setting at an MS clinic in Germany, THC:CBD spray was effective and well tolerated as add-on therapy or as monotherapy in a relevant proportion of patients with resistant MS spasticity.

Tolvaptan for improvement of hepatic edema: A phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

AIM

Hepatic edema is manifested by ascites, lower limb edema and intolerable symptoms. Some patients insufficiently respond to the conventional diuretic therapy. Therefore, a novel therapeutic option is required. We conducted a phase 3 study to confirm therapeutic effect of tolvaptan on hepatic edema associated with liver cirrhosis.

METHODS

In our multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, liver cirrhosis patients who showed insufficient response to conventional diuretics were randomly assigned to 7-day administration of either tolvaptan at 7.5 mg/day or placebo as an add-on therapy to conventional diuretics. The primary outcome was change in bodyweight from baseline.

RESULTS

Of 164 eligible patients, 84 were assigned to tolvaptan and 80 to placebo. Change in bodyweight from baseline on the final dosing day was -0.44 kg (standard deviation [SD], 1.93) in the placebo group and -1.95 kg (SD, 1.77) in the tolvaptan group (P < 0.0001). Improvement rates for lower limb edema and ascites-related clinical symptoms were higher with tolvaptan than with placebo. Even in patients with low serum albumin (<2.5 g/dL), decrease in bodyweight was greater with tolvaptan than with placebo (P = 0.0163). In addition, tolvaptan significantly increased serum sodium concentration from baseline.

CONCLUSION

Add-on therapy with tolvaptan was effective for the treatment of hepatic edema and ascites-related clinical symptoms. Furthermore, tolvaptan is expected to improve low serum sodium concentration and to exert its effect regardless of serum albumin level. Add-on therapy with tolvaptan is therefore considered to be a novel therapeutic option for hepatic edema.

Lixisenatide as add-on therapy to basal insulin

Many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus do not achieve target glycosylated hemoglobin A1c levels despite optimally titrated basal insulin and satisfactory fasting plasma glucose levels. Current evidence suggests that HbA1c levels are dictated by both basal glucose and postprandial glucose levels. This has led to a consensus that postprandial glucose excursions contribute to poor glycemic control in these patients. Lixisenatide is a once-daily, prandial glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist with a four-fold affinity for the GLP-1 receptor compared with native GLP-1. Importantly, lixisenatide causes a significant delay in gastric emptying time, an important determinant of the once-daily dosing regimen. An exendin-4 mimetic with six lysine residues removed at the C-terminal, lixisenatide has pronounced postprandial glucose-lowering effects, making it a novel incretin agent for use in combination with optimally titrated basal insulin. Lixisenatide exerts profound effects on postprandial glucose through established mechanisms of glucose-dependent insulin secretion and glucagon suppression in combination with delayed gastric emptying. This review discusses the likely place that lixisenatide will occupy in clinical practice, given its profound effects on postprandial glucose and potential to reduce glycemic variability.

Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, as add-on to metformin in type 2 diabetes with mild hyperglycaemia

AIMS

To evaluate the effects of the sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor empagliflozin added to metformin for 12 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes.

METHODS

This dose-ranging, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial randomized 495 participants with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin [haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) >7 to ≤10%] to receive 1, 5, 10, 25, or 50 mg empagliflozin once daily (QD), or placebo, or open-label sitagliptin (100 mg QD), added to metformin for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was change in HbA1c from baseline to week 12 (empagliflozin groups versus placebo).

RESULTS

Reductions in HbA1c of -0.09 to -0.56% were observed with empagliflozin after 12 weeks, versus an increase of 0.15% with placebo (baseline: 7.8-8.1%). Compared with placebo, empagliflozin doses from 5 to 50 mg resulted in reductions in fasting plasma glucose (-2 to -28 mg/dl vs. 5 mg/dl with placebo; p < 0.0001) and body weight (-2.3 to -2.9 kg vs. -1.2 kg; p < 0.01). Frequency of adverse events was generally similar with empagliflozin (29.6-48.6%), placebo (36.6%) and sitagliptin (35.2%). Hypoglycaemia rates were very low and balanced among groups. Most frequent adverse events with empagliflozin were urinary tract infections (4.0% vs. 2.8% with placebo) and pollakiuria (2.5% vs. 1.4% with placebo). Genital infections were reported only with empagliflozin (4.0%).

CONCLUSIONS

Once daily empagliflozin as add-on therapy to metformin was well tolerated except for increased genital infections and resulted in reductions in HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose and body weight in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy.

Effect of addition of either sitagliptin or pioglitazone in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus on metformin: A randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

To compare and study the dipeptidy1 peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors in combination with metformin against established combination therapies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This 16-week study was designed to compare sitagliptin versus pioglitazone as add-on therapy in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with metformin alone. Fifty-two patients were randomized into two groups to receive either sitagliptin 100 mg (group 1) or pioglitazone 30 mg (group 2) in addition to metformin. The primary efficacy end point was change in HbA1c. Secondary end points included change in fasting plasma glucose (FPG), body weight and lipid profile. Treatment satisfaction was assessed using the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire. Both the groups had a significant decrease in HbA1c.

RESULTS

There was no significant difference between mean reductions in FPG in both the groups. There was a significant decrease in the mean body weight and body mass index in group 1 in contrast to the significant increase in the same in group 2. Both the treatment groups reported a significant decrease in High-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and Triglyceride.

CONCLUSION

Sitagliptin was well tolerated without any incidence of hypoglycemia. It was concluded that sitagliptin as an add-on to metformin is as effective and well tolerated as pioglitazone.

Effectiveness of pharmaceutical therapy of ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) in adults - health technology assessment

BACKGROUND

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a mental disorder. Symptoms include hyperactivity, lack of attentiveness, and frivolousness. This disorder always begins in childhood, but can remain through adulthood. ADHD affects all areas of life and limits the quality of life due to its symptoms and the high rate of associated disorders that can develop. An established form of therapy is using stimulant medications, most commonly, containing Methylphenidate as the active ingredient. However, in Germany this ingredient is not approved for adults suffering from ADHD. Therefore, many adults cannot obtain appropriate medication to treat this disorder.

OBJECTIVE

The following report (Health Technology Assessment [HTA]) examines the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the medical treatment of ADHD in adults as well as the ethical, social and legal aspects thereof.

METHODS

In August 2009, a systematic literature search is performed in all relevant scientific databases. The selected citations fulfill predetermined inclusion criteria. The data in the publications is then systematically extracted, reviewed and assessed. A manual search of citations is conducted as well.

RESULTS

NINETEEN STUDIES FULFILL THE INCLUSION CRITERIA: nine randomised controlled studies (RCT), five meta-analyses, three economic studies and two studies relevant to the legal aspects of the HTA. All RCT reveal that adult patients who receive medication containing a stimulant (Methylphenidate and Amphetamine) and Atomoxetine, see a reduction of ADHD symptoms compared to the placebo-treated patients. The drug response rate among the control group ranges from 7 to 42%; in the treatment group from 17 to 59.6%. The meta-analyses confirm the findings of the RCT. In light of the control group, it can be ascertained that there are higher annual costs (both direct and indirect) for patients with ADHD. The average annual medical expenses for an adult with ADHD were 1,262 $ in 1998 and 1,673 $ in 2001 (the converted and inflation-adjusted rate for 2009: between 1,270 and 1,619 Euro). The use of stimulants use may impair the patient's ability to drive, travel or do sports. No relevant studies can be identified concerning the ethical, social and/or legal aspects of stimulant medication for ADHD patients.

DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION

Medical treatment, particularly including Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine, proves to have a positive effect. In order to attain an optimal drug response, dosing must be determined on an individual basis. There is a need of high-quality studies that directly compare various agents - an aspect which is relevant to medical effectiveness of a therapy. No definite statement can be made about the cost-effectiveness of the medical treatment of ADHD in adults. More health economic studies are therefore required. Apart from the unquestionable mental indication, it is already recommended by health economic reasons to establish the conditions for an adequate treatment with these medicaments also for adults.