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Duan Y, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Wang W, Zhang M, Tian J, Li Q, Ai J, Wang R, Xie Z. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by human adenovirus type 7 L4 100-kilodalton protein. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1294898. [PMID: 38660301 PMCID: PMC11041921 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1294898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus type 7 (HAdV-7) is a significant viral pathogen that causes respiratory infections in children. Currently, there are no specific antiviral drugs or vaccines for children targeting HAdV-7, and the mechanisms of its pathogenesis remain unclear. The NLRP3 inflammasome-driven inflammatory cascade plays a crucial role in the host's antiviral immunity. Our previous study demonstrated that HAdV-7 infection activates the NLRP3 inflammasome. Building upon this finding, our current study has identified the L4 100 kDa protein encoded by HAdV-7 as the primary viral component responsible for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. By utilizing techniques such as co-immunoprecipitation, we have confirmed that the 100 kDa protein interacts with the NLRP3 protein and facilitates the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome by binding specifically to the NACHT and LRR domains of NLRP3. These insights offer a deeper understanding of HAdV-7 pathogenesis and contribute to the development of novel antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Jingmei Group General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Beijing Boai Hospital, School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junhong Ai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengde Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Molecular Mechanism of Adenovirus Late Protein L4-100K Chaperones the Trimerization of Hexon. J Virol 2023; 97:e0146722. [PMID: 36475768 PMCID: PMC9888260 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01467-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Assembly of the adenovirus capsid protein hexon depends on the assistance of the molecular chaperone L4-100K. However, the chaperone mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we found that L4-100K was involved in the hexon translation process and could prevent hexon degradation by the proteasome in cotransfected human cells. Two nonadjacent domains, 84-133 and 656-697, at the N-terminal and C-terminal regions of human adenovirus type 5 L4-100K, respectively, were found to be crucial and cooperatively responsible for hexon trimer expression and assembly. These two chaperone-related domains were conserved in the sequence of L4-100K and in the function of hexon assembly across different adenovirus serotypes. Different degrees of cross-activity of hexon trimerization with different serotypes were detected in subgroups B, C, and D, which were proven to be controlled by the interaction between the C-terminal chaperone-related domain of L4-100K and hypervariable regions (HVR) of hexon. Additionally, HVR-chimeric hexon mutants were successfully assembled with the assistance of the 1-697 mutant. Structural analysis of 656-697 by nuclear magnetic resonance and structural prediction of L4-100K using Robetta showed that the two conserved domains are mainly composed of α-helices and are located on the surface of the highly folded core region. Our research provides a more complete understanding of hexon assembly and guidance for the development of hexon-chimeric adenovirus vectors that will be safer, smarter, and more efficient. IMPORTANCE Adenovirus vectors have been widely used in clinical trials of vaccines and gene therapy, although some deficiencies remain. Chimeric modification of the hexon was expected to improve the potency of preexisting immune evasion and targeting, but in many cases, viral packaging is prevented by the inability of the chimeric hexon to assemble correctly. So far, few studies have examined the mechanisms of hexon trimer assembly. Here, we show how the chaperone protein L4-100K contributes to the assembly of the adenovirus capsid protein hexon, and these data will provide a guide for novel adenovirus vector design and development, as we desired.
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Tufail S, Shah MA, Asif TA, Ullah R, Shehzad A, Ismat F, Shah MS, Habib M, Calisto BM, Mirza O, Iqbal M, Rahman M. Highly soluble and stable ‘insertion domain’ of the capsid penton base protein provides complete protection against infections caused by fowl adenoviruses. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105835. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Cellular protein HSC70 promotes fowl adenovirus serotype 4 replication in LMH cells via interacting with viral 100K protein. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101941. [PMID: 35679674 PMCID: PMC9189218 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4), the predominant causative agent of hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS), has caused severe economic losses to poultry industry since 2015. Although fiber2 and hexon have been confirmed to be the virulence-related factors, the roles of nonstructural viral proteins in pathogenicity of FAdV-4 remain poorly understood. Here, a tandem mass spectrometry (MS) was used to identify host factors interacted with 100K protein of hypervirulent FAdV-4 isolate (CH/HNJZ/2015), and 2595 cellular proteins associated with many biological processes and pathways were identified according to Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses. Among the proteins, HSC70 was verified to interact with 100K through co-immunoprecipitation assay. Notably, overexpression of HSC70 promoted the replication of FAdV-4 in LMH cells, whereas blocking HSC70 with inhibitor ver-155008 markedly suppressed viral replication. Collectively, these findings suggested that many cellular proteins involved in FAdV-4 infection through interacting with 100K and HSC70 positively regulated virus replication.
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Zhao M, Duan X, Wang Y, Gao L, Cao H, Li X, Zheng SJ. A Novel Role for PX, a Structural Protein of Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4 (FAdV4), as an Apoptosis-Inducer in Leghorn Male Hepatocellular Cell. Viruses 2020; 12:E228. [PMID: 32085479 PMCID: PMC7077197 DOI: 10.3390/v12020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydropericardium-Hepatitis Syndrome (HHS) caused by Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4 (FAdV4) infection is a severe threat to the poultry industry worldwide, especially in China since 2015. Recent studies show that FAdV4 induces liver injury through apoptosis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. We report here that FAdV4 infection caused apoptosis in Leghorn male hepatocellular (LMH) cells and that PX, a structural protein of FAdV4, acted as a major viral factor inducing apoptosis. Furthermore, the nuclear localization of PX is determined by the R/K regions of PX and required for PX-induced apoptosis. Moreover, alanines 11 and 129 of PX are crucial to PX-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of FAdV4-induced apoptosis by caspase inhibitors retarded viral replication, suggesting that PX serves as a virulence factor for FAdV4 infection, which may further our understandings of the pathogenesis of FAdV4 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.W.); (L.G.); (H.C.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xueyan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.W.); (L.G.); (H.C.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.W.); (L.G.); (H.C.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.W.); (L.G.); (H.C.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.W.); (L.G.); (H.C.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shijun J. Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.W.); (L.G.); (H.C.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Gonzalez G, Bair CR, Lamson DM, Watanabe H, Panto L, Carr MJ, Kajon AE. Genomic characterization of human adenovirus type 4 strains isolated worldwide since 1953 identifies two separable phylogroups evolving at different rates from their most recent common ancestor. Virology 2019; 538:11-23. [PMID: 31550608 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Species Human mastadenovirus E (HAdV-E) comprises several simian types and a single human type: HAdV-E4, a respiratory and ocular pathogen. RFLP analysis for the characterization of intratypic genetic variability has previously distinguished two HAdV-E4 clusters: prototype (p)-like and a-like. Our analysis of whole genome sequences confirmed two distinct lineages, which we refer to as phylogroups (PGs). PGs I and II comprise the p- and a-like genomes, respectively, and differ significantly in their G + C content (57.7% ± 0.013 vs 56.3% ± 0.015). Sequence differences distinguishing the two clades map to several regions of the genome including E3 and ITR. Bayesian analyses showed that the two phylogroups diverged approximately 602 years before the present. A relatively faster evolutionary rate was identified for PG II. Our data provide a rationale for the incorporation of phylogroup identity to HAdV-E4 strain designation to reflect the identified unique genetic characteristics that distinguish PGs I and II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gonzalez
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Camden R Bair
- Infectious Disease Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, New Mexico, USA
| | - Daryl M Lamson
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, New York, USA
| | - Hidemi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Laura Panto
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Michael J Carr
- Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Japan; National Virus Reference Laboratory, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adriana E Kajon
- Infectious Disease Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, New Mexico, USA.
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Krüger-Haag A, Lehmann C, Schmidt E, Sonntag F, Hörer M, Kochanek S. Evaluation of life cycle defective adenovirus mutants for production of adeno-associated virus vectors. J Gene Med 2019; 21:e3094. [PMID: 31037799 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adeno-associated virus-based vectors are efficient and safe drug candidates for different in vivo gene therapy applications. With increasing numbers of clinical studies based on AAV2 vectors that include not only rare, but also common diseases as a therapeutic target, there is an increased demand for the development of improved production technologies. METHODS In the present study, we compared two life cycle defective adenovirus mutants as helper viruses for AAV2 vector production. They had deletions either in the gene coding for the preterminal protein (pTP) that is expressed early in the viral life cycle and is essential for genome replication or in the gene coding for the 100K protein, a protein with many functions, one of which is involved in virus assembly. AAV2 vector production efficiencies were evaluated by analyzing genome-containing particles using a real-time polymerase chain reaction and functional units were investigated by transduction assays. RESULTS Somewhat contrary to our expectations, the ∆100K mutant virus showed only a moderate efficiency as a helper virus for AAV2 vector production, whereas the replication-deficient ∆pTP mutant supported AAV2 production almost as efficiently as adenovirus wild-type. We also showed that a temperature shift to 32°C together with extended incubation times improved AAV2 vector productivity. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates the advantages of using a ∆pTP mutant adenovirus rather than adenovirus wild-type as a helper virus for AAV2 production and also indicates that temperature shifts to lower temperatures may improve AAV2 vector production rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Lehmann
- Department of Gene Therapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Sartorius Stedim Cellca GmbH, Laupheim, Germany
| | - Erika Schmidt
- Department of Gene Therapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Adenoviral E4 34K protein interacts with virus packaging components and may serve as the putative portal. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7582. [PMID: 28790440 PMCID: PMC5548797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07997-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on dsDNA bacteriophages have revealed that a DNA packaging complex assembles at a special vertex called the 'portal vertex' and consists of a portal, a DNA packaging ATPase and other components. AdV protein IVa2 is presumed to function as a DNA packaging ATPase. However, a protein that functions as a portal is not yet identified in AdVs. To identify the AdV portal, we performed secondary structure analysis on a set of AdV proteins and compared them with the clip region of the portal proteins of bacteriophages phi29, SPP1 and T4. Our analysis revealed that the E4 34K protein of HAdV-C5 contains a region of strong similarity with the clip region of the known portal proteins. E4 34K was found to be present in empty as well as mature AdV particles. In addition, E4 34K co-immunoprecipitates and colocalizes with AdV packaging proteins. Immunogold electron microscopy demonstrated that E4 34K is located at a single site on the virus surface. Finally, tertiary structure prediction of E4 34K and its comparison with that of single subunits of Phi29, SPP1 and T4 portal proteins revealed remarkable similarity. In conclusion, our results suggest that E4 34K is the putative AdV portal protein.
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Bose D, Chakrabarti A. Substrate specificity in the context of molecular chaperones. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:647-659. [PMID: 28748601 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are one of the key players in protein biology and as such their structure and mechanism of action have been extensively studied. However the substrate specificity of molecular chaperones has not been well investigated. This review aims to summarize what is known about the substrate specificity and substrate recognition motifs of chaperones so as to better understand what substrate specificity means in the context of molecular chaperones. Available literature shows that the majority of chaperones have broad substrate range and recognize non-native conformations of proteins depending on recognition of hydrophobic and/or charged patches. Based on these recognition motifs chaperones can select for early, mid or late folding intermediates. Another major contributor to chaperone specificity are the co-chaperones they interact with as well as the sub-cellular location they are expressed in and the inducability of their expression. Some chaperones which have only one or a few known substrates are reported. In their case the mode of recognition seems to be specific structural complementarity between chaperone and substrate. It can be concluded that the vast majority of chaperones do not show a high degree of specificity but recognize elements that signal non-native protein conformation and their substrate range is modulated by the context they function in. However a few chaperones are known that display exquisite specificity of their substrate e.g. mammalian heat shock protein 47 collagen interaction. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(9):647-659, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipayan Bose
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, Kolkata, India
| | - Abhijit Chakrabarti
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, Kolkata, India
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Shah MA, Ullah R, March MD, Shah MS, Ismat F, Habib M, Iqbal M, Onesti S, Rahman M. Overexpression and characterization of the 100K protein of Fowl adenovirus-4 as an antiviral target. Virus Res 2017; 238:218-225. [PMID: 28666898 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
100K is an important scaffolding protein of adenoviruses including fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) that causes inclusion body hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (IBH-HPS) in poultry. 100K carries out the trimerization of the major capsid hexon protein of the virus for the generation of new virions inside the target host cells. Despite its critical role for FAdV-4, no structural study, in particular, has been conducted so far. Here, the overexpression of soluble 100K protein was successfully carried out in E. coli using various expression constructs and purification yield of 3mg per litre culture volume was obtained. Gel filtration chromatography suggested that 100K protein exists in trimeric form. Circular dichroism and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy clearly reveal that 100K protein folds with a high content of α-helices. The 3-dimentional homology model of the 100K protein, refined with molecular dynamics tools also depicts higher α-helical content within the protein model. Moreover, overexpressed recombinant 100K protein could be used to differentiate vaccinated and FAdV-4 infected chickens on the basis of higher serum anti 100K antibody titres. Our work provides preliminary structural and functional results to study biological role of the 100K protein and for further investigations to develop 100K inhibitors to control IBH-HPS in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ali Shah
- Drug Discovery and Structural Biology Group, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan; Structural Biology Laboratory, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza 34149, Trieste, Italy; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, P.O. Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Raheem Ullah
- Drug Discovery and Structural Biology Group, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan; Structural Biology Laboratory, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza 34149, Trieste, Italy; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, P.O. Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Matteo De March
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Muhammad Salahuddin Shah
- Drug Discovery and Structural Biology Group, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan; Vaccine Development Group, Animal Sciences Division, NIAB, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Fouzia Ismat
- Drug Discovery and Structural Biology Group, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, P.O. Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mudasser Habib
- Vaccine Development Group, Animal Sciences Division, NIAB, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Iqbal
- Drug Discovery and Structural Biology Group, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, P.O. Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Silvia Onesti
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Moazur Rahman
- Drug Discovery and Structural Biology Group, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, P.O. Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Kang M, Cha SY, Jang HK. Tropism and infectivity of duck-derived egg drop syndrome virus in chickens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177236. [PMID: 28481913 PMCID: PMC5421797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Egg drop syndrome virus (EDSV) can markedly decrease egg production in laying hens. Duck is the natural host of EDSV. EDSV derived from ducks abrogate egg drop in laying hens. We have previously confirmed that duck-derived EDSVs have a variety of replication activities in chick embryo liver (CEL) cells. However, it is currently unclear whether duck-derived EDSV could display tropism and adaptation in laying hens. This study assessed whether duck-derived EDSV can adapt to laying hens, and estimated the inducing factors. Complete genome sequences of duck-derived EDSVs (D11-JW-012, D11-JW-017, and D11-JW-032 isolates) with various replication efficiency in CEL cells and C10-GY-001 isolate causing disease in laying hens were analyzed to find their differences. Phylogenetic analysis of complete genome sequence revealed that C10-GY-001, D11-JW-032, and strain 127 virus as vaccine were clustered into the same group, with D11-JW-012 and D11-JW-017 clustered in another group. Comparison between D11-JW-012 isolate that poorly replicated and D11-JW-017 isolate that replicated well in CEL cells in same cluster revealed six amino acid differences on IVa2, DNA polymerase, endopeptidase, and DNA-binding protein. These amino acids might be key candidates enhancing cellular tropism in chicken. When the pathogenicities of these isolates in laying hens were compared, D11-JW-032 showed severe signs similar to 127 virus, D11-JW-017 showed intermediate signs, while D11-JW-012 showed almost no sign. Eleven amino acids differed between D11-JW-032 and D11-JW-017, and 17 amino acids were different between D11-JW-032 and D11-JW-012. These results suggest that EDSVs derived from ducks have various pathogenicities in laying hens. Key amino acid candidates might have altered their affinity to tropism of laying hens, causing difference pathogenicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Se-Yeoun Cha
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Kwan Jang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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12
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Shah MS, Ashraf A, Khan MI, Rahman M, Habib M, Chughtai MI, Qureshi JA. Fowl adenovirus: history, emergence, biology and development of a vaccine against hydropericardium syndrome. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1833-1843. [PMID: 28283816 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3313-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The poultry industry has emerged as one of the largest and fastest growing public sectors in the developed and developing countries. Unfortunately, this industry is under a major threat from diseases that are viral (Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease, influenza, hydropericardium syndrome), bacterial (colibacillosis, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis, mycoplasmosis), parasitic (coccidiosis, histoplasmosis) or nutritional (dyschondroplasia, osteoporosis). Among these diseases, hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) is one of the important emerging diseases occurring in the specific areas of the world where broilers (chickens) are reared under intensive conditions. HPS was first observed in 1987 at Angara Goth, an area near Karachi, Pakistan, where broilers are raised. Since then, HPS has been reported in many countries of the world. From these reported cases, an adenovirus that was either isolated from or visualized electron microscopically in the liver of affected broilers has been implicated in the syndrome. The syndrome has been reproduced by inoculation of isolated fowl adenovirus (FAdV) strains, and hence, the syndrome is also called infectious hydropericardium syndrome. To our knowledge, HPS has not been observed in humans, so it is not considered a zoonotic disease, but it is of economic importance and causes huge losses to the poultry industry. Efforts have been made to develop conventional vaccines against this disease, which were formulated from infected liver homogenate. Formalin-inactivated liver organ vaccines have failed to protect the poultry industry. Hence, there is a dire need to develop a suitable vaccine to combat this disease. Currently, recombinant vaccine candidates are being developed by using molecular biology and biotechnological approaches for the prevention and control of infectious diseases, including HPS. Therefore, it is suggested that the immunogenicity of these recombinant proteins should be evaluated for their use as subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Shah
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, USA.
- National Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - A Ashraf
- Department of Zoology, G.C University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M I Khan
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, USA
| | - M Rahman
- National Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M Habib
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M I Chughtai
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - J A Qureshi
- National Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
- University of Lahore, Defense Road, Lahore, Pakistan
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13
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Ahi YS, Mittal SK. Components of Adenovirus Genome Packaging. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1503. [PMID: 27721809 PMCID: PMC5033970 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses (AdVs) are icosahedral viruses with double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. Genome packaging in AdV is thought to be similar to that seen in dsDNA containing icosahedral bacteriophages and herpesviruses. Specific recognition of the AdV genome is mediated by a packaging domain located close to the left end of the viral genome and is mediated by the viral packaging machinery. Our understanding of the role of various components of the viral packaging machinery in AdV genome packaging has greatly advanced in recent years. Characterization of empty capsids assembled in the absence of one or more components involved in packaging, identification of the unique vertex, and demonstration of the role of IVa2, the putative packaging ATPase, in genome packaging have provided compelling evidence that AdVs follow a sequential assembly pathway. This review provides a detailed discussion on the functions of the various viral and cellular factors involved in AdV genome packaging. We conclude by briefly discussing the roles of the empty capsids, assembly intermediates, scaffolding proteins, portal vertex and DNA encapsidating enzymes in AdV assembly and packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadvinder S Ahi
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA; Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Suresh K Mittal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA; Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA; Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
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14
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Yan J, Dong J, Wu J, Zhu R, Wang Z, Wang B, Wang L, Wang Z, Zhang H, Wu H, Yu B, Kong W, Yu X. Interaction between hexon and L4-100K determines virus rescue and growth of hexon-chimeric recombinant Ad5 vectors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22464. [PMID: 26934960 PMCID: PMC4776158 DOI: 10.1038/srep22464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunogenicity of recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5) vectors has been shown to be suppressed by neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) directed primarily against hexon hypervariable regions (HVRs). Preexisting immunity can be circumvented by replacing HVRs of rAd5 hexon with those derived from alternate adenovirus serotypes. However, chimeric modification of rAd5 hexon HVRs tends to cause low packaging efficiency or low proliferation of rAd5 vectors, but the related mechanism remains unclear. In this study, several Ad5-based vectors with precise replacement of HVRs with those derived from Ad37 and Ad43 were generated. We first observed that a HVR-exchanged rAd5 vector displayed a higher efficacy of the recombinant virus rescue and growth improvement compared with the rAd5 vector, although most hexon-chimeric rAd5 vectors constructed by us and other groups have proven to be nonviable or growth defective. We therefore evaluated the structural stability of the chimeric hexons and their interactions with the L4-100K chaperone. We showed that the viability of hexon-chimeric Ad5 vectors was not attributed to the structural stability of the chimeric hexon, but rather to the hexon maturation which was assisted by L4-100K. Our results suggested that the intricate interaction between hexon and L4-100K would determine the virus rescue and proliferation efficiency of hexon-chimeric rAd5 vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianing Dong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Baoming Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lizheng Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Haihong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hui Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Bin Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xianghui Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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15
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Dar A, Tipu M, Townsend H, Potter A, Gerdts V, Tikoo S. Administration of Poly[di(sodium carboxylatoethylphenoxy)phosphazene] (PCEP) and Avian Beta Defensin as Adjuvants in Inactivated Inclusion Body Hepatitis Virus and its Hexon Protein-Based Experimental Vaccine Formulations in Chickens. Avian Dis 2016; 59:518-24. [PMID: 26629626 DOI: 10.1637/11202-052815-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) is one of the major infectious diseases adversely affecting the poultry industry of the United States and Canada. Currently, no effective and safe vaccine is available for the control of IBH virus (IBHV) infection in chickens. However, based on the excellent safety and immunogenic profiles of experimental veterinary vaccines developed with the use of new generation adjuvants, we hypothesized that characterization of vaccine formulations containing inactivated IBHV or its capsid protein hexon as antigens, along with poly[di(sodium carboxylatoethylphenoxy)phosphazene] (PCEP) and avian beta defensin 2 (ABD2) as vaccine adjuvants, will be helpful in development of an effective and safe vaccine formulation for IBH. Our data demonstrated that experimental administration of vaccine formulations containing inactivated IBHV and a mixture of PCEP with or without ABD2 as an adjuvant induced significantly higher antibody responses compared with other vaccine formulations, while hexon protein-based vaccine formulations showed relatively lower levels of antibody responses. Thus, a vaccine formulation containing inactivated IBHV with PCEP or a mixture of PCEP and ABD2 (with a reduced dosage of PCEP) as an adjuvant may serve as a potential vaccine candidate. However, in order to overcome the risks associated with whole virus inactivated vaccines, characterization of additional viral capsid proteins, including fiber protein and penton of IBHV along with hexon protein in combination with more new generation adjuvants, will be helpful in further improvements of vaccines against IBHV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshud Dar
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan SK, Canada S7N 5E3
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16
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Shah MS, Ashraf A, Khan MI, Rahman M, Habib M, Qureshi JA. Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of 100K gene of fowl adenovirus-4 for prevention and control of hydropericardium syndrome. Biologicals 2015; 44:19-23. [PMID: 26558992 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fowl adenovirus-4 is an infectious agent causing Hydropericardium syndrome in chickens. Adenovirus are non-enveloped virions having linear, double stranded DNA. Viral genome codes for few structural and non structural proteins. 100K is an important non-structural viral protein. Open reading frame for coding sequence of 100K protein was cloned with oligo histidine tag and expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein. Nucleotide sequence of the gene revealed that 100K gene of FAdV-4 has high homology (98%) with the respective gene of FAdV-10. Recombinant 100K protein was expressed in E. coli and purified by nickel affinity chromatography. Immunization of chickens with recombinant 100K protein elicited significant serum antibody titers. However challenge protection test revealed that 100K protein conferred little protection (40%) to the immunized chicken against pathogenic viral challenge. So it was concluded that 100K gene has 2397 bp length and recombinant 100K protein has molecular weight of 95 kDa. It was also found that the recombinant protein has little capacity to affect the immune response because in-spite of having an important role in intracellular transport & folding of viral capsid proteins during viral replication, it is not exposed on the surface of the virus at any stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Shah
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Drug Discovery and Structural Biology Group, Health Biotechnology Division, NIBGE, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - A Ashraf
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M I Khan
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - M Rahman
- Drug Discovery and Structural Biology Group, Health Biotechnology Division, NIBGE, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M Habib
- Vaccine Development Group, Animal Sciences Division, NIAB, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - J A Qureshi
- Drug Discovery and Structural Biology Group, Health Biotechnology Division, NIBGE, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Institute for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Pakistan
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17
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Makadiya N, Gaba A, Tikoo SK. Cleavage of bovine adenovirus type 3 non-structural 100K protein by protease is required for nuclear localization in infected cells but is not essential for virus replication. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2749-2763. [PMID: 26033117 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The L6 region of bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAdV-3) encodes a non-structural protein named 100K. Rabbit antiserum raised against BAdV-3 100K recognized a protein of 130 kDa at 12-24 h and proteins of 130, 100, 95 and 15 kDa at 36-48 h after BAdV-3 infection. The 100K species localized to the nucleus and the cytoplasm of BAdV-3-infected cells. In contrast, 100K localized predominantly to the cytoplasm of the transfected cells. However, BAdV-3 infection of cells transfected with 100K-enhanced yellow fluorescent protein-expressing plasmid detected fluorescent protein in the nucleus of the cells, suggesting that other viral proteins may be required for the nuclear localization of 100K. Interaction of BAdV-3 100K with BAdV-3 33K protein did not alter the cytoplasmic localization of 100K. However, co-expression of BAdV-3 100K and BAdV-3 protease localized 100K to the nucleolus of the transfected cells. Subsequent analysis suggested that BAdV-3 protease cleaves 100K at two identified potential protease cleavage sites (aa 740-745 and 781-786) in transfected or BAdV-3-infected cells. The cleaved C terminus (107 aa) was localized to the nucleolus of the transfected cells. Further analysis suggested that the cleaved C terminus contains a bipartite nuclear localization signal and utilizes import receptor importin-α3 of the classical importin-α/β transport pathway for nuclear transport. Successful isolation of recombinant BAdV-3 expressing mutant 100K (substitution of alanine for glycine in the potential protease cleavage site) suggested that cytoplasmic cleavage of BAdV-3 100K by adenoviral protease is not essential for virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirajkumar Makadiya
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3 Canada.,Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3 Canada
| | - Amit Gaba
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3 Canada.,Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3 Canada
| | - Suresh K Tikoo
- Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3 Canada.,VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3 Canada.,Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutics program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3 Canada
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18
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Zhang B, Yan Y, Jin J, Lin H, Li Z, Zhang X, Liu J, Xi C, Lieber A, Fan X, Ran L. Two types of functionally distinct fiber containing structural protein complexes are produced during infection of adenovirus serotype 5. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117976. [PMID: 25723153 PMCID: PMC4344211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses are common pathogens. The localization of their receptors coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor, and desmoglein-2 in cell-cell junction complexes between polarized epithelial cells represents a major challenge for adenovirus infection from the apical surface. Structural proteins including hexon, penton base and fiber are excessively produced in serotype 5 adenovirus (Ad5)-infected cells. We have characterized the composition of structural protein complexes released from Ad5 infected cells and their capacity in remodeling cell-cell junction complexes. Using T84 cells as a model for polarized epithelium, we have studied the effect of Ad5 structural protein complexes in remodeling cell-cell junctions in polarized epithelium. The initial Ad5 infection in T84 cell culture was inefficient. However, progressive distortion of cell-cell junction in association with fiber release was evident during progression of Ad5 infection. Incubation of T84 cell cultures with virion-free supernatant from Ad5 infected culture resulted in distortion of cell-cell junctions and decreased infectivity of Ad5-GFP vector. We used gel filtration chromatography to fractionate fiber containing virion–free supernatant from Ad5 infected culture supernatant. Fiber containing fractions were further characterized for their capacity to inhibit the infection of Ad5-GFP vector, their composition in adenovirus structural proteins using western blot and LC-MS/MS and their capacity in remolding cell-cell junctions. Fiber molecules in complexes containing penton base and hexon, or mainly hexon were identified. Only the fiber complexes with relatively high content of penton base, but not the fiber-hexon complexes with low penton base, were able to penetrate into T84 cells and cause distortion of cell-cell junctions. Our findings suggest that these two types of fiber complexes may play different roles in adenoviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhua Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zongyi Li
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Xi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Andre Lieber
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Xiaolong Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XF); (LR)
| | - Liang Ran
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XF); (LR)
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19
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Abstract
Viral particles consist essentially of a proteinaceous capsid protecting a genome and involved also in many functions during the virus life cycle. In simple viruses, the capsid consists of a number of copies of the same, or a few different proteins organized into a symmetric oligomer. Structurally complex viruses present a larger variety of components in their capsids than simple viruses. They may contain accessory proteins with specific architectural or functional roles; or incorporate non-proteic elements such as lipids. They present a range of geometrical variability, from slight deviations from the icosahedral symmetry to complete asymmetry or even pleomorphism. Putting together the many different elements in the virion requires an extra effort to achieve correct assembly, and thus complex viruses require sophisticated mechanisms to regulate morphogenesis. This chapter provides a general view of the structure and assembly of complex viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio G. Mateu
- "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC_UAM), And Dept. of Molecular Biology, Centro de Biología Molecular, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049 Madrid Spain
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20
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Amino acid exchanges in the putative nuclear export signal of adenovirus type 5 L4-100K severely reduce viral progeny due to effects on hexon biogenesis. J Virol 2012; 87:1893-8. [PMID: 23175361 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02061-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenovirus type 5 nonstructural L4-100K protein is indispensable for efficient lytic infection. During the late phase, L4-100K promotes selective translation of viral late transcripts and mediates the trimerization of the major capsid protein hexon. In the present study, the role of a potential nuclear export signal in L4-100K was investigated. Intriguingly, amino acid substitutions in this sequence resulted in severely diminished progeny virus production, seemingly by precluding proper hexon biogenesis.
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21
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Young AM, Archibald KM, Tookman LA, Pool A, Dudek K, Jones C, Williams SL, Pirlo KJ, Willis AE, Lockley M, McNeish IA. Failure of translation of human adenovirus mRNA in murine cancer cells can be partially overcome by L4-100K expression in vitro and in vivo. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1676-88. [PMID: 22735379 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses may be vital in the overall efficacy of oncolytic viruses in human malignancies. However, immune responses to oncolytic adenoviruses are poorly understood because these viruses lack activity in murine cells, which precludes evaluation in immunocompetent murine cancer models. We have evaluated human adenovirus activity in murine cells. We show that a panel of murine carcinoma cells, including CMT64, MOVCAR7, and MOSEC/ID8, can readily be infected with human adenovirus. These cells also support viral gene transcription, messenger RNA (mRNA) processing, and genome replication. However, there is a profound failure of adenovirus protein synthesis, especially late structural proteins, both in vitro and in vivo, with reduced loading of late mRNA onto ribosomes. Our data also show that in trans expression of the nonstructural late protein L4-100K increases both the amount of viral mRNA on ribosomes and the synthesis of late proteins, accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of eIF2α and improved anticancer efficacy. These results suggest that murine models that support human adenovirus replication could be generated, thus allowing evaluation of human adenoviruses in immunocompetent mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Mary Young
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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22
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Schmid M, Gonzalez RA, Dobner T. CRM1-dependent transport supports cytoplasmic accumulation of adenoviral early transcripts. J Virol 2012; 86:2282-92. [PMID: 22171254 PMCID: PMC3302419 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06275-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The life cycle of adenoviruses is divided by convention into early and late phases, separated by the onset of viral genome replication. Early events include virus adsorption, transport of the genome into the nucleus, and the expression of early genes. After the onset of viral DNA replication, transcription of the major late transcription unit (MLTU) and thereby synthesis of late proteins is induced. These steps are controlled by an orchestra of regulatory processes and require import of the genome and numerous viral proteins into the nucleus, as well as active transport of viral transcripts and proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The latter is achieved by exploiting the shuttling functions of cellular transport receptors, which normally stimulate the nuclear export of cellular mRNA and protein cargos. A set of adenoviral early and late proteins contains a leucine-rich nuclear export signal of the HIV-1 Rev type, known to be recognized by the cellular export receptor CRM1. However, a role for CRM1-dependent export in supporting adenoviral replication has not been established. To address this issue in detail, we investigated the impact of two different CRM1 inhibitors on several steps of the adenoviral life cycle. Inhibition of CRM1 led to a reduction in viral early and late gene expression, viral genome replication, and progeny virus production. For the first time, our findings indicate that CRM1-dependent shuttling is required for the efficient export of adenoviral early mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Schmid
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
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23
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Szolajska E, Chroboczek J. Faithful chaperones. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3307-22. [PMID: 21655914 PMCID: PMC3181412 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0740-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the properties of some rare eukaryotic chaperones that each assist in the folding of only one target protein. In particular, we describe (1) the tubulin cofactors, (2) p47, which assists in the folding of collagen, (3) α-hemoglobin stabilizing protein (AHSP), (4) the adenovirus L4-100 K protein, which is a chaperone of the major structural viral protein, hexon, and (5) HYPK, the huntingtin-interacting protein. These various-sized proteins (102–1,190 amino acids long) are all involved in the folding of oligomeric polypeptides but are otherwise functionally unique, as they each assist only one particular client. This raises a question regarding the biosynthetic cost of the high-level production of such chaperones. As the clients of faithful chaperones are all abundant proteins that are essential cellular or viral components, it is conceivable that this necessary metabolic expenditure withstood evolutionary pressure to minimize biosynthetic costs. Nevertheless, the complexity of the folding pathways in which these chaperones are involved results in error-prone processes. Several human disorders associated with these chaperones are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szolajska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02106 Warsaw, Poland
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24
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Unity and diversity in the human adenoviruses: exploiting alternative entry pathways for gene therapy. Biochem J 2010; 431:321-36. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20100766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human Ads (adenoviruses) have been extensively utilized for the development of vectors for gene transfer, as they infect many cell types and do not integrate their genome into host-cell chromosomes. In addition, they have been widely studied as cytolytic viruses, termed oncolytic adenoviruses in cancer therapy. Ads are non-enveloped viruses with a linear double-stranded DNA genome of 30–38 kb which encodes 30–40 genes. At least 52 human Ad serotypes have been identified and classified into seven species, A–G. The Ad capsid has icosahedral symmetry and is composed of 252 capsomers, of which 240 are located on the facets of the capsid and consist of a trimeric hexon protein and the remaining 12 capsomers, the pentons, are at the vertices and comprise the penton base and projecting fibre protein. The entry of Ads into human cells is a two-step process. In the first step, the fibre protein mediates a primary interaction with the cell, effectively tethering the virus particle to the cell surface via a cellular attachment protein. The penton base then interacts with cell-surface integrins, leading to virus internalization. This interaction of the fibre protein with a number of cell-surface molecules appears to be important in determining the tropism of adenoviruses. Ads from all species, except species B and certain serotypes of species D, utilize CAR (coxsackie and adenovirus receptor) as their primary cellular-attachment protein, whereas most species B Ads use CD46, a complement regulatory protein. Such species-specific differences, as well as adaptations or modifications of Ads required for applications in gene therapy, form the major focus of the present review.
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25
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Granio O, Ashbourne Excoffon KJD, Henning P, Melin P, Norez C, Gonzalez G, Karp PH, Magnusson MK, Habib N, Lindholm L, Becq F, Boulanger P, Zabner J, Hong SS. Adenovirus 5-fiber 35 chimeric vector mediates efficient apical correction of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator defect in cystic fibrosis primary airway epithelia. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 21:251-69. [PMID: 19788389 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo gene transfer to the human respiratory tract by adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vectors has revealed their limitations related to inefficient gene transfer, host antiviral response, and innate adenoviral toxicity. In the present work, we compared the cytotoxicity and efficiency of Ad5 and a chimeric Ad5F35 vector with respect to CFTR gene transfer to cystic fibrosis (CF) and non-CF human airway epithelial cells. We found that high doses of Ad5 vector had an adverse effect on the function of exogenous and endogenous CFTR. Results obtained with Ad5 capsid mutants suggested that the RGD motifs on the penton base capsomers were responsible for the negative effect on CFTR function. This negative interference did not result from a lower level of biosynthesis and/or altered cellular trafficking of the CFTR protein, but rather from an indirect mechanism of functional blockage of CFTR, related to the RGD integrin-mediated endocytic pathway of Ad5. No negative interference with CFTR was observed for Ad5F35, an Ad5-based vector pseudotyped with fibers from Ad35, a serotype that uses another cell entry pathway. In vitro, Ad5F35 vector expressing the GFP-tagged CFTR (Ad5F35-GFP-CFTR) showed a 30-fold higher efficiency of transduction and chloride channel correction in CFTR-deficient cells, compared with Ad5GFP-CFTR. Ex vivo, Ad5F35-GFP-CFTR had the capacity to transduce efficiently reconstituted airway epithelia from patients with CF (CF-HAE) via the apical surface, restored chloride channel function at relatively low vector doses, and showed relatively stable expression of GFP-CFTR for several weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélia Granio
- Université Lyon I, Faculté de Médecine Claude Bernard and IFR Laennec, Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, CNRS FRE 3011, 69372 Lyon, France
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Abstract
DNA-tumor viruses comprise enveloped and non-enveloped agents that cause malignancies in a large variety of cell types and tissues by interfering with cell cycle control and immortalization. Those DNA-tumor viruses that replicate in the nucleus use cellular mechanisms to transport their genome and newly synthesized viral proteins into the nucleus. This requires cytoplasmic transport and nuclear import of their genome. Agents that employ this strategy include adenoviruses, hepadnaviruses, herpesviruses, and likely also papillomaviruses, and polyomaviruses, but not poxviruses which replicate in the cytoplasm. Here, we discuss how DNA-tumor viruses enter cells, take advantage of cytoplasmic transport, and import their DNA genome through the nuclear pore complex into the nucleus. Remarkably, nuclear import of incoming genomes does not necessarily follow the same pathways used by the structural proteins of the viruses during the replication and assembly phases of the viral life cycle. Understanding the mechanisms of DNA nuclear import can identify new pathways of cell regulation and anti-viral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs F Greber
- Institute of Zoology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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Improved adenovirus type 5 vector-mediated transduction of resistant cells by piggybacking on coxsackie B-adenovirus receptor-pseudotyped baculovirus. J Virol 2009; 83:6048-66. [PMID: 19357170 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00012-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Taking advantage of the wide tropism of baculoviruses (BVs), we constructed a recombinant BV (BV(CAR)) pseudotyped with human coxsackie B-adenovirus receptor (CAR), the high-affinity attachment receptor for adenovirus type 5 (Ad5), and used the strategy of piggybacking Ad5-green fluorescent protein (Ad5GFP) vector on BV(CAR) to transduce various cells refractory to Ad5 infection. We found that transduction of all cells tested, including human primary cells and cancer cell lines, was significantly improved using the BV(CAR)-Ad5GFP biviral complex compared to that obtained with Ad5GFP or BV(CAR)GFP alone. We determined the optimal conditions for the formation of the complex and found that a high level of BV(CAR)-Ad5GFP-mediated transduction occurred at relatively low adenovirus vector doses, compared with transduction by Ad5GFP alone. The increase in transduction was dependent on the direct coupling of BV(CAR) to Ad5GFP via CAR-fiber knob interaction, and the cell attachment of the BV(CAR)-Ad5GFP complex was mediated by the baculoviral envelope glycoprotein gp64. Analysis of the virus-cell binding reaction indicated that the presence of BV(CAR) in the complex provided kinetic benefits to Ad5GFP compared to the effects with Ad5GFP alone. The endocytic pathway of BV(CAR)-Ad5GFP did not require Ad5 penton base RGD-integrin interaction. Biodistribution of BV(CAR)-Ad5Luc complex in vivo was studied by intravenous administration to nude BALB/c mice and compared to Ad5Luc injected alone. No significant difference in viscerotropism was found between the two inocula, and the liver remained the preferred localization. In vitro, coagulation factor X drastically increased the Ad5GFP-mediated transduction of CAR-negative cells but had no effect on the efficiency of transduction by the BV(CAR)-Ad5GFP complex. Various situations in vitro or ex vivo in which our BV(CAR)-Ad5 duo could be advantageously used as gene transfer biviral vector are discussed.
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Arginine methylation of human adenovirus type 5 L4 100-kilodalton protein is required for efficient virus production. J Virol 2009; 83:4778-90. [PMID: 19264777 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02493-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) late region 4 (L4) 100-kDa nonstructural protein (L4-100K) mediates inhibition of cellular protein synthesis and selective translation of tripartite leader (TL)-containing viral late mRNAs via ribosome shunting. In addition, L4-100K has been implicated in the trimerization and nuclear localization of hexon protein. We previously proved that L4-100K is a substrate of the protein arginine methylation machinery, an emergent posttranslational modification system involved in a growing list of cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, cell signaling, RNA processing, and DNA repair. As understood at present, L4-100K arginine methylation involves protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1), which asymmetrically dimethylates arginines embedded in arginine-glycine-glycine (RGG) or glycine-arginine-rich (GAR) domains. To identify the methylated arginine residues and assess the role of L4-100K arginine methylation, we generated amino acid substitution mutations in the RGG and GAR motifs to examine their effects in Ad-infected and plasmid-transfected cells. Arginine-to-glycine exchanges in the RGG boxes significantly diminished L4-100K methylation in the course of an infection and substantially reduced virus growth, demonstrating that L4-100K methylation in RGG motifs is an important host cell function required for efficient Ad replication. Our data further indicate that PRMT1-catalyzed arginine methylation in the RGG boxes regulates the binding of L4-100K to hexon and promotes the capsid assembly of the structural protein as well as modulating TL-mRNA interaction. Furthermore, substitutions in GAR, but not RGG, regions affected L4-100K nuclear import, implying that the nuclear localization signal of L4-100K is located within the GAR sequence.
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Interaction of bovine adenovirus-3 33K protein with other viral proteins. Virology 2008; 381:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Franqueville L, Henning P, Magnusson M, Vigne E, Schoehn G, Blair-Zajdel ME, Habib N, Lindholm L, Blair GE, Hong SS, Boulanger P. Protein crystals in Adenovirus type 5-infected cells: requirements for intranuclear crystallogenesis, structural and functional analysis. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2894. [PMID: 18682854 PMCID: PMC2488365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intranuclear crystalline inclusions have been observed in the nucleus of epithelial cells infected with Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) at late steps of the virus life cycle. Using immuno-electron microscopy and confocal microscopy of cells infected with various Ad5 recombinants modified in their penton base or fiber domains, we found that these inclusions represented crystals of penton capsomers, the heteromeric capsid protein formed of penton base and fiber subunits. The occurrence of protein crystals within the nucleus of infected cells required the integrity of the fiber knob and part of the shaft domain. In the knob domain, the region overlapping residues 489-492 in the FG loop was found to be essential for crystal formation. In the shaft, a large deletion of repeats 4 to 16 had no detrimental effect on crystal inclusions, whereas deletion of repeats 8 to 21 abolished crystal formation without altering the level of fiber protein expression. This suggested a crucial role of the five penultimate repeats in the crystallisation process. Chimeric pentons made of Ad5 penton base and fiber domains from different serotypes were analyzed with respect to crystal formation. No crystal was found when fiber consisted of shaft (S) from Ad5 and knob (K) from Ad3 (heterotypic S5-K3 fiber), but occurred with homotypic S3K3 fiber. However, less regular crystals were observed with homotypic S35-K35 fiber. TB5, a monoclonal antibody directed against the Ad5 fiber knob was found by immunofluorescence microscopy to react with high efficiency with the intranuclear protein crystals in situ. Data obtained with Ad fiber mutants indicated that the absence of crystalline inclusions correlated with a lower infectivity and/or lower yields of virus progeny, suggesting that the protein crystals might be involved in virion assembly. Thus, we propose that TB5 staining of Ad-infected 293 cells can be used as a prognostic assay for the viability and productivity of fiber-modified Ad5 vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Franqueville
- Université Lyon I, Faculté de Médecine Laënnec, Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, CNRS-FRE-3011, Lyon, France
| | - Petra Henning
- Institute for Biomedicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Got-A-Gene AB, Östra Kyviksvägen 18, Kullavik, Sweden
| | - Maria Magnusson
- Institute for Biomedicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Got-A-Gene AB, Östra Kyviksvägen 18, Kullavik, Sweden
| | - Emmanuelle Vigne
- Sanofi-Avantis, Centre de Recherches de Vitry, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Guy Schoehn
- Université de Grenoble Joseph Fourier (UJF), Unit for Virus-Host Cell Interactions, UMR-5233 UJF-EMBL-CNRS, and Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, UMR-5075 CEA-CNRS-UJF, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Nagy Habib
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Technology, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leif Lindholm
- Got-A-Gene AB, Östra Kyviksvägen 18, Kullavik, Sweden
| | - G. Eric Blair
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Saw See Hong
- Université Lyon I, Faculté de Médecine Laënnec, Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, CNRS-FRE-3011, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Boulanger
- Université Lyon I, Faculté de Médecine Laënnec, Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, CNRS-FRE-3011, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie Médicale, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
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Robinson CM, Shariati F, Gillaspy AF, Dyer DW, Chodosh J. Genomic and bioinformatics analysis of human adenovirus type 37: new insights into corneal tropism. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:213. [PMID: 18471294 PMCID: PMC2397415 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human adenovirus type 37 (HAdV-37) is a major etiologic agent of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, a common and severe eye infection associated with long-term visual morbidity due to persistent corneal inflammation. While HAdV-37 has been known for over 20 years as an important cause, the complete genome sequence of this serotype has yet to be reported. A detailed bioinformatics analysis of the genome sequence of HAdV-37 is extremely important to understanding its unique pathogenicity in the eye. Results We sequenced and annotated the complete genome of HAdV-37, and performed genomic and bioinformatics comparisons with other HAdVs to identify differences that might underlie the unique corneal tropism of HAdV-37. Global pairwise genome alignment with HAdV-9, a human species D adenovirus not associated with corneal infection, revealed areas of non-conserved sequence principally in genes for the virus fiber (site of host cell binding), penton (host cell internalization signal), hexon (principal viral capsid structural protein), and E3 (site of several genes that mediate evasion of the host immune system). Phylogenetic analysis revealed close similarities between predicted proteins from HAdV-37 of species D and HAdVs from species B and E. However, virtual 2D gel analyses of predicted viral proteins uncovered unexpected differences in pI and/or size of specific proteins thought to be highly similar by phylogenetics. Conclusion This genomic and bioinformatics analysis of the HAdV-37 genome provides a valuable tool for understanding the corneal tropism of this clinically important virus. Although disparities between HAdV-37 and other HAdV within species D in genes encoding structural and host receptor-binding proteins were to some extent expected, differences in the E3 region suggest as yet unknown roles for this area of the genome. The whole genome comparisons and virtual 2D gel analyses reported herein suggest potent areas for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Robinson
- Molecular Pathogenesis of Eye Infection Research Center, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, 608 Stanton L, Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Schulz R, Zhang YB, Liu CJ, Freimuth P. Thiamine diphosphate binds to intermediates in the assembly of adenovirus fiber knob trimers in Escherichia coli. Protein Sci 2007; 16:2684-93. [PMID: 17965194 DOI: 10.1110/ps.072805007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Assembly of the adenovirus (Ad) homotrimeric fiber protein is nucleated by its C-terminal knob domain, which itself can trimerize when expressed as a recombinant protein fragment. The non-interlocked, globular structure of subunits in the knob trimer implies that trimers assemble from prefolded monomers through a dimer intermediate, but these intermediates have not been observed and the mechanism of assembly therefore remains uncharacterized. Here we report that expression of the Ad serotype 2 (Ad2) knob was toxic for thi- strains of Escherichia coli, which are defective in de novo synthesis of thiamine (vitamin B1). Ad2 knob trimers isolated from a thi+ strain copurified through multiple chromatography steps with a small molecule of mass equivalent to that of thiamine diphosphate (ThDP). Mutant analysis did not implicate any specific site for ThDP binding. Our results suggest that ThDP may associate with assembly intermediates and become trapped in assembled trimers, possibly within one of several large cavities that are partially solvent-accessible or buried completely within the trimer interior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Schulz
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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Abstract
Theadenovirus type 5 (Ad5) E1B-55K and E4orf6 proteins are required together to stimulate viral late nuclear mRNA export to the cytoplasm and to restrict host cell nuclear mRNA export during the late phase of infection. Previous studies have shown that these two viral proteins interact with the cellular proteins elongins B and C, cullin 5, RBX1, and additional cellular proteins to form an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that polyubiquitinates p53 and probably one or more subunits of the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex, directing their proteasomal degradation. The MRN complex is required for cellular DNA double-strand break repair and induction of the DNA damage response by adenovirus infection. To determine if the ability of E1B-55K and E4orf6 to stimulate viral late mRNA nuclear export requires the ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of this viral ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, we designed and expressed a dominant-negative mutant form of cullin 5 in HeLa cells before infection with wild-type Ad5 or the E1B-55K null mutant dl1520. The dominant-negative cullin 5 protein stabilized p53 and the MRN complex, indicating that it inhibited the viral ubiquitin-protein ligase but had no effect on viral early mRNA synthesis, early protein synthesis, or viral DNA replication. However, expression of the dominant-negative cullin 5 protein caused a decrease in viral late protein synthesis and viral nuclear mRNA export similar to the phenotype produced by mutations in E1B-55K. We conclude that the stimulation of adenovirus late mRNA nuclear export by E1B-55K and E4orf6 results from the ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of the adenovirus ubiquitin-protein ligase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Woo
- Molecular Biology Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Myhre S, Henning P, Granio O, Tylö AS, Nygren PA, Olofsson S, Boulanger P, Lindholm L, Hong SS. Decreased immune reactivity towards a knobless, affibody-targeted adenovirus type 5 vector. Gene Ther 2006; 14:376-81. [PMID: 17036056 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a prototype Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vector deleted of the fiber knob domain and carrying an Affibody molecule as the targeting ligand showed decreased susceptibility to human pre-existing antibodies. This vector, Ad5/R7-Z(taq)Z(taq), has short fibers carrying seven shaft repeats, a non-native trimerization signal and an affibody molecule (Z(taq)) reactive to Taq polymerase. Ad5/R7-Z(taq)Z(taq) could be specifically targeted to 293 cells stably expressing membrane-bound anti-Z(taq) idiotypic affibody called Z(ztaq) (293Z(ztaq)). Sera from 50 blood donors were analyzed for neutralization activity (NA) against the parental Ad5/Fiwt vector and knobless Ad5/R7-Z(taq)Z(taq) on 293Z(ztaq) cells. Twenty-three sera had NA titers (> or =1:64) against Ad5/Fiwt (46%) and only two against Ad5/R7-Z(taq)Z(taq) (4%). Characterization of sera with NA titers showed that the knob domain is one of the targets of the antibodies. Neutralization assays using sera pre-adsorbed on knob and hexon proteins showed that the NA of the sera was carried mainly by anti-knob and anti-hexon antibodies, but in certain sera the anti-hexon antibodies represent the major population of the neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Our results suggested that a combination of knob deletion and hexon switching could be an effective strategy for Ad vectors to better evade the anti-Ad NAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Myhre
- Got-A-Gene AB, Ostra Kyviksvägen 18, Kullavik, Sweden
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Reddy PS, Ganesh S, Knowles NJ, Kaleko M, Connelly S, Bristol A. Complete sequence and organization of the human adenovirus serotype 46 genome. Virus Res 2006; 116:119-28. [PMID: 16242804 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 09/17/2005] [Accepted: 09/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Out of 51 human adenoviral serotypes recognized to date, 32 of them belong to species D. Members of species D adenoviruses are commonly isolated from immune suppressed patients (organ transplant) and patients suffering from AIDS. The role of species D adenoviruses in pathogenesis is currently unclear. To derive new insights into the genetic content and evolution of species D adenoviruses and as a first step towards development of human adenovirus serotype 46 (Ad46) as vector, the complete nucleotide sequence of the virus was determined. The size of the genome is 35,178 bp in length with a G+C content of 56.9%. All the early and late region genes are present in the expected locations of the genome. The deduced amino acid sequences of all late region genes, with the exception of fiber, exhibited high degree of homology with the corresponding proteins of other adenoviruses. The deduced amino acid sequences of early regions E1, E3 and E4 showed a high degree of homology with the corresponding proteins of adenoviruses belonging to species D and less homology with the corresponding proteins of adenoviruses of other species. The homologues of Ad5 E3 region genes encoding 12.5K, gp19K, 10.4K, 14.5K and 14.7K are conserved in the genome of Ad46. However, the E3 region of Ad46 lacks genes encoding 6.7K and adenovirus death protein (ADP) but contains two additional open reading frames with a coding capacity of 433 and 281 amino acids. The fiber protein of Ad46 is 200 amino acids smaller than the fiber protein of Ad5 and contains only 10 pseudo-repeats in the shaft region. To facilitate the manipulation of the genome, the complete genome of Ad46 was cloned into a single bacterial plasmid. Following transfection into E1 complementing cell lines, the virus was recovered demonstrating the feasibility of viral genome manipulation for generation of recombinant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Seshidhar Reddy
- Genetic Therapy Inc., A Novartis Company, 9 West Watkins Mill Road Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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