1
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Kadeřábková N, Mahmood AJS, Furniss RCD, Mavridou DAI. Making a chink in their armor: Current and next-generation antimicrobial strategies against the bacterial cell envelope. Adv Microb Physiol 2023; 83:221-307. [PMID: 37507160 PMCID: PMC10517717 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria are uniquely equipped to defeat antibiotics. Their outermost layer, the cell envelope, is a natural permeability barrier that contains an array of resistance proteins capable of neutralizing most existing antimicrobials. As a result, its presence creates a major obstacle for the treatment of resistant infections and for the development of new antibiotics. Despite this seemingly impenetrable armor, in-depth understanding of the cell envelope, including structural, functional and systems biology insights, has promoted efforts to target it that can ultimately lead to the generation of new antibacterial therapies. In this article, we broadly overview the biology of the cell envelope and highlight attempts and successes in generating inhibitors that impair its function or biogenesis. We argue that the very structure that has hampered antibiotic discovery for decades has untapped potential for the design of novel next-generation therapeutics against bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikol Kadeřábková
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Ayesha J S Mahmood
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - R Christopher D Furniss
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Despoina A I Mavridou
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States; John Ring LaMontagne Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
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2
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Clarke OE, Pelling H, Bennett V, Matsumoto T, Gregory GE, Nzakizwanayo J, Slate AJ, Preston A, Laabei M, Bock LJ, Wand ME, Ikebukuro K, Gebhard S, Sutton JM, Jones BV. Lipopolysaccharide structure modulates cationic biocide susceptibility and crystalline biofilm formation in Proteus mirabilis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1150625. [PMID: 37089543 PMCID: PMC10113676 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1150625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorhexidine (CHD) is a cationic biocide used ubiquitously in healthcare settings. Proteus mirabilis, an important pathogen of the catheterized urinary tract, and isolates of this species are often described as "resistant" to CHD-containing products used for catheter infection control. To identify the mechanisms underlying reduced CHD susceptibility in P. mirabilis, we subjected the CHD tolerant clinical isolate RS47 to random transposon mutagenesis and screened for mutants with reduced CHD minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). One mutant recovered from these screens (designated RS47-2) exhibited ~ 8-fold reduction in CHD MIC. Complete genome sequencing of RS47-2 showed a single mini-Tn5 insert in the waaC gene involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inner core biosynthesis. Phenotypic screening of RS47-2 revealed a significant increase in cell surface hydrophobicity and serum susceptibility compared to the wildtype, and confirmed defects in LPS production congruent with waaC inactivation. Disruption of waaC was also associated with increased susceptibility to a range of other cationic biocides but did not affect susceptibility to antibiotics tested. Complementation studies showed that repression of smvA efflux activity in RS47-2 further increased susceptibility to CHD and other cationic biocides, reducing CHD MICs to values comparable with the most CHD susceptible isolates characterized. The formation of crystalline biofilms and blockage of urethral catheters was also significantly attenuated in RS47-2. Taken together, these data show that aspects of LPS structure and upregulation of the smvA efflux system function in synergy to modulate susceptibility to CHD and other cationic biocides, and that LPS structure is also an important factor in P. mirabilis crystalline biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. E. Clarke
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - H. Pelling
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - V. Bennett
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - T. Matsumoto
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - G. E. Gregory
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - J. Nzakizwanayo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - A. J. Slate
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - A. Preston
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - M. Laabei
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - L. J. Bock
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - M. E. Wand
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - K. Ikebukuro
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S. Gebhard
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - J. M. Sutton
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - B. V. Jones
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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3
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Rossing E, Pijnenborg JFA, Boltje TJ. Chemical tools to track and perturb the expression of sialic acid and fucose monosaccharides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:12139-12150. [PMID: 36222364 PMCID: PMC9623448 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04275d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of glycans is a highly conserved biological process and found in all domains of life. The expression of cell surface glycans is increasingly recognized as a target for therapeutic intervention given the role of glycans in major pathologies such as cancer and microbial infection. Herein, we summarize our contributions to the development of unnatural monosaccharide derivatives to infiltrate and alter the expression of both mammalian and bacterial glycans and their therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel Rossing
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Johan F A Pijnenborg
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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4
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Hassan BA, Liu ZA, Milicaj J, Kim MS, Tyson M, Sham YY, Taylor EA. Kinetic Characterization and Computational Modeling of Escherichia coli Heptosyltransferase II: Exploring the Role of Protein Dynamics in Catalysis for GT-B Glycosyltransferase. Biochemistry 2022; 61:1572-1584. [PMID: 35861590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferase (GT) enzymes promote the formation of glycosidic bonds between a sugar molecule and a diversity of substrates. Heptosyltransferase II (HepII) is a GT involved in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthetic pathway that transfers the seven-carbon sugar (l-glycero-d-manno-heptose, Hep) onto a lipid-anchored glycopolymer (heptosylated Kdo2-Lipid A, Hep-Kdo2-Lipid A, or HLA). LPS plays a key role in Gram-negative bacterial sepsis, biofilm formation, and host colonization, and as such, LPS biosynthetic enzymes are targets for novel antimicrobial therapeutics. Three heptosyltransferases are involved in the inner-core LPS biosynthesis, with Escherichia coli HepII being the last to be quantitatively characterized in vivo. HepII shares modest sequence similarity with heptosyltransferase I (HepI) while maintaining a high degree of structural homology. Here, we report the first kinetic and biophysical characterization of HepII and demonstrate the properties of HepII that are shared with HepI, including sugar donor promiscuity and sugar acceptor-induced secondary structural changes, which results in significant thermal stabilization. HepII also has an increased catalytic efficiency and a significantly tighter binding affinity for both of its substrates compared to HepI. A structural model of the HepII ternary complex, refined by molecular dynamics simulations, was developed to probe the potentially important substrate-protein contacts. Ligand binding-induced changes in Trp fluorescence in HepII enabled the determination of substrate dissociation constants. Combined, these efforts meaningfully enhance our understanding of the heptosyltransferase family of enzymes and will aid in future efforts to design novel, potent, and specific inhibitors for this family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakar A Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Zhiqi A Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Jozafina Milicaj
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Mia S Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Meka Tyson
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Yuk Y Sham
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Erika A Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
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5
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Milicaj J, Hassan BA, Cote JM, Ramirez-Mondragon CA, Jaunbocus N, Rafalowski A, Patel KR, Castro CD, Muthyala R, Sham YY, Taylor EA. Discovery of first-in-class nanomolar inhibitors of heptosyltransferase I reveals a new aminoglycoside target and potential alternative mechanism of action. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7302. [PMID: 35508636 PMCID: PMC9068772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10776-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A clinically relevant inhibitor for Heptosyltransferase I (HepI) has been sought after for many years because of its critical role in the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharides on bacterial cell surfaces. While many labs have discovered or designed novel small molecule inhibitors, these compounds lacked the bioavailability and potency necessary for therapeutic use. Extensive characterization of the HepI protein has provided valuable insight into the dynamic motions necessary for catalysis that could be targeted for inhibition. Structural inspection of Kdo2-lipid A suggested aminoglycoside antibiotics as potential inhibitors for HepI. Multiple aminoglycosides have been experimentally validated to be first-in-class nanomolar inhibitors of HepI, with the best inhibitor demonstrating a Ki of 600 ± 90 nM. Detailed kinetic analyses were performed to determine the mechanism of inhibition while circular dichroism spectroscopy, intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, docking, and molecular dynamics simulations were used to corroborate kinetic experimental findings. While aminoglycosides have long been described as potent antibiotics targeting bacterial ribosomes' protein synthesis leading to disruption of the stability of bacterial cell membranes, more recently researchers have shown that they only modestly impact protein production. Our research suggests an alternative and novel mechanism of action of aminoglycosides in the inhibition of HepI, which directly leads to modification of LPS production in vivo. This finding could change our understanding of how aminoglycoside antibiotics function, with interruption of LPS biosynthesis being an additional and important mechanism of aminoglycoside action. Further research to discern the microbiological impact of aminoglycosides on cells is warranted, as inhibition of the ribosome may not be the sole and primary mechanism of action. The inhibition of HepI by aminoglycosides may dramatically alter strategies to modify the structure of aminoglycosides to improve the efficacy in fighting bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozafina Milicaj
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
| | - Bakar A Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
| | - Joy M Cote
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
| | | | - Nadiya Jaunbocus
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
| | | | - Kaelan R Patel
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Colleen D Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
| | - Ramaiah Muthyala
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Yuk Y Sham
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Erika A Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA.
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Inhibitors of Heptosyltransferase I to prevent heptose transfer against antibiotic resistance of E. coli: Energetics and stability analysis by DFT and molecular dynamics. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Hassan BA, Milicaj J, Ramirez-Mondragon CA, Sham YY, Taylor EA. Ligand-Induced Conformational and Dynamical Changes in a GT-B Glycosyltransferase: Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Heptosyltransferase I Complexes. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:324-339. [PMID: 34967618 PMCID: PMC8864558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamical motions and ligand recognition motifs of heptosyltransferase I (HepI) can be critical to discerning the behavior of other glycosyltransferase (GT) enzymes. Prior studies in our lab have demonstrated that GTs in the GT-B structural class, which are characterized by their connection of two Rossman-like domains by a linker region, have conserved structural fold and dynamical motions, despite low sequence homology, therefore making discoveries found in HepI transferable to other GT-B enzymes. Through molecular dynamics simulations and ligand binding free energy analysis of HepI in the apo and bound complexes (for all kinetically relevant combinations of the native substrates/products), we have determined the energetically favored enzymatic pathway for ligand binding and release. Our principal component, dynamic cross correlation, and network analyses of the simulations have revealed correlated motions involving residues within the N-terminal domain communicating with C-terminal domain residues via both proximal amino acid residues and also functional groups of the bound substrates. Analyses of the structural changes, energetics of substrate/product binding, and changes in pKa have elucidated a variety of inter and intradomain interactions that are critical for enzyme catalysis. These data corroborate our experimental observations of protein conformational changes observed in both presteady state kinetic and circular dichroism analyses of HepI. These simulations provided invaluable structural insights into the regions involved in HepI conformational rearrangement upon ligand binding. Understanding the specific interactions governing conformational changes is likely to enhance our efforts to develop novel dynamics disrupting inhibitors against GT-B structural enzymes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakar A. Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Jozafina Milicaj
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Carlos Andres Ramirez-Mondragon
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School and Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yuk Yin Sham
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School and Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Erika A. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
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8
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Lin S, Zhang H, Wang X, Lin T, Chen Z, Liu J, Wang J. Abundance of Lipopolysaccharide Heptosyltransferase I in Human Gut Microbiome and Its Association With Cardiovascular Disease and Liver Cirrhosis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:756976. [PMID: 34917047 PMCID: PMC8669917 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.756976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent endotoxin on the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. Heptosyltransferase I (HpeI) takes part in the synthesis of LPS. In this study, we first collected the protein sequences of HpeI homologs from the human microbiome. The collected HpeI sequences was classified based on sequence similarity, and seven clusters of HpeI were obtained. Among these clusters, proteins from Cluster 3 were abundant in the human mouth, while Clusters 1, 6, and 7 were abundant in the human gut. In addition, proteins from Cluster 1 were mainly from the order of Enterobacterales, while Cluster 6 and 7 were from Burkholderiales. The correlation analysis indicated that the total abundance of HpeIs was increased in patients with cardiovascular disease and liver cirrhosis, and HpeI in Cluster 1 contributed to this increase. These data suggest that HpeI homologs in Cluster 1 can be recognized as biomarkers for cardiovascular disease and liver cirrhosis, and that reducing the bacterial load in Cluster 1 may contribute to disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujin Lin
- Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xueke Wang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ting Lin
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zihan Chen
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingfeng Liu
- Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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9
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Extraction of ADP-Heptose and Kdo2-Lipid A from E. coli Deficient in the Heptosyltransferase I Gene. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11188314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The enzymes involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis, including Heptosyltransferase I (HepI), are critical for maintaining the integrity of the bacterial cell wall, and therefore these LPS biosynthetic enzymes are validated targets for drug discovery to treat Gram-negative bacterial infections. Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) utilize substrates that are synthetically complex, with numerous stereocenters and site-specific glycosylation patterns. Due to the relatively complex substrate structures, characterization of these enzymes has necessitated strategies to generate bacterial cells with gene disruptions to enable the extraction of these substrates from large scale bacterial growths. Like many LPS biosynthetic enzymes, Heptosyltransferase I binds two substrates: the sugar acceptor substrate, Kdo2-Lipid A, and the sugar donor substrate, ADP-l-glycero-d-manno-heptose (ADPH). HepI characterization experiments require copious amounts of Kdo2-Lipid A and ADPH, and unsuccessful extractions of these two substrates can lead to serious delays in collection of data. While there are papers and theses with protocols for extraction of these substrates, they are often missing small details essential to the success of the extraction. Herein detailed protocols are given for extraction of ADPH and Kdo2-Lipid A (KLA) from E. coli, which have had proven success in the Taylor lab. Key steps in the extraction of ADPH are clearing the extract through ultracentrifugation and keeping all water that touches anything in the extraction, including filters, at a pH of 8.0. Key steps in the extraction of KLA are properly lysing the dried down cells before starting the extraction, maximizing yield by allowing precipitate to form overnight, appropriately washing the pellet with phenol and dissolving the KLA in 1% TEA using visual cues, rather than a specific volume. These protocols led to increased yield and a higher success rate of extractions thereby enabling the characterization of HepI.
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Quirke JCK, Crich D. Side Chain Conformation Restriction in the Catalysis of Glycosidic Bond Formation by Leloir Glycosyltransferases, Glycoside Phosphorylases, and Transglycosidases. ACS Catal 2021; 11:5069-5078. [PMID: 34367723 PMCID: PMC8336929 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate side chain conformation is an important factor in the control of reactivity at the anomeric center, ie, in the making and breaking of glycosidic bonds, whether chemically or, for hydrolysis, by glycoside hydrolases. In nature glycosidic bond formation is catalyzed out by glycosyltransferases (GTs), glycoside phosphoryases, and transglycosidases. By analysis of 118 crystal structures of sugar nucleotide dependent (Leloir) GTs, 136 crystal structures of glycoside phosphorylases, and 54 crystal structures of transglycosidases bound to hexopyranosides or their analogs at the donor site (-1 site), we determined that most enzymes that catalyze glycoside synthesis, be they GTs, glycoside phosphorylases or transglycosidases, restrict their substrate side chains to the most reactive gauche,gauche (gg) conformation to achieve maximum stabilization of the oxocarbenium ion-like transition state for glycosyl transfer. The galactose series deviates from this trend, with α-galactosyltransferases preferentially restricting their substrates to the second-most reactive gauche,trans (gt) conformation, and β-galactosyltransferases favoring the least reactive trans,gauche (tg) conformation. This insight will help progress the design and development of improved, conformationally-restricted GT inhibitors that take advantage of these inherent side chain preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. K. Quirke
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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11
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Ramirez-Mondragon CA, Nguyen ME, Milicaj J, Hassan BA, Tucci FJ, Muthyala R, Gao J, Taylor EA, Sham YY. Conserved Conformational Hierarchy across Functionally Divergent Glycosyltransferases of the GT-B Structural Superfamily as Determined from Microsecond Molecular Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094619. [PMID: 33924837 PMCID: PMC8124905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been understood that some proteins undergo conformational transitions en route to the Michaelis Complex to allow chemistry. Examination of crystal structures of glycosyltransferase enzymes in the GT-B structural class reveals that the presence of ligand in the active site triggers an open-to-closed conformation transition, necessary for their catalytic functions. Herein, we describe microsecond molecular dynamics simulations of two distantly related glycosyltransferases that are part of the GT-B structural superfamily, HepI and GtfA. Simulations were performed using the open and closed conformations of these unbound proteins, respectively, and we sought to identify the major dynamical modes and communication networks that interconnect the open and closed structures. We provide the first reported evidence within the scope of our simulation parameters that the interconversion between open and closed conformations is a hierarchical multistep process which can be a conserved feature of enzymes of the same structural superfamily. Each of these motions involves of a collection of smaller molecular reorientations distributed across both domains, highlighting the complexities of protein dynamic involved in the interconversion process. Additionally, dynamic cross-correlation analysis was employed to explore the potential effect of distal residues on the catalytic efficiency of HepI. Multiple distal nonionizable residues of the C-terminal domain exhibit motions anticorrelated to positively charged residues in the active site in the N-terminal domain involved in substrate binding. Mutations of these residues resulted in a reduction in negatively correlated motions and an altered enzymatic efficiency that is dominated by lower Km values with kcat effectively unchanged. The findings suggest that residues with opposing conformational motions involved in the opening and closing of the bidomain HepI protein can allosterically alter the population and conformation of the “closed” state, essential to the formation of the Michaelis complex. The stabilization effects of these mutations likely equally influence the energetics of both the ground state and the transition state of the catalytic reaction, leading to the unaltered kcat. Our study provides new insights into the role of conformational dynamics in glycosyltransferase’s function and new modality to modulate enzymatic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Ramirez-Mondragon
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.A.R.-M.); (M.E.N.); (J.G.)
| | - Megin E. Nguyen
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.A.R.-M.); (M.E.N.); (J.G.)
| | - Jozafina Milicaj
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA; (J.M.); (B.A.H.); (F.J.T.)
| | - Bakar A. Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA; (J.M.); (B.A.H.); (F.J.T.)
| | - Frank J. Tucci
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA; (J.M.); (B.A.H.); (F.J.T.)
| | - Ramaiah Muthyala
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Jiali Gao
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.A.R.-M.); (M.E.N.); (J.G.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Erika A. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA; (J.M.); (B.A.H.); (F.J.T.)
- Correspondence: (E.A.T.); (Y.Y.S.); Tel.: +1-(860)-685-2739 (E.A.T.); +1-(612)-625-6255 (Y.Y.S.); Fax: +1-(860)-685-2211 (E.A.T.); +1-(612)-625-5149 (Y.Y.S.)
| | - Yuk Y. Sham
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.A.R.-M.); (M.E.N.); (J.G.)
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: (E.A.T.); (Y.Y.S.); Tel.: +1-(860)-685-2739 (E.A.T.); +1-(612)-625-6255 (Y.Y.S.); Fax: +1-(860)-685-2211 (E.A.T.); +1-(612)-625-5149 (Y.Y.S.)
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12
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Guo Z, Tang Y, Tang W, Chen Y. Heptose-containing bacterial natural products: structures, bioactivities, and biosyntheses. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1887-1909. [PMID: 33704304 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00075b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2020Glycosylated natural products hold great potential as drugs for the treatment of human and animal diseases. Heptoses, known as seven-carbon-chain-containing sugars, are a group of saccharides that are rarely observed in natural products. Based on the structures of the heptoses, the heptose-containing natural products can be divided into four groups, characterized by heptofuranose, highly-reduced heptopyranose, d-heptopyranose, and l-heptopyranose. Many of them possess remarkable biological properties, including antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor, and pain relief activities, thereby attracting great interest in biosynthesis and chemical synthesis studies to understand their construction mechanisms and structure-activity relationships. In this review, we summarize the structural properties, biological activities, and recent progress in the biosynthesis of bacterial natural products featuring seven-carbon-chain-containing sugars. The biosynthetic origins of the heptose moieties are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Yue Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Yihua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
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13
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Li T, Tikad A, Fu H, Milicaj J, Castro CD, Lacritick M, Pan W, Taylor EA, Vincent SP. A General Strategy to Synthesize ADP-7-Azido-heptose and ADP-Azido-mannoses and Their Heptosyltransferase Binding Properties. Org Lett 2021; 23:1638-1642. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianlei Li
- University of Namur, Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Abdellatif Tikad
- University of Namur, Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Substances Naturelles, Faculté des Sciences, Université Moulay Ismail, B.P. 11201, Zitoune, Meknès, Morocco
| | - Huixiao Fu
- University of Namur, Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Jozafina Milicaj
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Colleen D. Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Marine Lacritick
- University of Namur, Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Weidong Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Erika A. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Stéphane P. Vincent
- University of Namur, Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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14
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Linclau B, Ardá A, Reichardt NC, Sollogoub M, Unione L, Vincent SP, Jiménez-Barbero J. Fluorinated carbohydrates as chemical probes for molecular recognition studies. Current status and perspectives. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 49:3863-3888. [PMID: 32520059 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00099b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an extensive summary of the effects of carbohydrate fluorination with regard to changes in physical, chemical and biological properties with respect to regular saccharides. The specific structural, conformational, stability, reactivity and interaction features of fluorinated sugars are described, as well as their applications as probes and in chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Linclau
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO171BJ, UK
| | - Ana Ardá
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain.
| | | | - Matthieu Sollogoub
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Luca Unione
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stéphane P Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, University of Namur (UNamur), B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain. and Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain and Department of Organic Chemistry II, Faculty of Science and Technology, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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15
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Kreienbaum M, Dörrich AK, Brandt D, Schmid NE, Leonhard T, Hager F, Brenzinger S, Hahn J, Glatter T, Ruwe M, Briegel A, Kalinowski J, Thormann KM. Isolation and Characterization of Shewanella Phage Thanatos Infecting and Lysing Shewanella oneidensis and Promoting Nascent Biofilm Formation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:573260. [PMID: 33072035 PMCID: PMC7530303 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.573260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of the genus Shewanella are widespread in nature in various habitats, however, little is known about phages affecting Shewanella sp. Here, we report the isolation of phages from diverse freshwater environments that infect and lyse strains of Shewanella oneidensis and other Shewanella sp. Sequence analysis and microscopic imaging strongly indicate that these phages form a so far unclassified genus, now named Shewanella phage Thanatos, which can be positioned within the subfamily of Tevenvirinae (Duplodnaviria; Heunggongvirae; Uroviricota; Caudoviricetes; Caudovirales; Myoviridae; Tevenvirinae). We characterized one member of this group in more detail using S. oneidensis MR-1 as a host. Shewanella phage Thanatos-1 possesses a prolate icosahedral capsule of about 110 nm in height and 70 nm in width and a tail of about 95 nm in length. The dsDNA genome exhibits a GC content of about 34.5%, has a size of 160.6 kbp and encodes about 206 proteins (92 with an annotated putative function) and two tRNAs. Out of those 206, MS analyses identified about 155 phage proteins in PEG-precipitated samples of infected cells. Phage attachment likely requires the outer lipopolysaccharide of S. oneidensis, narrowing the phage's host range. Under the applied conditions, about 20 novel phage particles per cell were produced after a latent period of approximately 40 min, which are stable at a pH range from 4 to 12 and resist temperatures up to 55°C for at least 24 h. Addition of Thanatos to S. oneidensis results in partial dissolution of established biofilms, however, early exposure of planktonic cells to Thanatos significantly enhances biofilm formation. Taken together, we identified a novel genus of Myophages affecting S. oneidensis communities in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Kreienbaum
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja K Dörrich
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - David Brandt
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Nicole E Schmid
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tabea Leonhard
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Fabian Hager
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Brenzinger
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Julia Hahn
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Timo Glatter
- Facility for Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Ruwe
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ariane Briegel
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kai M Thormann
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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16
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Tang W, Li P, Chen M, Guo Z, Chen Y. Characterization of SepE and SepF for the N6-Glycosylated Adenine Structure Formation in Septacidin Biosynthesis. Org Lett 2020; 22:5251-5254. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources and CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources and CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Meng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources and CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhengyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources and CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yihua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources and CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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17
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Kavanaugh LG, Flanagan JN, Steck TR. Reciprocal antibiotic collateral sensitivity in Burkholderia multivorans. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:105994. [PMID: 32335276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic collateral sensitivity (CS) occurs when a bacterium that acquires resistance to a treatment drug exhibits decreased resistance to a different drug. Here we identify reciprocal CS networks and candidate genes in Burkholderia multivorans. Burkholderia multivorans was evolved to become resistant to each of six antibiotics. The antibiogram of the evolved strain was compared with the immediate parental strain to determine CS and cross-resistance. The evolution process was continued for each resistant strain. CS interactions were observed in 170 of 279 evolved strains. CS patterns grouped into two clusters based on the treatment drug being a β-lactam antibiotic or not. Reciprocal pairs of CS antibiotics arose in ≥25% of all evolved strains. A total of 68 evolved strains were subjected to whole-genome sequencing and the resulting mutation patterns were correlated with antibiograms. Analysis revealed there was no single gene responsible for CS and that CS seen in B. multivorans is likely due to a combination of specific and non-specific mutations. The frequency of reciprocal CS, and the degree to which resistance changed, suggests a long-term treatment strategy; when resistance to one drug occurs, switch to use of the other member of the reciprocal pair. This switching could theoretically be continued indefinitely, allowing life-long treatment of chronic infections with just two antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan G Kavanaugh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - J Nicole Flanagan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Todd R Steck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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18
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Cote JM, Hecht CJS, Patel KR, Ramirez-Mondragon CA, Sham YY, Taylor EA. Opposites Attract: Escherichia coli Heptosyltransferase I Conformational Changes Induced by Interactions between the Substrate and Positively Charged Residues. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3135-3147. [PMID: 32011131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacterial viability is greatly reduced by the disruption of heptose sugar addition during the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an important bacterial outer membrane component. Heptosyltransferase I (HepI), a member of the GT-B structural subclass of glycosyltransferases, is therefore an essential enzyme for the biosynthesis of the LPS. The disruption of HepI also increases the susceptibility of bacteria to hydrophobic antibiotics, making HepI a potential target for drug development. In this work, the structural and dynamic properties of the catalytic cycle of HepI are explored. Previously, substrate-induced stabilization of HepI was observed and hypothesized to be assisted by interactions between the substrate and residues located on dynamic loops. Herein, positively charged amino acids were probed to identify binding partners of the negatively charged phosphates and carboxylates of Kdo2-lipid A and its analogues. Mutant enzymes were characterized to explore changes in enzymatic activities and protein stability. Molecular modeling of HepI in the presence and absence of ligands was then performed with the wild type and mutant enzyme to allow determination of the relative change in substrate binding affinity resulting from each mutation. Together, these studies suggest that multiple residues are involved in mediating substrate binding, and a lack of additivity of these effects illustrates the functional redundancy of these binding interactions. The redundancy of residues mediating conformational transitions in HepI illustrates the evolutionary importance of these structural rearrangements for catalysis. This work enhances the understanding of HepI's protein dynamics and mechanism and is a model for improving our understanding of glycosyltransferase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy M Cote
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Cody J S Hecht
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Kaelan R Patel
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Carlos A Ramirez-Mondragon
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yuk Y Sham
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Erika A Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
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19
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Panda SK, Saxena S, Guruprasad L. Homology modeling, docking and structure-based virtual screening for new inhibitor identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae heptosyltransferase-III. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:1887-1902. [PMID: 31179839 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1624296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen commonly associated with hospital-acquired infections that are often resistant even to antibiotics. Heptosyltransferase (HEP) belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase-B (GT-B) and plays an important in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) essential for the formation of bacterial cell membrane. HEP-III participates in the transfer of heptose sugar to the outer surface of bacteria to synthesize LPS. LPS truncation increases the bacterial sensitivity to hydrophobic antibiotics and detergents, making the HEP as a novel drug target. In the present study, we report the 3D homology model of K. pneumoniae HEP-III and its structure validation. Active site was identified based on similarities with known structures using Dali server, and structure-based pharmacophore model was developed for the active site substrate ADP. The generated pharmacophore model was used as a 3D search query for virtual screening of the ASINEX database. The hit compounds were further filtered based on fit value, molecular docking, docking scores, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of HEP-III complexed with hit molecules, followed by binding free energy calculations using Molecular Mechanics-Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA). The insights obtained in this work provide the rationale for design of novel inhibitors targeting K. pneumoniae HEP-III and the mechanistic aspects of their binding. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shalini Saxena
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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20
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Allen KN, Imperiali B. Structural and mechanistic themes in glycoconjugate biosynthesis at membrane interfaces. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 59:81-90. [PMID: 31003021 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral and integral membrane proteins feature in stepwise assembly of complex glycans and glycoconjugates. Catalysis on membrane-bound substrates features challenges with substrate solubility and active-site accessibility. However, advantages in enzyme and substrate orientation and control of lateral membrane diffusion provide order to the multistep processes. Recent glycosyltransferase (GT) studies show that substrate diversity is met by the selection of folds which do not converge upon a common mechanism. Examples of polyprenol phosphate phosphoglycosyl transferases (PGTs) highlight that divergent fold families catalyze the same reaction with different mechanisms. Lipid A biosynthesis enzymes illustrate that variations on the robust Rossmann fold allow substrate diversity. Improved understanding of GT and PGT structure and function holds promise for better function prediction and improvement of therapeutic inhibitory ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen N Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States.
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
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21
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Blaukopf M, Worrall L, Kosma P, Strynadka NCJ, Withers SG. Insights into Heptosyltransferase I Catalysis and Inhibition through the Structure of Its Ternary Complex. Structure 2018; 26:1399-1407.e5. [PMID: 30122450 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heptosyltransferase I (WaaC) is a highly conserved glycosyltransferase found in Gram-negative bacteria that transfers a heptose residue onto the endotoxin inner core structure (ReLPS) of the outer membrane. Knockouts of WaaC have decreased virulence and increased susceptibility to antibiotics, making WaaC a potential drug target. While previous studies have elucidated the structure of the holoenzyme and a donor analog complex, no information on the binding mode of the acceptor has been available so far. By soaking of a chemically modified functional acceptor, along with a stable donor analog, the crystal structure of a pseudo-ternary complex of WaaC was obtained at 2.3-Å resolution. The acceptor is bound in an unusual horseshoe conformation stabilized by interaction of the anionic carboxylate and phosphate groups at its center and tips with highly conserved Lys and Arg residues. This binding is accompanied by both inter- and intra-domain movements within the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Blaukopf
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences - Vienna, Department of Chemistry, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Liam Worrall
- University of British Columbia, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Paul Kosma
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences - Vienna, Department of Chemistry, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Natalie C J Strynadka
- University of British Columbia, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Stephen G Withers
- University of British Columbia, Department of Chemistry, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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22
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Mulla RS, Beecroft MS, Pal R, Aguilar JA, Pitarch-Jarque J, García-España E, Lurie-Luke E, Sharples GJ, Gareth Williams JA. On the Antibacterial Activity of Azacarboxylate Ligands: Lowered Metal Ion Affinities for Bis-amide Derivatives of EDTA do not mean Reduced Activity. Chemistry 2018; 24:7137-7148. [PMID: 29570870 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
EDTA is widely used as an inhibitor of bacterial growth, affecting the uptake and control of metal ions by microorganisms. We describe the synthesis and characterisation of two symmetrical bis-amide derivatives of EDTA, featuring glycyl or pyridyl substituents: AmGly2 and AmPy2 . Metal ion affinities (logK) have been evaluated for a range of metals (Mg2+ , Ca2+ , Fe3+ , Mn2+ , Zn2+ ), revealing less avid binding compared to EDTA. The solid-state structures of AmGly2 and of its Mg2+ complex have been determined crystallographically. The latter shows an unusual 7-coordinate, capped octahedral Mg2+ centre. The antibacterial activities of the two ligands and of EDTA have been evaluated against a range of health-relevant bacterial species, three Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and a Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus). The AmPy2 ligand is the only one that displays a significant inhibitory effect against K. pneumoniae, but is less effective against the other organisms. AmGly2 exhibits a more powerful inhibitory effect against E. coli at lower concentrations than EDTA (<3 mm) or AmPy2 , but loses its efficacy at higher concentrations. The growth inhibition of EDTA and AmGly2 on mutant E. coli strains with defects in outer-membrane lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structures has been assessed to provide insight into the unexpected behaviour. Taken together, the results contradict the assumption of a simple link between metal ion affinity and antimicrobial efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Juan A Aguilar
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Javier Pitarch-Jarque
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique García-España
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Lurie-Luke
- Procter and Gamble Technical Centres Limited, Rusham Park, Whitehall Lane, Egham, Surrey, TW20 9NW, UK
| | - Gary J Sharples
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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23
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Nkosana NK, Czyzyk DJ, Siegel ZS, Cote JM, Taylor EA. Synthesis, kinetics and inhibition of Escherichia coli Heptosyltransferase I by monosaccharide analogues of Lipid A. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:594-600. [PMID: 29398539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria comprise the majority of microbes that cause infections that are resistant to pre-existing antibiotics. The complex cell wall architecture contributes to their ability to form biofilms, which are often implicated in hospital-acquired infections. Biofilms promote antibiotic resistance by enabling the bacteria to survive hostile environments such as UV radiation, pH shifts, and antibiotics. The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which plays a role in adhesion to surfaces and formation of biofilms. The main focus of this work was the synthesis of a library of glycolipids designed to be simplified analogues of the Lipid A, the membrane embedded portion component of LPS, to be tested as substrates or inhibitors of Heptosyltransferase I (HepI or WaaC, a glycosyltransferase enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of LPS). Fourteen analogues were synthesized successfully and characterized. While these compounds were designed to function as nucleophilic substrates of HepI, they all demonstrated mild inhibition of HepI. Kinetic characterization of inhibition mechanism identified that the compounds exhibited uncompetitive and mixed inhibition of HepI. Since both uncompetitive and mixed inhibition result in the formation of an Enzyme-Substrate-inhibitor complex, molecular docking studies (using AutoDock Vina) were performed, to identify potential allosteric binding site for these compounds. The inhibitors were shown to bind to a pocket formed after undergoing a conformational change from an open to a closed active site state. Inhibition of HepI via an allosteric site suggest that disruption of protein dynamics might be a viable mechanism for the inhibition of HepI and potentially other enzymes of the GT-B structural class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen K Nkosana
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, 06459, United States
| | - Daniel J Czyzyk
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, 06459, United States
| | - Zarek S Siegel
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, 06459, United States
| | - Joy M Cote
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, 06459, United States
| | - Erika A Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, 06459, United States.
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24
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Ramírez AS, Boilevin J, Mehdipour AR, Hummer G, Darbre T, Reymond JL, Locher KP. Structural basis of the molecular ruler mechanism of a bacterial glycosyltransferase. Nat Commun 2018; 9:445. [PMID: 29386647 PMCID: PMC5792488 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-associated, processive and retaining glycosyltransferase PglH from Campylobacter jejuni is part of the biosynthetic pathway of the lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) that serves as the glycan donor in bacterial protein N-glycosylation. Using an unknown counting mechanism, PglH catalyzes the transfer of exactly three α1,4 N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) units to the growing LLO precursor, GalNAc-α1,4-GalNAc-α1,3-Bac-α1-PP-undecaprenyl. Here, we present crystal structures of PglH in three distinct states, including a binary complex with UDP-GalNAc and two ternary complexes containing a chemo-enzymatically generated LLO analog and either UDP or synthetic, nonhydrolyzable UDP-CH2-GalNAc. PglH contains an amphipathic helix ("ruler helix") that has a dual role of facilitating membrane attachment and glycan counting. The ruler helix contains three positively charged side chains that can bind the pyrophosphate group of the LLO substrate and thus limit the addition of GalNAc units to three. These results, combined with molecular dynamics simulations, provide the mechanism of glycan counting by PglH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Ramírez
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jérémy Boilevin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, CH-3012, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Ahmad Reza Mehdipour
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, DE-60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, DE-60438, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University, DE-60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tamis Darbre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, CH-3012, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, CH-3012, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Kaspar P Locher
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
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25
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Cote JM, Taylor EA. The Glycosyltransferases of LPS Core: A Review of Four Heptosyltransferase Enzymes in Context. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2256. [PMID: 29077008 PMCID: PMC5713226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial antibiotic resistance is a rapidly expanding problem in the world today. Functionalization of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria provides protection from extracellular antimicrobials, and serves as an innate resistance mechanism. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are a major cell-surface component of Gram-negative bacteria that contribute to protecting the bacterium from extracellular threats. LPS is biosynthesized by the sequential addition of sugar moieties by a number of glycosyltransferases (GTs). Heptosyltransferases catalyze the addition of multiple heptose sugars to form the core region of LPS; there are at most four heptosyltransferases found in all Gram-negative bacteria. The most studied of the four is HepI. Cells deficient in HepI display a truncated LPS on their cell surface, causing them to be more susceptible to hydrophobic antibiotics. HepI-IV are all structurally similar members of the GT-B structural family, a class of enzymes that have been found to be highly dynamic. Understanding conformational changes of heptosyltransferases are important to efficiently inhibiting them, but also contributing to the understanding of all GT-B enzymes. Finding new and smarter methods to inhibit bacterial growth is crucial, and the Heptosyltransferases may provide an important model for how to inhibit many GT-B enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy M Cote
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA.
| | - Erika A Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA.
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26
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Fu H, Pan W, Vincent SP. Pyruvate-Kinase-Coupled Glycosyltransferase Assays: Limitations, Struggles and Problem Resolution. Chembiochem 2017; 18:2129-2136. [PMID: 28857455 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme assays involving coupled pyruvate kinase (PK) have been used for many years to monitor the activity of major classes of enzymes including glycosyltransferases. Numerous potent inhibitors have been discovered and kinetically characterized thanks to this technology. However, when inhibitors of these important enzymes are screened, PK inhibitors or activators are very often observed. In this study we report solutions to resolve the problems encountered either during the screening or during the kinetic characterization of glycosyltransferase inhibitors by means of PK-coupled assays. The enzyme under study-WaaC-is an important glycosyltransferase involved in the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis pathway. Firstly we showed that alternative kinases such as nucleoside 5-diphosphate kinase (NDPK), myokinase (MK), and ADPdependent hexokinase that catalyze similar reactions to PK are prone to the same troubles. Moreover, an ADP chemosensor was used as an alternative but the sensitivity was not sufficient to allow a proper screening. Finally, we found that a stepwise PK/luciferase assay resolved the problems encountered with PK inhibitors and that a WaaC HPLC assay allowed the identification of WaaC inhibitors acting as PK activators, thus allowing false positive and false negative results linked to the coupling to PK to be eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixiao Fu
- University of Namur, Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Weidong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, 3491 Baijin Road, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Stéphane P Vincent
- University of Namur, Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
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27
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Cote JM, Ramirez-Mondragon CA, Siegel ZS, Czyzyk DJ, Gao J, Sham YY, Mukerji I, Taylor EA. The Stories Tryptophans Tell: Exploring Protein Dynamics of Heptosyltransferase I from Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 2017; 56:886-895. [PMID: 28098447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heptosyltransferase I (HepI) catalyzes the addition of l-glycero-β-d-manno-heptose to Kdo2-Lipid A, as part of the biosynthesis of the core region of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Gram-negative bacteria with gene knockouts of HepI have reduced virulence and enhanced susceptibility to hydrophobic antibiotics, making the design of inhibitors of HepI of interest. Because HepI protein dynamics are partially rate-limiting, disruption of protein dynamics might provide a new strategy for inhibiting HepI. Discerning the global mechanism of HepI is anticipated to aid development of inhibitors of LPS biosynthesis. Herein, dynamic protein rearrangements involved in the HepI catalytic cycle were probed by combining mutagenesis with intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and circular dichroism analyses. Using wild-type and mutant forms of HepI, multiple dynamic regions were identified via changes in Trp fluorescence. Interestingly, Trp residues (Trp199 and Trp217) in the C-terminal domain (which binds ADP-heptose) are in a more hydrophobic environment upon binding of ODLA to the N-terminal domain. These residues are adjacent to the ADP-heptose binding site (with Trp217 in van der Waals contact with the adenine ring of ADP-heptose), suggesting that the two binding sites interact to report on the occupancy state of the enzyme. ODLA binding was also accompanied by a significant stabilization of HepI (heating to 95 °C fails to denature the protein when it is in the presence of ODLA). These results suggest that conformational rearrangements, from an induced fit model of substrate binding to HepI, are important for catalysis, and the disruption of these conformational dynamics may serve as a novel mechanism for inhibiting this and other glycosyltransferase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy M Cote
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University , Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | | | - Zarek S Siegel
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University , Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Daniel J Czyzyk
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University , Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | | | | | - Ishita Mukerji
- Molecular Biophysics Program, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University , Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Erika A Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University , Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
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Multigram-scale synthesis of l,d-heptoside using a Fleming-Tamao oxidation promoted by mercuric trifluoroacetate. Carbohydr Res 2016; 432:71-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Tikad A, Fu H, Sevrain CM, Laurent S, Nierengarten JF, Vincent SP. Mechanistic Insight into Heptosyltransferase Inhibition by using Kdo Multivalent Glycoclusters. Chemistry 2016; 22:13147-55. [PMID: 27516128 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of unprecedented multimeric Kdo glycoclusters based on fullerene and calix[4]arene central scaffolds is reported. The compounds were used to study the mechanism and scope of multivalent glycosyltransferase inhibition. Multimeric mannosides based on porphyrin and pillar[5]arenes were also generated in a controlled manner. Twelve glycoclusters and their monomeric ligands were thus assayed against heptosyltransferase WaaC, which is an important bacterial glycosyltransferase that is involved in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. It was first found that all the multimers interact solely with the acceptor binding site of the enzyme even when the multimeric ligands mimic the heptose donor. Second, the novel Kdo glycofullerenes displayed very potent inhibition (Ki =0.14 μm for the best inhibitor); an inhibition level rarely observed with glycosyltransferases. Although the observed "multivalent effects" (i.e., the enhancement of affinity of a ligand when presented in a multimeric fashion) were in general modest, a dramatic effect of the central scaffold on the inhibition level was evidenced: the fullerene and the porphyrin scaffolds being by far superior to the calix- and pillar-arenes. We could also show, by dynamic light scattering analysis, that the best inhibitor had the propensity to form aggregates with the heptosyltransferase. This aggregative property may contribute to the global multivalent enzyme inhibition, but probably do not constitute the main origin of inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Tikad
- University of Namur (UNamur), Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Huixiao Fu
- University of Namur (UNamur), Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Charlotte M Sevrain
- University of Namur (UNamur), Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Sophie Laurent
- University of Mons (UMONS), Service de Chimie Générale, Organique et Biomédicale, Laboratoire de RMN et d'Imagerie Moléculaire, Avenue Maistriau 19, 7000, Mons, Blegium.,Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Avenue Adrienne Bolland 8, 6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Nierengarten
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires, Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (UMR 7509), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Stéphane P Vincent
- University of Namur (UNamur), Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium.
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30
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Xu D, Zhang W, Zhang B, Liao C, Shao Y. Characterization of a biofilm-forming Shigella flexneri phenotype due to deficiency in Hep biosynthesis. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2178. [PMID: 27478696 PMCID: PMC4950558 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency in biosynthesis of inner core of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) rendered a characteristic biofilm-forming phenotype in E. coli. The pathological implications of this new phenotype in Shigella flexneri, a highly contagious enteric Gram-negative bacteria that is closely related to E. coli, were investigated in this study. The ΔrfaC (also referred as waaC) mutant, with incomplete inner core of LPS due to deficiency in Hep biosynthesis, was characteristic of strong biofilm formation ability and exhibited much more pronounced adhesiveness and invasiveness to human epithelial cells than the parental strain and other LPS mutants, which also showed distinct pattern of F-actin recruitment. Failure to cause keratoconjunctivitis and colonize in the intestine in guinea pigs revealed that the fitness gain on host adhesion resulted from biofilm formation is not sufficient to offset the loss of fitness on survivability caused by LPS deletion. Our study suggests a clear positive relationship between increased surface hydrophobicity and adhesiveness of Shigella flexneri, which should be put into consideration of virulence of Shigella, especially when therapeutic strategy targeting the core oligosaccharide (OS) is considered an alternative to deal with bacterial antibiotics-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chongbing Liao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongping Shao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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31
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Salinas SR, Petruk AA, Brukman NG, Bianco MI, Jacobs M, Marti MA, Ielpi L. Binding of the substrate UDP-glucuronic acid induces conformational changes in the xanthan gum glucuronosyltransferase. Protein Eng Des Sel 2016; 29:197-207. [PMID: 27099353 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzw007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
GumK is a membrane-associated glucuronosyltransferase of Xanthomonas campestris that is involved in xanthan gum biosynthesis. GumK belongs to the inverting GT-B superfamily and catalyzes the transfer of a glucuronic acid (GlcA) residue from uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcA (UDP-GlcA) to a lipid-PP-trisaccharide embedded in the membrane of the bacteria. The structure of GumK was previously described in its apo- and UDP-bound forms, with no significant conformational differences being observed. Here, we study the behavior of GumK toward its donor substrate UDP-GlcA. Turbidity measurements revealed that the interaction of GumK with UDP-GlcA produces aggregation of protein molecules under specific conditions. Moreover, limited proteolysis assays demonstrated protection of enzymatic digestion when UDP-GlcA is present, and this protection is promoted by substrate binding. Circular dichroism spectroscopy also revealed changes in the GumK tertiary structure after UDP-GlcA addition. According to the obtained emission fluorescence results, we suggest the possibility of exposure of hydrophobic residues upon UDP-GlcA binding. We present in silico-built models of GumK complexed with UDP-GlcA as well as its analogs UDP-glucose and UDP-galacturonic acid. Through molecular dynamics simulations, we also show that a relative movement between the domains appears to be specific and to be triggered by UDP-GlcA. The results presented here strongly suggest that GumK undergoes a conformational change upon donor substrate binding, likely bringing the two Rossmann fold domains closer together and triggering a change in the N-terminal domain, with consequent generation of the acceptor substrate binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Salinas
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A A Petruk
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica, y Química Física/INQUIMAE CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N G Brukman
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M I Bianco
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Jacobs
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M A Marti
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Ielpi
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
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32
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Yahara K, Furuta Y, Morimoto S, Kikutake C, Komukai S, Matelska D, Dunin-Horkawicz S, Bujnicki JM, Uchiyama I, Kobayashi I. Genome-wide survey of codons under diversifying selection in a highly recombining bacterial species, Helicobacter pylori. DNA Res 2016; 23:135-43. [PMID: 26961370 PMCID: PMC4833421 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsw003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Selection has been a central issue in biology in eukaryotes as well as prokaryotes. Inference of selection in recombining bacterial species, compared with clonal ones, has been a challenge. It is not known how codons under diversifying selection are distributed along the chromosome or among functional categories or how frequently such codons are subject to mutual homologous recombination. Here, we explored these questions by analysing genes present in >90% among 29 genomes of Helicobacter pylori, one of the bacterial species with the highest mutation and recombination rates. By a method for recombining sequences, we identified codons under diversifying selection (dN/dS> 1), which were widely distributed and accounted for ∼0.2% of all the codons of the genome. The codons were enriched in genes of host interaction/cell surface and genome maintenance (DNA replication,recombination, repair, and restriction modification system). The encoded amino acid residues were sometimes found adjacent to critical catalytic/binding residues in protein structures.Furthermore, by estimating the intensity of homologous recombination at a single nucleotide level, we found that these codons appear to be more frequently subject to recombination.We expect that the present study provides a new approach to population genomics of selection in recombining prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yahara
- Biostatistics Center, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8639, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Furuta
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8639, Japan
| | - Shinpei Morimoto
- Division of Biostatistics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Chie Kikutake
- Division of Biostatistics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Sho Komukai
- Division of Biostatistics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Dorota Matelska
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Trodena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Dunin-Horkawicz
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Trodena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz M. Bujnicki
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Trodena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ikuo Uchiyama
- Laboratory of Genome Informatics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Ichizo Kobayashi
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8639, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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33
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Mudapaka J, Taylor EA. Cloning and characterization of theEscherichia coliHeptosyltransferase III: Exploring substrate specificity in lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1423-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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34
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Vincent SP, Tikad A. β-Selective One-Pot Fluorophosphorylation ofd,d-Heptosylglycals Mediated by Selectfluor. Isr J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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35
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Li T, Tikad A, Pan W, Vincent SP. β-Stereoselective phosphorylations applied to the synthesis of ADP- and polyprenyl-β-mannopyranosides. Org Lett 2014; 16:5628-31. [PMID: 25312597 DOI: 10.1021/ol5026876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and convenient synthetic route to glycosyl 1-β-phosphates has been developed using diallyl chlorophosphate as a phosphorylating agent with 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine under mild conditions. Diallyl-glycosyl 1-β-phosphate triesters of D-manno, L-glycero-D-manno-hepto-, D-gluco-, D-galacto-, and L-fuco-pyranose as well as lactose have been obtained by this strategy in good yields and excellent β-selectivities. Furthermore, the diallyl 6-azido-mannosyl 1-β-phosphate 2 was deprotected under mild conditions and converted into potentially clickable analogues of β-mannosyl phosphoisoprenoids I and ADP-heptose II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlei Li
- Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, University of Namur , rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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36
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Dumitrescu L, Eppe G, Tikad A, Pan W, El Bkassiny S, Gurcha SS, Ardá A, Jiménez-Barbero J, Besra GS, Vincent SP. Selectfluor and NFSI exo-glycal fluorination strategies applied to the enhancement of the binding affinity of galactofuranosyltransferase GlfT2 inhibitors. Chemistry 2014; 20:15208-15. [PMID: 25251918 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Two complementary methods for the synthesis of fluorinated exo-glycals have been developed, for which previously no general reaction had been available. First, a Selectfluor-mediated fluorination was optimized after detailed analysis of all the reaction parameters. A dramatic effect of molecular sieves on the course of the reaction was observed. The reaction was generalized with a set of biologically relevant furanosides and pyranosides. A second direct approach involving carbanionic chemistry and the use of N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) was performed and this method gave better diastereoselectivities. Assignment of the Z/E configuration of all the fluorinated exo-glycals was achieved based on the results of HOESY experiments. Furthermore, fluorinated exo-glycal analogues of UDP-galactofuranose were prepared and assayed against GlfT2, which is a key enzyme involved in the cell-wall biosynthesis of major pathogens. The fluorinated exo-glycals proved to be potent inhibitors as compared with a series of C-glycosidic analogues of UDP-Galf, thus demonstrating the double beneficial effect of the exocyclic enol ether functionality and the fluorine atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Dumitrescu
- University of Namur (UNamur), Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur (Belgium), Fax: (+32) 81-72-45-17
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37
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Klein G, Kobylak N, Lindner B, Stupak A, Raina S. Assembly of lipopolysaccharide in Escherichia coli requires the essential LapB heat shock protein. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14829-53. [PMID: 24722986 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.539494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe two new heat shock proteins involved in the assembly of LPS in Escherichia coli, LapA and LapB (lipopolysaccharide assembly protein A and B). lapB mutants were identified based on an increased envelope stress response. Envelope stress-responsive pathways control key steps in LPS biogenesis and respond to defects in the LPS assembly. Accordingly, the LPS content in ΔlapB or Δ(lapA lapB) mutants was elevated, with an enrichment of LPS derivatives with truncations in the core region, some of which were pentaacylated and exhibited carbon chain polymorphism. Further, the levels of LpxC, the enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step of lipid A synthesis, were highly elevated in the Δ(lapA lapB) mutant. Δ(lapA lapB) mutant accumulated extragenic suppressors that mapped either to lpxC, waaC, and gmhA, or to the waaQ operon (LPS biosynthesis) and lpp (Braun's lipoprotein). Increased synthesis of either FabZ (3-R-hydroxymyristoyl acyl carrier protein dehydratase), slrA (novel RpoE-regulated non-coding sRNA), lipoprotein YceK, toxin HicA, or MurA (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) suppressed some of the Δ(lapA lapB) defects. LapB contains six tetratricopeptide repeats and, at the C-terminal end, a rubredoxin-like domain that was found to be essential for its activity. In pull-down experiments, LapA and LapB co-purified with LPS, Lpt proteins, FtsH (protease), DnaK, and DnaJ (chaperones). A specific interaction was also observed between WaaC and LapB. Our data suggest that LapB coordinates assembly of proteins involved in LPS synthesis at the plasma membrane and regulates turnover of LpxC, thereby ensuring balanced biosynthesis of LPS and phospholipids consistent with its essentiality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracjana Klein
- From the Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland and the Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Natalia Kobylak
- From the Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland and
| | - Buko Lindner
- the Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Anna Stupak
- From the Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland and
| | - Satish Raina
- From the Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland and the Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany
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38
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Wang J, Ma W, Wang Z, Li Y, Wang X. Construction and characterization of an Escherichia coli mutant producing Kdo₂-lipid A. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:1495-511. [PMID: 24633251 PMCID: PMC3967223 DOI: 10.3390/md12031495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo)₂-lipid A is the conserved structure domain of lipopolysaccharide found in most Gram-negative bacteria, and it is believed to stimulate the innate immune system through the TLR4/MD2 complex. Therefore, Kdo₂-lipid A is an important stimulator for studying the mechanism of the innate immune system and for developing bacterial vaccine adjuvants. Kdo₂-lipid A has not been chemically synthesized to date and could only be isolated from an Escherichia coli mutant strain, WBB06. WBB06 cells grow slowly and have to grow in the presence of tetracycline. In this study, a novel E. coli mutant strain, WJW00, that could synthesize Kdo2-lipid A was constructed by deleting the rfaD gene from the genome of E. coli W3110. The rfaD gene encodes ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose-6-epimerase RfaD. Based on the analysis by SDS-PAGE, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS), WJW00 could produce similar levels of Kdo₂-lipid A to WBB06. WJW00 cells grow much better than WBB06 cells and do not need to add any antibiotics during growth. Compared with the wild-type strain, W3110, WJW00 showed increased hydrophobicity, higher cell permeability, greater autoaggregation and decreased biofilm-forming ability. Therefore, WJW00 could be a more suitable strain than WBB06 for producing Kdo₂-lipid A and a good base strain for developing lipid A adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Wenjian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Zhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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39
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Yao Q, Lu Q, Wan X, Song F, Xu Y, Hu M, Zamyatina A, Liu X, Huang N, Zhu P, Shao F. A structural mechanism for bacterial autotransporter glycosylation by a dodecameric heptosyltransferase family. eLife 2014; 3:e03714. [PMID: 25310236 PMCID: PMC4358343 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A large group of bacterial virulence autotransporters including AIDA-I from diffusely adhering E. coli (DAEC) and TibA from enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) require hyperglycosylation for functioning. Here we demonstrate that TibC from ETEC harbors a heptosyltransferase activity on TibA and AIDA-I, defining a large family of bacterial autotransporter heptosyltransferases (BAHTs). The crystal structure of TibC reveals a characteristic ring-shape dodecamer. The protomer features an N-terminal β-barrel, a catalytic domain, a β-hairpin thumb, and a unique iron-finger motif. The iron-finger motif contributes to back-to-back dimerization; six dimers form the ring through β-hairpin thumb-mediated hand-in-hand contact. The structure of ADP-D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose (ADP-D,D-heptose)-bound TibC reveals a sugar transfer mechanism and also the ligand stereoselectivity determinant. Electron-cryomicroscopy analyses uncover a TibC-TibA dodecamer/hexamer assembly with two enzyme molecules binding to one TibA substrate. The complex structure also highlights a high efficient hyperglycosylation of six autotransporter substrates simultaneously by the dodecamer enzyme complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yao
- Dr Feng Shao's Laboratory, National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuhe Lu
- Dr Feng Shao's Laboratory, National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Wan
- Dr Niu Huang's Laboratory, National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Song
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Macromolecular Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Dr Feng Shao's Laboratory, National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mo Hu
- Institute of Analytic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China,Synthetic Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Alla Zamyatina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Institute of Analytic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China,Synthetic Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Niu Huang
- Dr Niu Huang's Laboratory, National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,For correspondence: (PZ)
| | - Feng Shao
- Dr Feng Shao's Laboratory, National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,For correspondence: (FS)
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40
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Albesa-Jové D, Giganti D, Jackson M, Alzari PM, Guerin ME. Structure-function relationships of membrane-associated GT-B glycosyltransferases. Glycobiology 2013; 24:108-24. [PMID: 24253765 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane-associated GT-B glycosyltransferases (GTs) comprise a large family of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a sugar moiety from nucleotide-sugar donors to a wide range of membrane-associated acceptor substrates, mostly in the form of lipids and proteins. As a consequence, they generate a significant and diverse amount of glycoconjugates in biological membranes, which are particularly important in cell-cell, cell-matrix and host-pathogen recognition events. Membrane-associated GT-B enzymes display two "Rossmann-fold" domains separated by a deep cleft that includes the catalytic center. They associate permanently or temporarily to the phospholipid bilayer by a combination of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. They have the remarkable property to access both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substrates that reside within chemically distinct environments catalyzing their enzymatic transformations in an efficient manner. Here, we discuss the considerable progress that has been made in recent years in understanding the molecular mechanism that governs substrate and membrane recognition, and the impact of the conformational transitions undergone by these GTs during the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Albesa-Jové
- Unidad de Biofísica, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia 48940, Spain
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41
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Tikad A, Vincent SP. Constrained 3,6-Anhydro-Heptosides: Synthesis by a DAST-Induced Debenzylative Reaction, and Reactivity Profile. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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42
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Czyzyk DJ, Sawant SS, Ramirez-Mondragon CA, Hingorani MM, Taylor EA. Escherichia coli heptosyltransferase I: investigation of protein dynamics of a GT-B structural enzyme. Biochemistry 2013; 52:5158-60. [PMID: 23865375 DOI: 10.1021/bi400807r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heptosyltransferase I (HepI), the enzyme responsible for the transfer of l-glycero-d-manno-heptose to a 3-deoxy-α-d-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosonic acid (Kdo) of the growing core region of lipopolysaccharide, is a member of the GT-B structural class of enzymes. Crystal structures have revealed open and closed conformations of apo and ligand-bound GT-B enzymes, implying that large-scale protein conformational dynamics play a role in their reaction mechanism. Here we report transient kinetic analysis of conformational changes in HepI reported by intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and present the first real-time evidence of a GT-B enzyme undergoing a substrate binding-induced transition from an open to closed state prior to catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Czyzyk
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University , Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
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43
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Experimental identification of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains L20 and JL03 heptosyltransferases, evidence for a new heptosyltransferase signature sequence. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55546. [PMID: 23383222 PMCID: PMC3559599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We experimentally identified the activities of six predicted heptosyltransferases in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae genome serotype 5b strain L20 and serotype 3 strain JL03. The initial identification was based on a bioinformatic analysis of the amino acid similarity between these putative heptosyltrasferases with others of known function from enteric bacteria and Aeromonas. The putative functions of all the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae heptosyltrasferases were determined by using surrogate LPS acceptor molecules from well-defined A. hydrophyla AH-3 and A. salmonicida A450 mutants. Our results show that heptosyltransferases APL_0981 and APJL_1001 are responsible for the transfer of the terminal outer core D-glycero-D-manno-heptose (D,D-Hep) residue although they are not currently included in the CAZY glycosyltransferase 9 family. The WahF heptosyltransferase group signature sequence [S(T/S)(GA)XXH] differs from the heptosyltransferases consensus signature sequence [D(TS)(GA)XXH], because of the substitution of D(261) for S(261), being unique.
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44
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Chen CI, Keusch JJ, Klein D, Hess D, Hofsteenge J, Gut H. Structure of human POFUT2: insights into thrombospondin type 1 repeat fold and O-fucosylation. EMBO J 2012; 31:3183-97. [PMID: 22588082 PMCID: PMC3400009 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein O-fucosylation is a post-translational modification found on serine/threonine residues of thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSR). The fucose transfer is catalysed by the protein O-fucosyltransferase 2 (POFUT2) and >40 human proteins contain the TSR consensus sequence for POFUT2-dependent fucosylation. To better understand O-fucosylation on TSR, we carried out a structural and functional analysis of human POFUT2 and its TSR substrate. Crystal structures of POFUT2 reveal a variation of the classical GT-B fold and identify sugar donor and TSR acceptor binding sites. Structural findings are correlated with steady-state kinetic measurements of wild-type and mutant POFUT2 and TSR and give insight into the catalytic mechanism and substrate specificity. By using an artificial mini-TSR substrate, we show that specificity is not primarily encoded in the TSR protein sequence but rather in the unusual 3D structure of a small part of the TSR. Our findings uncover that recognition of distinct conserved 3D fold motifs can be used as a mechanism to achieve substrate specificity by enzymes modifying completely folded proteins of very wide sequence diversity and biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-I Chen
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy J Keusch
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Klein
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hess
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Hofsteenge
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Gut
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland,Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland. Tel.:+41 61 696 70 38; Fax:+41 61 697 39 76; E-mail:
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45
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Structural and mechanistic analysis of the membrane-embedded glycosyltransferase WaaA required for lipopolysaccharide synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:6253-8. [PMID: 22474366 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1119894109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
WaaA is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of LPS, a critical component of the outer envelope of Gram-negative bacteria. Embedded in the cytoplasmic face of the inner membrane, WaaA catalyzes the transfer of 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) to the lipid A precursor of LPS. Here we present crystal structures of the free and CMP-bound forms of WaaA from Aquifex aeolicus, an ancient Gram-negative hyperthermophile. These structures reveal details of the CMP-binding site and implicate a unique sequence motif (GGS/TX(5)GXNXLE) in Kdo binding. In addition, a cluster of highly conserved amino acid residues was identified which represents the potential membrane-attachment and acceptor-substrate binding site of WaaA. A series of site-directed mutagenesis experiments revealed critical roles for glycine 30 and glutamate 31 in Kdo transfer. Our results provide the structural basis of a critical reaction in LPS biosynthesis and allowed the development of a detailed model of the catalytic mechanism of WaaA.
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46
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Durka M, Buffet K, Iehl J, Holler M, Nierengarten JF, Vincent SP. The Inhibition of Liposaccharide Heptosyltransferase WaaC with Multivalent Glycosylated Fullerenes: A New Mode of Glycosyltransferase Inhibition. Chemistry 2011; 18:641-51. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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47
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Pak JE, Satkunarajah M, Seetharaman J, Rini JM. Structural and Mechanistic Characterization of Leukocyte-Type Core 2 β1,6-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase: A Metal-Ion-Independent GT-A Glycosyltransferase. J Mol Biol 2011; 414:798-811. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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48
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Czyzyk DJ, Liu C, Taylor EA. Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis without the lipids: recognition promiscuity of Escherichia coli heptosyltransferase I. Biochemistry 2011; 50:10570-2. [PMID: 22059588 DOI: 10.1021/bi201581b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heptosyltransferase I (HepI) is responsible for the transfer of l-glycero-d-manno-heptose to a 3-deoxy-α-D-oct-2-ulopyranosonic acid (Kdo) of the growing core region of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The catalytic efficiency of HepI with the fully deacylated analogue of Escherichia coli HepI LipidA is 12-fold greater than with the fully acylated substrate, with a k(cat)/K(m) of 2.7 × 10(6) M(-1) s(-1), compared to a value of 2.2 × 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) for the Kdo(2)-LipidA substrate. Not only is this is the first demonstration that an LPS biosynthetic enzyme is catalytically enhanced by the absence of lipids, this result has significant implications for downstream enzymes that are now thought to utilize deacylated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Czyzyk
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
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49
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Durka M, Tikad A, Périon R, Bosco M, Andaloussi M, Floquet S, Malacain E, Moreau F, Oxoby M, Gerusz V, Vincent SP. Systematic Synthesis of Inhibitors of the Two First Enzymes of the Bacterial Heptose Biosynthetic Pathway: Towards Antivirulence Molecules Targeting Lipopolysaccharide Biosynthesis. Chemistry 2011; 17:11305-13. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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50
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Durka M, Buffet K, Iehl J, Holler M, Nierengarten JF, Taganna J, Bouckaert J, Vincent SP. The functional valency of dodecamannosylated fullerenes with Escherichia coli FimH—towards novel bacterial antiadhesives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:1321-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc04468g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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