1
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Morgan G, Nau AN, Wong S, Spencer BH, Shen Y, Hua A, Bullard MJ, Sanchorawala V, Prokaeva T. An updated AL-Base reveals ranked enrichment of immunoglobulin light chain variable genes in AL amyloidosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.11.612490. [PMID: 39314448 PMCID: PMC11419035 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.11.612490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Background Each monoclonal antibody light chain associated with AL amyloidosis has a unique sequence. Defining how these sequences lead to amyloid deposition could facilitate faster diagnosis and lead to new treatments. Methods Light chain sequences are collected in the Boston University AL-Base repository. Monoclonal sequences from AL amyloidosis, multiple myeloma and the healthy polyclonal immune repertoire were compared to identify differences in precursor gene use, mutation frequency and physicochemical properties. Results AL-Base now contains 2,193 monoclonal light chain sequences from plasma cell dyscrasias. Sixteen germline precursor genes were enriched in AL amyloidosis, relative to multiple myeloma and the polyclonal repertoire. Two genes, IGKV1-16 and IGLV1-36, were infrequently observed but highly enriched in AL amyloidosis. The number of mutations varied widely between light chains. AL-associated κ light chains harbored significantly more mutations compared to multiple myeloma and polyclonal sequences, whereas AL-associated λ light chains had fewer mutations. Machine learning tools designed to predict amyloid propensity were less accurate for new sequences than their original training data. Conclusions Rarely-observed light chain variable genes may carry a high risk of AL amyloidosis. New approaches are needed to define sequence-associated risk factors for AL amyloidosis. AL-Base is a foundational resource for such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Morgan
- Boston University Amyloidosis Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, 72 E. Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, 72 E. Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Allison N Nau
- Boston University Amyloidosis Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, 72 E. Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Sherry Wong
- Boston University Amyloidosis Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, 72 E. Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Brian H Spencer
- Boston University Amyloidosis Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, 72 E. Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Yun Shen
- Boston University Research Computing Services, Boston University Medical Campus, 72 E. Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Axin Hua
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston University Medical Campus, 72 E. Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Matthew J Bullard
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston University Medical Campus, 72 E. Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Vaishali Sanchorawala
- Boston University Amyloidosis Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, 72 E. Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, 72 E. Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Tatiana Prokaeva
- Boston University Amyloidosis Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, 72 E. Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, 72 E. Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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2
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Saccuzzo EG, Mebrat MD, Scelsi HF, Kim M, Ma MT, Su X, Hill SE, Rheaume E, Li R, Torres MP, Gumbart JC, Van Horn WD, Lieberman RL. Competition between inside-out unfolding and pathogenic aggregation in an amyloid-forming β-propeller. Nat Commun 2024; 15:155. [PMID: 38168102 PMCID: PMC10762032 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44479-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies of folded-to-misfolded transitions using model protein systems reveal a range of unfolding needed for exposure of amyloid-prone regions for subsequent fibrillization. Here, we probe the relationship between unfolding and aggregation for glaucoma-associated myocilin. Mutations within the olfactomedin domain of myocilin (OLF) cause a gain-of-function, namely cytotoxic intracellular aggregation, which hastens disease progression. Aggregation by wild-type OLF (OLFWT) competes with its chemical unfolding, but only below the threshold where OLF loses tertiary structure. Representative moderate (OLFD380A) and severe (OLFI499F) disease variants aggregate differently, with rates comparable to OLFWT in initial stages of unfolding, and variants adopt distinct partially folded structures seen along the OLFWT urea-unfolding pathway. Whether initiated with mutation or chemical perturbation, unfolding propagates outward to the propeller surface. In sum, for this large protein prone to amyloid formation, the requirement for a conformational change to promote amyloid fibrillization leads to direct competition between unfolding and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Saccuzzo
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Mubark D Mebrat
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Hailee F Scelsi
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Minjoo Kim
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Minh Thu Ma
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Xinya Su
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Shannon E Hill
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Elisa Rheaume
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Quantitative Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Renhao Li
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Matthew P Torres
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - James C Gumbart
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Wade D Van Horn
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA.
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA.
| | - Raquel L Lieberman
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA.
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3
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Vergara R, Berrocal T, Juárez Mejía EI, Romero-Romero S, Velázquez-López I, Pulido NO, López Sanchez HA, Silva DA, Costas M, Rodríguez-Romero A, Rodríguez-Sotres R, Sosa-Peinado A, Fernández-Velasco DA. Thermodynamic and kinetic analysis of the LAO binding protein and its isolated domains reveal non-additivity in stability, folding and function. FEBS J 2023; 290:4496-4512. [PMID: 37178351 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Substrate-binding proteins (SBPs) are used by organisms from the three domains of life for transport and signalling. SBPs are composed of two domains that collectively trap ligands with high affinity and selectivity. To explore the role of the domains and the integrity of the hinge region between them in the function and conformation of SBPs, here, we describe the ligand binding, conformational stability and folding kinetics of the Lysine Arginine Ornithine (LAO) binding protein from Salmonella thiphimurium and constructs corresponding to its two independent domains. LAO is a class II SBP formed by a continuous and a discontinuous domain. Contrary to the expected behaviour based on their connectivity, the discontinuous domain shows a stable native-like structure that binds l-arginine with moderate affinity, whereas the continuous domain is barely stable and shows no detectable ligand binding. Regarding folding kinetics, studies of the entire protein revealed the presence of at least two intermediates. While the unfolding and refolding of the continuous domain exhibited only a single intermediate and simpler and faster kinetics than LAO, the folding mechanism of the discontinuous domain was complex and involved multiple intermediates. These findings suggest that in the complete protein the continuous domain nucleates folding and that its presence funnels the folding of the discontinuous domain avoiding nonproductive interactions. The strong dependence of the function, stability and folding pathway of the lobes on their covalent association is most likely the result of the coevolution of both domains as a single unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Vergara
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica e Ingeniería de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Tania Berrocal
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica e Ingeniería de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Eva Isela Juárez Mejía
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica e Ingeniería de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sergio Romero-Romero
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica e Ingeniería de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Isabel Velázquez-López
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica e Ingeniería de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Nancy O Pulido
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Haven A López Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica e Ingeniería de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Daniel-Adriano Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Miguel Costas
- Laboratorio de Biofisicoquímica, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Rogelio Rodríguez-Sotres
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Sosa-Peinado
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica e Ingeniería de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - D Alejandro Fernández-Velasco
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica e Ingeniería de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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4
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Del Pozo-Yauner L, Herrera GA, Perez Carreon JI, Turbat-Herrera EA, Rodriguez-Alvarez FJ, Ruiz Zamora RA. Role of the mechanisms for antibody repertoire diversification in monoclonal light chain deposition disorders: when a friend becomes foe. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1203425. [PMID: 37520549 PMCID: PMC10374031 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system of jawed vertebrates generates a highly diverse repertoire of antibodies to meet the antigenic challenges of a constantly evolving biological ecosystem. Most of the diversity is generated by two mechanisms: V(D)J gene recombination and somatic hypermutation (SHM). SHM introduces changes in the variable domain of antibodies, mostly in the regions that form the paratope, yielding antibodies with higher antigen binding affinity. However, antigen recognition is only possible if the antibody folds into a stable functional conformation. Therefore, a key force determining the survival of B cell clones undergoing somatic hypermutation is the ability of the mutated heavy and light chains to efficiently fold and assemble into a functional antibody. The antibody is the structural context where the selection of the somatic mutations occurs, and where both the heavy and light chains benefit from protective mechanisms that counteract the potentially deleterious impact of the changes. However, in patients with monoclonal gammopathies, the proliferating plasma cell clone may overproduce the light chain, which is then secreted into the bloodstream. This places the light chain out of the protective context provided by the quaternary structure of the antibody, increasing the risk of misfolding and aggregation due to destabilizing somatic mutations. Light chain-derived (AL) amyloidosis, light chain deposition disease (LCDD), Fanconi syndrome, and myeloma (cast) nephropathy are a diverse group of diseases derived from the pathologic aggregation of light chains, in which somatic mutations are recognized to play a role. In this review, we address the mechanisms by which somatic mutations promote the misfolding and pathological aggregation of the light chains, with an emphasis on AL amyloidosis. We also analyze the contribution of the variable domain (VL) gene segments and somatic mutations on light chain cytotoxicity, organ tropism, and structure of the AL fibrils. Finally, we analyze the most recent advances in the development of computational algorithms to predict the role of somatic mutations in the cardiotoxicity of amyloidogenic light chains and discuss the challenges and perspectives that this approach faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Del Pozo-Yauner
- Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama-College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Guillermo A. Herrera
- Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama-College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States
| | | | - Elba A. Turbat-Herrera
- Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama-College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama-College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States
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5
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Meunier-Carmenate Y, Valdés-García G, Maya-Martinez R, French-Pacheco L, Fernández-Silva A, González-Onofre Y, Millan-Pacheco C, Pastor N, Amero C. Unfolding and Aggregation Pathways of Variable Domains from Immunoglobulin Light Chains. Biochemistry 2023; 62:1000-1011. [PMID: 36802343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Light chain amyloidosis is the most common form of systemic amyloidosis. This disease is caused by the formation and deposition of amyloid fibers made from immunoglobulin light chains. Environmental conditions such as pH and temperature can affect protein structure and induce the development of these fibers. Several studies have shed light on the native state, stability, dynamics, and final amyloid state of these proteins; however, the initiation process and the fibril formation pathway remain poorly understood structurally and kinetically. To study this, we analyzed the unfolding and aggregation process of the 6aJL2 protein under acidic conditions, with temperature changes, and upon mutation, using biophysical and computational techniques. Our results suggest that the differences in amyloidogenicity displayed by 6aJL2 under these conditions are caused by traversing different aggregation pathways, including unfolded intermediates and the formation of oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadira Meunier-Carmenate
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Valdés-García
- Centro de Investigacion en Dinámica Celular-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Roberto Maya-Martinez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Leidys French-Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Arline Fernández-Silva
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Yoselin González-Onofre
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Cesar Millan-Pacheco
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Nina Pastor
- Centro de Investigacion en Dinámica Celular-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Carlos Amero
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico
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6
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Absmeier RM, Rottenaicher GJ, Svilenov HL, Kazman P, Buchner J. Antibodies gone bad - the molecular mechanism of light chain amyloidosis. FEBS J 2023; 290:1398-1419. [PMID: 35122394 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Light chain amyloidosis (AL) is a systemic disease in which abnormally proliferating plasma cells secrete large amounts of mutated antibody light chains (LCs) that eventually form fibrils. The fibrils are deposited in various organs, most often in the heart and kidney, and impair their function. The prognosis for patients diagnosed with AL is generally poor. The disease is set apart from other amyloidoses by the huge number of patient-specific mutations in the disease-causing and fibril-forming protein. The molecular mechanisms that drive the aggregation of mutated LCs into fibrils have been enigmatic, which hindered the development of efficient diagnostics and therapies. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on AL amyloidosis and discuss open issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona M Absmeier
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Georg J Rottenaicher
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Hristo L Svilenov
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Pamina Kazman
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Buchner
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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7
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Morgan GJ. Barriers to Small Molecule Drug Discovery for Systemic Amyloidosis. Molecules 2021; 26:3571. [PMID: 34208058 PMCID: PMC8230685 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of amyloid fibril formation could benefit patients with systemic amyloidosis. In this group of diseases, deposition of amyloid fibrils derived from normally soluble proteins leads to progressive tissue damage and organ failure. Amyloid formation is a complex process, where several individual steps could be targeted. Several small molecules have been proposed as inhibitors of amyloid formation. However, the exact mechanism of action for a molecule is often not known, which impedes medicinal chemistry efforts to develop more potent molecules. Furthermore, commonly used assays are prone to artifacts that must be controlled for. Here, potential mechanisms by which small molecules could inhibit aggregation of immunoglobulin light-chain dimers, the precursor proteins for amyloid light-chain (AL) amyloidosis, are studied in assays that recapitulate different aspects of amyloidogenesis in vitro. One molecule reduced unfolding-coupled proteolysis of light chains, but no molecules inhibited aggregation of light chains or disrupted pre-formed amyloid fibrils. This work demonstrates the challenges associated with drug development for amyloidosis, but also highlights the potential to combine therapies that target different aspects of amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Morgan
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Amyloidosis Center, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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8
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López Sánchez HA, Kathuria SV, Fernández Velasco DA. The Folding Pathway of 6aJL2. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:1997-2008. [PMID: 33620231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One-third of the reported cases of light chain amyloidosis are related to the germ line λ6 family; remarkably, healthy individuals express this type of protein in just 2% of the peripheral blood and bone marrow B-cells. The appearance of the disease has been related to the inherent properties of this protein family. A recombinant representative model for λ6 proteins called 6aJL2 containing the amino acid sequence encoded by the 6a and JL2 germ line genes was previously designed and synthesized to study the properties of this family. Previous work on 6aJL2 suggested a simple two-state folding model at 25 °C; no intermediate could be identified either by kinetics or by fluorescence and circular dichroism equilibrium studies, although the presence of an intermediate that is populated at ∼2.4 M urea was suggested by size exclusion chromatography. In this study we employed classic equilibrium and kinetic experiments and analysis to elucidate the detailed folding mechanism of this protein. We identify species that are kinetically accessible and/or are populated at equilibrium. We describe the presence of intermediate and native-like species and propose a five-species folding mechanism at 25 °C at short incubation times, similar to and consistent with those observed in other proteins of this fold. The formation of intermediates in the mechanism of 6aJL2 is faster than that proposed for a Vκ light chain, which could be an important distinction in the amyloidogenic potential of both germ lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haven A López Sánchez
- Laboratorio de FísicoQuímica e Ingeniería de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Sagar V Kathuria
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Department, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
| | - D Alejandro Fernández Velasco
- Laboratorio de FísicoQuímica e Ingeniería de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
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9
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Understanding Mesangial Pathobiology in AL-Amyloidosis and Monoclonal Ig Light Chain Deposition Disease. Kidney Int Rep 2020; 5:1870-1893. [PMID: 33163710 PMCID: PMC7609979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with plasma cell dyscrasias produce free abnormal monoclonal Ig light chains that circulate in the blood stream. Some of them, termed glomerulopathic light chains, interact with the mesangial cells and trigger, in a manner dependent of their structural and physicochemical properties, a sequence of pathological events that results in either light chain–derived (AL) amyloidosis (AL-Am) or light chain deposition disease (LCDD). The mesangial cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of both diseases. The interaction with the pathogenic light chain elicits specific cellular processes, which include apoptosis, phenotype transformation, and secretion of extracellular matrix components and metalloproteinases. Monoclonal light chains associated with AL-Am but not those producing LCDD are avidly endocytosed by mesangial cells and delivered to the mature lysosomal compartment where amyloid fibrils are formed. Light chains from patients with LCDD exert their pathogenic signaling effect at the cell surface of mesangial cells. These events are generic mesangial responses to a variety of adverse stimuli, and they are similar to those characterizing other more frequent glomerulopathies responsible for many cases of end-stage renal disease. The pathophysiologic events that have been elucidated allow to propose future therapeutic approaches aimed at preventing, stopping, ameliorating, or reversing the adverse effects resulting from the interactions between glomerulopathic light chains and mesangium.
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10
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Inherent Biophysical Properties Modulate the Toxicity of Soluble Amyloidogenic Light Chains. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:845-860. [PMID: 31874151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In light chain amyloidosis (AL), fibrillar deposition of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains (LCs) in vital organs, such as heart, is associated with their severe dysfunction. In addition to the cellular damage caused by fibril deposition, direct toxicity of soluble prefibrillar amyloidogenic proteins has been reported, in particular, for cardiotoxicity. However, the molecular bases of proteotoxicity by soluble LCs have not been clarified. Here, to address this issue, we rationally engineered the amino acid sequence of the highly cardiotoxic LC H6 by introducing three residue mutations, designed to reduce the dynamics of its native state. The resulting mutant (mH6) is less toxic than its parent H6 to human cardiac fibroblasts and C. elegans. The high sequence and structural similarity, together with the different toxicity, make H6 and its non-toxic designed variant mH6 a test case to shed light on the molecular properties underlying soluble toxicity. Our comparative structural and biochemical study of H6 and mH6 shows closely matching crystal structures, whereas spectroscopic data and limited proteolysis indicate that H6 displays poorly cooperative fold, higher flexibility, and kinetic instability, and a higher dynamic state in its native fold. Taken together, the results of this study show a strong correlation between the overall conformational properties of the native fold and the proteotoxicity of cardiotropic LCs.
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11
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Misra P, Blancas-Mejia LM, Ramirez-Alvarado M. Mechanistic Insights into the Early Events in the Aggregation of Immunoglobulin Light Chains. Biochemistry 2019; 58:3155-3168. [PMID: 31287666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the mechanism of amyloid assembly in immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis, in contrast to other amyloid diseases. Early events in the aggregation pathway are especially important, as these soluble species could be cytotoxic intermediates playing a critical role in the initiation of the amyloid assembly. In this work, we discuss the mechanism of the early events in in vitro fibril formation of immunoglobulin light chain AL-09 and AL-12 (involved in cardiac amyloidosis) and its germline (control) protein κI O18/O8. Previous work from our laboratory showed that AL-12 adopts a canonical dimer conformation (like the germline protein), whereas AL-09 presents an altered dimer interface as a result of somatic mutations. Both AL-12 and AL-09 aggregate with similar rates and significantly faster than the germline protein. AL-09 is the only protein in this study that forms stable oligomeric intermediates during the early stages of the aggregation reaction with some structural rearrangements that increase the thioflavin T fluorescence but maintain the same number of monomers in solution. The presence of the restorative mutation AL-09 H87Y changes the kinetics and the aggregation pathway compared to AL-09. The single restorative mutation AL-12 R65S slightly delayed the overall rate of aggregation as compared to AL-12. Collectively, our study provides a comprehensive analysis of species formed during amyloid nucleation in AL amyloidosis, shows a strong dependence between the altered dimer conformation and the formation of stable oligomeric intermediates, and sheds light on the structural features of amyloidogenic intermediates associated with cellular toxicity.
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12
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Swuec P, Lavatelli F, Tasaki M, Paissoni C, Rognoni P, Maritan M, Brambilla F, Milani P, Mauri P, Camilloni C, Palladini G, Merlini G, Ricagno S, Bolognesi M. Cryo-EM structure of cardiac amyloid fibrils from an immunoglobulin light chain AL amyloidosis patient. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1269. [PMID: 30894521 PMCID: PMC6427027 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09133-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic light chain amyloidosis (AL) is a life-threatening disease caused by aggregation and deposition of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains (LC) in target organs. Severity of heart involvement is the most important factor determining prognosis. Here, we report the 4.0 Å resolution cryo-electron microscopy map and molecular model of amyloid fibrils extracted from the heart of an AL amyloidosis patient with severe amyloid cardiomyopathy. The helical fibrils are composed of a single protofilament, showing typical 4.9 Å stacking and cross-β architecture. Two distinct polypeptide stretches (total of 77 residues) from the LC variable domain (Vl) fit the fibril density. Despite Vl high sequence variability, residues stabilizing the fibril core are conserved through different cardiotoxic Vl, highlighting structural motifs that may be common to misfolding-prone LCs. Our data shed light on the architecture of LC amyloids, correlate amino acid sequences with fibril assembly, providing the grounds for development of innovative medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Swuec
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy.,Centro di Ricerca Pediatrica Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Lavatelli
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, P.le Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Masayoshi Tasaki
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, P.le Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences,, Kumamoto University, 4-24-1 Kuhonji, Kumamoto, 862-0976, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1, Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Cristina Paissoni
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Rognoni
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, P.le Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Martina Maritan
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Brambilla
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies-CNR, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, Italy
| | - Paolo Milani
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, P.le Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies-CNR, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, Italy
| | - Carlo Camilloni
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palladini
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, P.le Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Merlini
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, P.le Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Ricagno
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Martino Bolognesi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy. .,Centro di Ricerca Pediatrica Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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13
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The CDR1 and Other Regions of Immunoglobulin Light Chains are Hot Spots for Amyloid Aggregation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3123. [PMID: 30816248 PMCID: PMC6395779 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39781-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin light chain-derived (AL) amyloidosis is a debilitating disease without known cure. Almost nothing is known about the structural factors driving the amyloidogenesis of the light chains. This study aimed to identify the fibrillogenic hotspots of the model protein 6aJL2 and in pursuing this goal, two complementary approaches were applied. One of them was based on several web-based computational tools optimized to predict fibrillogenic/aggregation-prone sequences based on different structural and biophysical properties of the polypeptide chain. Then, the predictions were confirmed with an ad-hoc synthetic peptide library. In the second approach, 6aJL2 protein was proteolyzed with trypsin, and the products incubated in aggregation-promoting conditions. Then, the aggregation-prone fragments were identified by combining standard proteomic methods, and the results validated with a set of synthetic peptides with the sequence of the tryptic fragments. Both strategies coincided to identify a fibrillogenic hotspot located at the CDR1 and β-strand C of the protein, which was confirmed by scanning proline mutagenesis analysis. However, only the proteolysis-based strategy revealed additional fibrillogenic hotspots in two other regions of the protein. It was shown that a fibrillogenic hotspot associated to the CDR1 is also encoded by several κ and λ germline variable domain gene segments. Some parts of this study have been included in the chapter “The Structural Determinants of the Immunoglobulin Light Chain Amyloid Aggregation”, published in Physical Biology of Proteins and Peptides, Springer 2015 (ISBN 978-3-319-21687-4).
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14
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Lecoq L, Wiegand T, Rodriguez‐Alvarez FJ, Cadalbert R, Herrera GA, del Pozo‐Yauner L, Meier BH, Böckmann A. A Substantial Structural Conversion of the Native Monomer Leads to in‐Register Parallel Amyloid Fibril Formation in Light‐Chain Amyloidosis. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1027-1031. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Lecoq
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural BiochemistryLabex EcofectUMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon 7, passage du Vercors 69367 Lyon France
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Physical ChemistryETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog Weg 2 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | | | - Riccardo Cadalbert
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural BiochemistryLabex EcofectUMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon 7, passage du Vercors 69367 Lyon France
| | - Guillermo A. Herrera
- Department of Pathology and Translational PathobiologyLSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport 1501 Kings Highway Shreveport LA 71103 USA
| | - Luis del Pozo‐Yauner
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica Periférico Sur No. 4809 14610 Mexico City México
- Department of Pathology and Translational PathobiologyLSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport 1501 Kings Highway Shreveport LA 71103 USA
| | - Beat H. Meier
- Physical ChemistryETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog Weg 2 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural BiochemistryLabex EcofectUMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon 7, passage du Vercors 69367 Lyon France
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15
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Isolation and purification of recombinant immunoglobulin light chain variable domains from the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206167. [PMID: 30347409 PMCID: PMC6197867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis is the most common form of systemic amyloidosis. However, very little is known about the underlying mechanisms that initiate and modulate the associated protein aggregation and deposition. Model systems have been established to investigate these disease-associated processes. One of these systems comprises two 114 amino acid light-chain variable domains of the kappa 4 IgG family, SMA and LEN. Despite high sequence identity (93%), SMA is amyloidogenic in vivo, but LEN adopts a stable dimer, displaying amyloidogenic properties only under destabilising conditions in vitro. We present here a refined and reproducible periplasmic expression and purification protocol for SMA and LEN that improves on existing methods and provides high yields of pure protein (10-50mg/L), particularly suitable for structural studies that demand highly concentrated and purified proteins. We confirm that recombinant SMA and LEN proteins have structure and dimerization capabilities consistent with the native proteins and employ fluorescence to probe internalization and cellular localization within cardiomyocytes. We propose periplasmic expression and simplified chromatographic steps outlined here as an optimized method for production of these and other variable light chain domains to investigate the underlying mechanisms of light chain amyloidosis. We show that SMA and LEN can be internalised within cardiomyocytes and were observed to localise to the perinuclear area, assessed by confocal microscopy as a possible mechanism for underlying cytotoxicity and pathogenesis associated with amyloidosis.
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16
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Velázquez-López I, Valdés-García G, Romero Romero S, Maya Martínez R, Leal-Cervantes AI, Costas M, Sánchez-López R, Amero C, Pastor N, Fernández Velasco DA. Localized conformational changes trigger the pH-induced fibrillogenesis of an amyloidogenic λ light chain protein. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1656-1666. [PMID: 29669263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Solvent conditions modulate the expression of the amyloidogenic potential of proteins. In this work the effect of pH on the fibrillogenic behavior and the conformational properties of 6aJL2, a model protein of the highly amyloidogenic variable light chain λ6a gene segment, was examined. Ordered aggregates showing the ultrastructural and spectroscopic properties observed in amyloid fibrils were formed in the 2.0-8.0 pH range. At pH <3.0 a drastic decrease in lag time and an increase in fibril formation rate were found. In the 4.0-8.0 pH range there was no spectroscopic evidence for significant conformational changes in the native state. Likewise, heat capacity measurements showed no evidence for residual structure in the unfolded state. However, at pH <3.0 stability is severely decreased and the protein suffers conformational changes as detected by circular dichroism, tryptophan and ANS fluorescence, as well as by NMR spectroscopy. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that acid-induced conformational changes involve the exposure of the loop connecting strands E and F. These results are compatible with pH-induced changes in the NMR spectra. Overall, the results indicate that the mechanism involved in the acid-induced increase in the fibrillogenic potential of 6aJL2 is profoundly different to that observed in κ light chains, and is promoted by localized conformational changes in a region of the protein that was previously not known to be involved in acid-induced light chain fibril formation. The identification of this region opens the potential for the design of specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Velázquez-López
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica e Ingeniería de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Gilberto Valdés-García
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, México
| | - Sergio Romero Romero
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica e Ingeniería de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Roberto Maya Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, México
| | - Ana I Leal-Cervantes
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica e Ingeniería de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Miguel Costas
- Laboratorio de Biofisicoquímica, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | | | - Carlos Amero
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, México
| | - Nina Pastor
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, México.
| | - D Alejandro Fernández Velasco
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica e Ingeniería de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.
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17
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Valdés-García G, Millán-Pacheco C, Pastor N. Convergent mechanisms favor fast amyloid formation in two lambda 6a Ig light chain mutants. Biopolymers 2018; 107. [PMID: 28509352 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular deposition as amyloids of immunoglobulin light chains causes light chain amyloidosis. Among the light chain families, lambda 6a is one of the most frequent in light chain amyloidosis patients. Its germline protein, 6aJL2, and point mutants, R24G and P7S, are good models to study fibrillogenesis, because their stability and fibril formation characteristics have been described. Both mutations make the germline protein unstable and speed up its ability to aggregate. To date, there is no molecular mechanism that explains how these differences in amyloidogenesis can arise from a single mutation. To look into the structural and dynamical differences in the native state of these proteins, we carried out molecular dynamics simulations at room temperature. Despite the structural similarity of the germline protein and the mutants, we found differences in their dynamical signatures that explain the mutants' increased tendency to form amyloids. The contact network alterations caused by the mutations, though different, converge in affecting two anti-aggregation motifs present in light chain variable domains, suggesting a different starting point for aggregation in lambda chains compared to kappa chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Valdés-García
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - César Millán-Pacheco
- Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Nina Pastor
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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18
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Morgan GJ, Usher GA, Kelly JW. Incomplete Refolding of Antibody Light Chains to Non-Native, Protease-Sensitive Conformations Leads to Aggregation: A Mechanism of Amyloidogenesis in Patients? Biochemistry 2017; 56:6597-6614. [PMID: 29200282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic, biochemical, and pharmacologic evidence supports the hypothesis that conformationally altered or misfolded protein states enable aggregation and cytotoxicity in the systemic amyloid diseases. Reversible structural fluctuations of natively folded proteins are involved in the aggregation of many degenerative disease associated proteins. Herein, we use antibody light chains (LCs) that form amyloid fibrils in AL amyloidosis to consider an alternative hypothesis of amyloidogenesis: that transient unfolding and incomplete extracellular refolding of secreted proteins can lead to metastable, alternatively folded states that are more susceptible to aggregation or to endoproteolysis that can release aggregation-prone fragments. Refolding of full-length λ6a LC dimers comprising an interchain disulfide bond from heat- or chaotrope-denatured ensembles in buffers yields the native dimeric state as well as alternatively folded dimers and aggregates. LC variants lacking an interchain disulfide bond appear to refold fully reversibly to the native state. The conformation of a backbone peptidyl-proline amide in the LC constant domain, which is cis in the native state, may determine whether the LC refolds back to the native state. A proline to alanine (P147A) LC variant, which cannot form the native cis-amide conformation, forms amyloid fibrils from the alternatively folded ensemble, whereas all the full-length λ6a LCs we have studied to date do not form amyloid under analogous conditions. P147A LC variants are susceptible to endoproteolysis by thrombin, enabling amyloidogenesis of the fragments released. Thus, non-native LC structural ensembles containing a tyrosine 146-proline 147 trans-amide bond can initiate and propagate amyloid formation, either directly or after aberrant endoproteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Morgan
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, and ‡The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Grace A Usher
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, and ‡The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, and ‡The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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19
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Luna-Martínez OD, Hernández-Santoyo A, Villalba-Velázquez MI, Sánchez-Alcalá R, Fernández-Velasco DA, Becerril B. Stabilizing an amyloidogenic λ6 light chain variable domain. FEBS J 2017; 284:3702-3717. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar D. Luna-Martínez
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos; Instituto de Biotecnología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Cuernavaca Mexico
| | - Alejandra Hernández-Santoyo
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas; Instituto de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Myriam I. Villalba-Velázquez
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos; Instituto de Biotecnología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Cuernavaca Mexico
| | - Rosalba Sánchez-Alcalá
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos; Instituto de Biotecnología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Cuernavaca Mexico
| | - Daniel A. Fernández-Velasco
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica e Ingeniería de Proteínas; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Baltazar Becerril
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos; Instituto de Biotecnología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Cuernavaca Mexico
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20
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Epigallocatechin-3-gallate preferentially induces aggregation of amyloidogenic immunoglobulin light chains. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41515. [PMID: 28128355 PMCID: PMC5269747 DOI: 10.1038/srep41515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody light chain amyloidosis is a rare disease caused by fibril formation of secreted immunoglobulin light chains (LCs). The huge variety of antibody sequences puts a serious challenge to drug discovery. The green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is known to interfere with fibril formation in general. Here we present solution- and solid-state NMR studies as well as MD simulations to characterise the interaction of EGCG with LC variable domains. We identified two distinct EGCG binding sites, both of which include a proline as an important recognition element. The binding sites were confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis and solid-state NMR analysis. The EGCG-induced protein complexes are unstructured. We propose a general mechanistic model for EGCG binding to a conserved site in LCs. We find that EGCG reacts selectively with amyloidogenic mutants. This makes this compound a promising lead structure, that can handle the immense sequence variability of antibody LCs.
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21
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Blancas-Mejía LM, Misra P, Ramirez-Alvarado M. Differences in Protein Concentration Dependence for Nucleation and Elongation in Light Chain Amyloid Formation. Biochemistry 2017; 56:757-766. [PMID: 28074646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a lethal disease characterized by the deposition of the immunoglobulin light chain into amyloid fibrils, resulting in organ dysfunction and failure. Amyloid fibrils have the ability to self-propagate, recruiting soluble protein into the fibril by a nucleation-polymerization mechanism, characteristic of autocatalytic reactions. Experimental data suggest the existence of a critical concentration for initiation of fibril formation. As such, the initial concentration of soluble amyloidogenic protein is expected to have a profound effect on the rate of fibril formation. In this work, we present in vitro evidence that fibril formation rates for AL light chains are affected by the protein concentration in a differential manner. De novo reactions of the proteins with the fastest amyloid kinetics (AL-09, AL-T05, and AL-103) do not present protein concentration dependence. Seeded reactions, however, exhibited weak protein concentration dependence. For AL-12, seeded and protein concentration dependence data suggest a synergistic effect for recruitment and elongation at low protein concentrations, while reactions of κI exhibited poor efficiency in nucleating and elongating preformed fibrils. Additionally, co-aggregation and cross seeding of κI variable domain (VL) and the κI full length (FL) light chain indicate that the presence of the constant domain in κI FL modulates fibril formation, facilitating the recruitment of κI VL. Together, these results indicate that the dominant process in fibril formation varies among the AL proteins tested with a differential dependence of the protein concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Blancas-Mejía
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and ‡Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Pinaki Misra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and ‡Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Marina Ramirez-Alvarado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and ‡Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
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22
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Andrich K, Hegenbart U, Kimmich C, Kedia N, Bergen HR, Schönland S, Wanker E, Bieschke J. Aggregation of Full-length Immunoglobulin Light Chains from Systemic Light Chain Amyloidosis (AL) Patients Is Remodeled by Epigallocatechin-3-gallate. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:2328-2344. [PMID: 28031465 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.750323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervention into amyloid deposition with anti-amyloid agents like the polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is emerging as an experimental secondary treatment strategy in systemic light chain amyloidosis (AL). In both AL and multiple myeloma (MM), soluble immunoglobulin light chains (LC) are produced by clonal plasma cells, but only in AL do they form amyloid deposits in vivo We investigated the amyloid formation of patient-derived LC and their susceptibility to EGCG in vitro to probe commonalities and systematic differences in their assembly mechanisms. We isolated nine LC from the urine of AL and MM patients. We quantified their thermodynamic stabilities and monitored their aggregation under physiological conditions by thioflavin T fluorescence, light scattering, SDS stability, and atomic force microscopy. LC from all patients formed amyloid-like aggregates, albeit with individually different kinetics. LC existed as dimers, ∼50% of which were linked by disulfide bridges. Our results suggest that cleavage into LC monomers is required for efficient amyloid formation. The kinetics of AL LC displayed a transition point in concentration dependence, which MM LC lacked. The lack of concentration dependence of MM LC aggregation kinetics suggests that conformational change of the light chain is rate-limiting for these proteins. Aggregation kinetics displayed two distinct phases, which corresponded to the formation of oligomers and amyloid fibrils, respectively. EGCG specifically inhibited the second aggregation phase and induced the formation of SDS-stable, non-amyloid LC aggregates. Our data suggest that EGCG intervention does not depend on the individual LC sequence and is similar to the mechanism observed for amyloid-β and α-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Andrich
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899.,the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Hegenbart
- the Department of Internal Medicine V (Hematology/Amyloidosis Center), University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, and
| | - Christoph Kimmich
- the Department of Internal Medicine V (Hematology/Amyloidosis Center), University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, and
| | - Niraja Kedia
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899
| | - H Robert Bergen
- the Translational PKD Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Stefan Schönland
- the Department of Internal Medicine V (Hematology/Amyloidosis Center), University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, and
| | - Erich Wanker
- the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Bieschke
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899,
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23
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Morgan GJ, Kelly JW. The Kinetic Stability of a Full-Length Antibody Light Chain Dimer Determines whether Endoproteolysis Can Release Amyloidogenic Variable Domains. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:4280-4297. [PMID: 27569045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Light chain (LC) amyloidosis (AL amyloidosis) appears to be caused by the misfolding, or misfolding and aggregation of an antibody LC or fragment thereof and is fatal if untreated. LCs are secreted from clonally expanded plasma cells, generally as disulfide-linked dimers, with each monomer comprising one constant and one variable domain. The energetic contribution of each domain and the role of endoproteolysis in AL amyloidosis remain unclear. To investigate why only some LCs form amyloid and cause organ toxicity, we measured the aggregation propensity and kinetic stability of LC dimers and their associated variable domains from AL amyloidosis patients and non-patients. All the variable domains studied readily form amyloid fibrils, whereas none of the full-length LC dimers, even those from AL amyloidosis patients, are amyloidogenic. Kinetic stability-that is, the free energy difference between the native state and the unfolding transition state-dictates the LC's unfolding rate. Full-length LC dimers derived from AL amyloidosis patients unfold more rapidly than other full-length LC dimers and can be readily cleaved into their component domains by proteases, whereas non-amyloidogenic LC dimers are more kinetically stable and resistant to endoproteolysis. Our data suggest that amyloidogenic LC dimers are kinetically unstable (unfold faster) and are thus susceptible to endoproteolysis that results in the release amyloidogenic LC fragments, whereas other LCs are not as amenable to unfolding and endoproteolysis and are therefore aggregation resistant. Pharmacologic kinetic stabilization of the full-length LC dimer could be a useful strategy to treat AL amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Morgan
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Blancas-Mejía LM, Ramirez-Alvarado M. Recruitment of Light Chains by Homologous and Heterologous Fibrils Shows Distinctive Kinetic and Conformational Specificity. Biochemistry 2016; 55:2967-78. [PMID: 27158939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Light chain amyloidosis is a protein misfolding disease in which immunoglobulin light chains aggregate as insoluble fibrils that accumulate in extracellular deposits. Amyloid fibril formation in vitro has been described as a nucleation-polymerization, autocatalytic reaction in which nascent fibrils catalyze formation of new fibrils, recruiting soluble protein into the fibril. In this context, it is also established that preformed fibrils or "seeds" accelerate fibril formation. In some cases, seeds with a substantially different sequence are able to accelerate the reaction, albeit with a lower efficiency. In this work, we studied the recruitment and addition of monomers in the presence of seeds of five immunoglobulin light chain proteins, covering a broad range of protein stabilities and amyloidogenic properties. Our data reveal that in the presence of homologous or heterologous seeds, the fibril formation reactions become less stochastic than de novo reactions. The kinetics of the most amyloidogenic proteins (AL-T05 and AL-09) do not present significant changes in the presence of seeds. Amyloidogenic protein AL-103 presented fairly consistent acceleration with all seeds. In contrast, the less amyloidogenic proteins (AL-12 and κI) presented dramatic differential effects that are dependent on the kind of seed used. κI had a poor efficiency to elongate preformed fibrils. Together, these results indicate that fibril formation is kinetically determined by the conformation of the amyloidogenic precursor and modulated by the differential ability of each protein to either nucleate or elongate fibrils. We observe morphological and conformational properties of some seeds that do not favor elongation with some proteins, resulting in a delay in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Blancas-Mejía
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and ‡Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic , 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Marina Ramirez-Alvarado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and ‡Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic , 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
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25
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McWilliams-Koeppen HP, Foster JS, Hackenbrack N, Ramirez-Alvarado M, Donohoe D, Williams A, Macy S, Wooliver C, Wortham D, Morrell-Falvey J, Foster CM, Kennel SJ, Wall JS. Light Chain Amyloid Fibrils Cause Metabolic Dysfunction in Human Cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137716. [PMID: 26393799 PMCID: PMC4579077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Light chain (AL) amyloidosis is the most common form of systemic amyloid disease, and cardiomyopathy is a dire consequence, resulting in an extremely poor prognosis. AL is characterized by the production of monoclonal free light chains that deposit as amyloid fibrils principally in the heart, liver, and kidneys causing organ dysfunction. We have studied the effects of amyloid fibrils, produced from recombinant λ6 light chain variable domains, on metabolic activity of human cardiomyocytes. The data indicate that fibrils at 0.1 μM, but not monomer, significantly decrease the enzymatic activity of cellular NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductase, without causing significant cell death. The presence of amyloid fibrils did not affect ATP levels; however, oxygen consumption was increased and reactive oxygen species were detected. Confocal fluorescence microscopy showed that fibrils bound to and remained at the cell surface with little fibril internalization. These data indicate that AL amyloid fibrils severely impair cardiomyocyte metabolism in a dose dependent manner. These data suggest that effective therapeutic intervention for these patients should include methods for removing potentially toxic amyloid fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen P. McWilliams-Koeppen
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN United States of America
| | - James S. Foster
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN United States of America
| | - Nicole Hackenbrack
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN United States of America
| | - Marina Ramirez-Alvarado
- Department of Biochemistry/Mol. Biol. and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Dallas Donohoe
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Angela Williams
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN United States of America
| | - Sallie Macy
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN United States of America
| | - Craig Wooliver
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN United States of America
| | - Dale Wortham
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN United States of America
| | - Jennifer Morrell-Falvey
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Carmen M. Foster
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Kennel
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN United States of America
- Department of Radiology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN United States of America
| | - Jonathan S. Wall
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN United States of America
- Department of Radiology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Gil-Rodríguez P, Amero C. (1)H, (15)N and (13)C resonance assignments for 3rC and 3rCWP: amyloidogenic variants of imunoglobulin λ 3 light-chain. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2015; 9:139-142. [PMID: 24816896 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-014-9560-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Primary amyloidosis (AL) is the most common amyloid systemic disease and it is characterized by the deposition of immunoglobulin light-chain amyloid fibers in different organs, causing organ failure. The germ-line lambda 3 immunoglobulin light-chain proteins have been correlated with the AL condition. Two mutants have been derived from this germ-line, the single mutant C34Y (3rC) and the triple mutant C34Y, W35A and P7D (3rCWP), presenting a remarkable difference in amyloid fibril formation propensities in vitro. Here we report the (1)H, (13)C and (15)N resonance assignments of these proteins, as the first step to use solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to get a better understanding of the amyloid fibril formation differences between these two mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Gil-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Atónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, C.P. 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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27
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Blancas-Mejía LM, Hammernik J, Marin-Argany M, Ramirez-Alvarado M. Differential effects on light chain amyloid formation depend on mutations and type of glycosaminoglycans. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:4953-4965. [PMID: 25538238 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.615401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a protein misfolding disease where immunoglobulin light chains sample partially folded states that lead to misfolding and amyloid formation, resulting in organ dysfunction and death. In vivo, amyloid deposits are found in the extracellular space and involve a variety of accessory molecules, such as glycosaminoglycans, one of the main components of the extracellular matrix. Glycosaminoglycans are a group of negatively charged heteropolysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units. In this study, we investigated the effect of glycosaminoglycans on the kinetics of amyloid fibril formation of three AL cardiac amyloidosis light chains. These proteins have similar thermodynamic stability but exhibit different kinetics of fibril formation. We also studied single restorative and reciprocal mutants and wild type germ line control protein. We found that the type of glycosaminoglycan has a different effect on the kinetics of fibril formation, and this effect seems to be associated with the natural propensity of each AL protein to form fibrils. Heparan sulfate accelerated AL-12, AL-09, κI Y87H, and AL-103 H92D fibril formation; delayed fibril formation for AL-103; and did not promote any fibril formation for AL-12 R65S, AL-103 delP95aIns, or κI O18/O8. Chondroitin sulfate A, on the other hand, showed a strong fibril formation inhibition for all proteins. We propose that heparan sulfate facilitates the formation of transient amyloidogenic conformations of AL light chains, thereby promoting amyloid formation, whereas chondroitin sulfate A kinetically traps partially unfolded intermediates, and further fibril elongation into fibrils is inhibited, resulting in formation/accumulation of oligomeric/protofibrillar aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jared Hammernik
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | | | - Marina Ramirez-Alvarado
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and; Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905 and.
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28
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Villalba MI, Canul-Tec JC, Luna-Martínez OD, Sánchez-Alcalá R, Olamendi-Portugal T, Rudiño-Piñera E, Rojas S, Sánchez-López R, Fernández-Velasco DA, Becerril B. Site-directed mutagenesis reveals regions implicated in the stability and fiber formation of human λ3r light chains. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:2577-92. [PMID: 25505244 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.629550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Light chain amyloidosis (AL) is a disease that affects vital organs by the fibrillar aggregation of monoclonal light chains. λ3r germ line is significantly implicated in this disease. In this work, we contrasted the thermodynamic stability and aggregation propensity of 3mJL2 (nonamyloidogenic) and 3rJL2 (amyloidogenic) λ3 germ lines. Because of an inherent limitation (extremely low expression), Cys at position 34 of the 3r germ line was replaced by Tyr reaching a good expression yield. A second substitution (W91A) was introduced in 3r to obtain a better template to incorporate additional mutations. Although the single mutant (C34Y) was not fibrillogenic, the second mutation located at CDR3 (W91A) induced fibrillogenesis. We propose, for the first time, that CDR3 (position 91) affects the stability and fiber formation of human λ3r light chains. Using the double mutant (3rJL2/YA) as template, other variants were constructed to evaluate the importance of those substitutions into the stability and aggregation propensity of λ3 light chains. A change in position 7 (P7D) boosted 3rJL2/YA fibrillogenic properties. Modification of position 48 (I48M) partially reverted 3rJL2/YA fibril aggregation. Finally, changes at positions 8 (P8S) or 40 (P40S) completely reverted fibril formation. These results confirm the influential roles of N-terminal region (positions 7 and 8) and the loop 40-60 (positions 40 and 48) on AL. X-ray crystallography revealed that the three-dimensional topology of the single and double λ3r mutants was not significantly altered. This mutagenic approach helped to identify key regions implicated in λ3 AL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sonia Rojas
- From the Departments of Molecular Medicine and Bioprocesses and
| | | | - Daniel A Fernández-Velasco
- the Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Protein Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
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29
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Pathogenesis of renal failure in multiple myeloma: any role of contrast media? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:167125. [PMID: 24877060 PMCID: PMC4022292 DOI: 10.1155/2014/167125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The spectrum of kidney disease-associated monoclonal immunoglobulin and plasma cell malignancies is remarkably broad and encompasses nearly all nephropathologic entities. Multiple myeloma with kidney impairment at presentation is a medical emergency since the recovery of kidney function is associated with survival benefits. In most cases, kidney impairment may be the first clinical manifestation of malignant plasma cell dyscrasias like multiple myeloma and light chain amyloidosis. Multiple myeloma per se cannot be considered a main risk factor for developing acute kidney injury following intravascular administration of iodinated contrast media. The risk is increased by comorbidities such as chronic kidney disease, diabetes, hypercalcemia, dehydration, and use of nephrotoxic drugs. Before the administration of contrast media, the current recommended laboratory tests for assessing kidney function are serum creatinine measurement and the estimation of glomerular filtration rate by using the CKD-EPI equation. The assessment of Bence Jones proteinuria is unnecessary for evaluating the risk of kidney failure in patients with multiple myeloma, since this test cannot be considered a surrogate biomarker of kidney function.
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30
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Bian L, Ji X. Distribution, transition and thermodynamic stability of protein conformations in the denaturant-induced unfolding of proteins. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91129. [PMID: 24603868 PMCID: PMC3948385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive and intensive studies on the unfolding of proteins require appropriate theoretical model and parameter to clearly illustrate the feature and characteristic of the unfolding system. Over the past several decades, four approaches have been proposed to describe the interaction between proteins and denaturants, but some ambiguity and deviations usually occur in the explanation of the experimental data. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this work, a theoretical model was presented to show the dependency of the residual activity ratio of the proteins on the molar denaturant concentration. Through the characteristic unfolding parameters ki and Δmi in this model, the distribution, transition and thermodynamic stability of protein conformations during the unfolding process can be quantitatively described. This model was tested with the two-state unfolding of bovine heart cytochrome c and the three-state unfolding of hen egg white lysozyme induced by both guanidine hydrochloride and urea, the four-state unfolding of bovine carbonic anhydrase b induced by guanidine hydrochloride and the unfolding of some other proteins induced by denaturants. The results illustrated that this model could be used accurately to reveal the distribution and transition of protein conformations in the presence of different concentrations of denaturants and to evaluate the unfolding tendency and thermodynamic stability of different conformations. In most denaturant-induced unfolding of proteins, the unfolding became increasingly hard in next transition step and the proteins became more unstable as they attained next successive stable conformation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This work presents a useful method for people to study the unfolding of proteins and may be used to describe the unfolding and refolding of other biopolymers induced by denaturants, inducers, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujiao Bian
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xu Ji
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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31
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Thermal stability threshold for amyloid formation in light chain amyloidosis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:22604-17. [PMID: 24248061 PMCID: PMC3856080 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141122604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a devastating disease characterized by amyloid deposits formed by immunoglobulin light chains. Current available treatments involve conventional chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant. We have recently concluded a phase III trial comparing these two treatments. AL amyloidosis patients who achieve hematological complete response (CR) do not necessarily achieve organ response regardless of the treatment they received. In order to investigate the possible correlation between amyloid formation kinetics and organ response, we selected AL amyloidosis patients from the trial with kidney involvement and CR after treatment. Six patients were selected and their monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains were characterized. The proteins showed differences in their stability and their kinetics of amyloid formation. A correlation was detected at pH 7.4, showing that less stable proteins are more likely to form amyloid fibrils. AL-T03 is too unstable to form amyloid fibrils at pH 7.4. This protein was found in the only patient in the study that had organ response, suggesting that partially folded species are required for amyloid formation to occur in AL amyloidosis.
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32
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González-Andrade M, Becerril-Luján B, Sánchez-López R, Ceceña-Álvarez H, Pérez-Carreón JI, Ortiz E, Fernández-Velasco DA, del Pozo-Yauner L. Mutational and genetic determinants of λ6 light chain amyloidogenesis. FEBS J 2013; 280:6173-83. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martín González-Andrade
- Consorcio Bioquímica de Enfermedades Crónicas; Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN); México
| | | | - Rosana Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Biotecnología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Cuernavaca México
| | - Héctor Ceceña-Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica e Ingeniería de Proteínas; Departamento de Bioquímica; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México
| | - Julio I. Pérez-Carreón
- Consorcio Bioquímica de Enfermedades Crónicas; Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN); México
| | - Ernesto Ortiz
- Instituto de Biotecnología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Cuernavaca México
| | - D. Alejandro Fernández-Velasco
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica e Ingeniería de Proteínas; Departamento de Bioquímica; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México
| | - Luis del Pozo-Yauner
- Consorcio Bioquímica de Enfermedades Crónicas; Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN); México
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Blancas-Mejía LM, Tischer A, Thompson JR, Tai J, Wang L, Auton M, Ramirez-Alvarado M. Kinetic control in protein folding for light chain amyloidosis and the differential effects of somatic mutations. J Mol Biol 2013; 426:347-61. [PMID: 24157440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Light chain amyloidosis is a devastating disease where immunoglobulin light chains form amyloid fibrils, resulting in organ dysfunction and death. Previous studies have shown a direct correlation between the protein thermodynamic stability and the propensity for amyloid formation for some proteins involved in light chain amyloidosis. Here we investigate the effect of somatic mutations on protein stability and in vitro fibril formation of single and double restorative mutants of the protein AL-103 compared to the wild-type germline control protein. A scan rate dependence and hysteresis in the thermal unfolding and refolding was observed for all proteins. This indicates that the unfolding/refolding reaction is kinetically determined with different kinetic constants for unfolding and refolding even though the process remains experimentally reversible. Our structural analysis of AL-103 and AL-103 delP95aIns suggests a kinetic coupling of the unfolding/refolding process with cis-trans prolyl isomerization. Our data reveal that the deletion of proline 95a (AL-103 delP95aIns), which removes the trans-cis di-proline motif present in the patient protein AL-103, results in a dramatic increment in the thermodynamic stability and a significant delay in fibril formation kinetics with respect to AL-103. Fibril formation is pH dependent; all proteins form fibrils at pH2; reactions become slower and more stochastic as the pH increases up to pH7. Based on these results, we propose that, in addition to thermodynamic stability, kinetic stability (possibly influenced by the presence of cis proline 95a) plays a major role in the AL-103 amyloid fibril formation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Blancas-Mejía
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Alexander Tischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - James R Thompson
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jonathan Tai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Matthew Auton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Marina Ramirez-Alvarado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Tishchenko VM. Role of cis- and trans-interactions in manifestations of amyloidogenic properties of variable domains of Bence-Jones proteins TIM and LUS. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2013; 78:368-376. [PMID: 23590439 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Intact Bence-Jones proteins TIM and LUS under simulated physiological conditions (10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, 100 mM NaCl, 37°C) did not display amyloidogenic properties. However, their isolated variable domains exhibit these qualities in full measure. Therefore, both intact proteins and their variable domains were studied using a complex of physical methods (scanning microcalorimetry, analytical centrifugation, optics) that allowed us to assess the stability of their tertiary and quaternary structures. The experimentally obtained thermodynamic functions indicated that the stability of isolated variable domains of TIM and LUS was comparable to the stability of similar domains in amyloidogenic proteins described earlier. However, inside the whole protein their stability was comparable to the stability of VL domains of ordinary Bence-Jones proteins. The decreased stability of the isolated variable domains of TIM and LUS was shown to be due both to weak interactions between a pair of variable domains (trans-interaction) and to a natural lack of interaction with the constant domains (cis-interaction).
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Tishchenko
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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Abstract
The amyloidoses are a group of protein misfolding diseases in which the precursor protein undergoes a conformational change that triggers the formation of amyloid fibrils in different tissues and organs, causing cell death and organ failure. Amyloidoses can be either localized or systemic. In localized amyloidosis, amyloid deposits form at the site of precursor protein synthesis, whereas in systemic amyloidosis, amyloid deposition occurs distant from the site of precursor protein secretion. We review the type of proteins and cells involved and what is known about the complex pathophysiology of these diseases. We focus on light chain amyloidosis to illustrate how biochemical and biophysical studies have led to a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of this devastating disease. We also review current cellular, tissue, and animal models and discuss the challenges and opportunities for future studies of the systemic amyloidoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Blancas-Mejía
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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36
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Uljon SN, Richardson PG, Schur PH, Anderson KC, Tanasijevic MJ, Lindeman NI. Serial serum free light chain measurements do not detect changes in disease status earlier than electrophoretic M-spike measurements in patients with intact immunoglobulin myeloma. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:562-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Klimtchuk ES, Gursky O, Patel RS, Laporte KL, Connors LH, Skinner M, Seldin DC. The critical role of the constant region in thermal stability and aggregation of amyloidogenic immunoglobulin light chain. Biochemistry 2010; 49:9848-57. [PMID: 20936823 DOI: 10.1021/bi101351c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Light chain (LC) amyloidosis (AL) is a fatal disease in which immunoglobulin LC deposit as fibrils. Although the LC amyloid-forming propensity is attributed primarily to the variable region, fibrils also contain full-length LC comprised of variable-joining (V(L)) and constant (C(L)) regions. To assess the role of C(L) in fibrillogenesis, we compared the thermal stability of full-length LC and corresponding V(L) and C(L) fragments. Protein unfolding and aggregation were monitored by circular dichroism and light scattering. A full-length λ6 LC purified from urine of a patient with AL amyloidosis showed irreversible unfolding coupled to aggregation. The transition temperature decreased at slower heating rates, indicating kinetic effects. Next, we studied five recombinant λ6 proteins: full-length amyloidogenic LC, its V(L), germline LC, germline V(L), and C(L). Amyloidogenic and germline proteins showed similar rank order of stability, V(L) < LC < C(L); hence, in the full-length LC, V(L) destabilizes C(L). Amyloidogenic proteins were less stable than their germline counterparts, suggesting that reduction in V(L) stability destabilizes the full-length LC. Thermal unfolding of the full-length amyloidogenic and germline LC required high activation energy and involved irreversible aggregation, yet the unfolding of the isolated V(L) and C(L) fragments was partially reversible. Therefore, compared to their fragments, full-length LCs are more likely to initiate aggregation during unfolding and provide a template for the V(L) deposition. The kinetic barrier for this aggregation is regulated by the stability of the V(L) region. This represents a paradigm shift in AL fibrillogenesis and suggests C(L) region as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena S Klimtchuk
- Gerry Amyloid Research Laboratory, Amyloid Treatment and Research Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine,72 East Concord Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States.
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Hernández-Santoyo A, del Pozo Yauner L, Fuentes-Silva D, Ortiz E, Rudiño-Piñera E, Sánchez-López R, Horjales E, Becerril B, Rodríguez-Romero A. A Single Mutation at the Sheet Switch Region Results in Conformational Changes Favoring λ6 Light-Chain Fibrillogenesis. J Mol Biol 2010; 396:280-92. [PMID: 19941869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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39
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A survey of proteins encoded by non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms reveals a significant fraction with altered stability and activity. Biochem J 2009; 424:15-26. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20090723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
On average, each human gene has approximately four SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the coding region, half of which are nsSNPs (non-synonymous SNPs) or missense SNPs. Current attention is focused on those that are known to perturb function and are strongly linked to disease. However, the vast majority of SNPs have not been investigated for the possibility of causing disease. We set out to assess the fraction of nsSNPs that encode proteins that have altered stability and activity, for this class of variants would be candidates to perturb cellular function. We tested the thermostability and, where possible, the catalytic activity for the most common variant (wild-type) and minor variants (total of 46 SNPs) for 16 human enzymes for which the three-dimensional structures were known. There were significant differences in the stability of almost half of the variants (48%) compared with their wild-type counterparts. The catalytic efficiency of approx. 14 variants was significantly altered, including several variants of human PKM2 (pyruvate kinase muscle 2). Two PKM2 variants, S437Y and E28K, also exhibited changes in their allosteric regulation compared with the wild-type enzyme. The high proportion of nsSNPs that affect protein stability and function, albeit subtly, underscores the need for experimental analysis of the diverse human proteome.
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Ramos I, Fabris D, Qi W, Fernandez EJ, Good TA. Kinetic study of beta-amyloid residue accessibility using reductive alkylation and mass spectrometry. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 104:181-92. [PMID: 19418563 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) is the major protein constituent found in senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is believed that Abeta plays a role in neurodegeneration associated with AD and that its toxicity is related to its structure or aggregation state. In this study, an approach based on chemical modification of primary amines and mass spectrometric (MS) detection was used to identify residues on Abeta peptide that were exposed or buried upon changes in peptide structure associated with aggregation. Results indicate that the N terminus was the most accessible primary amine in the fibril, followed by lysine 28, then lysine 16. A kinetic analysis of the data was then performed to quantify differences in accessibility between these modification sites. We estimated apparent equilibrium unfolding constants for each modified site of the peptide, and determined that the unfolding constant for the N terminus was approximately 100 times greater than that for K28, which was about six times greater than that for K16. Understanding Abeta peptide structure at the residue level is a first step in designing novel therapies for prevention of Abeta structural transitions and/or cell interactions associated with neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Ramos
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore Maryland 21250, USA
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