1
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Rodríguez-Hernández D, Fenwick MK, Zigweid R, Sankaran B, Myler PJ, Sunnerhagen P, Kaushansky A, Staker BL, Grøtli M. Exploring Subsite Selectivity within Plasmodium vivax N-Myristoyltransferase Using Pyrazole-Derived Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2024; 67:7312-7329. [PMID: 38680035 PMCID: PMC11089503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) is a promising antimalarial drug target. Despite biochemical similarities between Plasmodium vivax and human NMTs, our recent research demonstrated that high selectivity is achievable. Herein, we report PvNMT-inhibiting compounds aimed at identifying novel mechanisms of selectivity. Various functional groups are appended to a pyrazole moiety in the inhibitor to target a pocket formed beneath the peptide binding cleft. The inhibitor core group polarity, lipophilicity, and size are also varied to probe the water structure near a channel. Selectivity index values range from 0.8 to 125.3. Cocrystal structures of two selective compounds, determined at 1.97 and 2.43 Å, show that extensions bind the targeted pocket but with different stabilities. A bulky naphthalene moiety introduced into the core binds next to instead of displacing protein-bound waters, causing a shift in the inhibitor position and expanding the binding site. Our structure-activity data provide a conceptual foundation for guiding future inhibitor optimizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Rodríguez-Hernández
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department
of Structural and Functional Biology, Synthetic Biology Laboratory,
Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Michael K. Fenwick
- Seattle
Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center
for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Rachael Zigweid
- Seattle
Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center
for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Berkeley Center for Structural
Biology, Advanced Light Source, Berkeley
National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter J. Myler
- Seattle
Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center
for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Per Sunnerhagen
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Center
for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Bart L. Staker
- Seattle
Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center
for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Morten Grøtli
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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González-Matos M, Aguado ME, Izquierdo M, Monzote L, González-Bacerio J. Compounds with potentialities as novel chemotherapeutic agents in leishmaniasis at preclinical level. Exp Parasitol 2024; 260:108747. [PMID: 38518969 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis are neglected infectious diseases caused by kinetoplastid protozoan parasites from the genus Leishmania. These sicknesses are present mainly in tropical regions and almost 1 million new cases are reported each year. The absence of vaccines, as well as the high cost, toxicity or resistance to the current drugs determines the necessity of new treatments against these pathologies. In this review, several compounds with potentialities as new antileishmanial drugs are presented. The discussion is restricted to the preclinical level and molecules are organized according to their chemical nature, source and molecular targets. In this manner, we present antimicrobial peptides, flavonoids, withanolides, 8-aminoquinolines, compounds from Leish-Box, pyrazolopyrimidines, and inhibitors of tubulin polymerization/depolymerization, topoisomerase IB, proteases, pteridine reductase, N-myristoyltransferase, as well as enzymes involved in polyamine metabolism, response against oxidative stress, signaling pathways, and sterol biosynthesis. This work is a contribution to the general knowledge of these compounds as antileishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maikel González-Matos
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Mirtha Elisa Aguado
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maikel Izquierdo
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Lianet Monzote
- Department of Parasitology, Center for Research, Diagnosis and Reference, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia Del Mediodía Km 6½, La Lisa, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Jorge González-Bacerio
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba.
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3
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Marín M, López M, Gallego-Yerga L, Álvarez R, Peláez R. Experimental structure based drug design (SBDD) applications for anti-leishmanial drugs: A paradigm shift? Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1055-1120. [PMID: 38142308 DOI: 10.1002/med.22005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of neglected tropical diseases caused by at least 20 species of Leishmania protozoa, which are spread by the bite of infected sandflies. There are three main forms of the disease: cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL, the most common), visceral leishmaniasis (VL, also known as kala-azar, the most serious), and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. One billion people live in areas endemic to leishmaniasis, with an annual estimation of 30,000 new cases of VL and more than 1 million of CL. New treatments for leishmaniasis are an urgent need, as the existing ones are inefficient, toxic, and/or expensive. We have revised the experimental structure-based drug design (SBDD) efforts applied to the discovery of new drugs against leishmaniasis. We have grouped the explored targets according to the metabolic pathways they belong to, and the key achieved advances are highlighted and evaluated. In most cases, SBDD studies follow high-throughput screening campaigns and are secondary to pharmacokinetic optimization, due to the majoritarian belief that there are few validated targets for SBDD in leishmaniasis. However, some SBDD strategies have significantly contributed to new drug candidates against leishmaniasis and a bigger number holds promise for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Marín
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta López
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Laura Gallego-Yerga
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raquel Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rafael Peláez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
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4
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Sooram B, Mallikarjunachari U, Uddavesh S, Saudagar P. Pharmacophore-guided drug design using LdNMT as a model drug target for leishmaniasis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:863-875. [PMID: 37096664 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2196695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania genus parasites and has a high mortality rate. The available drugs to treat leishmaniasis fail due to acquired resistance in parasites. Several enzymes of the Leishmania parasite have been used to design new therapeutic molecules against leishmaniasis. This study uses a pharmacophore-guided approach to design the drug candidate by targeting Leishmania N-Myristoyl transferase (LdNMT). From the initial sequence analysis of LdNMT, we have identified a unique 20 amino acid stretch exploited for screening and designing the small molecules. The pharmacophore for the myristate binding site on LdNMT was elucidated, and a heatmap was constructed. The leishmanial NMT pharmacophore has similarities with other pathogenic microorganisms. Moreover, substituting alanine in pharmacophoric residues elevates the affinity of myristate with NMT. Furthermore, a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study was conducted to ascertain the stability of the mutants and or wild type. The wild-type NMT has a comparatively low affinity to myristate compared to alanine mutants, indicating that hydrophobic residues favor the myristate binding. The molecules were initially designed by using pharmacophore as a sieving mechanism. In subsequent steps, the selected molecules screened against leishmanial unique amino acid stretch and subsequently with human, leishmanial full-size NMTs. The compounds BP5, TYI, DMU, 3PE and 4UL were the top hits and chemical features similar to the myristate. The molecule 4UL was found to be highly specific towards leishmanial NMT over human NMT, suggesting the molecule is a strong leishmanial NMT inhibitor. The molecule can be taken further to assess it in in-vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banesh Sooram
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology-Warangal, Warangal, Telangana, India
| | - Uppuladinne Mallikarjunachari
- Department of High Performance Computing-Medical and Bioinformatics Applications, Centre for Development for Advanced Computing (CDAC), Pune, Maharastra, India
| | - Sonavane Uddavesh
- Department of High Performance Computing-Medical and Bioinformatics Applications, Centre for Development for Advanced Computing (CDAC), Pune, Maharastra, India
| | - Prakash Saudagar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology-Warangal, Warangal, Telangana, India
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5
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Tewari D, Rawat K, Bisht A, Almoyad MAA, Wahab S, Chandra S, Pande V. Screening of potential inhibitors of Leishmania major N-myristoyltransferase from Azadirachta indica phytochemicals for leishmaniasis drug discovery by molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation and density functional theory methods. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37922151 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2279281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected parasitic diseases worldwide. The toxicity of current drugs used for its treatment is a major obstacle to their effectiveness, necessitating the discovery and development of new therapeutic agents for better disease control. In Leishmania parasites, N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) has been identified as a promising target for drug development. Thus, exploring well-known medicinal plants such as Azadirachta indica and their phytochemicals can offer a diverse range of treatment options, potentially leading to disease prevention and control. To assess the therapeutic potential of these compounds, their ADMET prediction and drug-likeness properties were analyzed. The top 4 compounds were selected which had better and significantly low binding energy than the reference molecule QMI. Based on the binding energy score of the top compounds, the results show that Isonimocinolide has the highest binding affinity (-9.8 kcal/mol). In addition, a 100 ns MD simulation of the four best compounds showed that Isonimocinolide and Nimbolide have good stability with LmNMT. These compounds were then subjected to MMPBSA (last 30 ns) calculation to analyze protein-ligand stability and dynamic behavior. Nimbolide and Meldenin showed lowest binding free energy i.e. -84.301 kJ/mol and -91.937 kJ/mol respectively. DFT was employed to calculate the HOMO-LUMO energy gap, global reactivity parameters, and molecular electrostatic potential of all hit molecules. The promising results obtained from MD simulations and MMPBSA analyses provide compelling evidence for the potential use of these compounds in future drug development efforts for the treatment of leishmaniasis.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disha Tewari
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kalpana Rawat
- Computational Biology & Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Soban Singh Jeena University, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Amisha Bisht
- Department of Botany, P.G. College Bageshwar, Soban Singh Jeena University, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mohammad Ali Abdullah Almoyad
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Khamis Mushyt, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Subhash Chandra
- Computational Biology & Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Soban Singh Jeena University, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
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6
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Fenwick M, Reers AR, Liu Y, Zigweid R, Sankaran B, Shin J, Hulverson MA, Hammerson B, Fernández Álvaro E, Myler PJ, Kaushansky A, Van Voorhis WC, Fan E, Staker BL. Identification of and Structural Insights into Hit Compounds Targeting N-Myristoyltransferase for Cryptosporidium Drug Development. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1821-1833. [PMID: 37722671 PMCID: PMC10580320 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Each year, approximately 50,000 children under 5 die as a result of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum, a protozoan parasite. There are currently no effective drugs or vaccines available to cure or prevent Cryptosporidium infection, and there are limited tools for identifying and validating targets for drug or vaccine development. We previously reported a high throughput screening (HTS) of a large compound library against Plasmodium N-myristoyltransferase (NMT), a validated drug target in multiple protozoan parasite species. To identify molecules that could be effective against Cryptosporidium, we counter-screened hits from the Plasmodium NMT HTS against Cryptosporidium NMT. We identified two potential hit compounds and validated them against CpNMT to determine if NMT might be an attractive drug target also for Cryptosporidium. We tested the compounds against Cryptosporidium using both cell-based and NMT enzymatic assays. We then determined the crystal structure of CpNMT bound to Myristoyl-Coenzyme A (MyrCoA) and structures of ternary complexes with MyrCoA and the hit compounds to identify the ligand binding modes. The binding site architectures display different conformational states in the presence of the two inhibitors and provide a basis for rational design of selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
K. Fenwick
- Seattle
Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Alexandra R. Reers
- Seattle
Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center
for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Yi Liu
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Rachael Zigweid
- Seattle
Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center
for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Berkeley
Center for Structural Biology, Advanced Light Source, Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Janis Shin
- Seattle
Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center
for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Matthew A. Hulverson
- Center
for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Division of Allergy
and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Bradley Hammerson
- Seattle
Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center
for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | | | - Peter J. Myler
- Seattle
Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center
for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Department
of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Center
for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center
for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Division of Allergy
and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Department
of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Seattle
Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center
for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Division of Allergy
and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Erkang Fan
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Bart L. Staker
- Seattle
Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center
for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
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Mohammadi-Ghalehbin B, Shiran JA, Gholizadeh N, Razzaghi-Asl N. Synthesis, antileishmanial activity and molecular modeling of new 1-aryl/alkyl-3-benzoyl/cyclopropanoyl thiourea derivatives. Mol Divers 2023; 27:1531-1545. [PMID: 36001225 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10508-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Due to the lack of effective vaccine(s) against leishmania and also pharmacokinetics issues of current drugs, it is necessary to discover new antileishmanial agents. Within this particular study, a series of novel 1-aryl/alkyl-3-benzoyl/cyclopropanoyl thiourea derivatives were synthesized (yields 69-84%) and evaluated as antileishmanial compounds (1-11). Synthetic derivatives were subjected to in vitro antileishmanial assessment against Leishmania major promastigotes by colorimetric MTT assay. Compounds 3 (IC50 38.54 µg/mL), 5 (IC50 84.75 µg/mL) and 10 (IC50 70.31 µg/mL) exhibited higher activities after 48 h but were less potent than amphotericin B (IC50 0.19 µg/mL). Antileishmanial activities indicated priority of 5-methyl-4-phenyl thiazole over furyl methyl substituents and 4-phenyl thiazole on thiourea nitrogen. N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) was selected as a validated L. major target for molecular docking studies. In silico results indicated the contribution of hydrophobic, π-stacking and H-bond interactions in binding to target. Most of the synthesized derivatives had lower binding affinities to human NMT (hNMT) than leishmanial enzyme. Docking conformations of top-ranked selective binders (compounds 3 and 5) were subjected to 50 ns MD simulations inside L. major HMT (LmNMT) active site. MD trajectories were used to extract RMSD, RMSF, Rg and durability of intramolecular/intermolecular H-bonds of the complex. It was observed that compound 3 escaped from LmNMT binding site during simulation period and no stable complex could be envisaged. Unlike 3, compound 5 attained stable binding conformation with converged stability parameters. Although mechanistic details for antileishmanial effects of synthesized derivatives are to be explored, current results may be implicated in further structure-guided approach toward potent antileishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Mohammadi-Ghalehbin
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
- Research Center for Zoonoses, Parasitic and Microbial Diseases, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Jafar Abbasi Shiran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, 5618953141, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Nastaran Gholizadeh
- Students Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Nima Razzaghi-Asl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, 5618953141, Ardabil, Iran.
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Nascimento IJDS, Cavalcanti MDAT, de Moura RO. Exploring N-myristoyltransferase as a promising drug target against parasitic neglected tropical diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115550. [PMID: 37336067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) constitute a group of approximately 20 infectious diseases that mainly affect the impoverished population without basic sanitation in tropical countries. These diseases are responsible for many deaths worldwide, costing billions of dollars in public health investment to treat and control these infections. Among them are the diseases caused by protozoa of the Trypanosomatid family, which constitute Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease), Trypanosoma brucei (sleeping sickness), and Leishmaniasis. In addition, there is a classification of other diseases, called the big three, AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, which are endemic in countries with tropical conditions. Despite the high mortality rates, there is still a gap in the treatment. The drugs have a high incidence of side effects and protozoan resistance, justifying the investment in developing new alternatives. In fact, the Target-Based Drug Design (TBDD) approach is responsible for identifying several promising compounds, and among the targets explored through this approach, N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) stands out. It is an enzyme related to the co-translational myristoylation of N-terminal glycine in various peptides. The myristoylation process is a co-translation that occurs after removing the initiator methionine. This process regulates the assembly of protein complexes and stability, which justifies its potential as a drug target. In order to propose NMT as a potential target for parasitic diseases, this review will address the entire structure and function of this enzyme and the primary studies demonstrating its promising potential against Leishmaniasis, T. cruzi, T. brucei, and malaria. We hope our information can help researchers worldwide search for potential drugs against these diseases that have been threatening the health of the world's population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor José Dos Santos Nascimento
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande, 58429-500, Brazil; Cesmac University Center, Pharmacy Departament, Maceió, Brazil; Drug Development and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande, 58429-500, Brazil.
| | - Misael de Azevedo Teotônio Cavalcanti
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande, 58429-500, Brazil; Drug Development and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande, 58429-500, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Olimpio de Moura
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande, 58429-500, Brazil; Drug Development and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande, 58429-500, Brazil
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9
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Johri S, Kumar BK, Dey S, Balana-Fouce R, Gowri Chandra Sekhar KV, Kunjiappan S, Murugesan S. Inspection of in-house designed novel thiochromone amino-acid conjugate derivatives as Lm-NMT inhibitor - An in-silico analysis. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 119:108397. [PMID: 36542915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex neglected tropical disease caused by various leishmanial parasites that primarily affect the world's poorest people. A limited number of standard medications are available for this disease that has been used for several decades, which have drawbacks such as resistance, higher cost, and patient compliance, making it difficult to reach the poor. The search for novel chemical entities to treat leishmaniasis has led to target-based scaffold research. Thiochromone moieties in conjugation with aromatic amino acids have been considered for the study, along with possible substitutions of the electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups. N-myristoyl transferase (NMT) has been selected as the molecular target for the study responsible for protein-protein interaction and ribosylation of proteins necessary for the growth inside the human body of the parasite. The designed novel thiochromone analogs were docked against the selected leishmanial NMT using thein-silico methods, physicochemical and toxicity properties were predicted, and Structure-Activity Relationship was also established in-silico. Finally, a molecular dynamics simulation study for 100 ns gave an idea about the stability of the protein-ligand complex. A time frame analysis of each 10 ns confirmation was also studied to understand better the putative binding pattern designed analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samridhi Johri
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Banoth Karan Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sanchita Dey
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | | | | | - Selvaraj Kunjiappan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, 626126, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sankaranarayanan Murugesan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India.
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10
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Leroux M, Luquain-Costaz C, Lawton P, Azzouz-Maache S, Delton I. Fatty Acid Composition and Metabolism in Leishmania Parasite Species: Potential Biomarkers or Drug Targets for Leishmaniasis? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054702. [PMID: 36902138 PMCID: PMC10003364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids have received growing interest in Leishmania biology with the characterization of the enzymes allowing the complete fatty acid synthesis of this trypanosomatid parasite. This review presents a comparative analysis of the fatty acid profiles of the major classes of lipids and phospholipids in different species of Leishmania with cutaneous or visceral tropism. Specificities relating to the parasite forms, resistance to antileishmanial drugs, and host/parasite interactions are described as well as comparisons with other trypanosomatids. Emphasis is placed on polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolic and functional specificities, in particular, their conversion into oxygenated metabolites that are inflammatory mediators able to modulate metacyclogenesis and parasite infectivity. The impact of lipid status on the development of leishmaniasis and the potential of fatty acids as therapeutic targets or candidates for nutritional interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Leroux
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Céline Luquain-Costaz
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Biosciences, INSA Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Lawton
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Samira Azzouz-Maache
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Isabelle Delton
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Biosciences, INSA Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Correspondence:
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11
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Orabi MAA, Alshahrani MM, Sayed AM, Abouelela ME, Shaaban KA, Abdel-Sattar ES. Identification of Potential Leishmania N-Myristoyltransferase Inhibitors from Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: A Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Investigation. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13010093. [PMID: 36677018 PMCID: PMC9861338 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of infectious diseases caused by Leishmania protozoa. The ineffectiveness, high toxicity, and/or parasite resistance of the currently available antileishmanial drugs has created an urgent need for safe and effective leishmaniasis treatment. Currently, the molecular-docking technique is used to predict the proper conformations of small-molecule ligands and the strength of the contact between a protein and a ligand, and the majority of research for the development of new drugs is centered on this type of prediction. Leishmania N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) has been shown to be a reliable therapeutic target for investigating new anti-leishmanial molecules through this kind of virtual screening. Natural products provide an incredible source of affordable chemical scaffolds that serve in the development of effective drugs. Withania somnifera leaves, roots, and fruits have been shown to contain withanolide and other phytomolecules that are efficient anti-protozoal agents against Malaria, Trypanosoma, and Leishmania spp. Through a review of previously reported compounds from W. somnifera-afforded 35 alkaloid, phenolic, and steroid compounds and 132 withanolides/derivatives, typical of the Withania genus. These compounds were subjected to molecular docking screening and molecular dynamics against L. major NMT. Calycopteretin-3-rutinoside and withanoside IX showed the highest affinity and binding stability to L. major NMT, implying that these compounds could be used as antileishmanial drugs and/or as a scaffold for the design of related parasite NMT inhibitors with markedly enhanced binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. A. Orabi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +966-557398835
| | - Mohammed Merae Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 62513, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E. Abouelela
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut-Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Khaled A. Shaaban
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - El-Shaymaa Abdel-Sattar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
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12
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Monassa P, Rivière F, Dian C, Frottin F, Giglione C, Meinnel T. Biochemical and structural analysis of N-myristoyltransferase mediated protein tagging. Methods Enzymol 2023; 684:135-166. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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13
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Soupene E, Kuypers FA. Dual Role of ACBD6 in the Acylation Remodeling of Lipids and Proteins. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121726. [PMID: 36551154 PMCID: PMC9775454 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The transfer of acyl chains to proteins and lipids from acyl-CoA donor molecules is achieved by the actions of diverse enzymes and proteins, including the acyl-CoA binding domain-containing protein ACBD6. N-myristoyl-transferase (NMT) enzymes catalyze the covalent attachment of a 14-carbon acyl chain from the relatively rare myristoyl-CoA to the N-terminal glycine residue of myr-proteins. The interaction of the ankyrin-repeat domain of ACBD6 with NMT produces an active enzymatic complex for the use of myristoyl-CoA protected from competitive inhibition by acyl donor competitors. The absence of the ACBD6/NMT complex in ACBD6.KO cells increased the sensitivity of the cells to competitors and significantly reduced myristoylation of proteins. Protein palmitoylation was not altered in those cells. The specific defect in myristoyl-transferase activity of the ACBD6.KO cells provided further evidence of the essential functional role of the interaction of ACBD6 with the NMT enzymes. Acyl-CoAs bound to the acyl-CoA binding domain of ACBD6 are acyl donors for the lysophospholipid acyl-transferase enzymes (LPLAT), which acylate single acyl-chain lipids, such as the bioactive molecules LPA and LPC. Whereas the formation of acyl-CoAs was not altered in ACBD6.KO cells, lipid acylation processes were significantly reduced. The defect in PC formation from LPC by the LPCAT enzymes resulted in reduced lipid droplets content. The diversity of the processes affected by ACBD6 highlight its dual function as a carrier and a regulator of acyl-CoA dependent reactions. The unique role of ACBD6 represents an essential common feature of (acyl-CoA)-dependent modification pathways controlling the lipid and protein composition of human cell membranes.
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14
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Singh S, Prajapati VK. Exploring actinomycetes natural products to identify potential multi-target inhibitors against Leishmania donovani. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:235. [PMID: 35999912 PMCID: PMC9392678 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease that mainly affects the poor population of the Indian, African, and South American subcontinent. The increasing resistance to antimonial and miltefosine and frequent toxicity of amphotericin B drives an urgent need to develop an anti-leishmanial drug with excellent efficacy and safety profile. In this study, three sequential docking protocols (HTVS, SP, and XP) were performed to screen the secondary metabolites (n = 6519) from the actinomycetes source against five key proteins involved in the metabolic pathway of Leishmania donovani. Those proteins were adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (PDB ID: 1QB7), trypanothione reductase (PDB ID: 2JK6), N-myristoyl transferase (PDB ID: 2WUU), pteridine reductase (PDB ID: 2XOX), and MAP kinase (PDB ID: 4QNY). Although the binding energy of top ligands was predicted using the MM-GBSA module of the Schrödinger suite. SP and XP docking mode resulted in 55 multi-targeted ligands against L donovani. MM-GBSA analysis selected the top 18 ligands with good-binding affinity and the binding-free energy for four proteins, as mentioned earlier, when compared with the miltefosine, paromomycin, and a reference ligand selected for each target. Finally, molecular dynamics simulation, post-MD-binding-free energy (MM-PBSA), and principal component analysis (PCA) proposed three best ligands (Adenosine pentaphosphate, Atetra P, and GDP-4-keto-6-deoxymannose) qualifying the above screening parameters and confirmed as a potential drug candidate to fight against Leishmania donovani parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyendra Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817 India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817 India
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15
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Pyne N, Paul S. Screening of medicinal plants unraveled the leishmanicidal credibility of Garcinia cowa; highlighting Norcowanin, a novel anti-leishmanial phytochemical through in-silico study. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:202-214. [PMID: 35299910 PMCID: PMC8901847 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01441-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, one of the most prevalent yet neglected parasitic causes of death, yearns for therapeutic control and treatment. Severely toxic and inefficient modern-day pentavalent antimonials, caters the search for naturally derived drugs, as efficient alternatives for disease treatment. The anti-promastigote activity of ten different plants selected for their ethnomedicinal properties revealed significant leishmanicidal capacity; the most potent being Garcinia cowa methanolic extract with an IC50 value of 21.4 µg/ml. Garcinia cowa, a plant endemic to North-Eastern India that is of the Clusiaceae family, is replete with such medicinal qualities as antimicrobial, antiviral, antiparasitic, and antiproliferative activities. Computational biology with its tools such as molecular docking has opened new horizons aimed at a better understanding of biological systems, complexes, and their interactions, and subsequently drug discovery via in silico techniques. Therefore, an in-silico study was designed to evaluate the binding capability of six phytochemicals- cowanin, cowanol, cowaxanthone, norcowanin, rubraxanthone, and a basic xanthone, found in Garcinia cowa against Pentamidine, a synthetic anti-leishmanial drug. The active sites of three characteristic enzymes belonging to the Leishmania donovani parasite: O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (OASS), Trypanothione reductase (TryR), and N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) were chosen as target proteins. Results revealed lower binding energies and higher affinities, of nearly all the phytochemicals with respect to Pentamidine, indicating their leishmanicidal potential. Norcowanin showed the lowest average binding of - 9.8 kcal/mol against all the three enzymes under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nibedita Pyne
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019 India
| | - Santanu Paul
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019 India
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16
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Alamzeb M, Setzer WN, Ali S, Khan B, Rashid MU, Ihsanullah, Salman SM, Adnan, Omer M, Ali J, Ullah A. Spectral, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Pyretic, Leishmanicidal, and Molecular Docking Studies, Against Selected Protein Targets, of a New Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloid. Front Chem 2022; 9:711190. [PMID: 34976944 PMCID: PMC8719521 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.711190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new bisbenzylisoquinoline named as chondrofolinol (1) and four reported compounds (2–5) were isolated and characterized from the roots of Berberis glaucocarpa Stapf. Anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, and leishmanicidal studies were performed against carrageenan-induced paw edema, yeast-induced pyrexia, and the promastigotes of Leishmania tropica, respectively. The new compound significantly reduced the paw volume in carrageenan-induced paw edema and rectal temperature in yeast-induced pyrexia at 10 and 20 mg/ kg of body weight. Chondrofolinol caused almost 100% inhibition of the promastigotes of Leishmania tropica. All the compounds displayed minimal cytotoxicity against THP-1 monocytic cells. In order to ascertain the potential macromolecular targets of chondrofolinol responsible for the observed anti-inflammatory and anti-leishmanial activities, a molecular docking study was carried out on relevant protein targets of inflammation and Leishmania. Protein targets of human endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2 (ERAP2) and human matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) for inflammation and protein targets of N-myristoyltransferase (NMT), tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS), and uridine diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) for Leishmania major were selected after thorough literature search about protein targets responsible for inflammation and Leishmania major. Chondrofolinol showed excellent docking to ERAP2 and to MMP-1. The Leishmania major protein targets with the most favorable docking scores to chondrofolinol were NMT, TyrRS, and UGPase. The study indicated that bisbenzylisoquinoline and isoquinoline alkaloids possess anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-leishmanial properties with minimal cytotoxicity and therefore, need to be further explored for their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL , United States
| | - Saqib Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kotli, Kotli, Pakistan
| | - Behramand Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Mamoon-Ur- Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, Baluchistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Takatu Campus, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Ihsanullah
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | | | - Adnan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Omer
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Asad Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Pakistan
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17
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Osman MS, Shantier SW, Awad TA, Garelnabi EA. In vitro evaluation, in silico studies and toxicological assay of some xanthones as potential Leishmania donovani inhibitors. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2022.100954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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18
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Drug discovery in leishmaniasis using protein lipidation as a target. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:1139-1146. [PMID: 35035594 PMCID: PMC8724199 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00855-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The leishmaniases are infectious diseases caused by a number of species of obligate intracellular protozoa of the genus Leishmania with disease manifesting as cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral forms. Despite being endemic in more than 80 countries and its being the cause of high morbidity and mortality, leishmaniasis remains a neglected tropical disease. Chemotherapy is the frontline treatment, but drugs in current use suffer from toxic side effects, difficulties in administration and extended treatment times - moreover, resistance is emerging. New anti-leishmanial drugs are a recognised international priority. Here, we review investigations into N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) as a potential drug target. NMT catalyses the co-translational transfer of a C14 fatty acid from myristoyl-CoA onto the N-terminal glycine residue of a significant subset of proteins in eukaryotic cells. This covalent modification influences the stability and interactions of substrate proteins with lipids and partner proteins. Structure-guided development of new lead compounds emerging from high-throughput screening campaigns targeting Leishmania donovani NMT has led to the discovery of potent inhibitors which have been used to gain insights into the role of protein myristoylation in these parasites and to validate NMT as a drug target.
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19
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Herrera-Acevedo C, Perdomo-Madrigal C, Muratov EN, Scotti L, Scotti MT. Discovery of Alternative Chemotherapy Options for Leishmaniasis through Computational Studies of Asteraceae. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1234-1245. [PMID: 33336460 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex disease caused by over 20 Leishmania species that primarily affects populations with poor socioeconomic conditions. Currently available drugs for treating leishmaniasis include amphotericin B, paromomycin, and pentavalent antimonials, which have been associated with several limitations, such as low efficacy, the development of drug resistance, and high toxicity. Natural products are an interesting source of new drug candidates. The Asteraceae family includes more than 23 000 species worldwide. Secondary metabolites that can be found in species from this family have been widely explored as potential new treatments for leishmaniasis. Recently, computational tools have become more popular in medicinal chemistry to establish experimental designs, identify new drugs, and compare the molecular structures and activities of novel compounds. Herein, we review various studies that have used computational tools to examine various compounds identified in the Asteraceae family in the search for potential drug candidates against Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonny Herrera-Acevedo
- Post-Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Cidade Universitária-Castelo Branco III, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Camilo Perdomo-Madrigal
- School of Science, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, Calle 222 n° 55-37, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Eugene N Muratov
- Post-Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Cidade Universitária-Castelo Branco III, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Post-Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Cidade Universitária-Castelo Branco III, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Post-Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Cidade Universitária-Castelo Branco III, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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20
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Herrera-Acevedo C, Dos Santos Maia M, Cavalcanti ÉBVS, Coy-Barrera E, Scotti L, Scotti MT. Selection of antileishmanial sesquiterpene lactones from SistematX database using a combined ligand-/structure-based virtual screening approach. Mol Divers 2020; 25:2411-2427. [PMID: 32909084 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis refers to a complex of diseases, caused by the intracellular parasitic protozoans belonging to the genus Leishmania. Among the three types of disease manifestations, the most severe type is visceral leishmaniasis, which is caused by Leishmania donovani, and is diagnosed in more than 20,000 cases annually, worldwide. Because the current therapeutic options for disease treatment are associated with several limitations, the identification of new potential leads/drugs remains necessary. In this study, a combined approach was used, based on two different virtual screening (VS) methods, which were designed to select promising antileishmanial agents from among the entire sesquiterpene lactone (SL) dataset registered in SistematX, a web interface for managing a secondary metabolite database that is accessible by multiple platforms on the Internet. Thus, a ChEMBL dataset, including 3159 and 1569 structures that were previously tested against L. donovani amastigotes and promastigotes in vitro, respectively, was used to develop two random forest models, which performed with greater than 74% accuracy in both the cross-validation and test sets. Subsequently, a ligand-based VS assay was performed against the 1306 SistematX-registered SLs. In parallel, the crystal structures of three L. donovani target proteins, N-myristoyltransferase, ornithine decarboxylase, and mitogen-activated protein kinase 3, and a homology model of pteridine reductase 1 were used to perform a structure-based VS, using molecular docking, of the entire SistematX SL dataset. The consensus analysis of these two VS approaches resulted in the normalization of probability scores and identified 13 promising, enzyme-targeting, antileishmanial SLs from SistematX that may act against L. donovani. A combined approach based on two different virtual screening methods (structure-based and ligand-based) was performed using an in-house dataset composed of 1306 sesquiterpene lactones to identify potential antileishmanial (Leishmania donovani) structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonny Herrera-Acevedo
- Post-Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil.,Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cajicá, 250247, Colombia
| | - Mayara Dos Santos Maia
- Post-Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | | | - Ericsson Coy-Barrera
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cajicá, 250247, Colombia
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Post-Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Post-Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil.
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21
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Lorenzo VP, Scotti L, da Silva Almeida JRG, Scotti MT. Annonaceae Family Alkaloids as Agents Against Leishmaniasis: A Review and Molecular Docking Evaluation. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:482-492. [PMID: 32614742 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200702124046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease that affects 15 million people worldwide. Existing treatments are associated with limitations, including high costs and toxicity. Several classes of natural substances have been reported to display leishmanicidal activity in the literature. Isoquinoline alkaloids, which are commonly found in the Annonaceae family, represent an important skeleton for the development of anti-leishmaniasis products. This study presents an overview of the potential use of Annonaceae alkaloids to treat leishmaniasis and describes a molecular docking study examining 215 isoquinoline alkaloids. All selected compounds contain a bisbenzyltetrahydroisoquinoline, suggesting the affinity of this skeleton for the target.
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22
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Costa CHSD, Bichara TW, Gomes GC, Dos Santos AM, da Costa KS, Lima AHLE, Alves CN, Lameira J. Unraveling the conformational dynamics of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent enzyme of Leishmania mexicana. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:2044-2055. [PMID: 32174264 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1742206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Allosteric changes modulate the enzymatic activity, leading to activation or inhibition of the molecular target. Understanding the induced fit accommodation mechanism of a ligand in its lowest-free energy state and the subsequent conformational changes induced in the protein are important questions for drug design. In the present study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, binding free energy calculations, and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to analyze the glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Leishmania mexicana (LmGPDH) conformational changes induced by its cofactor and substrate binding. GPDH is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent enzyme, which has been reported as an interesting target for drug discovery and development against leishmaniasis. Despite its relevance for glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways, the structural flexibility and conformational motions of LmGPDH in complex with NADH and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) remain unexplored. Here, we analyzed the conformational dynamics of the enzyme-NADH complex (cofactor), and the enzyme-NADH-DHAP complex (adduct), mapped the hydrogen-bond interactions for the complexes and pointed some structural determinants of the enzyme that emerge from these contacts to NADH and DHAP. Finally, we proposed a consistent mechanism for the conformational changes on the first step of the reversible redox conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glycerol 3-phosphate, indicating key residues and interactions that could be further explored in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Cláudio Nahum Alves
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Jerônimo Lameira
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
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Paape D, Prendergast CT, Price HP, Doehl JSP, Smith DF. Genetic validation of Leishmania genes essential for amastigote survival in vivo using N-myristoyltransferase as a model. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:132. [PMID: 32171322 PMCID: PMC7071782 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3999-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proving that specific genes are essential for the intracellular viability of Leishmania parasites within macrophages remains a challenge for the identification of suitable targets for drug development. This is especially evident in the absence of a robust inducible expression system or functioning RNAi machinery that works in all Leishmania species. Currently, if a target gene of interest in extracellular parasites can only be deleted from its genomic locus in the presence of ectopic expression from a wild type copy, it is assumed that this gene will also be essential for viability in disease-promoting intracellular parasites. However, functional essentiality must be proven independently in both life-cycle stages for robust validation of the gene of interest as a putative target for chemical intervention. METHODS Here, we have used plasmid shuffle methods in vivo to provide supportive genetic evidence that N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) is essential for Leishmania viability throughout the parasite life-cycle. Following confirmation of NMT essentiality in vector-transmitted promastigotes, a range of mutant parasites were used to infect mice prior to negative selection pressure to test the hypothesis that NMT is also essential for parasite viability in an established infection. RESULTS Ectopically-expressed NMT was only dispensable under negative selection in the presence of another copy. Total parasite burdens in animals subjected to negative selection were comparable to control groups only if an additional NMT copy, not affected by the negative selection, was expressed. CONCLUSIONS NMT is an essential gene in all parasite life-cycle stages, confirming its role as a genetically-validated target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Paape
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
- Present Address: Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA UK
| | - Catriona T. Prendergast
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
- Present Address: Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA UK
| | - Helen P. Price
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
- Present Address: Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, ST5 5BG UK
| | - Johannes S. P. Doehl
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Deborah F. Smith
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
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Requirement of the acyl-CoA carrier ACBD6 in myristoylation of proteins: Activation by ligand binding and protein interaction. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229718. [PMID: 32108178 PMCID: PMC7046191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycine N-myristoylation is an essential acylation modification modulating the functions, stability, and membrane association of diverse cytosolic proteins in human cells. Myristoyl-CoA is the 14-carbon acyl donor of the acyltransferase reaction. Acyl-CoAs of a chain length compatible with the binding site of the N-myristoyltransferase enzymes (NMT) are competitive inhibitors, and the mechanism protecting these enzymes from unwanted acyl-CoA species requires the acyl-CoA binding protein ACBD6. The acyl-CoA binding domain (ACB) and the ankyrin-repeat motifs (ANK) of ACBD6 can perform their functions independently. Interaction of ANK with human NMT2 was necessary and sufficient to provide protection. Fusion of the ANK module to the acyl-CoA binding protein ACBD1 was sufficient to confer the NMT-stimulatory property of ACBD6 to the chimera. The ACB domain is dispensable and sequestration of the competitor was not the basis for NMT2 protection. Acyl-CoAs bound to ACB modulate the function of the ANK module and act as positive effector of the allosteric activation of the enzyme. The functional relevance of homozygous mutations in ACBD6 gene, which have not been associated with a disease so far, is presented. Skin-derived fibroblasts of two unrelated individuals with neurodevelopmental disorder and carrying loss of function mutations in the ACBD6 gene were deficient in protein N-myristoylation. These cells were sensitive to substrate analog competing for myristoyl-CoA binding to NMT. These findings account for the requirement of an ANK-containing acyl-CoA binding protein in the cellular mechanism protecting the NMT enzymes and establish that in human cells, ACBD6 supports the N-myristoylation of proteins.
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25
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Schlott AC, Mayclin S, Reers AR, Coburn-Flynn O, Bell AS, Green J, Knuepfer E, Charter D, Bonnert R, Campo B, Burrows J, Lyons-Abbott S, Staker BL, Chung CW, Myler PJ, Fidock DA, Tate EW, Holder AA. Structure-Guided Identification of Resistance Breaking Antimalarial N‑Myristoyltransferase Inhibitors. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:991-1000.e7. [PMID: 31080074 PMCID: PMC6658617 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The attachment of myristate to the N-terminal glycine of certain proteins is largely a co-translational modification catalyzed by N-myristoyltransferase (NMT), and involved in protein membrane-localization. Pathogen NMT is a validated therapeutic target in numerous infectious diseases including malaria. In Plasmodium falciparum, NMT substrates are important in essential processes including parasite gliding motility and host cell invasion. Here, we generated parasites resistant to a particular NMT inhibitor series and show that resistance in an in vitro parasite growth assay is mediated by a single amino acid substitution in the NMT substrate-binding pocket. The basis of resistance was validated and analyzed with a structure-guided approach using crystallography, in combination with enzyme activity, stability, and surface plasmon resonance assays, allowing identification of another inhibitor series unaffected by this substitution. We suggest that resistance studies incorporated early in the drug development process help selection of drug combinations to impede rapid evolution of parasite resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C Schlott
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College, White City Campus Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Stephen Mayclin
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA 98109, USA; UCB Pharma, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - Alexandra R Reers
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, USA
| | - Olivia Coburn-Flynn
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Andrew S Bell
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College, White City Campus Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Judith Green
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ellen Knuepfer
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - David Charter
- Structural and Biophysical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Roger Bonnert
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Route de Pré-Bois 20, Post Box 1826, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Route de Pré-Bois 20, Post Box 1826, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Route de Pré-Bois 20, Post Box 1826, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Sally Lyons-Abbott
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, USA
| | - Bart L Staker
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, USA
| | - Chun-Wa Chung
- Structural and Biophysical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK; Crick-GSK Biomedical LinkLabs, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Peter J Myler
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics & Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Edward W Tate
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College, White City Campus Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
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26
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Alonso AM, Turowski VR, Ruiz DM, Orelo BD, Moresco JJ, Yates JR, Corvi MM. Exploring protein myristoylation in Toxoplasma gondii. Exp Parasitol 2019; 203:8-18. [PMID: 31150653 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an important human and veterinary pathogen and the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, a potentially severe disease especially in immunocompromised or congenitally infected humans. Current therapeutic compounds are not well-tolerated, present increasing resistance, limited efficacy and require long periods of treatment. On this context, searching for new therapeutic targets is crucial to drug discovery. In this sense, recent works suggest that N-myristoyltransferase (NMT), the enzyme responsible for protein myristoylation that is essential in some parasites, could be the target of new anti-parasitic compounds. However, up to date there is no information on NMT and the extent of this modification in T. gondii. In this work, we decided to explore T. gondii genome in search of elements related with the N-myristoylation process. By a bioinformatics approach it was possible to identify a putative T. gondii NMT (TgNMT). This enzyme that is homologous to other parasitic NMTs, presents activity in vitro, is expressed in both intra- and extracellular parasites and interacts with predicted TgNMT substrates. Additionally, NMT activity seems to be important for the lytic cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. In parallel, an in silico myristoylome predicts 157 proteins to be affected by this modification. Myristoylated proteins would be affecting several metabolic functions with some of them being critical for the life cycle of this parasite. Together, these data indicate that TgNMT could be an interesting target of intervention for the treatment of toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés M Alonso
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Celular de Parásitos, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Intendente Marino Km 8.2, B7130, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria R Turowski
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Celular de Parásitos, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Intendente Marino Km 8.2, B7130, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego M Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Celular de Parásitos, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Intendente Marino Km 8.2, B7130, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Barbara D Orelo
- Department of Chemical Physiology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SR11, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - James J Moresco
- Department of Chemical Physiology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SR11, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SR11, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - María M Corvi
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Celular de Parásitos, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Intendente Marino Km 8.2, B7130, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Suwanmanee S, Mahakhunkijcharoen Y, Ampawong S, Leaungwutiwong P, Missé D, Luplertlop N. Inhibition of N-myristoyltransferase1 affects dengue virus replication. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00831. [PMID: 30848105 PMCID: PMC6741125 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) causes dengue fever, a self‐limiting disease that could be fatal due to serious complications. No specific treatment is currently available and the preventative vaccine is only partially protective. To develop a potential drug target for dengue fever, we need to understand its biology and pathogenesis thoroughly. N‐myristoyltransferase (NMT) is an N‐terminal protein lipidation enzyme that catalyzes the covalent cotranslational attachment of fatty acids to the amino‐terminal glycine residue of a number of proteins, leading to the modulation of various signaling molecules. In this study, we investigated the interaction of dengue viral proteins with host NMT and its subsequent effect on DENV. Our bioinformatics, molecular docking, and far‐western blotting analyses demonstrated the interaction of viral envelope protein (E) with NMT. The gene expression of NMT was strongly elevated in a dependent manner during the viral replication phase in dendritic cells. Moreover, NMT gene silencing significantly inhibited DENV replication in dendritic cells. Further studies investigating the target cell types of other host factors are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- San Suwanmanee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yuvadee Mahakhunkijcharoen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornsawan Leaungwutiwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dorothée Missé
- MIVEGEC UMR 224, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Natthanej Luplertlop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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28
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Khan SA, Khan YD, Ahmad S, Allehaibi KH. N-MyristoylG-PseAAC: Sequence-based Prediction of N-Myristoyl Glycine Sites in Proteins by Integration of PseAAC and Statistical Moments. LETT ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178616666181217153958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
N-Myristoylation, an irreversible protein modification, occurs by the covalent attachment of myristate with the N-terminal glycine of the eukaryotic and viral proteins, and is associated with a variety of pathogens and disease-related proteins. Identification of myristoylation sites through experimental mechanisms can be costly, labour associated and time-consuming. Due to the association of N-myristoylation with various diseases, its timely prediction can help in diagnosing and controlling the associated fatal diseases. Herein, we present a method named N-MyristoylG-PseAAC in which we have incorporated PseAAC with statistical moments for the prediction of N-Myristoyl Glycine (NMG) sites. A benchmark dataset of 893 positive and 1093 negative samples was collected and used in this study. For feature vector, various position and composition relative features along with the statistical moments were calculated. Later on, a back propagation neural network was trained using feature vectors and scaled conjugate gradient descent with adaptive learning was used as an optimizer. Selfconsistency testing and 10-fold cross-validation were performed to evaluate the performance of N-MyristoylG-PseAAC, by using accuracy metrics. For self-consistency testing, 99.80% Acc, 99.78% Sp, 99.81% Sn and 0.99 MCC were observed, whereas, for 10-fold cross validation, 97.18% Acc, 98.54% Sp, 96.07% Sn and 0.94 MCC were observed. Thus, it was found that the proposed predictor can help in predicting the myristoylation sites in an efficient and accurate way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sher Afzal Khan
- Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaser Daanial Khan
- Department of Computer Science, University of Management Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Department of Computer Sciences, FCITR, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid H. Allehaibi
- Department of Computer Sciences, FCIT, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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29
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Synthesis, Characterization, and Antileishmanial Activity of Certain Quinoline-4-carboxylic Acids. J CHEM-NY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/2859637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a fatal neglected parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the genusLeishmaniaand transmitted to humans by different species ofphlebotominesandflies. The disease incidence continues to increase due to lack of vaccines and prophylactic drugs. Drugs commonly used for the treatment are frequently toxic and highly expensive. The problem of these drugs is further complicated by the development of resistance. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new antileishmanial drug candidates. The aim of this study was to synthesize certain quinoline-4-carboxylic acids, confirm their chemical structures, and evaluate their antileishmanial activity. Pfitzinger reaction was employed to synthesize fifteen quinoline-4-carboxylic acids (Q1-Q15) by reacting equimolar mixtures of isatin derivatives and appropriateα-methyl ketone. The products were purified, and their respective chemical structures were deduced using various spectral tools (IR, MS,1H NMR, and13C NMR). Then, they were investigated againstL. donovanipromastigote (clinical isolate) in different concentration levels (200 μg/mL to 1.56 μg/mL) against sodium stibogluconate and amphotericin B as positive controls. The IC50for each compound was determined and manipulated statistically. Among these compounds,Q1(2-methylquinoline-4-carboxylic acid) was found to be the most active in terms of IC50.
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30
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Soupene E, Kuypers FA. ACBD6 protein controls acyl chain availability and specificity of the N-myristoylation modification of proteins. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:624-635. [PMID: 30642881 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m091397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the human acyl-CoA binding domain-containing (ACBD) family regulate processes as diverse as viral replication, stem-cell self-renewal, organelle organization, and protein acylation. These functions are defined by nonconserved motifs present downstream of the ACBD. The human ankyrin-repeat-containing ACBD6 protein supports the reaction catalyzed by the human and Plasmodium N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) enzymes. Likewise, the newly identified Plasmodium ACBD6 homologue regulates the activity of the NMT enzymes. The relatively low abundance of myristoyl-CoA in the cell limits myristoylation. Binding of myristoyl-CoA to NMT is competed by more abundant acyl-CoA species such as palmitoyl-CoA. ACBD6 also protects the Plasmodium NMT enzyme from lauryl-CoA and forces the utilization of the myristoyl-CoA substrate. The phosphorylation of two serine residues of the acyl-CoA binding domain of human ACBD6 improves ligand binding capacity, prevents competition by unbound acyl-CoAs, and further enhances the activity of NMT. Thus, ACBD6 proteins promote N-myristoylation in mammalian cells and in one of their intracellular parasites under unfavorable substrate-limiting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Soupene
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
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31
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Junqueira LO, Costa MOLD, Rando DGG. N-Myristoyltransferases as antileishmanial targets: a piggyback approach with benzoheterocyclic analogues. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000218087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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de Carvalho Gallo JC, de Mattos Oliveira L, Araújo JSC, Santana IB, Dos Santos Junior MC. Virtual screening to identify Leishmania braziliensis N-myristoyltransferase inhibitors: pharmacophore models, docking, and molecular dynamics. J Mol Model 2018; 24:260. [PMID: 30159742 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3791-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is caused by several protozoa species belonging to genus Leishmania that are hosted by humans and other mammals. Millions of new cases are recorded every year and the drugs available on the market do not show satisfactory efficacy and safety. A hierarchical virtual screening approach based on the pharmacophore model, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics was conducted to identify possible Leishmania braziliensis N-misristoyltransferase (LbNMT) inhibitors. The adopted pharmacophore model had three main features: four hydrophobic centers, four hydrogen-bond acceptor atoms, and one positive nitrogen center. The molecules (n=15,000) were submitted to alignment with the pharmacophore model and only 27 molecules aligned to model. Six molecules were submitted to molecular docking, using receptor PDB ID 5A27. After docking, the ZINC35426134 was a top-ranked molecule (- 64.61 kcal/mol). The molecule ZINC35426134 shows hydrophobic interactions with Phe82, Tyr209, Val370, and Leu391 and hydrogen bonds with Asn159, Tyr318, and Val370. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed with the protein in its APO and HOLO forms for 37 ns in order to assess the stability of the protein-ligand complex. Results showed that the HOLO form was more stable than the APO one, and it suggests that the ZINC35426134 binding stabilizes the enzyme. Therefore, the selected molecule has the potential to meet the herein proposed target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Cecília de Carvalho Gallo
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil.
| | - Larissa de Mattos Oliveira
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Janay Stefany Carneiro Araújo
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Isis Bugia Santana
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Manoelito Coelho Dos Santos Junior
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
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Ayana R, Yadav P, Kumari R, Ramu D, Garg S, Pati S, Singh S. Identification and Characterization of a Novel Palmitoyl Acyltransferase as a Druggable Rheostat of Dynamic Palmitoylome in L. donovani. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:186. [PMID: 29977865 PMCID: PMC6022219 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylation has been recently identified as an important post-translational rheostat for controlling protein function in eukaryotes. However, the molecular machinery underlying palmitoylation remains unclear in the neglected tropical parasite, Leishmania donovani. Herein, we have identified a catalog of 20 novel palmitoyl acyltransferases (PATs) and characterized the promastigote-specific PAT (LdPAT4) containing the canonical Asp-His-His-Cys (DHHC) domain. Immunofluorescence analysis using in-house generated LdPAT4-specific antibody demonstrated distinct expression of LdPAT4 in the flagellar pocket of promastigotes. Using metabolic labeling-coupled click chemistry method, the functionality of this recombinant enzyme could be authenticated in E. coli strain expressing LdPAT4-DHHC domain. This was evident by the cellular uptake of palmitic acid analogs, which could be successfully inhibited by 2-BMP, a PAT-specific inhibitor. Using CSS-Palm based in-silico proteomic analysis, we could predict up to 23 palmitoylated sites per protein in the promastigotes, and further identify distinctive palmitoylated protein clusters involved in microtubule assembly, flagella motility and vesicular trafficking. To highlight, proteins such as Flagellar Member proteins (FLAM1, FLAM5), Intraflagellar Transport proteins (IFT88), and flagellar motor assembly proteins including the Dynein family were found to be enriched. Furthermore, analysis of global palmitoylation in promastigotes using Acyl-biotin exchange purification identified a set of S-palmitoylated proteins overlapping with the in-silico proteomics data. The attenuation of palmitoylation using 2-BMP demonstrated several phenotypic alterations in the promastigotes including distorted morphology, reduced motility (flagellar loss or slow flagellar beating), and inefficient invasion of promastigotes to host macrophages. These analyses confirm the essential role of palmitoylation in promastigotes. In summary, the findings suggest that LdPAT4 acts as a functional acyltransferase that can regulate palmitoylation of proteins involved in parasite motility and invasion, thus, can serve as a potential target for designing chemotherapeutics in Visceral Leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ayana
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Preeti Yadav
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Kumari
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Dandugudumula Ramu
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Swati Garg
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Soumya Pati
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, India.,Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Mousnier A, Bell AS, Swieboda DP, Morales-Sanfrutos J, Pérez-Dorado I, Brannigan JA, Newman J, Ritzefeld M, Hutton JA, Guedán A, Asfor AS, Robinson SW, Hopkins-Navratilova I, Wilkinson AJ, Johnston SL, Leatherbarrow RJ, Tuthill TJ, Solari R, Tate EW. Fragment-derived inhibitors of human N-myristoyltransferase block capsid assembly and replication of the common cold virus. Nat Chem 2018; 10:599-606. [PMID: 29760414 PMCID: PMC6015761 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the pathogens most often responsible for the common cold, and are a frequent cause of exacerbations in asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis. Here we report the discovery of IMP-1088, a picomolar dual inhibitor of the human N-myristoyltransferases NMT1 and NMT2, and use it to demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of host-cell N-myristoylation rapidly and completely prevents rhinoviral replication without inducing cytotoxicity. The identification of cooperative binding between weak-binding fragments led to rapid inhibitor optimization through fragment reconstruction, structure-guided fragment linking and conformational control over linker geometry. We show that inhibition of the co-translational myristoylation of a specific virus-encoded protein (VP0) by IMP-1088 potently blocks a key step in viral capsid assembly, to deliver a low nanomolar antiviral activity against multiple RV strains, poliovirus and foot and-mouth disease virus, and protection of cells against virus-induced killing, highlighting the potential of host myristoylation as a drug target in picornaviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Mousnier
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Andrew S Bell
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dawid P Swieboda
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Inmaculada Pérez-Dorado
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James A Brannigan
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | | | | | - Jennie A Hutton
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anabel Guedán
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Iva Hopkins-Navratilova
- Kinetic Discovery Limited, Dundee, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Anthony J Wilkinson
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Robin J Leatherbarrow
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Roberto Solari
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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35
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Spears RJ, Brabham RL, Budhadev D, Keenan T, McKenna S, Walton J, Brannigan JA, Brzozowski AM, Wilkinson AJ, Plevin M, Fascione MA. Site-selective C-C modification of proteins at neutral pH using organocatalyst-mediated cross aldol ligations. Chem Sci 2018; 9:5585-5593. [PMID: 30061990 PMCID: PMC6049525 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01617h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An organocatalyst-mediated protein aldol ligation (OPAL) affords C–C linked bioconjugates at neutral pH.
The bioconjugation of proteins with small molecules has proved an invaluable strategy for probing and perturbing biological mechanisms. The general use of chemical methods for protein functionalisation can be limited however by the requirement for complicated reaction partners to be present in large excess, and harsh conditions which are incompatible with many protein scaffolds. Herein we describe a site-selective organocatalyst-mediated protein aldol ligation (OPAL) that affords stable carbon–carbon linked bioconjugates at neutral pH. OPAL enables rapid modification of proteins using simple aldehyde probes in minimal excess, and is utilised here in the affinity tagging of proteins in cell lysate. Furthermore we demonstrate that the β-hydroxy aldehyde OPAL product can be functionalised again at neutral pH in a tandem organocatalyst-mediated oxime ligation. This tandem strategy is showcased in the ‘chemical mimicry’ of a previously inaccessible natural dual post-translationally modified protein integral to the pathogenesis of the neglected tropical disease Leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Spears
- Department of Chemistry , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK .
| | - Robin L Brabham
- Department of Chemistry , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK .
| | - Darshita Budhadev
- Department of Chemistry , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK .
| | - Tessa Keenan
- Department of Chemistry , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK .
| | - Sophie McKenna
- Department of Chemistry , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK .
| | - Julia Walton
- Department of Chemistry , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK .
| | - James A Brannigan
- Department of Chemistry , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK .
| | | | | | - Michael Plevin
- Department of Biology , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK
| | - Martin A Fascione
- Department of Chemistry , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK .
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36
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Schlott AC, Holder AA, Tate EW. N-Myristoylation as a Drug Target in Malaria: Exploring the Role of N-Myristoyltransferase Substrates in the Inhibitor Mode of Action. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:449-457. [PMID: 29363940 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Malaria continues to be a significant cause of death and morbidity worldwide, and there is a need for new antimalarial drugs with novel targets. We have focused as a potential target for drug development on N-myristoyl transferase (NMT), an enzyme that acylates a wide range of substrate proteins. The NMT substrates in Plasmodium falciparum include some proteins that are common to processes in eukaryotes such as secretory transport and others that are unique to apicomplexan parasites. Myristoylation facilitates a protein interaction with membranes that may be strengthened by further lipidation, and the inhibition of NMT results in incorrect protein localization and the consequent disruption of function. The diverse roles of NMT substrates mean that NMT inhibition has a pleiotropic and severe impact on parasite development, growth, and multiplication. To study the mode of action underlying NMT inhibition, it is important to consider the function of proteins upstream and downstream of NMT. In this work, we therefore present our current perspective on the different functions of known NMT substrates as well as compare the inhibition of cotranslational myristoylation to the inhibition of known targets upstream of NMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C. Schlott
- Malaria Parasitology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony A. Holder
- Malaria Parasitology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward W. Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
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37
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Roca C, Sebastián-Pérez V, Campillo NE. In silico Tools for Target Identification and Drug Molecular Docking in Leishmania. DRUG DISCOVERY FOR LEISHMANIASIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788010177-00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases represent a significant health burden in large parts of the world. Drug discovery is currently a key bottleneck in the pipeline of these diseases. In this chapter, the in silico approaches used for the processes involved in drug discovery, identification and validation of druggable Leishmania targets, and design and optimisation of new anti-leishmanial drugs are discussed. We also provide a general view of the different computational tools that can be employed in pursuit of this aim, along with the most interesting cases found in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Roca
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) Ramiro de Maeztu 9 28040 Madrid Spain
| | | | - Nuria E. Campillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) Ramiro de Maeztu 9 28040 Madrid Spain
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38
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Goncalves V, Brannigan JA, Laporte A, Bell AS, Roberts SM, Wilkinson AJ, Leatherbarrow RJ, Tate EW. Structure-guided optimization of quinoline inhibitors of Plasmodium N-myristoyltransferase. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [PMID: 28626547 PMCID: PMC5463734 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00531d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Quinolines with balanced activities against both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum N-myristoyltransferase were identified.
The parasite Plasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed cause of recurring malaria. N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT), an enzyme that catalyses the covalent attachment of myristate to the N-terminal glycine of substrate proteins, has been described as a potential target for the treatment of this disease. Herein, we report the synthesis and the structure-guided optimization of a series of quinolines with balanced activity against both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum N-myristoyltransferase (NMT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Goncalves
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK . ;
| | - James A Brannigan
- Structural Biology Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of York , York YO10 5DD , UK
| | - Alice Laporte
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK . ;
| | - Andrew S Bell
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK . ;
| | - Shirley M Roberts
- Structural Biology Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of York , York YO10 5DD , UK
| | - Anthony J Wilkinson
- Structural Biology Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of York , York YO10 5DD , UK
| | | | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK . ;
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39
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Ogungbe IV, Setzer WN. The Potential of Secondary Metabolites from Plants as Drugs or Leads against Protozoan Neglected Diseases-Part III: In-Silico Molecular Docking Investigations. Molecules 2016; 21:E1389. [PMID: 27775577 PMCID: PMC6274513 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and human African trypanosomiasis continue to cause considerable suffering and death in developing countries. Current treatment options for these parasitic protozoal diseases generally have severe side effects, may be ineffective or unavailable, and resistance is emerging. There is a constant need to discover new chemotherapeutic agents for these parasitic infections, and natural products continue to serve as a potential source. This review presents molecular docking studies of potential phytochemicals that target key protein targets in Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp., and Plasmodium spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifedayo Victor Ogungbe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
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40
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Salah Ud-Din AIM, Tikhomirova A, Roujeinikova A. Structure and Functional Diversity of GCN5-Related N-Acetyltransferases (GNAT). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1018. [PMID: 27367672 PMCID: PMC4964394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
General control non-repressible 5 (GCN5)-related N-acetyltransferases (GNAT) catalyze the transfer of an acyl moiety from acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) to a diverse group of substrates and are widely distributed in all domains of life. This review of the currently available data acquired on GNAT enzymes by a combination of structural, mutagenesis and kinetic methods summarizes the key similarities and differences between several distinctly different families within the GNAT superfamily, with an emphasis on the mechanistic insights obtained from the analysis of the complexes with substrates or inhibitors. It discusses the structural basis for the common acetyltransferase mechanism, outlines the factors important for the substrate recognition, and describes the mechanism of action of inhibitors of these enzymes. It is anticipated that understanding of the structural basis behind the reaction and substrate specificity of the enzymes from this superfamily can be exploited in the development of novel therapeutics to treat human diseases and combat emerging multidrug-resistant microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Iftiaf Md Salah Ud-Din
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Alexandra Tikhomirova
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Anna Roujeinikova
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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41
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Wright MH, Paape D, Price HP, Smith DF, Tate EW. Global Profiling and Inhibition of Protein Lipidation in Vector and Host Stages of the Sleeping Sickness Parasite Trypanosoma brucei. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:427-441. [PMID: 27331140 PMCID: PMC4906374 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) catalyzes the essential fatty acylation of substrate proteins with myristic acid in eukaryotes and is a validated drug target in the parasite Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness). N-Myristoylation typically mediates membrane localization of proteins and is essential to the function of many. However, only a handful of proteins are experimentally validated as N-myristoylated in T. brucei. Here, we perform metabolic labeling with an alkyne-tagged myristic acid analogue, enabling the capture of lipidated proteins in insect and host life stages of T. brucei. We further compare this with a longer chain palmitate analogue to explore the chain length-specific incorporation of fatty acids into proteins. Finally, we combine the alkynyl-myristate analogue with NMT inhibitors and quantitative chemical proteomics to globally define N-myristoylated proteins in the clinically relevant bloodstream form parasites. This analysis reveals five ARF family small GTPases, calpain-like proteins, phosphatases, and many uncharacterized proteins as substrates of NMT in the parasite, providing a global view of the scope of this important protein modification and further evidence for the crucial and pleiotropic role of NMT in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan H. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Paape
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department
of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Helen P. Price
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department
of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah F. Smith
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department
of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Edward W. Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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42
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Resh MD. Fatty acylation of proteins: The long and the short of it. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 63:120-31. [PMID: 27233110 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Long, short and medium chain fatty acids are covalently attached to hundreds of proteins. Each fatty acid confers distinct biochemical properties, enabling fatty acylation to regulate intracellular trafficking, subcellular localization, protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. Myristate and palmitate represent the most common fatty acid modifying groups. New insights into how fatty acylation reactions are catalyzed, and how fatty acylation regulates protein structure and function continue to emerge. Myristate is typically linked to an N-terminal glycine, but recent studies reveal that lysines can also be myristoylated. Enzymes that remove N-terminal myristoyl-glycine or myristate from lysines have now been identified. DHHC proteins catalyze S-palmitoylation, but the mechanisms that regulate substrate recognition by individual DHHC family members remain to be determined. New studies continue to reveal thioesterases that remove palmitate from S-acylated proteins. Another area of rapid expansion is fatty acylation of the secreted proteins hedgehog, Wnt and Ghrelin, by Hhat, Porcupine and GOAT, respectively. Understanding how these membrane bound O-acyl transferases recognize their protein and fatty acyl CoA substrates is an active area of investigation, and is punctuated by the finding that these enzymes are potential drug targets in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn D Resh
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 143, New York, NY 10075, United States.
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43
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Herrera LJ, Brand S, Santos A, Nohara LL, Harrison J, Norcross NR, Thompson S, Smith V, Lema C, Varela-Ramirez A, Gilbert IH, Almeida IC, Maldonado RA. Validation of N-myristoyltransferase as Potential Chemotherapeutic Target in Mammal-Dwelling Stages of Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004540. [PMID: 27128971 PMCID: PMC4851402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease, an endemic and debilitating illness in Latin America. Lately, owing to extensive population movements, this neglected tropical disease has become a global health concern. The two clinically available drugs for the chemotherapy of Chagas disease have rather high toxicity and limited efficacy in the chronic phase of the disease, and may induce parasite resistance. The development of new anti-T. cruzi agents is therefore imperative. The enzyme N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) has recently been biochemically characterized, shown to be essential in Leishmania major, Trypanosoma brucei, and T. cruzi¸ and proposed as promising chemotherapeutic target in these trypanosomatids. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, using high-content imaging we assayed eight known trypanosomatid NMT inhibitors, against mammal-dwelling intracellular amastigote and trypomastigote stages and demonstrated that three of them (compounds 1, 5, and 8) have potent anti-proliferative effect at submicromolar concentrations against T. cruzi, with very low toxicity against human epithelial cells. Moreover, metabolic labeling using myristic acid, azide showed a considerable decrease in the myristoylation of proteins in parasites treated with NMT inhibitors, providing evidence of the on-target activity of the inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, our data point out to the potential use of NMT inhibitors as anti-T. cruzi chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J. Herrera
- The Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stephen Brand
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Andres Santos
- The Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lilian L. Nohara
- The Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Justin Harrison
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Neil R. Norcross
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Thompson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Smith
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Lema
- The Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Armando Varela-Ramirez
- The Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ian H. Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Igor C. Almeida
- The Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rosa A. Maldonado
- The Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
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Soupene E, Kao J, Cheng DH, Wang D, Greninger AL, Knudsen GM, DeRisi JL, Kuypers FA. Association of NMT2 with the acyl-CoA carrier ACBD6 protects the N-myristoyltransferase reaction from palmitoyl-CoA. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:288-98. [PMID: 26621918 PMCID: PMC4727424 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m065003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The covalent attachment of a 14-carbon aliphatic tail on a glycine residue of nascent translated peptide chains is catalyzed in human cells by two N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) enzymes using the rare myristoyl-CoA (C(14)-CoA) molecule as fatty acid donor. Although, NMT enzymes can only transfer a myristate group, they lack specificity for C(14)-CoA and can also bind the far more abundant palmitoyl-CoA (C(16)-CoA) molecule. We determined that the acyl-CoA binding protein, acyl-CoA binding domain (ACBD)6, stimulated the NMT reaction of NMT2. This stimulatory effect required interaction between ACBD6 and NMT2, and was enhanced by binding of ACBD6 to its ligand, C(18:2)-CoA. ACBD6 also interacted with the second human NMT enzyme, NMT1. The presence of ACBD6 prevented competition of the NMT reaction by C(16)-CoA. Mutants of ACBD6 that were either deficient in ligand binding to the N-terminal ACBD or unable to interact with NMT2 did not stimulate activity of NMT2, nor could they protect the enzyme from utilizing the competitor C(16)-CoA. These results indicate that ACBD6 can locally sequester C(16)-CoA and prevent its access to the enzyme binding site via interaction with NMT2. Thus, the ligand binding properties of the NMT/ACBD6 complex can explain how the NMT reaction can proceed in the presence of the very abundant competitive substrate, C(16)-CoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Soupene
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
| | - Joseph Kao
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
| | - Daniel H Cheng
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
| | - Derek Wang
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA
| | - Giselle M Knudsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA
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45
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Singh N, Shah P, Dwivedi H, Mishra S, Tripathi R, Sahasrabuddhe AA, Siddiqi MI. Integrated machine learning, molecular docking and 3D-QSAR based approach for identification of potential inhibitors of trypanosomal N-myristoyltransferase. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:3711-3723. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00574h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Integrated in silico approaches for the identification of antitrypanosomal inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Singh
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031
- India
| | - Priyanka Shah
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031
- India
| | - Hemlata Dwivedi
- Division of Parasitology
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow
- India
| | - Shikha Mishra
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031
- India
| | - Renu Tripathi
- Division of Parasitology
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Amogh A. Sahasrabuddhe
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Mohammad Imran Siddiqi
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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46
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Rackham MD, Yu Z, Brannigan JA, Heal WP, Paape D, Barker KV, Wilkinson AJ, Smith DF, Leatherbarrow RJ, Tate EW. Discovery of high affinity inhibitors of Leishmania donovani N-myristoyltransferase. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015; 6:1761-1766. [PMID: 26962429 PMCID: PMC4757855 DOI: 10.1039/c5md00241a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) is a potential drug target in Leishmania parasites. Scaffold-hopping from published inhibitors yielded the serendipitous discovery of a chemotype selective for Leishmania donovani NMT; development led to high affinity inhibitors with excellent ligand efficiency. The binding mode was characterised by crystallography and provides a structural rationale for selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Rackham
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London , SW7 2AZ , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0) 2075 943752
| | - Zhiyong Yu
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London , SW7 2AZ , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0) 2075 943752
| | - James A Brannigan
- Structural Biology Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK
| | - William P Heal
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London , SW7 2AZ , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0) 2075 943752
| | - Daniel Paape
- Department of Biology , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK
| | - K Victoria Barker
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London , SW7 2AZ , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0) 2075 943752
| | - Anthony J Wilkinson
- Structural Biology Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK
| | - Deborah F Smith
- Department of Biology , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK
| | - Robin J Leatherbarrow
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London , SW7 2AZ , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0) 2075 943752
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London , SW7 2AZ , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0) 2075 943752
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A Multiplatform Metabolomic Approach to the Basis of Antimonial Action and Resistance in Leishmania infantum. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130675. [PMID: 26161866 PMCID: PMC4498920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a rising resistance against antimony drugs, the gold-standard for treatment until some years ago. That is a serious problem due to the paucity of drugs in current clinical use. In a research to reveal how these drugs affect the parasite during treatment and to unravel the underlying basis for their resistance, we have employed metabolomics to study treatment in Leishmania infantum promastigotes. This was accomplished first through the untargeted analysis of metabolic snapshots of treated and untreated parasites both resistant and responders, utilizing a multiplatform approach to give the widest as possible coverage of the metabolome, and additionally through novel monitoring of the origin of the detected alterations through a 13C traceability experiment. Our data stress a multi-target metabolic alteration with treatment, affecting in particular the cell redox system that is essential to cope with detoxification and biosynthetic processes. Additionally, relevant changes were noted in amino acid metabolism. Our results are in agreement with other authors studying other Leishmania species.
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48
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Kumar S, Sharma RK. N-terminal region of the catalytic domain of human N-myristoyltransferase 1 acts as an inhibitory module. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127661. [PMID: 26000639 PMCID: PMC4441422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) plays critical roles in the modulation of various signaling molecules, however, the regulation of this enzyme in diverse cellular states remains poorly understood. We provide experimental evidence to show for the first time that for the isoform 1 of human NMT (hNMT1), the regulatory roles extend into the catalytic core. In our present study, we expressed, purified, and characterized a truncation mutant devoid of 28 N-terminal amino acids from the catalytic module (Δ28-hNMT1s) and compared its properties to the full-length catalytic domain of hNMT1. The deletion of the N-terminal peptide had no effect on the enzyme stability. Our findings suggest that the N-terminal region in the catalytic module of hNMT1 functions serves as a regulatory control element. The observations of an ~3 fold increase in enzymatic efficiency following removal of the N-terminal peptide of hNMT1s indicates that N-terminal amino acids acts as an inhibitory segment and negatively regulate the enzyme activity. Our findings that the N-terminal region confers control over activity, taken together with the earlier observations that the N-terminal of hNMT1 is differentially processed in diverse cellular states, suggests that the proteolytic processing of the peptide segment containing the inhibitory region provides a molecular mechanism for physiological up-regulation of myristoyltransferase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeet Kumar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Cluster, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Rajendra K. Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Cluster, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- * E-mail: (RKS)
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49
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Rajasekaran R, Chen YPP. Potential therapeutic targets and the role of technology in developing novel antileishmanial drugs. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:958-68. [PMID: 25936844 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is the most prevalent pathogenic disease in many countries around the world, but there are few drugs available to treat it. Most antileishmanial drugs available are highly toxic, have resistance issues or require hospitalization for their use; therefore, they are not suitable for use in most of the affected countries. Over the past decade, the completion of the genomes of many human pathogens, including that of Leishmania spp., has opened new doors for target identification and validation. Here, we focus on the potential drug targets that can be used for the treatment of leishmaniasis and bring to light how recent technological advances, such as structure-based drug design, structural genomics, and molecular dynamics (MD), can be used to our advantage to develop potent and affordable antileishmanial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi-Ping Phoebe Chen
- College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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50
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Shimada T, Suzuki M, Katakura SI. Structure of N-myristoyltransferase from Aspergillus fumigatus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:754-61. [PMID: 25849386 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) is an enzyme which translocates the 14-carbon saturated fatty acid myristate from myristoyl-CoA to the N-terminal glycine of substrate peptides. This myristoylation process is involved in protein modification in various eukaryotes, including animals and fungi. Furthermore, this enzyme has been shown to be essential to the growth of various species, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which indicates that NMT is an attractive target for the development of a novel antifungal drug. In this study, the crystal structure of a ternary complex of NMT from Aspergillus fumigatus with S-(2-oxo)pentadecyl-CoA, a myristoyl-CoA analogue cofactor, and a synthetic inhibitor is reported at a resolution of 2.1 Å. The results advance the understanding of the specificity of NMT inhibitors and provide valuable information for structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shimada
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Technology Unit, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co. Ltd, 1-16-13 Kita-kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Technology Unit, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co. Ltd, 1-16-13 Kita-kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Katakura
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Technology Unit, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co. Ltd, 1-16-13 Kita-kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
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