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Wei D, Su Y, Leung PCK, Li Y, Chen ZJ. Roles of bone morphogenetic proteins in endometrial remodeling during the human menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Hum Reprod Update 2024; 30:215-237. [PMID: 38037193 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the human menstrual cycle and pregnancy, the endometrium undergoes a series of dynamic remodeling processes to adapt to physiological changes. Insufficient endometrial remodeling, characterized by inadequate endometrial proliferation, decidualization and spiral artery remodeling, is associated with infertility, endometriosis, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, and pregnancy-related complications such as preeclampsia and miscarriage. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), a subset of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, are multifunctional cytokines that regulate diverse cellular activities, such as differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix synthesis, are now understood as integral to multiple reproductive processes in women. Investigations using human biological samples have shown that BMPs are essential for regulating human endometrial remodeling processes, including endometrial proliferation and decidualization. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This review summarizes our current knowledge on the known pathophysiological roles of BMPs and their underlying molecular mechanisms in regulating human endometrial proliferation and decidualization, with the goal of promoting the development of innovative strategies for diagnosing, treating and preventing infertility and adverse pregnancy complications associated with dysregulated human endometrial remodeling. SEARCH METHODS A literature search for original articles published up to June 2023 was conducted in the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases, identifying studies on the roles of BMPs in endometrial remodeling during the human menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Articles identified were restricted to English language full-text papers. OUTCOMES BMP ligands and receptors and their transduction molecules are expressed in the endometrium and at the maternal-fetal interface. Along with emerging technologies such as tissue microarrays, 3D organoid cultures and advanced single-cell transcriptomics, and given the clinical availability of recombinant human proteins and ongoing pharmaceutical development, it is now clear that BMPs exert multiple roles in regulating human endometrial remodeling and that these biomolecules (and their receptors) can be targeted for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Moreover, dysregulation of these ligands, their receptors, or signaling determinants can impact endometrial remodeling, contributing to infertility or pregnancy-related complications (e.g. preeclampsia and miscarriage). WIDER IMPLICATIONS Although further clinical trials are needed, recent advancements in the development of recombinant BMP ligands, synthetic BMP inhibitors, receptor antagonists, BMP ligand sequestration tools, and gene therapies have underscored the BMPs as candidate diagnostic biomarkers and positioned the BMP signaling pathway as a promising therapeutic target for addressing infertility and pregnancy complications related to dysregulated human endometrial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daimin Wei
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yaxin Su
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peter C K Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Gametogenesis and Health of ART-Offspring, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No.2021RU001), Jinan, Shandong, China
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Mast JF, Leach EAE, Thompson TB. Characterization of erythroferrone oligomerization and its impact on BMP antagonism. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105452. [PMID: 37949218 PMCID: PMC10772735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin, a peptide hormone that negatively regulates iron metabolism, is expressed by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Erythroferrone (ERFE) is an extracellular protein that binds and inhibits BMP ligands, thus positively regulating iron import by indirectly suppressing hepcidin. This allows for rapid erythrocyte regeneration after blood loss. ERFE belongs to the C1Q/TNF-related protein family and is suggested to adopt multiple oligomeric forms: a trimer, a hexamer, and a high molecular weight species. The molecular basis for how ERFE binds BMP ligands and how the different oligomeric states impact BMP inhibition are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that ERFE activity is dependent on the presence of stable dimeric or trimeric ERFE and that larger species are dispensable for BMP inhibition. Additionally, we used an in silico approach to identify a helix, termed the ligand-binding domain, that was predicted to bind BMPs and occlude the type I receptor pocket. We provide evidence that the ligand-binding domain is crucial for activity through luciferase assays and surface plasmon resonance analysis. Our findings provide new insight into how ERFE oligomerization impacts BMP inhibition, while identifying critical molecular features of ERFE essential for binding BMP ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob F Mast
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Edmund A E Leach
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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Dwivedi AK, Gornalusse GG, Siegel DA, Barbehenn A, Thanh C, Hoh R, Hobbs KS, Pan T, Gibson EA, Martin J, Hecht F, Pilcher C, Milush J, Busch MP, Stone M, Huang ML, Reppetti J, Vo PM, Levy CN, Roychoudhury P, Jerome KR, Hladik F, Henrich TJ, Deeks SG, Lee SA. A cohort-based study of host gene expression: tumor suppressor and innate immune/inflammatory pathways associated with the HIV reservoir size. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011114. [PMID: 38019897 PMCID: PMC10712869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The major barrier to an HIV cure is the HIV reservoir: latently-infected cells that persist despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). There have been few cohort-based studies evaluating host genomic or transcriptomic predictors of the HIV reservoir. We performed host RNA sequencing and HIV reservoir quantification (total DNA [tDNA], unspliced RNA [usRNA], intact DNA) from peripheral CD4+ T cells from 191 ART-suppressed people with HIV (PWH). After adjusting for nadir CD4+ count, timing of ART initiation, and genetic ancestry, we identified two host genes for which higher expression was significantly associated with smaller total DNA viral reservoir size, P3H3 and NBL1, both known tumor suppressor genes. We then identified 17 host genes for which lower expression was associated with higher residual transcription (HIV usRNA). These included novel associations with membrane channel (KCNJ2, GJB2), inflammasome (IL1A, CSF3, TNFAIP5, TNFAIP6, TNFAIP9, CXCL3, CXCL10), and innate immunity (TLR7) genes (FDR-adjusted q<0.05). Gene set enrichment analyses further identified significant associations of HIV usRNA with TLR4/microbial translocation (q = 0.006), IL-1/NRLP3 inflammasome (q = 0.008), and IL-10 (q = 0.037) signaling. Protein validation assays using ELISA and multiplex cytokine assays supported these observed inverse host gene correlations, with P3H3, IL-10, and TNF-α protein associations achieving statistical significance (p<0.05). Plasma IL-10 was also significantly inversely associated with HIV DNA (p = 0.016). HIV intact DNA was not associated with differential host gene expression, although this may have been due to a large number of undetectable values in our study. To our knowledge, this is the largest host transcriptomic study of the HIV reservoir. Our findings suggest that host gene expression may vary in response to the transcriptionally active reservoir and that changes in cellular proliferation genes may influence the size of the HIV reservoir. These findings add important data to the limited host genetic HIV reservoir studies to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K. Dwivedi
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Germán G. Gornalusse
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David A. Siegel
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alton Barbehenn
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cassandra Thanh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kristen S. Hobbs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tony Pan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Erica A. Gibson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Martin
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Frederick Hecht
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher Pilcher
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Milush
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Busch
- Vitalant Blood Bank, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Blood Bank, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Julieta Reppetti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO- Houssay), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Phuong M. Vo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Claire N. Levy
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Florian Hladik
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Henrich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sulggi A. Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Kobayashi H, Satake E, Murata Y, Otsuka H, Tsunemi A, Azuma M, Nakamura Y, Saito T, Abe M. Neuroblastoma suppressor of tumorigenicity 1 is associated with the severity of interstitial fibrosis and kidney function decline in IgA nephropathy. J Nephrol 2023; 36:2245-2256. [PMID: 37436574 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-023-01704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recently, circulating neuroblastoma suppressor of tumorigenicity 1 (NBL1) was shown to be strongly associated with kidney disease progression and histological lesions in patients with diabetic kidney disease. This study aimed to examine whether serum NBL1 level was also associated with kidney function and renal histological findings in patients with IgA nephropathy. METHODS We evaluated the levels of NBL1 in 109 patients with newly diagnosed biopsy-proven primary IgAN, between 2009 and 2018, at the Nihon University School of Medicine Itabashi Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, using serum obtained immediately before the renal biopsy, and examined the relationship between serum NBL1, renal function and renal histological findings assessed using the Oxford Classification (MEST score). Furthermore, we analyzed the association of serum NBL1 with kidney function decline over time in patients with IgA nephropathy who had follow-up data on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (n = 76). RESULTS Serum NBL1 levels in patients with newly diagnosed IgA nephropathy were elevated, as compared to those in healthy individuals (n = 93). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the serum NBL1 level was independently and significantly associated with tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that NBL1 was highly expressed in the tubulointerstitium. Furthermore, Spearman's rank correlation identified a significant correlation between serum NBL1 level and estimated glomerular filtration rate slope. CONCLUSIONS The serum NBL1 level was significantly associated with the severity of renal interstitial fibrosis and kidney disease progression in patients with newly diagnosed IgA nephropathy. Thus, circulating NBL1 may serve as a good biomarker for evaluating renal interstitial fibrosis and the risk of kidney disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kobayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Endocrinology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi Kami-chou, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.
| | - Eiichiro Satake
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yusuke Murata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Endocrinology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi Kami-chou, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Otsuka
- Department of Emergency Room and General Medicine, Ageo Central General Hospital, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hatogaya Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akiko Tsunemi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Endocrinology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi Kami-chou, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Masaki Azuma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hatogaya Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Endocrinology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi Kami-chou, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Saito
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Endocrinology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi Kami-chou, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Masanori Abe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Endocrinology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi Kami-chou, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
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Mast JF, Leach EAE, Thompson TB. Characterization of erythroferrone oligomerization and its impact on BMP antagonism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.01.555965. [PMID: 37693455 PMCID: PMC10491252 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.01.555965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Hepcidin, a peptide hormone that negatively regulates iron metabolism, is expressed by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Erythroferrone (ERFE) is an extracellular protein that binds and inhibits BMP ligands, thus positively regulating iron import by indirectly suppressing hepcidin. This allows for rapid erythrocyte regeneration after blood loss. ERFE belongs to the C1Q/TNF related protein (CTRP) family and is suggested to adopt multiple oligomeric forms: a trimer, a hexamer, and a high molecular weight species. The molecular basis for how ERFE binds BMP ligands and how the different oligomeric states impact BMP inhibition are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that ERFE activity is dependent on the presence of stable dimeric or trimeric ERFE, and that larger species are dispensable for BMP inhibition. Additionally, we used an in-silico approach to identify a helix, termed the ligand binding domain (LBD), that was predicted to bind BMPs and occlude the type I receptor pocket. We provide evidence that the LBD is crucial for activity through luciferase assays and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis. Our findings provide new insight into how ERFE oligomerization impacts BMP inhibition, while identifying critical molecular features of ERFE essential for binding BMP ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob F Mast
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati
| | - Edmund A E Leach
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati
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Dwivedi AK, Siegel DA, Thanh C, Hoh R, Hobbs KS, Pan T, Gibson EA, Martin J, Hecht F, Pilcher C, Milush J, Busch MP, Stone M, Huang ML, Levy CN, Roychoudhury P, Hladik F, Jerome KR, Henrich TJ, Deeks SG, Lee SA. Differences in expression of tumor suppressor, innate immune, inflammasome, and potassium/gap junction channel host genes significantly predict viral reservoir size during treated HIV infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.10.523535. [PMID: 36712077 PMCID: PMC9882059 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.10.523535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The major barrier to an HIV cure is the persistence of infected cells that evade host immune surveillance despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). Most prior host genetic HIV studies have focused on identifying DNA polymorphisms (e.g., CCR5Δ32 , MHC class I alleles) associated with viral load among untreated "elite controllers" (~1% of HIV+ individuals who are able to control virus without ART). However, there have been few studies evaluating host genetic predictors of viral control for the majority of people living with HIV (PLWH) on ART. We performed host RNA sequencing and HIV reservoir quantification (total DNA, unspliced RNA, intact DNA) from peripheral CD4+ T cells from 191 HIV+ ART-suppressed non-controllers. Multivariate models included covariates for timing of ART initiation, nadir CD4+ count, age, sex, and ancestry. Lower HIV total DNA (an estimate of the total reservoir) was associated with upregulation of tumor suppressor genes NBL1 (q=0.012) and P3H3 (q=0.012). Higher HIV unspliced RNA (an estimate of residual HIV transcription) was associated with downregulation of several host genes involving inflammasome ( IL1A, CSF3, TNFAIP5, TNFAIP6, TNFAIP9 , CXCL3, CXCL10 ) and innate immune ( TLR7 ) signaling, as well as novel associations with potassium ( KCNJ2 ) and gap junction ( GJB2 ) channels, all q<0.05. Gene set enrichment analyses identified significant associations with TLR4/microbial translocation (q=0.006), IL-1β/NRLP3 inflammasome (q=0.008), and IL-10 (q=0.037) signaling. HIV intact DNA (an estimate of the "replication-competent" reservoir) demonstrated trends with thrombin degradation ( PLGLB1 ) and glucose metabolism ( AGL ) genes, but data were (HIV intact DNA detected in only 42% of participants). Our findings demonstrate that among treated PLWH, that inflammation, innate immune responses, bacterial translocation, and tumor suppression/cell proliferation host signaling play a key role in the maintenance of the HIV reservoir during ART. Further data are needed to validate these findings, including functional genomic studies, and expanded epidemiologic studies in female, non-European cohorts. Author Summary Although lifelong HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses virus, the major barrier to an HIV cure is the persistence of infected cells that evade host immune surveillance despite effective ART, "the HIV reservoir." HIV eradication strategies have focused on eliminating residual virus to allow for HIV remission, but HIV cure trials to date have thus far failed to show a clinically meaningful reduction in the HIV reservoir. There is an urgent need for a better understanding of the host-viral dynamics during ART suppression to identify potential novel therapeutic targets for HIV cure. This is the first epidemiologic host gene expression study to demonstrate a significant link between HIV reservoir size and several well-known immunologic pathways (e.g., IL-1β, TLR7, TNF-α signaling pathways), as well as novel associations with potassium and gap junction channels (Kir2.1, connexin 26). Further data are needed to validate these findings, including functional genomic studies and expanded epidemiologic studies in female, non-European cohorts.
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Davies GCG, Dedi N, Jones PS, Kevorkian L, McMillan D, Ottone C, Schulze MSED, Scott-Tucker A, Tewari R, West S, Wright M, Rowley TF. Discovery of ginisortamab, a potent and novel anti-gremlin-1 antibody in clinical development for the treatment of cancer. MAbs 2023; 15:2289681. [PMID: 38084840 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2289681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gremlin-1, a high-affinity antagonist of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)-2, -4, and -7, is implicated in tumor initiation and progression. Increased gremlin-1 expression, and therefore suppressed BMP signaling, correlates with poor prognosis in a range of cancer types. A lack of published work using therapeutic modalities has precluded the testing of the hypothesis that blocking the gremlin-1/BMP interaction will provide benefits to patients. To address this shortfall, we developed ginisortamab (UCB6114), a first-in-class clinical anti-human gremlin-1 antibody, currently in clinical development for the treatment of cancer, along with its murine analog antibody Ab7326 mouse immunoglobulin G1 (mIgG1). Surface plasmon resonance assays revealed that ginisortamab and Ab7326 mIgG1 had similar affinities for human and mouse gremlin-1, with mean equilibrium dissociation constants of 87 pM and 61 pM, respectively. The gremlin-1/Ab7326 antigen-binding fragment (Fab) crystal structure revealed a gremlin-1 dimer with a Fab molecule bound to each monomer that blocked BMP binding. In cell culture experiments, ginisortamab fully blocked the activity of recombinant human gremlin-1, and restored BMP signaling pathways in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines. Furthermore, in a human CRC - fibroblast co-culture system where gremlin-1 is produced by the fibroblasts, ginisortamab restored BMP signaling in both the CRC cells and fibroblasts, demonstrating its activity in a relevant human tumor microenvironment model. The safety and efficacy of ginisortamab are currently being evaluated in a Phase 1/2 clinical trial in patients with advanced solid tumors (NCT04393298).
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Kobayashi H, Looker HC, Satake E, D’Addio F, Wilson JM, Saulnier PJ, Md Dom ZI, O’Neil K, Ihara K, Krolewski B, Badger HS, Petrazzuolo A, Corradi D, Galecki A, Wilson P, Najafian B, Mauer M, Niewczas MA, Doria A, Humphreys B, Duffin KL, Fiorina P, Nelson RG, Krolewski AS. Neuroblastoma suppressor of tumorigenicity 1 is a circulating protein associated with progression to end-stage kidney disease in diabetes. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabj2109. [PMID: 35947673 PMCID: PMC9531292 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abj2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Circulating proteins associated with transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling are implicated in the development of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). It remains to be comprehensively examined which of these proteins are involved in the pathogenesis of DKD and its progression to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in humans. Using the SOMAscan proteomic platform, we measured concentrations of 25 TGF-β signaling family proteins in four different cohorts composed in total of 754 Caucasian or Pima Indian individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Of these 25 circulating proteins, we identified neuroblastoma suppressor of tumorigenicity 1 (NBL1, aliases DAN and DAND1), a small secreted protein known to inhibit members of the bone morphogenic protein family, to be most strongly and independently associated with progression to ESKD during 10-year follow-up in all cohorts. The extent of damage to podocytes and other glomerular structures measured morphometrically in 105 research kidney biopsies correlated strongly with circulating NBL1 concentrations. Also, in vitro exposure to NBL1 induced apoptosis in podocytes. In conclusion, circulating NBL1 may be involved in the disease process underlying progression to ESKD, and its concentration in circulation may identify subjects with diabetes at increased risk of progression to ESKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kobayashi
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Endocrinology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Helen C. Looker
- Chronic Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Eiichiro Satake
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesca D’Addio
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC L. Sacco, Università di Milano and Endocrinology Division ASST Sacco-FBF, Milan, Italy
| | - Jonathan M. Wilson
- Diabetes and Complications Department, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Pierre Jean. Saulnier
- Chronic Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- CHU Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Inserm, Clinical Investigation Center CIC1402, Poitiers, France
| | - Zaipul I. Md Dom
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristina O’Neil
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katsuhito Ihara
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bozena Krolewski
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hannah S. Badger
- Diabetes and Complications Department, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Adriana Petrazzuolo
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC L. Sacco, Università di Milano and Endocrinology Division ASST Sacco-FBF, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Corradi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Pathology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrzej Galecki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Parker Wilson
- Division of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Behzad Najafian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Mauer
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Monika A. Niewczas
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alessandro Doria
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin L. Duffin
- Diabetes and Complications Department, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC L. Sacco, Università di Milano and Endocrinology Division ASST Sacco-FBF, Milan, Italy
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert G. Nelson
- Chronic Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Andrzej S. Krolewski
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Martínez-Gil N, Ugartondo N, Grinberg D, Balcells S. Wnt Pathway Extracellular Components and Their Essential Roles in Bone Homeostasis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13010138. [PMID: 35052478 PMCID: PMC8775112 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt pathway is involved in several processes essential for bone development and homeostasis. For proper functioning, the Wnt pathway is tightly regulated by numerous extracellular elements that act by both activating and inhibiting the pathway at different moments. This review aims to describe, summarize and update the findings regarding the extracellular modulators of the Wnt pathway, including co-receptors, ligands and inhibitors, in relation to bone homeostasis, with an emphasis on the animal models generated, the diseases associated with each gene and the bone processes in which each member is involved. The precise knowledge of all these elements will help us to identify possible targets that can be used as a therapeutic target for the treatment of bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
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10
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Lu L, Cai Y, Luo X, Wang Z, Fung SH, Jia H, Yu CL, Chan WY, Miu KK, Xiao W. A Core Omnigenic Non-coding Trait Governing Dex-Induced Osteoporotic Effects Identified Without DEXA. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:750959. [PMID: 34899306 PMCID: PMC8651565 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.750959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Iatrogenic glucocorticoid (GC)-induced osteoporosis (GIO) is an idiosyncratic form of secondary osteoporosis. Genetic predisposition among individuals may give rise to variant degree of phenotypic changes but there has yet been a documented unified pathway to explain the idiosyncrasy. In this study, we argue that the susceptibility to epigenetic changes governing molecular cross talks along the BMP and PI3K/Akt pathway may underline how genetic background dictate GC-induced bone loss. Concordantly, osteoblasts from BALB/c or C57BL/6 neonatal mice were treated with dexamethasone for transcriptome profiling. Furthermore, we also confirmed that GC-pre-conditioned mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) would give rise to defective osteogenesis by instigating epigenetic changes which affected the accessibility of enhancer marks. In line with these epigenetic changes, we propose that GC modulates a key regulatory network involving the scavenger receptor Cd36 in osteoblasts pre-conditioning pharmacological idiosyncrasy in GIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, School of Life Science and Biopharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanzhen Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, School of Life Science and Biopharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, School of Life Science and Biopharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhangting Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Sin Hang Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Huanhuan Jia
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, School of Life Science and Biopharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chi Lam Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Kai Kei Miu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Wende Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Kawagishi-Hotta M, Hasegawa S, Inoue Y, Hasebe Y, Arima M, Iwata Y, Sugiura K, Akamatsu H. Gremlin 2 suppresses differentiation of stem/progenitor cells in the human skin. Regen Ther 2021; 18:191-201. [PMID: 34307797 PMCID: PMC8280529 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The skin is comprised of various kinds of cells and has three layers, the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Stem cells in each tissue duplicate themselves and differentiate to supply new cells that function in the tissue, and thereby maintain the tissue homeostasis. In contrast, senescent cells accumulate with age and secrete senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors that impair surrounding cells and tissues, which lowers the capacity to maintain homeostasis in each tissue. Previously, we found Gremlin 2 (GREM2) as a novel SASP factor in the skin and reported that GREM2 suppressed the differentiation of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells. In the present study, we investigated the effects of GREM2 on stem cells in the epidermis and dermis. METHODS To examine whether GREM2 expression and the differentiation levels in the epidermis and dermis are correlated, the expressions of GREM2, stem cell markers, an epidermal differentiation marker Keratin 10 (KRT10) and a dermal differentiation marker type 3 procollagen were examined in the skin samples (n = 14) randomly chosen from the elderly where GREM2 expression level is high and the individual differences of its expression are prominent. Next, to test whether GREM2 affects the differentiation of skin stem cells, cells from two established lines (an epidermal and a dermal stem/progenitor cell model) were cultured and induced to differentiate, and recombinant GREM2 protein was added. RESULTS In the human skin, the expression levels of GREM2 varied among individuals both in the epidermis and dermis. The expression level of GREM2 was not correlated with the number of stem cells, but negatively correlated with those of both an epidermal and a dermal differentiation markers. The expression levels of epidermal differentiation markers were significantly suppressed by the addition of GREM2 in the three-dimensional (3D) epidermis generated with an epidermal stem/progenitor cell model. In addition, by differentiation induction, the expressions of dermal differentiation markers were induced in cells from a dermal stem/progenitor cell model, and the addition of GREM2 significantly suppressed the expressions of the dermal differentiation markers. CONCLUSIONS GREM2 expression level did not affect the numbers of stem cells in the epidermis and dermis but affects the differentiation and maturation levels of the tissues, and GREM2 suppressed the differentiation of stem/progenitor cells in vitro. These findings suggest that GREM2 may contribute to the age-related reduction in the capacity to maintain skin homeostasis by suppressing the differentiation of epidermal and dermal stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Kawagishi-Hotta
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., LTD., Japan
- Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
- Department of Applied Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Seiji Hasegawa
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., LTD., Japan
- Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yu Inoue
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., LTD., Japan
- Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hasebe
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., LTD., Japan
- Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masaru Arima
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yohei Iwata
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Sugiura
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Akamatsu
- Department of Applied Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
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12
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Huan C, Xu W, Liu Y, Ruan K, Shi Y, Cheng H, Zhang X, Ke Y, Zhou J. Gremlin2 Activates Fibroblasts to Promote Pulmonary Fibrosis Through the Bone Morphogenic Protein Pathway. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:683267. [PMID: 34422900 PMCID: PMC8377751 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.683267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease causing unremitting extracellular matrix deposition. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily involves bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and TGF-β, and the balance between the activation of TGF-β-dependent SMADs (Smad2/3) and BMP-dependent SMADs (Smad1/5/8) is essential for fibrosis process. GREM2, initially identified as a TGF-β-inducible gene, encodes a small secreted glycoprotein belonging to a group of matricellular proteins, its role in lung fibrosis is not clear. Here, we identified Gremlin2 as a key regulator of fibroblast activation. Gremlin2 was highly expressed in the serum and lung tissues in IPF patients. Bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model exhibited high expression of Gremlin2 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue. Isolation of primary cells from bleomycin-induced fibrosis lung showed a good correlation of Gremlin2 and Acta2 (α-SMA) expressions. Overexpression of Gremlin2 in human fetal lung fibroblast 1 (HFL-1) cells increased its invasion and migration. Furthermore, Gremlin2 regulates fibrosis functions through mediating TGF-β/BMP signaling, in which Gremlin2 may activate TGF-β signaling and inhibit BMP signaling. Therefore, we provided in vivo and in vitro evidence to demonstrate that Gremlin2 may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijuan Huan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wangting Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaru Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kexin Ruan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueli Shi
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Hongqiang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuehai Ke
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianying Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Mayère C, Neirijnck Y, Sararols P, Rands CM, Stévant I, Kühne F, Chassot AA, Chaboissier MC, Dermitzakis ET, Nef S. Single-cell transcriptomics reveal temporal dynamics of critical regulators of germ cell fate during mouse sex determination. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21452. [PMID: 33749946 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002420r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of germ cell (GC) differentiation for sexual reproduction, the gene networks underlying their fate remain unclear. Here, we comprehensively characterize the gene expression dynamics during sex determination based on single-cell RNA sequencing of 14 914 XX and XY mouse GCs between embryonic days (E) 9.0 and 16.5. We found that XX and XY GCs diverge transcriptionally as early as E11.5 with upregulation of genes downstream of the bone morphogenic protein (BMP) and nodal/Activin pathways in XY and XX GCs, respectively. We also identified a sex-specific upregulation of genes associated with negative regulation of mRNA processing and an increase in intron retention consistent with a reduction in mRNA splicing in XY testicular GCs by E13.5. Using computational gene regulation network inference analysis, we identified sex-specific, sequential waves of putative key regulator genes during GC differentiation and revealed that the meiotic genes are regulated by positive and negative master modules acting in an antagonistic fashion. Finally, we found that rare adrenal GCs enter meiosis similarly to ovarian GCs but display altered expression of master genes controlling the female and male genetic programs, indicating that the somatic environment is important for GC function. Our data are available on a web platform and provide a molecular roadmap of GC sex determination at single-cell resolution, which will serve as a valuable resource for future studies of gonad development, function, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Mayère
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yasmine Neirijnck
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Pauline Sararols
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chris M Rands
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Stévant
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Françoise Kühne
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Emmanouil T Dermitzakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Nef
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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14
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Yang Q, Mumusoglu S, Qin Y, Sun Y, Hsueh AJ. A kaleidoscopic view of ovarian genes associated with premature ovarian insufficiency and senescence. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21753. [PMID: 34233068 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100756r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian infertility and subfertility presenting with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and diminished ovarian reserve are major issues facing the developed world due to the trend of delaying childbirth. Ovarian senescence and POI represent a continuum of physiological/pathophysiological changes in ovarian follicle functions. Based on advances in whole exome sequencing, evaluation of gene copy variants, together with family-based and genome-wide association studies, we discussed genes responsible for POI and ovarian senescence. We used a gene-centric approach to sort out literature deposited in the Ovarian Kaleidoscope database (http://okdb.appliedbioinfo.net) by sub-categorizing candidate genes as ligand-receptor signaling, meiosis and DNA repair, transcriptional factors, RNA metabolism, enzymes, and others. We discussed individual gene mutations found in POI patients and verification of gene functions in gene-deleted model organisms. Decreased expression of some of the POI genes could be responsible for ovarian senescence, especially those essential for DNA repair, meiosis and mitochondrial functions. We propose to set up a candidate gene panel for targeted sequencing in POI patients together with studies on mitochondria-associated genes in middle-aged subfertile patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sezcan Mumusoglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yingying Qin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yingpu Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aaron J Hsueh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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15
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Characterization of the different oligomeric states of the DAN family antagonists SOSTDC1 and SOST. Biochem J 2021; 477:3167-3182. [PMID: 32779697 PMCID: PMC7473711 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The DAN (differential screening-selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma) family are a group of secreted extracellular proteins which typically bind to and antagonize BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) ligands. Previous studies have revealed discrepancies between the oligomerization state of certain DAN family members, with SOST (a poor antagonist of BMP signaling) forming a monomer while Grem1, Grem2, and NBL1 (more potent BMP antagonists) form non-disulfide linked dimers. The protein SOSTDC1 (Sclerostin domain containing protein 1) is sequentially similar to SOST, but has been shown to be a better BMP inhibitor. In order to determine the oligomerization state of SOSTDC1 and determine what effect dimerization might have on the mechanism of DAN family antagonism of BMP signaling, we isolated the SOSTDC1 protein and, using a battery of biophysical, biochemical, and structural techniques, showed that SOSTDC1 forms a highly stable non-covalent dimer. Additionally, this SOSTDC1 dimer was shown, using an in vitro cell based assay system, to be an inhibitor of multiple BMP signaling growth factors, including GDF5, while monomeric SOST was a very poor antagonist. These results demonstrate that SOSTDC1 is distinct from paralogue SOST in terms of both oligomerization and strength of BMP inhibition.
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16
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Genetics and Genomics of SOST: Functional Analysis of Variants and Genomic Regulation in Osteoblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020489. [PMID: 33419004 PMCID: PMC7825314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SOST encodes the sclerostin protein, which acts as a key extracellular inhibitor of the canonical Wnt pathway in bone, playing a crucial role in skeletal development and bone homeostasis. The objective of this work was to assess the functionality of two variants previously identified (the rare variant rs570754792 and the missense variant p.Val10Ile) and to investigate the physical interactors of the SOST proximal promoter region in bone cells. Through a promoter luciferase reporter assay we show that the minor allele of rs570754792, a variant located in the extended TATA box motif, displays a significant decrease in promoter activity. Likewise, through western blot studies of extracellular and intracellular sclerostin, we observe a reduced expression of the p.Val10Ile mutant protein. Finally, using a circular chromosome conformation capture assay (4C-seq) in 3 bone cell types (MSC, hFOB, Saos-2), we have detected physical interactions between the SOST proximal promoter and the ECR5 enhancer, several additional enhancers located between EVT4 and MEOX1 and a distant region containing exon 18 of DHX8. In conclusion, SOST presents functional regulatory and missense variants that affect its expression and displays physical contacts with far reaching genomic sequences, which may play a role in its regulation within bone cells.
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17
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Sotiropoulos MG, Chitnis T. Opposing and potentially antagonistic effects of BMP and TGF-β in multiple sclerosis: The "Yin and Yang" of neuro-immune Signaling. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 347:577358. [PMID: 32795734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP) and Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) are cytokines with similar receptors and messengers. They are important for immune cell function, with BMPs exerting mainly proinflammatory but also anti-inflammatory effects, and TGF-β suppressing inflammation. Patients with Multiple Sclerosis exhibit BMP overactivity and suppressed TGF-β signaling. This dysregulated signaling participates in the crosstalk between infiltrating immune cells and glia, where BMP inhibits remyelination. Reciprocal antagonism between the two pathways takes place via a variety of mechanisms. Although this antagonism has not been studied in the setting of Multiple Sclerosis, it could inform further research and treatment discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinos G Sotiropoulos
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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18
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Todd GM, Gao Z, Hyvönen M, Brazil DP, Ten Dijke P. Secreted BMP antagonists and their role in cancer and bone metastases. Bone 2020; 137:115455. [PMID: 32473315 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional secreted cytokines that act in a highly context-dependent manner. BMP action extends beyond the induction of cartilage and bone formation, to encompass pivotal roles in controlling tissue and organ homeostasis during development and adulthood. BMPs signal via plasma membrane type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors and intracellular SMAD transcriptional effectors. Exquisite temporospatial control of BMP/SMAD signalling and crosstalk with other cellular cues is achieved by a series of positive and negative regulators at each step in the BMP/SMAD pathway. The interaction of BMP ligand with its receptors is carefully controlled by a diverse set of secreted antagonists that bind BMPs and block their interaction with their cognate BMP receptors. Perturbations in this BMP/BMP antagonist balance are implicated in a range of developmental disorders and diseases, including cancer. Here, we provide an overview of the structure and function of secreted BMP antagonists, and summarize recent novel insights into their role in cancer progression and bone metastasis. Gremlin1 (GREM1) is a highly studied BMP antagonist, and we will focus on this molecule in particular and its role in cancer. The therapeutic potential of pharmacological inhibitors for secreted BMP antagonists for cancer and other human diseases will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M Todd
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Zhichun Gao
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.
| | - Derek P Brazil
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Oncode Institute, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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19
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Qin N, Tyasi TL, Sun X, Chen X, Zhu H, Zhao J, Xu R. Determination of the roles of GREM1 gene in granulosa cell proliferation and steroidogenesis of hen ovarian prehierarchical follicles. Theriogenology 2020; 151:28-40. [PMID: 32251937 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Gremlin genes are known members of the DAN family of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists, but their functions and regulatory mechanisms in ovarian follicular development of chicken remain unknown. The current study was designed to investigate the mRNA expression patterns of gremlin1 gene (GREM1) and its protein location in the follicles sampled, and to explore the biological effect of GREM1 on the prehierarchical follicular development. This work revealed that chicken GREM1 mRNA exhibits a constant expression level across all the prehierarchical follicles (PFs) from 1-4 mm to 7-8 mm in diameter, and the preovulatory follicles (from F6 to F1) by using RT-qPCR (P > 0.05). The GREM1 protein is predominantly expressed in the oocytes and granulosa cells (GCs) of the PFs by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, our data demonstrated that siRNA-mediated knockdown of GREM1 in the GCs resulted in a significant reduction in cell proliferation (P < 0.001); conversely, overexpression of GREM1 in the GCs led to a remarkable increase in cell proliferation (P < 0.001). Interestingly, the expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclin D2 (CCND2) mRNA and proteins were notably increased when GREM1 expression was upregulated in the GCs (P < 0.01), however, the expression levels of CYP11A1 and StAR were markedly downregulated (P < 0.01). The current results showed that GREM1 gene plays a stimulatory role in GC proliferation during growth and development of the prehierarchical follicles in vitro but an inhibitory role in GC differentiation and steroidogenesis of the hen ovary follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Qin
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Joint Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Thobela Louis Tyasi
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xue Sun
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Joint Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xiaoxia Chen
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Rifu Xu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Joint Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
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20
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Hart KN, Pépin D, Czepnik M, Donahoe PK, Thompson TB. Mutational Analysis of the Putative Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) Binding Interface on its Type II Receptor, AMHR2. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5825248. [PMID: 32333774 PMCID: PMC7286617 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) or Müllerian inhibiting substance is a unique member of the TGF-β family responsible for development and differentiation of the reproductive system. AMH signals through its own dedicated type II receptor, anti-Müllerian hormone receptor type II (AMHR2), providing an exclusive ligand-receptor pair within the broader TGF-β family. In this study, we used previous structural information to derive a model of AMH bound to AMHR2 to guide mutagenesis studies to identify receptor residues important for AMH signaling. Nonconserved mutations were introduced in AMHR2 and characterized in an AMH-responsive cell-based luciferase assay and native PAGE. Collectively, our results identified several residues important for AMH signaling within the putative ligand binding interface of AMHR2. Our results show that AMH engages AMHR2 at a similar interface to how activin and BMP class ligands bind the type II receptor, ACVR2B; however, there are significant molecular differences at the ligand interface of these 2 receptors, where ACVR2B is mostly hydrophobic and AMHR2 is predominately charged. Overall, this study shows that although the location of ligand binding on the receptor is similar to ACVR2A, ACVR2B, and BMPR2; AMHR2 uses unique ligand-receptor interactions to impart specificity for AMH.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type II/chemistry
- Activin Receptors, Type II/metabolism
- Anti-Mullerian Hormone/metabolism
- Disorder of Sex Development, 46,XY/genetics
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Receptors, Peptide/chemistry
- Receptors, Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Peptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin N Hart
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Thomas B. Thompson, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, MolGen Department, MSB 2204, Cincinnati, OH 45267. E-mail: Kaitlin N. Hart (), 231 Albert Sabin Way, MolGen Department, CARE 4850, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - David Pépin
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Magdalena Czepnik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Patricia K Donahoe
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Thomas B. Thompson, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, MolGen Department, MSB 2204, Cincinnati, OH 45267. E-mail: Kaitlin N. Hart (), 231 Albert Sabin Way, MolGen Department, CARE 4850, Cincinnati, OH 45267
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21
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Kawagishi-Hotta M, Hasegawa S, Igarashi T, Date Y, Ishii Y, Inoue Y, Hasebe Y, Yamada T, Arima M, Iwata Y, Kobayashi T, Nakata S, Sugiura K, Akamatsu H. Increase of gremlin 2 with age in human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells and its inhibitory effect on adipogenesis. Regen Ther 2019; 11:324-330. [PMID: 31709279 PMCID: PMC6831850 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) have attracted attention as a promising material for regenerative medicine. Previously, we reported an age-related decrease in the adipogenic potential of ASCs from human subjects and found that the individual difference in this potential increased with age, although the mechanisms remain unclear. Recently, other groups demonstrated that a secreted antagonist of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, Gremlin 2 (GREM2), inhibits the differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into osteoblasts and the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cell. Here, we examined the effects of GREM2 on the differentiation of ASCs into adipocytes. Methods To examine changes in GREM2 expression levels with age, immunohistochemistry was performed on subcutaneous adipose tissues from subjects 12–97 years of age. Next, GREM2 gene expression levels in ASCs collected from subjects 5–90 years of age were examined by RT-PCR, and the change with age and correlation between the expression level and the adipogenic potential of ASCs were analyzed. In addition, to assess whether GREM2 affects adipogenesis, ASCs (purchased from a vendor) were cultured to induce adipogenesis with recombinant GREM2 protein, and siRNA-induced GREM2 knockdown experiment was also performed using aged ASCs. Results In adipose tissues, GREM2 expression was observed in cells, including ASCs, but not in mature adipocytes, and the expression level per cell increased with age. GREM2 expression levels in ASCs cultured in vitro also increased with age, and the individual differences in the level increased with age. Of note, partial correlation analysis controlled for age revealed that the adipogenic potential of ASCs and the GREM2 gene expression level were negatively correlated. Furthermore, based on a GREM2 addition experiment, GREM2 has inhibitory effects on the adipogenesis of ASCs through activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. On the other hand, GREM2 knockdown in aged ASCs promoted adipogenesis. Conclusions The GREM2 expression level was confirmed to play a role in the age-related decrease in adipogenic potential observed in ASCs isolated from adipose tissues as well as in the enhancement of the individual difference, which increased with age. GREM2 in adipose tissues increased with age, which suggested that GREM2 functions as an inhibitory factor of adipogenesis in ASCs. GREM2 in human adipose tissues increase with age. GREM2 expression in adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) increased with age. In ASCs, adipogenic potential and GREM2 expression showed a negative correlation. Recombinant GREM2 inhibited the adipogenesis of ASCs. GREM2 knockdown in aged ASCs restored adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Kawagishi-Hotta
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan.,Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.,Department of Applied Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Seiji Hasegawa
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan.,Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Toshio Igarashi
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan
| | - Yasushi Date
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan.,Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshie Ishii
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan.,Department of Applied Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yu Inoue
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan.,Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hasebe
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan.,Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takaaki Yamada
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan.,Department of Applied Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masaru Arima
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yohei Iwata
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tsukane Kobayashi
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Satoru Nakata
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Sugiura
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Akamatsu
- Department of Applied Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
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22
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McCoy JC, Walker RG, Murray NH, Thompson TB. Crystal structure of the WFIKKN2 follistatin domain reveals insight into how it inhibits growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF8) and GDF11. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6333-6343. [PMID: 30814254 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF8; also known as myostatin) and GDF11 are closely related members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family. GDF8 strongly and negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth, and GDF11 has been implicated in various age-related pathologies such as cardiac hypertrophy. GDF8 and GDF11 signaling activities are controlled by the extracellular protein antagonists follistatin; follistatin-like 3 (FSTL3); and WAP, follistatin/kazal, immunoglobulin, Kunitz, and netrin domain-containing (WFIKKN). All of these proteins contain a follistatin domain (FSD) important for ligand binding and antagonism. Here, we investigated the structure and function of the FSD from murine WFIKKN2 and compared it with the FSDs of follistatin and FSTL3. Using native gel shift and surface plasmon resonance analyses, we determined that the WFIKKN2 FSD can interact with both GDF8 and GDF11 and block their interactions with the type II receptor activin A receptor type 2B (ActRIIB). Further, we solved the crystal structure of the WFIKKN2 FSD to 1.39 Å resolution and identified surface-exposed residues that, when substituted with alanine, reduce antagonism of GDF8 in full-length WFIKKN2. Comparison of the WFIKKN2 FSD with those of follistatin and FSTL3 revealed differences in both the FSD structure and position of residues within the domain that are important for ligand antagonism. Taken together, our results indicate that both WFIKKN and follistatin utilize their FSDs to block the type II receptor but do so via different binding interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C McCoy
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Ryan G Walker
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Nathan H Murray
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
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23
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Wu DH, Hatzopoulos AK. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in inflammation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:147-156. [PMID: 30732465 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219828694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT By compiling findings from recent studies, this review will garner novel insight on the dynamic and complex role of BMP signaling in diseases of inflammation, highlighting the specific roles played by both individual ligands and endogenous antagonists. Ultimately, this summary will help inform the high therapeutic value of targeting this pathway for modulating diseases of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Wu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Antonis K Hatzopoulos
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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24
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Leikina E, Gamage DG, Prasad V, Goykhberg J, Crowe M, Diao J, Kozlov MM, Chernomordik LV, Millay DP. Myomaker and Myomerger Work Independently to Control Distinct Steps of Membrane Remodeling during Myoblast Fusion. Dev Cell 2018; 46:767-780.e7. [PMID: 30197239 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Classic mechanisms for membrane fusion involve transmembrane proteins that assemble into complexes and dynamically alter their conformation to bend membranes, leading to mixing of membrane lipids (hemifusion) and fusion pore formation. Myomaker and Myomerger govern myoblast fusion and muscle formation but are structurally divergent from traditional fusogenic proteins. Here, we show that Myomaker and Myomerger independently mediate distinct steps in the fusion pathway, where Myomaker is involved in membrane hemifusion and Myomerger is necessary for fusion pore formation. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Myomerger is required on the cell surface where its ectodomains stress membranes. Moreover, we show that Myomerger drives fusion completion in a heterologous system independent of Myomaker and that a Myomaker-Myomerger physical interaction is not required for function. Collectively, our data identify a stepwise cell fusion mechanism in myoblasts where different proteins are delegated to perform unique membrane functions essential for membrane coalescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Leikina
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dilani G Gamage
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Vikram Prasad
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Joanna Goykhberg
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael Crowe
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael M Kozlov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Leonid V Chernomordik
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Douglas P Millay
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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25
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Ma JY, You D, Li WY, Lu XL, Sun S, Li HW. Bone morphogenetic proteins and inner ear development. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2018; 20:131-145. [PMID: 30112880 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1800084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are the largest subfamily of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, and they play important roles in the development of numerous organs, including the inner ear. The inner ear is a relatively small organ but has a highly complex structure and is involved in both hearing and balance. Here, we discuss BMPs and BMP signaling pathways and then focus on the role of BMP signal pathway regulation in the development of the inner ear and the implications this has for the treatment of human hearing loss and balance dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Yao Ma
- Ear, Nose & Throat Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dan You
- Ear, Nose & Throat Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wen-Yan Li
- Ear, Nose & Throat Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Lu
- Ear, Nose & Throat Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shan Sun
- Ear, Nose & Throat Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hua-Wei Li
- Ear, Nose & Throat Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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26
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Grillo E, Ravelli C, Corsini M, Ballmer-Hofer K, Zammataro L, Oreste P, Zoppetti G, Tobia C, Ronca R, Presta M, Mitola S. Monomeric gremlin is a novel vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 antagonist. Oncotarget 2018; 7:35353-68. [PMID: 27174917 PMCID: PMC5085234 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays a key role in various physiological and pathological conditions, including inflammation and tumor growth. The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist gremlin has been identified as a novel pro-angiogenic factor. Gremlin promotes neovascular responses via a BMP-independent activation of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-2 (VEGFR2). BMP antagonists may act as covalent or non-covalent homodimers or in a monomeric form, while VEGFRs ligands are usually dimeric. However, the oligomeric state of gremlin and its role in modulating the biological activity of the protein remain to be elucidated. Here we show that gremlin is expressed in vitro and in vivo both as a monomer and as a covalently linked homodimer. Mutagenesis of amino acid residue Cys141 prevents gremlin dimerization leading to the formation of gremlinC141A monomers. GremlinC141A monomer retains a BMP antagonist activity similar to the wild-type dimer, but is devoid of a significant angiogenic capacity. Notably, we found that gremlinC141A mutant engages VEGFR2 in a non-productive manner, thus acting as receptor antagonist. Accordingly, both gremlinC141A and wild-type monomers inhibit angiogenesis driven by dimeric gremlin or VEGF-A165. Moreover, by acting as a VEGFR2 antagonist, gremlinC141A inhibits the angiogenic and tumorigenic potential of murine breast and prostate cancer cells in vivo. In conclusion, our data show that gremlin exists in multiple forms endowed with specific bioactivities and provide new insights into the molecular bases of gremlin dimerization. Furthermore, we propose gremlin monomer as a new inhibitor of VEGFR2 signalling during tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Grillo
- Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Cosetta Ravelli
- Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Michela Corsini
- Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neurosciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Kurt Ballmer-Hofer
- Biomolecular Research, Molecular Cell Biology, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Luca Zammataro
- Center of Genomics Science of IIT@SEMM, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | | | | | - Chiara Tobia
- Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Roberto Ronca
- Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Marco Presta
- Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy.,Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neurosciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Stefania Mitola
- Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
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27
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Boschert V, Frisch C, Back JW, van Pee K, Weidauer SE, Muth EM, Schmieder P, Beerbaum M, Knappik A, Timmerman P, Mueller TD. The sclerostin-neutralizing antibody AbD09097 recognizes an epitope adjacent to sclerostin's binding site for the Wnt co-receptor LRP6. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160120. [PMID: 27558933 PMCID: PMC5008011 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein sclerostin has been identified as a negative regulator of bone growth. It exerts its function by interacting with the Wnt co-receptor LRP5/6, blocks the binding of Wnt factors and thereby inhibits Wnt signalling. Neutralizing anti-sclerostin antibodies are able to restore Wnt activity and enhance bone growth thereby presenting a new osteoanabolic therapy approach for diseases such as osteoporosis. We have generated various Fab antibodies against human and murine sclerostin using a phage display set-up. Biochemical analyses have identified one Fab developed against murine sclerostin, AbD09097 that efficiently neutralizes sclerostin's Wnt inhibitory activity. In vitro interaction analysis using sclerostin variants revealed that this neutralizing Fab binds to sclerostin's flexible second loop, which has been shown to harbour the LRP5/6 binding motif. Affinity maturation was then applied to AbD09097, providing a set of improved neutralizing Fab antibodies which particularly bind human sclerostin with enhanced affinity. Determining the crystal structure of AbD09097 provides first insights into how this antibody might recognize and neutralize sclerostin. Together with the structure-function relationship derived from affinity maturation these new data will foster the rational design of new and highly efficient anti-sclerostin antibodies for the therapy of bone loss diseases such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Boschert
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of the University Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - C Frisch
- Bio-Rad AbD Serotec, Zeppelinstr. 4, 82178 Puchheim, Germany
| | - J W Back
- Pepscan Therapeutics, Zuidersluisweg 2, 8203RC, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - K van Pee
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of the University Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - S E Weidauer
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of the University Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - E-M Muth
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of the University Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - P Schmieder
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert-Roessle Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Beerbaum
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert-Roessle Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Knappik
- Bio-Rad AbD Serotec, Zeppelinstr. 4, 82178 Puchheim, Germany
| | - P Timmerman
- Pepscan Therapeutics, Zuidersluisweg 2, 8203RC, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - T D Mueller
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of the University Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
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28
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Patiño LC, Beau I, Carlosama C, Buitrago JC, González R, Suárez CF, Patarroyo MA, Delemer B, Young J, Binart N, Laissue P. New mutations in non-syndromic primary ovarian insufficiency patients identified via whole-exome sequencing. Hum Reprod 2017; 32:1512-1520. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dex089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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29
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Bylund JB, Trinh LT, Awgulewitsch CP, Paik DT, Jetter C, Jha R, Zhang J, Nolan K, Xu C, Thompson TB, Kamp TJ, Hatzopoulos AK. Coordinated Proliferation and Differentiation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Progenitor Cells Depend on Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling Regulation by GREMLIN 2. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:678-693. [PMID: 28125926 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart development depends on coordinated proliferation and differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs), but how the two processes are synchronized is not well understood. Here, we show that the secreted Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) antagonist GREMLIN 2 (GREM2) is induced in CPCs shortly after cardiac mesoderm specification during differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. GREM2 expression follows cardiac lineage differentiation independently of the differentiation method used, or the origin of the pluripotent stem cells, suggesting that GREM2 is linked to cardiogenesis. Addition of GREM2 protein strongly increases cardiomyocyte output compared to established procardiogenic differentiation methods. Our data show that inhibition of canonical BMP signaling by GREM2 is necessary to promote proliferation of CPCs. However, canonical BMP signaling inhibition alone is not sufficient to induce cardiac differentiation, which depends on subsequent JNK pathway activation specifically by GREM2. These findings may have broader implications in the design of approaches to orchestrate growth and differentiation of pluripotent stem cell-derived lineages that depend on precise regulation of BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery B Bylund
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee.,2 Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Linh T Trinh
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Cassandra P Awgulewitsch
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David T Paik
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee.,3 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Christopher Jetter
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rajneesh Jha
- 4 Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- 5 Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kristof Nolan
- 6 Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Chunhui Xu
- 4 Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- 6 Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Timothy J Kamp
- 5 Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Antonis K Hatzopoulos
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee.,3 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
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Sebastian A, Loots GG. Transcriptional control of Sost in bone. Bone 2017; 96:76-84. [PMID: 27771382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sclerostin is an osteocyte derived negative regulator of bone formation. A highly specific expression pattern and the exclusive bone phenotype have made Sclerostin an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in treating metabolic bone diseases such as osteoporosis and in facilitating fracture repair. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate Sclerostin transcription is of great interest as it may unveil new avenues for therapeutic approaches. Such studies may also elucidate how various signaling pathways intersect to modulate bone metabolism. Here we review the current understanding of the upstream molecular mechanisms that regulate Sost/SOST transcription, in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimy Sebastian
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-452, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Gabriela G Loots
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-452, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
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Opazo JC, Zavala K, Krall P, Arias RA. Evolution of gremlin 2 in cetartiodactyl mammals: gene loss coincides with lack of upper jaw incisors in ruminants. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2901. [PMID: 28149683 PMCID: PMC5274524 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the processes that give rise to genomic variability in extant species is an active area of research within evolutionary biology. With the availability of whole genome sequences, it is possible to quantify different forms of variability such as variation in gene copy number, which has been described as an important source of genetic variability and in consequence of phenotypic variability. Most of the research on this topic has been focused on understanding the biological significance of gene duplication, and less attention has been given to the evolutionary role of gene loss. Gremlin 2 is a member of the DAN gene family and plays a significant role in tooth development by blocking the ligand-signaling pathway of BMP2 and BMP4. The goal of this study was to investigate the evolutionary history of gremlin 2 in cetartiodactyl mammals, a group that possesses highly divergent teeth morphology. Results from our analyses indicate that gremlin 2 has experienced a mixture of gene loss, gene duplication, and rate acceleration. Although the last common ancestor of cetartiodactyls possessed a single gene copy, pigs and camels are the only cetartiodactyl groups that have retained gremlin 2. According to the phyletic distribution of this gene and synteny analyses, we propose that gremlin 2 was lost in the common ancestor of ruminants and cetaceans between 56.3 and 63.5 million years ago as a product of a chromosomal rearrangement. Our analyses also indicate that the rate of evolution of gremlin 2 has been accelerated in the two groups that have retained this gene. Additionally, the lack of this gene could explain the high diversity of teeth among cetartiodactyl mammals; specifically, the presence of this gene could act as a biological constraint. Thus, our results support the notions that gene loss is a way to increase phenotypic diversity and that gremlin 2 is a dispensable gene, at least in cetartiodactyl mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Opazo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia , Chile
| | - Kattina Zavala
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia , Chile
| | - Paola Krall
- Unidad de Nefrología, Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia , Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Arias
- Instituto de Producción Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia , Chile
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Zambelli B, Uversky VN, Ciurli S. Nickel impact on human health: An intrinsic disorder perspective. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:1714-1731. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Abstract
We review the evolution and structure of members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family, antagonistic or agonistic modulators, and receptors that regulate TGF-β signaling in extracellular environments. The growth factor (GF) domain common to all family members and many of their antagonists evolved from a common cystine knot growth factor (CKGF) domain. The CKGF superfamily comprises six distinct families in primitive metazoans, including the TGF-β and Dan families. Compared with Wnt/Frizzled and Notch/Delta families that also specify body axes, cell fate, tissues, and other families that contain CKGF domains that evolved in parallel, the TGF-β family was the most fruitful in evolution. Complexes between the prodomains and GFs of the TGF-β family suggest a new paradigm for regulating GF release by conversion from closed- to open-arm procomplex conformations. Ternary complexes of the final step in extracellular signaling show how TGF-β GF dimers bind type I and type II receptors on the cell surface, and enable understanding of much of the specificity and promiscuity in extracellular signaling. However, structures suggest that when GFs bind repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) family coreceptors, type I receptors do not bind until reaching an intracellular, membrane-enveloped compartment, blurring the line between extra- and intracellular signaling. Modulator protein structures show how structurally diverse antagonists including follistatins, noggin, and members of the chordin family bind GFs to regulate signaling; complexes with the Dan family remain elusive. Much work is needed to understand how these molecular components assemble to form signaling hubs in extracellular environments in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Thomas D Mueller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of the University Wuerzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Timothy A Springer
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Abstract
The discovery of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family ligands and the realization that their bioactivities need to be tightly controlled temporally and spatially led to intensive research that has identified a multitude of extracellular modulators of TGF-β family ligands, uncovered their functions in developmental and pathophysiological processes, defined the mechanisms of their activities, and explored potential modulator-based therapeutic applications in treating human diseases. These studies revealed a diverse repertoire of extracellular and membrane-associated molecules that are capable of modulating TGF-β family signals via control of ligand availability, processing, ligand-receptor interaction, and receptor activation. These molecules include not only soluble ligand-binding proteins that were conventionally considered as agonists and antagonists of TGF-β family of growth factors, but also extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and proteoglycans that can serve as "sink" and control storage and release of both the TGF-β family ligands and their regulators. This extensive network of soluble and ECM modulators helps to ensure dynamic and cell-specific control of TGF-β family signals. This article reviews our knowledge of extracellular modulation of TGF-β growth factors by diverse proteins and their molecular mechanisms to regulate TGF-β family signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbei Chang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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Ikeda Y, Hasegawa A, Tsubamoto H, Wakimoto Y, Kumamoto K, Shibahara H. Effects of gremlin-2 on the transition of primordial follicles during early folliculogenesis in the human ovary. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2016; 203:72-7. [PMID: 27267869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the localization and function of gremlin-2 during human ovarian folliculogenesis. STUDY DESIGN Ovarian tissue from a gynecologic cancer patient was cultured in the presence or absence of gremlin-2 and then analyzed histologically. Growing follicles were counted by the microscopic observations of ovarian histological sections. Immunocytochemical staining was carried out to detect the expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 4 and phosphorylated Smad 1/5/8 (p-Smad 1/5/8). RESULTS Gremlin-2 was detected in human primordial, primary, and early growing follicles before culture. By day 4 of culture, the follicle growth rate in the presence of gremlin-2 (13.7%; 24/175) was significantly lower than that of the control (54.8%; 92/175; p<0.01). BMP4 expression was similar in the presence and absence of gremlin-2, whereas the p-Smad 1/5/8 signal was noticeably stronger in the absence of gremlin-2 in primordial and early-stage growing follicles. CONCLUSIONS Gremlin-2 maintains the follicle store as primordial follicles by suppressing Smad 1/5/8 signaling in the human ovary. The data presented here provide potential insight into reproductive medicine for cases of intractable infertility, such as premature ovarian insufficiency and cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ikeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho, 1-1, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Akiko Hasegawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho, 1-1, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; Institute of Animal Experimental Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho, 1-1, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Tsubamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho, 1-1, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Yu Wakimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho, 1-1, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Kanako Kumamoto
- Department of Genetic Disease Research, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, 1-4-3, Abeno, Osaka 545-8586, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shibahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho, 1-1, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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Chan SCW, Tekari A, Benneker LM, Heini PF, Gantenbein B. Osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells is hindered by the presence of intervertebral disc cells. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 18:29. [PMID: 26809343 PMCID: PMC4727301 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0900-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical observations indicate that the presence of nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue during spinal fusion hinders the rate of disc ossification. While the underlying mechanism remains unknown, this observation could be due to incomplete removal of NP cells (NPCs) that secrete factors preventing disc calcification, such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists including noggin and members of the DAN (differential screening selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma) family. Methods Monolayer human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were cocultured withNPCs and annulus fibrosus cells (AFCs) embedded in alginate for 21 days. At the end of coculture, MSCs were stained for mineral deposition by alizarin red, and relative expression of bone-related genes [Runt-related transcription factor 2, (RUNX2), Osteopontin (OPN), and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)] and ALP activity were analyzed. Relative expression of three BMP antagonists, chordin (CHRD), gremlin (GREM1), and noggin (NOG), was determined in primary human NPCs and AFCs. These cells were also stained for Gremlin and Noggin by immunocytochemistry. Results Alizarin red staining showed that MSC osteogenesis in monolayer cultures was inhibited by coculture with NPCs or AFCs. ALP activity and RT-PCR analyses confirmed these results and demonstrated inhibition of osteogenesis of MSC in the presence of disc cells. NOG was significantly up-regulated in MSCs after coculture. Relative gene expression of intervertebral disc (IVD) cells showed higher expression of GREM1 in NPCs than in AFCs. Conclusions We show that primary IVD cells inhibit osteogenesis of MSCs. BMP inhibitors NOG, GREM1 and CHRD were expressed in IVD cells. GREM1 appears to be differentially expressed in NPCs and AFCs. Our results have implications for the design and development of treatments for non-union in spinal fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C W Chan
- Tissue and Organ Mechanobiology, Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Stauffacherstrasse 78, Bern, CH-3014, Switzerland. .,Biointerfaces, EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St Gallen, CH-9014, Switzerland.
| | - Adel Tekari
- Tissue and Organ Mechanobiology, Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Stauffacherstrasse 78, Bern, CH-3014, Switzerland.
| | - Lorin M Benneker
- Department for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 4, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland. .,AOSpine Research Network, Stettbachstrasse 6, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland.
| | - Paul F Heini
- Orthopedic Department, Sonnenhof Clinic, Buchserstrasse 30, Bern, CH-3006, Switzerland.
| | - Benjamin Gantenbein
- Tissue and Organ Mechanobiology, Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Stauffacherstrasse 78, Bern, CH-3014, Switzerland. .,AOSpine Research Network, Stettbachstrasse 6, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland.
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Kantaputra PN, Kaewgahya M, Hatsadaloi A, Vogel P, Kawasaki K, Ohazama A, Ketudat Cairns JR. GREMLIN 2 Mutations and Dental Anomalies. J Dent Res 2015; 94:1646-52. [PMID: 26416033 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515608168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated or nonsyndromic tooth agenesis or hypodontia is the most common human malformation. It has been associated with mutations in MSX1, PAX9, EDA, AXIN2, EDAR, EDARADD, and WNT10A. GREMLIN 2 (GREM2) is a strong bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist that is known to regulate BMPs in embryogenesis and tissue development. Bmp4 has been shown to have a role in tooth development. Grem2(-/-) mice have small, malformed maxillary and mandibular incisors, indicating that Grem2 has important roles in normal tooth development. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that GREM2 mutations are associated with human malformations, which include isolated tooth agenesis, microdontia, short tooth roots, taurodontism, sparse and slow-growing hair, and dry and itchy skin. We sequenced WNT10A, WNT10B, MSX1, EDA, EDAR, EDARADD, AXIN2, and PAX9 in all 7 patients to rule out the effects of other ectodermal dysplasias and other tooth-related genes and did not find mutations in any of them. GREM2 mutations exhibit variable expressivity even within the same families. The inheritance is autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance. The expression of Grem2 during the early development of mouse teeth and hair follicles and the evaluation of the likely effects of the mutations on the protein structure substantiate these new findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Kantaputra
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand Dentaland Clinic, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - M Kaewgahya
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - P Vogel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - K Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - A Ohazama
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - J R Ketudat Cairns
- School of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, and Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
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Lyon SM, Waggoner D, Halbach S, Thorland EC, Khorasani L, Reid RR. Syndromic craniosynostosis associated with microdeletion of chromosome 19p13.12-19p13.2. Genes Dis 2015; 2:347-352. [PMID: 26966713 PMCID: PMC4782977 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis, a condition in which the cranial sutures prematurely fuse, can lead to elevated intracranial pressure and craniofacial abnormalities in young children. Currently surgical intervention is the only therapeutic option for patients with this condition. Craniosynostosis has been associated with a variety of different gene mutations and chromosome anomalies. Here we describe three cases of partial deletion of chromosome 19p. Two of the cases present with syndromic craniosynostosis while one has metopic ridging. A review of the genes involved in the rearrangements between the three cases suggests several gene candidates for craniosynostosis. CALR and DAND5, BMP regulators involved in osteoblast differentiation, and MORG1, a mediator of osteoclast dysregulation may play a role in abnormal cranial vault development. Additionally, CACNA1A, a gene that when mutated is associated with epilepsy and CC2D1A, a gene associated with non-syndromic mental retardation may contribute to additional phenotypic features seen in the patients we describe. In addition, these findings further support the need for genetic testing in cases of syndromic craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Lyon
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago
| | - Darrel Waggoner
- Department of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, M/C 0077, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Sara Halbach
- Department of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, M/C 0077, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Erik C Thorland
- Lab Medicine & Pathology, 200 First St SW, Hilton 970, Rochester, MN 55905-0001
| | - Leila Khorasani
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, M/C 0077, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Russell R Reid
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, M/C 0077, Chicago, IL 60637
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Mulloy B, Rider CC. The Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Their Antagonists. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2015; 99:63-90. [PMID: 26279373 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and the growth and differentiation factors comprise a single family of some 20 homologous, dimeric cytokines which share the cystine-knot domain typical of the TGF-β superfamily. They control the differentiation and activity of a range of cell types, including many outside bone and cartilage. They serve as developmental morphogens, but are also important in chronic pathologies, including tissue fibrosis and cancer. One mechanism for enabling tight spatiotemporal control of their activities is through a number of antagonist proteins, including Noggin, Follistatin, Chordin, Twisted gastrulation (TSG), and the seven members of the Cerberus and Dan family. These antagonists are secreted proteins that bind selectively to particular BMPs with high affinity, thereby blocking receptor engagement and signaling. Most of these antagonists also possess a TGF-β cystine-knot domain. Here, we discuss current knowledge and understanding of the structures and activities of the BMPs and their antagonists, with a particular focus on the latter proteins. Recent advances in structural biology of BMP antagonists have begun the process of elucidating the molecular basis of their activity, displaying a surprising variety between the modes of action of these closely related proteins. We also discuss the interactions of the antagonists with the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate, which is found ubiquitously on cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mulloy
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Chris C Rider
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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Mapping the heparin-binding site of the BMP antagonist gremlin by site-directed mutagenesis based on predictive modelling. Biochem J 2015; 470:53-64. [PMID: 26251446 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gremlin is a member of the CAN (cerberus and DAN) family of secreted BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) antagonists and also an agonist of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) receptor-2. It is critical in limb skeleton and kidney development and is re-expressed during tissue fibrosis. Gremlin binds strongly to heparin and heparan sulfate and, in the present study, we sought to investigate its heparin-binding site. In order to explore a putative non-contiguous binding site predicted by computational molecular modelling, we substituted a total of 11 key arginines and lysines located in three basic residue sequence clusters with homologous sequences from cerberus and DAN (differential screening selected gene abberative in neuroblastoma), CAN proteins which lack basic residues in these positions. A panel of six Myc-tagged gremlin mutants, MGR-1-MGR-6 (MGR, mutant gremlin), each containing different combinations of targeted substitutions, all showed markedly reduced affinity for heparin as demonstrated by their NaCl elution on heparin affinity chromatography, thus verifying our predictions. Both MGR-5 and MGR-6 retained BMP-4-binding activity comparable to that of wild-type gremlin. Low-molecular-mass heparin neither promoted nor inhibited BMP-4 binding. Finally, glutaraldehyde cross-linking demonstrated that gremlin forms non-covalent dimers, similar behaviour to that of DAN and also PRDC (protein related to cerberus and DAN), another CAN protein. The resulting dimer would possess two heparin-binding sites, each running along an exposed surface on the second β-strand finger loop of one of the monomers.
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Brazil DP, Church RH, Surae S, Godson C, Martin F. BMP signalling: agony and antagony in the family. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:249-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Gremlin1 preferentially binds to bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and BMP-4 over BMP-7. Biochem J 2015; 466:55-68. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20140771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gremlin1 has a distinct preference for which bone morphogenetic protein it binds to in kidney epithelial cells. Grem1–BMP-2 complexes are favoured over other BMPs, and this may play an important role in fibrotic kidney disease.
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Nolan K, Kattamuri C, Luedeke DM, Angerman EB, Rankin SA, Stevens ML, Zorn AM, Thompson TB. Structure of neuroblastoma suppressor of tumorigenicity 1 (NBL1): insights for the functional variability across bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:4759-4771. [PMID: 25561725 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.628412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are antagonized through the action of numerous extracellular protein antagonists, including members from the differential screening-selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma (DAN) family. In vivo, misregulation of the balance between BMP signaling and DAN inhibition can lead to numerous disease states, including cancer, kidney nephropathy, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Despite this importance, very little information is available describing how DAN family proteins effectively inhibit BMP ligands. Furthermore, our understanding for how differences in individual DAN family members arise, including affinity and specificity, remains underdeveloped. Here, we present the structure of the founding member of the DAN family, neuroblastoma suppressor of tumorigenicity 1 (NBL1). Comparing NBL1 to the structure of protein related to Dan and Cerberus (PRDC), a more potent BMP antagonist within the DAN family, a number of differences were identified. Through a mutagenesis-based approach, we were able to correlate the BMP binding epitope in NBL1 with that in PRDC, where introduction of specific PRDC amino acids in NBL1 (A58F and S67Y) correlated with a gain-of-function inhibition toward BMP2 and BMP7, but not GDF5. Although NBL1(S67Y) was able to antagonize BMP7 as effectively as PRDC, NBL1(S67Y) was still 32-fold weaker than PRDC against BMP2. Taken together, this data suggests that alterations in the BMP binding epitope can partially account for differences in the potency of BMP inhibition within the DAN family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Nolan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 and
| | - Chandramohan Kattamuri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 and
| | - David M Luedeke
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 and
| | - Elizabeth B Angerman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 and
| | - Scott A Rankin
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Mariana L Stevens
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 and.
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Nolan K, Thompson TB. The DAN family: modulators of TGF-β signaling and beyond. Protein Sci 2014; 23:999-1012. [PMID: 24810382 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular binding proteins or antagonists are important factors that modulate ligands in the transforming growth factor (TGF-β) family. While the interplay between antagonists and ligands are essential for developmental and normal cellular processes, their imbalance can lead to the pathology of several disease states. In particular, recent studies have implicated members of the differential screening-selected gene in neuroblastoma (DAN) family in disease such as renal fibrosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and reactivation of metastatic cancer stem cells. DAN family members are known to inhibit the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) of the TGF-β family. However, unlike other TGF-β antagonist families, DAN family members have roles beyond ligand inhibition and can modulate Wnt and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathways. This review describes recent structural and functional advances that have expanded our understanding of DAN family proteins with regards to BMP inhibition and also highlights their emerging roles in the modulation of Wnt and VEGF signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Nolan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267
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Hernandez P, Whitty C, John Wardale R, Henson FMD. New insights into the location and form of sclerostin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:1108-13. [PMID: 24667598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sclerostin is widely reported to be a monomeric osteocyte specific protein. In this study we have investigated whether sclerostin is produced in different forms and in which cell and tissue types they are produced. We have demonstrated that recombinant sclerostin is composed of monomers and dimers, and that these, and other forms, notably 46 and 70 kDa forms, are found widely throughout the musculo-skeletal system. We have shown that 'dimeric' sclerostin is highly resistant to reduction, implying the presence of highly stable, non-reducible covalent bonds. We have also demonstrated that the form of sclerostin is not associated with the mineralisation state of the tissue or cell. Sclerostin was secreted by bone explants as high molecular weight forms that were reducible to the dimeric form. This dimeric form was detected in sera and in non-skeletal soft tissues specifically kidney, live, heart and lung. We therefore hypothesise: (a) sclerostin exists in multiple forms not associated with the mineralised state of the cell/tissue and (b) circulating sclerostin is dimeric, as is the sclerostin found in non-musculoskeletal soft tissues. These observations may have significant implications for the therapeutic modulation of sclerostin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Hernandez
- Orthopaedic Research Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Ciara Whitty
- Orthopaedic Research Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - R John Wardale
- Orthopaedic Research Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Frances M D Henson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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46
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Nilsson EE, Larsen G, Skinner MK. Roles of Gremlin 1 and Gremlin 2 in regulating ovarian primordial to primary follicle transition. Reproduction 2014; 147:865-74. [PMID: 24614542 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A network of extracellular signaling factors has previously been shown to act in concert to control the ovarian primordial to primary follicle transition. The current study was designed to investigate the roles of the endogenous bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) inhibitors Gremlin 1 (GREM1) and GREM2 in primordial follicle transition in the rat ovary. GREM1 and GREM2 treatments were found to reverse the effects of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) to inhibit follicle transition in a whole-ovary culture system. GREM1 reversed the effect of BMP4 to stimulate primordial follicle transition. Immunohistochemical studies showed that GREM2, but not GREM1, was present in primordial follicles suggesting that GREM2 may regulate primordial follicle transition in vivo. Co-immunoprecipitation studies indicated that GREM2 directly binds to AMH, as well as to BMP4. Transcriptome analyses of ovaries treated with GREM2 or GREM1 yielded negligible numbers of differentially expressed genes, suggesting that the immediate effects of GREM2 or GREM1 appear to be at the level of protein-protein interactions, rather than direct actions on the cells. A number of other ovarian growth factors were found to influence the expression of Grem2. Observations suggest that Grem2 is a part of the signaling network of growth factors that regulate the primordial to primary follicle transition. Insights into the regulatory networks affecting the pool of primordial follicles are important to understand the molecular basis for reproductive diseases such as primary ovarian insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Nilsson
- School of Biological SciencesCenter for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236, USA
| | - Ginger Larsen
- School of Biological SciencesCenter for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236, USA
| | - Michael K Skinner
- School of Biological SciencesCenter for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236, USA
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47
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Abstract
In this issue of Structure, Nolan and colleagues present the structure of BMP antagonist, PRDC, which adopts a head-to-tail dimer with distinct structure and inhibitory mechanism compared to other dimeric antagonists of the TGF-β superfamily, such as noggin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Hinck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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48
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Nolan K, Kattamuri C, Luedeke DM, Deng A, Jagpal A, Zhang F, Linhardt R, Kenny AP, Zorn AM, Thompson TB. Structure of protein related to Dan and Cerberus: insights into the mechanism of bone morphogenetic protein antagonism. Structure 2013; 21:1417-29. [PMID: 23850456 PMCID: PMC3749838 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secreted ligands largely known for their functional roles in embryogenesis and tissue development. A number of structurally diverse extracellular antagonists inhibit BMP ligands to regulate signaling. The differential screening-selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma (DAN) family of antagonists represents the largest group of BMP inhibitors; however, little is known of how they mechanistically inhibit BMP ligands. Here, we present the structure of the DAN family member, protein related to Dan and Cerberus (PRDC), solved by X-ray crystallography. The structure reveals a growth factor-like appearance with an unexpected dimerization mechanism that is formed through extensive β strand contacts. Using site-directed mutagenesis coupled with in vitro and in vivo activity assays, we identified a BMP-binding epitope on PRDC. We also determined that PRDC binds heparin with high affinity and that heparin binding to PRDC interferes with BMP antagonism. These results offer insight for how DAN family antagonists functionally inhibit BMP ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Nolan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Chandramohan Kattamuri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - David M. Luedeke
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Andy Deng
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Amrita Jagpal
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation and Department of Pediatrics College of Medicine University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Robert Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
- Departments of Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Alan P. Kenny
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation and Department of Pediatrics College of Medicine University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Aaron M. Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation and Department of Pediatrics College of Medicine University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Thomas B. Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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