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Haynes LM, Huttinger ZM, Yee A, Kretz CA, Siemieniak DR, Lawrence DA, Ginsburg D. Deep mutational scanning and massively parallel kinetics of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 functional stability to probe its latency transition. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102608. [PMID: 36257408 PMCID: PMC9667310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a member of the serine protease inhibitor superfamily of proteins, is unique among serine protease inhibitors for exhibiting a spontaneous conformational change to a latent or inactive state. The functional half-life for this transition at physiologic temperature and pH is ∼1 to 2 h. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this transition, we now report on the analysis of a comprehensive PAI-1 variant library expressed on filamentous phage and selected for functional stability after 48 h at 37 °C. Of the 7201 possible single amino acid substitutions in PAI-1, we identified 439 that increased the functional stability of PAI-1 beyond that of the WT protein. We also found 1549 single amino acid substitutions that retained inhibitory activity toward the canonical target protease of PAI-1 (urokinase-like plasminogen activator), whereas exhibiting functional stability less than or equal to that of WT PAI-1. Missense mutations that increase PAI-1 functional stability are concentrated in highly flexible regions within the PAI-1 structure. Finally, we developed a method for simultaneously measuring the functional half-lives of hundreds of PAI-1 variants in a multiplexed, massively parallel manner, quantifying the functional half-lives for 697 single missense variants of PAI-1 by this approach. Overall, these findings provide novel insight into the mechanisms underlying the latency transition of PAI-1 and provide a database for interpreting human PAI-1 genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Haynes
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Zachary M Huttinger
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew Yee
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Colin A Kretz
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - David R Siemieniak
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Daniel A Lawrence
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David Ginsburg
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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2
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Hay IM, Shamin M, Caroe ER, Mohammed ASA, Svergun DI, Jeffries CM, Graham SC, Sharpe HJ, Deane JE. Determinants of receptor tyrosine phosphatase homophilic adhesion: Structural comparison of PTPRK and PTPRM extracellular domains. J Biol Chem 2022; 299:102750. [PMID: 36436563 PMCID: PMC9800333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Type IIB receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases are cell surface transmembrane proteins that engage in cell adhesion via their extracellular domains (ECDs) and cell signaling via their cytoplasmic phosphatase domains. The ECDs of type IIB receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases form stable, homophilic, and trans interactions between adjacent cell membranes. Previous work has demonstrated how one family member, PTPRM, forms head-to-tail homodimers. However, as the interface was composed of residues conserved across the family, the determinants of homophilic specificity remain unknown. Here, we have solved the X-ray crystal structure of the membrane-distal N-terminal domains of PTPRK that form a head-to-tail dimer consistent with intermembrane adhesion. Comparison with the PTPRM structure demonstrates interdomain conformational differences that may define homophilic specificity. Using small-angle X-ray scattering, we determined the solution structures of the full-length ECDs of PTPRM and PTPRK, identifying that both are rigid extended molecules that differ in their overall long-range conformation. Furthermore, we identified one residue, W351, within the interaction interface that differs between PTPRM and PTPRK and showed that mutation to glycine, the equivalent residue in PTPRM, abolishes PTPRK dimer formation in vitro. This comparison of two members of the receptor tyrosine phosphatase family suggests that homophilic specificity is driven by a combination of shape complementarity and specific but limited sequence differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain M Hay
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Shamin
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eve R Caroe
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed S A Mohammed
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg Site, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri I Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg Site, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cy M Jeffries
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg Site, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephen C Graham
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley J Sharpe
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Janet E Deane
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Long-range allostery mediates the regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 by cell adhesion factor vitronectin. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102652. [PMID: 36444882 PMCID: PMC9731859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The serpin plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) spontaneously undergoes a massive structural change from a metastable and active conformation, with a solvent-accessible reactive center loop (RCL), to a stable, inactive, or latent conformation, with the RCL inserted into the central β-sheet. Physiologically, conversion to the latent state is regulated by the binding of vitronectin, which hinders the latency transition rate approximately twofold. The molecular mechanisms leading to this rate change are unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of vitronectin on the PAI-1 latency transition using all-atom path sampling simulations in explicit solvent. In simulated latency transitions of free PAI-1, the RCL is quite mobile as is the gate, the region that impedes RCL access to the central β-sheet. This mobility allows the formation of a transient salt bridge that facilitates the transition; this finding rationalizes existing mutagenesis results. Vitronectin binding reduces RCL and gate mobility by allosterically rigidifying structural elements over 40 Å away from the binding site, thus blocking transition to the latent conformation. The effects of vitronectin are propagated by a network of dynamically correlated residues including a number of conserved sites that were previously identified as important for PAI-1 stability. Simulations also revealed a transient pocket populated only in the vitronectin-bound state, corresponding to a cryptic drug-binding site identified by crystallography. Overall, these results shed new light on PAI-1 latency transition regulation by vitronectin and illustrate the potential of path sampling simulations for understanding functional protein conformational changes and for facilitating drug discovery.
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4
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Kjaergaard M. Estimation of Effective Concentrations Enforced by Complex Linker Architectures from Conformational Ensembles. Biochemistry 2022; 61:171-182. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Kjaergaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
- The Danish Research Institute for Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
- Center for Proteins in Memory─PROMEMO, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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5
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Profiling of isomer-specific IgG N-glycosylation in cohort of Chinese colorectal cancer patients. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Stachowski TR, Snell ME, Snell EH. Structural insights into conformational switching in latency-associated peptide between transforming growth factor β-1 bound and unbound states. IUCRJ 2020; 7:238-252. [PMID: 32148852 PMCID: PMC7055372 DOI: 10.1107/s205225251901707x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β-1 (TGFβ-1) is a secreted signalling protein that directs many cellular processes and is an attractive target for the treatment of several diseases. The primary endogenous activity regulatory mechanism for TGFβ-1 is sequestration by its pro-peptide, latency-associated peptide (LAP), which sterically prohibits receptor binding by caging TGFβ-1. As such, recombinant LAP is promising as a protein-based therapeutic for modulating TGFβ-1 activity; however, the mechanism of binding is incompletely understood. Comparison of the crystal structure of unbound LAP (solved here to 3.5 Å resolution) with that of the bound complex shows that LAP is in a more open and extended conformation when unbound to TGFβ-1. Analysis suggests a mechanism of binding TGFβ-1 through a large-scale conformational change that includes contraction of the inter-monomer interface and caging by the 'straight-jacket' domain that may occur in partnership through a loop-to-helix transition in the core jelly-roll fold. This conformational change does not appear to include a repositioning of the integrin-binding motif as previously proposed. X-ray scattering-based modelling supports this mechanism and reveals possible orientations and ensembles in solution. Although native LAP is heavily glycosylated, solution scattering experiments show that the overall folding and flexibility of unbound LAP are not influenced by glycan modification. The combination of crystallography, solution scattering and biochemical experiments reported here provide insight into the mechanism of LAP sequestration of TGFβ-1 that is of fundamental importance for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R. Stachowski
- Hauptman–Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, 665 Elm Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Mary E. Snell
- Hauptman–Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Edward H. Snell
- Hauptman–Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Materials Design and Innovation, State University of New York at Buffalo, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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Jendroszek A, Madsen JB, Chana-Muñoz A, Dupont DM, Christensen A, Panitz F, Füchtbauer EM, Lovell SC, Jensen JK. Biochemical and structural analyses suggest that plasminogen activators coevolved with their cognate protein substrates and inhibitors. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:3794-3805. [PMID: 30651349 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein sequences of members of the plasminogen activation system are present throughout the entire vertebrate phylum. This important and well-described proteolytic cascade is governed by numerous protease-substrate and protease-inhibitor interactions whose conservation is crucial to maintaining unchanged protein function throughout evolution. The pressure to preserve protein-protein interactions may lead to either co-conservation or covariation of binding interfaces. Here, we combined covariation analysis and structure-based prediction to analyze the binding interfaces of urokinase (uPA):plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and uPA:plasminogen complexes. We detected correlated variation between the S3-pocket-lining residues of uPA and the P3 residue of both PAI-1 and plasminogen. These residues are known to form numerous polar interactions in the human uPA:PAI-1 Michaelis complex. To test the effect of mutations that correlate with each other and have occurred during mammalian diversification on protein-protein interactions, we produced uPA, PAI-1, and plasminogen from human and zebrafish to represent mammalian and nonmammalian orthologs. Using single amino acid point substitutions in these proteins, we found that the binding interfaces of uPA:plasminogen and uPA:PAI-1 may have coevolved to maintain tight interactions. Moreover, we conclude that although the interaction areas between protease-substrate and protease-inhibitor are shared, the two interactions are mechanistically different. Compared with a protease cleaving its natural substrate, the interaction between a protease and its inhibitor is more complex and involves a more fine-tuned mechanism. Understanding the effects of evolution on specific protein interactions may help further pharmacological interventions of the plasminogen activation system and other proteolytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Jendroszek
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark and
| | - Jeppe B Madsen
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark and
| | - Andrés Chana-Muñoz
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark and
| | - Daniel M Dupont
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark and
| | - Anni Christensen
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark and
| | - Frank Panitz
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark and
| | - Ernst-Martin Füchtbauer
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark and
| | - Simon C Lovell
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jan K Jensen
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark and
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Lee S, Son WS, Yang HB, Rajasekaran N, Kim SS, Hong S, Choi JS, Choi JY, Song K, Shin YK. A Glycoengineered Interferon-β Mutein (R27T) Generates Prolonged Signaling by an Altered Receptor-Binding Kinetics. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1568. [PMID: 30733680 PMCID: PMC6353837 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoengineering approach is used to improve biophysical properties of protein-based drugs, but its direct impact on binding affinity and kinetic properties for the glycoengineered protein and its binding partner interaction is unclear. Type I interferon (IFN) receptors, composed of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2, have different binding strengths, and sequentially bind to IFN in the dominant direction, leading to activation of signals and induces a variety of biological effects. Here, we evaluated receptor-binding kinetics for each state of binary and ternary complex formation between recombinant human IFN-β-1a and the glycoengineered IFN-β mutein (R27T) using the heterodimeric Fc-fusion technology, and compared biological responses between them. Our results have provided evidence that the additional glycan of R27T, located at the binding interface of IFNAR2, destabilizes the interaction with IFNAR2 via steric hindrance, and simultaneously enhances the interaction with IFNAR1 by restricting the conformational freedom of R27T. Consequentially, altered receptor-binding kinetics of R27T in the ternary complex formation led to a substantial increase in strength and duration of biological responses such as prolonged signal activation and gene expression, contributing to enhanced anti-proliferative activity. In conclusion, our findings reveal N-glycan at residue 25 of R27T is a crucial regulator of receptor-binding kinetics that changes biological activities such as long-lasting activation. Thus, we believe that R27T may be clinically beneficial for patients with multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saehyung Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo Sung Son
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon, South Korea
| | - Ho Bin Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nirmal Rajasekaran
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Su Kim
- The Center for Companion Diagnostics, LOGONE Bio Convergence Research Foundation, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungyoul Hong
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon-Seok Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | | | - Kyoung Song
- The Center for Companion Diagnostics, LOGONE Bio Convergence Research Foundation, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Kee Shin
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea
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9
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Chana-Muñoz A, Jendroszek A, Sønnichsen M, Wang T, Ploug M, Jensen JK, Andreasen PA, Bendixen C, Panitz F. Origin and diversification of the plasminogen activation system among chordates. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:27. [PMID: 30654737 PMCID: PMC6337849 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1353-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The plasminogen (PLG) activation system is composed by a series of serine proteases, inhibitors and several binding proteins, which together control the temporal and spatial generation of the active serine protease plasmin. As this proteolytic system plays a central role in human physiology and pathophysiology it has been extensively studied in mammals. The serine proteases of this system are believed to originate from an ancestral gene by gene duplications followed by domain gains and deletions. However, the identification of ancestral forms in primitive chordates supporting these theories remains elusive. In addition, evolutionary studies of the non-proteolytic members of this system are scarce. Results Our phylogenetic analyses place lamprey PLG at the root of the vertebrate PLG-group, while lamprey PLG-related growth factors represent the ancestral forms of the jawed-vertebrate orthologues. Furthermore, we find that the earliest putative orthologue of the PLG activator group is the hyaluronan binding protein 2 (HABP2) gene found in lampreys. The prime plasminogen activators (tissue- and urokinase-type plasminogen activator, tPA and uPA) first occur in cartilaginous fish and phylogenetic analyses confirm that all orthologues identified compose monophyletic groups to their mammalian counterparts. Cartilaginous fishes exhibit the most ancient vitronectin of all vertebrates, while plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) appears for the first time in cartilaginous fishes and is conserved in the rest of jawed vertebrate clades. PAI-2 appears for the first time in the common ancestor of reptiles and mammals, and represents the latest appearing plasminogen activator inhibitor. Finally, we noted that the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR)—and three-LU domain containing genes in general—occurred later in evolution and was first detectable after coelacanths. Conclusions This study identifies several primitive orthologues of the mammalian plasminogen activation system. These ancestral forms provide clues to the origin and diversification of this enzyme system. Further, the discovery of several members—hitherto unknown in mammals—provide new perspectives on the evolution of this important enzyme system. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-019-1353-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Chana-Muñoz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Agnieszka Jendroszek
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.,Present address: Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center - INANO-MBG, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Malene Sønnichsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.,Present address: Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center - INANO-MBG, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tobias Wang
- Institute for Bioscience Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan K Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter A Andreasen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Bendixen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Frank Panitz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark.
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Roudnický P, Vorel J, Ilgová J, Benovics M, Norek A, Jedličková L, Mikeš L, Potěšil D, Zdráhal Z, Dvořák J, Gelnar M, Kašný M. Identification and partial characterization of a novel serpin from Eudiplozoon nipponicum (Monogenea, Polyopisthocotylea). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:61. [PMID: 30516130 PMCID: PMC6280883 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Serpins are a superfamily of serine peptidase inhibitors that participate in the regulation of many physiological and cell peptidase-mediated processes in all organisms (e.g. in blood clotting, complement activation, fibrinolysis, inflammation, and programmed cell death). It was postulated that in the blood-feeding members of the monogenean family Diplozoidae, serpins could play an important role in the prevention of thrombus formation, activation of complement, inflammation in the host, and/or in the endogenous regulation of protein degradation. Results: In silico analysis showed that the DNA and primary protein structures of serpin from Eudiplozoon nipponicum (EnSerp1) are similar to other members of the serpin superfamily. The inhibitory potential of EnSerp1 on four physiologically-relevant serine peptidases (trypsin, factor Xa, kallikrein, and plasmin) was demonstrated and its presence in the worm’s excretory-secretory products (ESPs) was confirmed. Conclusion: EnSerp1 influences the activity of peptidases that play a role in blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and complement activation. This inhibitory potential, together with the serpin’s presence in ESPs, suggests that it is likely involved in host-parasite interactions and could be one of the molecules involved in the control of feeding and prevention of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Roudnický
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Vorel
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Ilgová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Benovics
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Norek
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Jedličková
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Mikeš
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - David Potěšil
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Zdráhal
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic - National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dvořák
- School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom - Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Gelnar
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kašný
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic - Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:353-491. [PMID: 29687922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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12
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Zhang L, Ren J, Shi P, Lu D, Zhao C, Su Y, Zhang L, Huang J. The Immunological Regulation Roles of Porcine β-1, 4 Galactosyltransferase V (B4GALT5) in PRRSV Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:48. [PMID: 29546034 PMCID: PMC5837993 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B4GALT5, also known as β-1, 4 galactosyltransferase V, is one of the members of β-1, 4 galactosyltransferase gene (B4GALT) family, which was concerned with embryonic development, tumor generation, other malignant diseases. In this study, we firstly cloned porcine B4GALT (pB4GALT5) from porcine alveolar macrophages, and predicted the structural domain and function of seven porcine β-1, 4 galactosyltransferase (I–VII) based on transcriptome analysis of PRRSV infected cells. Additionally, the upregulated porcine B4GALT5 expression was detected from PRRSV infected porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) cells. The PRRSV proliferation were slightly inhibited in overexpression of pB4GALT5 transfected cells, the interaction of B4GALT5 and GP5 of PRRSV was firstly be detected by Co-IP, and the co-location between B4GALT5 and GP5 were also observed in golgi membranes by confocal microscopy. A significant increasing mRNA transcription, including inflammatory cytokines (IFN-α, IL-6, IL-18, IL-1β, TNF-α) and some cell surface glycosylated protein involved in antigen present (MHC-I/II), cell adhesion and migration (chemokine MCP-1 and receptor CCR2; LFA-1, ICAM-1) were upregulated in B4GALT5 overexpressed PRRSV infected cells. Our results demonstrated that the regulation of pB4GALT5 plays an important roles in PRRSV proliferation and modification function in viral infection cells. And these results will make achievements by supporting the research of latent mechanisms of β-1, 4 galactosyltransferase V in antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peidian Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengxue Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanxin Su
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lilin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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13
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Bucci JC, McClintock CS, Chu Y, Ware GL, McConnell KD, Emerson JP, Peterson CB. Resolving distinct molecular origins for copper effects on PAI-1. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017; 22:1123-1135. [PMID: 28913669 PMCID: PMC5613068 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1489-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Components of the fibrinolytic system are subjected to stringent control to maintain proper hemostasis. Central to this regulation is the serpin plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which is responsible for specific and rapid inhibition of fibrinolytic proteases. Active PAI-1 is inherently unstable and readily converts to a latent, inactive form. The binding of vitronectin and other ligands influences stability of active PAI-1. Our laboratory recently observed reciprocal effects on the stability of active PAI-1 in the presence of transition metals, such as copper, depending on the whether vitronectin was also present (Thompson et al. Protein Sci 20:353–365, 2011). To better understand the molecular basis for these copper effects on PAI-1, we have developed a gel-based copper sensitivity assay that can be used to assess the copper concentrations that accelerate the conversion of active PAI-1 to a latent form. The copper sensitivity of wild-type PAI-1 was compared with variants lacking N-terminal histidine residues hypothesized to be involved in copper binding. In these PAI-1 variants, we observed significant differences in copper sensitivity, and these data were corroborated by latency conversion kinetics and thermodynamics of copper binding by isothermal titration calorimetry. These studies identified a copper-binding site involving histidines at positions 2 and 3 that confers a remarkable stabilization of PAI-1 beyond what is observed with vitronectin alone. A second site, independent from the two histidines, binds metal and increases the rate of the latency conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel C Bucci
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Walters Life Sciences Building, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, A221 Life Sciences Annex, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Carlee S McClintock
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Walters Life Sciences Building, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Yuzhuo Chu
- Department of Biological Sciences, A221 Life Sciences Annex, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Gregory L Ware
- Department of Biological Sciences, A221 Life Sciences Annex, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Kayla D McConnell
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Box 1115, Starkville, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Joseph P Emerson
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Box 1115, Starkville, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Cynthia B Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Walters Life Sciences Building, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, A221 Life Sciences Annex, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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14
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Jendroszek A, Sønnichsen MS, Muñoz AC, Leyman K, Christensen A, Petersen SV, Wang T, Bendixen C, Panitz F, Andreasen PA, Jensen JK. Latency transition of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 is evolutionarily conserved. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:1688-1699. [PMID: 28771275 DOI: 10.1160/th17-02-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) is a central regulator of fibrinolysis and tissue remodelling. PAI-1 belongs to the serpin superfamily and unlike other inhibitory serpins undergoes a spontaneous inactivation process under physiological conditions, termed latency transition. During latency transition the solvent exposed reactive centre loop is inserted into the central β-sheet A of the molecule, and is no longer accessible to reaction with the protease. More than three decades of research on mammalian PAI-1 has not been able to clarify the evolutionary advantage and physiological relevance of latency transition. In order to study the origin of PAI-1 latency transition, we produced PAI-1 from Spiny dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias) and African lungfish (Protopterus sp.), which represent central species in the evolution of vertebrates. Although human PAI-1 and the non-mammalian PAI-1 variants share only approximately 50 % sequence identity, our results showed that all tested PAI-1 variants undergo latency transition with a similar rate. Since the functional stability of PAI-1 can be greatly increased by substitution of few amino acid residues, we conclude that the ability to undergo latency transition must have been a specific selection criterion for the evolution of PAI-1. It appears that all PAI-1 molecules must harbour latency transition to fulfil their physiological function, stressing the importance to further pursue a complete understanding of this molecular phenomenon with possible implication to pharmacological intervention. Our results provide the next step in understanding how the complete role of this important protease inhibitor evolved along with the fibrinolytic system.
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15
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Meekins DA, Zhang X, Battaile KP, Lovell S, Michel K. 1.45 Å resolution structure of SRPN18 from the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2016; 72:853-862. [PMID: 27917832 PMCID: PMC5137461 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x16017854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) in insects function within development, wound healing and immunity. The genome of the African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, encodes 23 distinct serpin proteins, several of which are implicated in disease-relevant physiological responses. A. gambiae serpin 18 (SRPN18) was previously categorized as non-inhibitory based on the sequence of its reactive-center loop (RCL), a region responsible for targeting and initiating protease inhibition. The crystal structure of A. gambiae SRPN18 was determined to a resolution of 1.45 Å, including nearly the entire RCL in one of the two molecules in the asymmetric unit. The structure reveals that the SRPN18 RCL is extremely short and constricted, a feature associated with noncanonical inhibitors or non-inhibitory serpin superfamily members. Furthermore, the SRPN18 RCL does not contain a suitable protease target site and contains a large number of prolines. The SRPN18 structure therefore reveals a unique RCL architecture among the highly conserved serpin fold.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Zhang
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, USA
| | - Kevin P. Battaile
- IMCA–CAT, Hauptman–Woodward Medical Research Institute, Argonne National Laboratory, USA
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure Laboratory, Del Shankel Structural Biology Center, University of Kansas, USA
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16
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Wu Z, Jiang K, Zhu H, Ma C, Yu Z, Li L, Guan W, Liu Y, Zhu H, Chen Y, Li S, Li J, Cheng J, Zhang L, Wang PG. Site-Directed Glycosylation of Peptide/Protein with Homogeneous O-Linked Eukaryotic N-Glycans. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1972-5. [PMID: 27529638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a facile and efficient method for site-directed glycosylation of peptide/protein. The method contains two sequential steps: generation of a GlcNAc-O-peptide/protein, and subsequent ligation of a eukaryotic N-glycan to the GlcNAc moiety. A pharmaceutical peptide, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and a model protein, bovine α-Crystallin, were successfully glycosylated using such an approach. It was shown that the GLP-1 with O-linked N-glycan maintained an unchanged secondary structure after glycosylation, suggesting the potential application of this approach for peptide/protein drug production. In summary, the coupled approach provides a general strategy to produce homogeneous glycopeptide/glycoprotein bearing eukaryotic N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Kuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University , Tianjin 300353, China.,Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Hailiang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Zaikuan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Wanyi Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States.,College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University , Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Yanyi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University , Tianjin 300353, China.,Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Jiansong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University , Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Lianwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University , Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Peng George Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University , Tianjin 300353, China.,Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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17
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Daniel AE, Timmerman I, Kovacevic I, Hordijk PL, Adriaanse L, Paatero I, Belting HG, van Buul JD. Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Controls Vascular Integrity by Regulating VE-Cadherin Trafficking. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145684. [PMID: 26714278 PMCID: PMC4694698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a serine protease inhibitor, is expressed and secreted by endothelial cells. Patients with PAI-1 deficiency show a mild to moderate bleeding diathesis, which has been exclusively ascribed to the function of PAI-1 in down-regulating fibrinolysis. We tested the hypothesis that PAI-1 function plays a direct role in controlling vascular integrity and permeability by keeping endothelial cell-cell junctions intact. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We utilized PAI-039, a specific small molecule inhibitor of PAI-1, to investigate the role of PAI-1 in protecting endothelial integrity. In vivo inhibition of PAI-1 resulted in vascular leakage from intersegmental vessels and in the hindbrain of zebrafish embryos. In addition PAI-1 inhibition in human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers leads to a marked decrease of transendothelial resistance and disrupted endothelial junctions. The total level of the endothelial junction regulator VE-cadherin was reduced, whereas surface VE-cadherin expression was unaltered. Moreover, PAI-1 inhibition reduced the shedding of VE-cadherin. Finally, we detected an accumulation of VE-cadherin at the Golgi apparatus. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings indicate that PAI-1 function is important for the maintenance of endothelial monolayer and vascular integrity by controlling VE-cadherin trafficking to and from the plasma membrane. Our data further suggest that therapies using PAI-1 antagonists like PAI-039 ought to be used with caution to avoid disruption of the vessel wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Daniel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ilse Timmerman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Igor Kovacevic
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter L. Hordijk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luc Adriaanse
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ilkka Paatero
- Department of Cell Biology, Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heinz-Georg Belting
- Department of Cell Biology, Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jaap D. van Buul
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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18
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Moriconi C, Ordoñez A, Lupo G, Gooptu B, Irving JA, Noto R, Martorana V, Manno M, Timpano V, Guadagno NA, Dalton L, Marciniak SJ, Lomas DA, Miranda E. Interactions between N-linked glycosylation and polymerisation of neuroserpin within the endoplasmic reticulum. FEBS J 2015; 282:4565-79. [PMID: 26367528 PMCID: PMC4949553 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The neuronal serpin neuroserpin undergoes polymerisation as a consequence of point mutations that alter its conformational stability, leading to a neurodegenerative dementia called familial encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies (FENIB). Neuroserpin is a glycoprotein with predicted glycosylation sites at asparagines 157, 321 and 401. We used site-directed mutagenesis, transient transfection, western blot, metabolic labelling and ELISA to probe the relationship between glycosylation, folding, polymerisation and degradation of neuroserpin in validated cell models of health and disease. Our data show that glycosylation at N157 and N321 plays an important role in maintaining the monomeric state of neuroserpin, and we propose this is the result of steric hindrance or effects on local conformational dynamics that can contribute to polymerisation. Asparagine residue 401 is not glycosylated in wild type neuroserpin and in several polymerogenic variants that cause FENIB, but partial glycosylation was observed in the G392E mutant of neuroserpin that causes severe, early-onset dementia. Our findings indicate that N401 glycosylation reports lability of the C-terminal end of neuroserpin in its native state. This C-terminal lability is not required for neuroserpin polymerisation in the endoplasmic reticulum, but the additional glycan facilitates degradation of the mutant protein during proteasomal impairment. In summary, our results indicate how normal and variant-specific N-linked glycosylation events relate to intracellular folding, misfolding, degradation and polymerisation of neuroserpin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Moriconi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Adriana Ordoñez
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, UK
| | - Giuseppe Lupo
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Bibek Gooptu
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, UK
| | - James A Irving
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, UK
| | - Rosina Noto
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biophysics, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Martorana
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biophysics, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mauro Manno
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biophysics, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Timpano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Noemi A Guadagno
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Lucy Dalton
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, UK
| | - Stefan J Marciniak
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, UK
| | - David A Lomas
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, UK
| | - Elena Miranda
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
- Pasteur Institute - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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19
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Novel Functions of Hendra Virus G N-Glycans and Comparisons to Nipah Virus. J Virol 2015; 89:7235-47. [PMID: 25948743 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00773-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are reportedly the most deadly pathogens within the Paramyxoviridae family. These two viruses bind the cellular entry receptors ephrin B2 and/or ephrin B3 via the viral attachment glycoprotein G, and the concerted efforts of G and the viral fusion glycoprotein F result in membrane fusion. Membrane fusion is essential for viral entry into host cells and for cell-cell fusion, a hallmark of the disease pathobiology. HeV G is heavily N-glycosylated, but the functions of the N-glycans remain unknown. We disrupted eight predicted N-glycosylation sites in HeV G by conservative mutations (Asn to Gln) and found that six out of eight sites were actually glycosylated (G2 to G7); one in the stalk (G2) and five in the globular head domain (G3 to G7). We then tested the roles of individual and combined HeV G N-glycan mutants and found functions in the modulation of shielding against neutralizing antibodies, intracellular transport, G-F interactions, cell-cell fusion, and viral entry. Between the highly conserved HeV and NiV G glycoproteins, similar trends in the effects of N-glycans on protein functions were observed, with differences in the levels at which some N-glycan mutants affected such functions. While the N-glycan in the stalk domain (G2) had roles that were highly conserved between HeV and NiV G, individual N-glycans in the head affected the levels of several protein functions differently. Our findings are discussed in the context of their contributions to our understanding of HeV and NiV pathogenesis and immune responses. IMPORTANCE Viral envelope glycoproteins are important for viral pathogenicity and immune evasion. N-glycan shielding is one mechanism by which immune evasion can be achieved. In paramyxoviruses, viral attachment and membrane fusion are governed by the close interaction of the attachment proteins H/HN/G and the fusion protein F. In this study, we show that the attachment glycoprotein G of Hendra virus (HeV), a deadly paramyxovirus, is N-glycosylated at six sites (G2 to G7) and that most of these sites have important roles in viral entry, cell-cell fusion, G-F interactions, G oligomerization, and immune evasion. Overall, we found that the N-glycan in the stalk domain (G2) had roles that were very conserved between HeV G and the closely related Nipah virus G, whereas individual N-glycans in the head quantitatively modulated several protein functions differently between the two viruses.
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20
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Functional stability of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:858293. [PMID: 25386620 PMCID: PMC4214104 DOI: 10.1155/2014/858293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the main inhibitor of plasminogen activators, such as tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), and a major regulator of the fibrinolytic system. PAI-1 plays a pivotal role in acute thrombotic events such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and myocardial infarction (MI). The biological effects of PAI-1 extend far beyond thrombosis including its critical role in fibrotic disorders, atherosclerosis, renal and pulmonary fibrosis, type-2 diabetes, and cancer. The conversion of PAI-1 from the active to the latent conformation appears to be unique among serpins in that it occurs spontaneously at a relatively rapid rate. Latency transition is believed to represent a regulatory mechanism, reducing the risk of thrombosis from a prolonged antifibrinolytic action of PAI-1. Thus, relying solely on plasma concentrations of PAI-1 without assessing its function may be misleading in interpreting the role of PAI-1 in many complex diseases. Environmental conditions, interaction with other proteins, mutations, and glycosylation are the main factors that have a significant impact on the stability of the PAI-1 structure. This review provides an overview on the current knowledge on PAI-1 especially importance of PAI-1 level and stability and highlights the potential use of PAI-1 inhibitors for treating cardiovascular disease.
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Aguila S, Navarro-Fernández J, Bohdan N, Gutiérrez-Gallego R, de la Morena-Barrio ME, Vicente V, Corral J, Martínez-Martínez I. Role of the C-sheet in the maturation of N-glycans on antithrombin: functional relevance of pleiotropic mutations. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:1131-40. [PMID: 24824609 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The characterization of natural mutants identified in patients with antithrombin deficiency has helped to identify functional domains or regions of this key anticoagulant and the mechanisms involved in the deficiency, as well as to define the clinical prognosis. Recently, we described an abnormal glycosylation in a pleiotropic mutant (K241E) that explained the impaired heparin affinity and the mild risk of thrombosis in carriers. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of different natural pleiotropic mutations on the glycosylation of antithrombin and their functional effects. METHODS Five pleiotropic mutations identified in patients with antithrombin deficiency and located at each one of the strands of the C-sheet were selected (K241E, M251I, M315K, F402L, and P429L). Recombinant mutants were generated and purified. Glycoform heterogeneity and conformational sensitivity were studied with electrophoresis, proteomic analysis, and glycomic analysis. Heparin affinity was evaluated from intrinsic fluorescence. Reactivity assays with factor Xa, thrombin and neutrophil elastase in the presence or absence of heparin were also performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Pleiotropic mutants, except for that with the M315K mutation, which affects a non-exposed residue, showed two glycoforms. Variant 1, with abnormal glycosylation, had reduced heparin affinity and severely affected reactivity with the target proteases. In contrast, variant 2, with similar electrophoretic mobility and heparin affinity to wild-type antithrombin, had impaired inhibitory activity that was partially compensated for by activation with heparin. Our results suggest the C-sheet of antithrombin as a new region that is relevant for proper maturation of the N-glycans. Therefore, pleiotropic mutations lead to glycosylation defects that are responsible for the reduced heparin affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aguila
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica HU Morales Meseguer, University of Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
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