1
|
Yang W, Li W, Zhou W, Wang S, Wang W, Wang Z, Feng N, Wang T, Xie Y, Zhao Y, Yan F, Xia X. Establishment and application of a surrogate model for human Ebola virus disease in BSL-2 laboratory. Virol Sin 2024:S1995-820X(24)00036-1. [PMID: 38556051 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus (EBOV) is a member of the Orthoebolavirus genus, Filoviridae family, which causes severe hemorrhagic diseases in humans and non-human primates (NHPs), with a case fatality rate of up to 90%. The development of countermeasures against EBOV has been hindered by the lack of ideal animal models, as EBOV requires handling in biosafety level (BSL)-4 facilities. Therefore, accessible and convenient animal models are urgently needed to promote prophylactic and therapeutic approaches against EBOV. In this study, a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing Ebola virus glycoprotein (VSV-EBOV/GP) was constructed and applied as a surrogate virus, establishing a lethal infection in hamsters. Following infection with VSV-EBOV/GP, 3-week-old female Syrian hamsters exhibited disease signs such as weight loss, multi-organ failure, severe uveitis, high viral loads, and developed severe systemic diseases similar to those observed in human EBOV patients. All animals succumbed at 2-3 days post-infection (dpi). Histopathological changes indicated that VSV-EBOV/GP targeted liver cells, suggesting that the tissue tropism of VSV-EBOV/GP was comparable to wild-type EBOV (WT EBOV). Notably, the pathogenicity of the VSV-EBOV/GP was found to be species-specific, age-related, gender-associated, and challenge route-dependent. Subsequently, equine anti-EBOV immunoglobulins and a subunit vaccine were validated using this model. Overall, this surrogate model represents a safe, effective, and economical tool for rapid preclinical evaluation of medical countermeasures against EBOV under BSL-2 conditions, which would accelerate technological advances and breakthroughs in confronting Ebola virus disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Yang
- Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Wujian Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Wujie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Shen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Weiqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Zhenshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Na Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Ying Xie
- Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.
| | - Feihu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fletcher P, Feldmann F, Takada A, Crossland NA, Hume AJ, Albariño C, Kemenesi G, Feldmann H, Mühlberger E, Marzi A. Pathogenicity of Lloviu and Bombali Viruses in Type I Interferon Receptor Knockout Mice. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S548-S553. [PMID: 37352146 PMCID: PMC10651197 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon receptor knockout (IFNAR-/-) mice are not able to generate a complete innate immune response; therefore, these mice are often considered to assess the pathogenicity of emerging viruses. We infected IFNAR-/- mice with a low or high dose of Lloviu virus (LLOV) or Bombali virus (BOMV) by the intranasal (IN) or intraperitoneal (IP) route and compared virus loads at early and late time points after infection. No signs of disease and no viral RNA were detected after IN infection regardless of LLOV dose. In contrast, IP infections resulted in increased viral loads in the high-dose LLOV and BOMV groups at the early time point. The low-dose LLOV and BOMV groups achieved higher viral loads at the late time point. However, there was 100% survival in all groups and no signs of disease. In conclusion, our results indicate a limited value of the IFNAR-/- mouse model for investigation of the pathogenicity of LLOV and BOMV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paige Fletcher
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nicholas A Crossland
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam J Hume
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - César Albariño
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gábor Kemenesi
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yi J, Zhang M, Zhu L, Xu C, Li B, Wu P, Wu H, Zhang B. High-efficiency genetic engineering toolkit for virus based on lambda red-mediated recombination. Biotechnol Lett 2023; 45:1327-1337. [PMID: 37526868 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Viruses, such as Ebola virus (EBOV), evolve rapidly and threaten the human health. There is a great demand to exploit efficient gene-editing techniques for the identification of virus to probe virulence mechanism for drug development. METHODS Based on lambda Red recombination in Escherichia coli (E. coli), counter-selection, and in vitro annealing, a high-efficiency genetic method was utilized here for precisely engineering viruses. EBOV trVLPs assay and dual luciferase reporter assay were used to further test the effect of mutations on virus replication. RESULTS Considering the significance of matrix protein VP24 in EBOV replication, the types of mutations within vp24, including several single-base substitutions, one double-base substitution, two seamless deletions, and one targeted insertion, were generated on the multi-copy plasmid of E. coli. Further, the length of the homology arms for recombination and in vitro annealing, and the amount of DNA cassettes and linear plasmids were optimized to create a more elaborate and cost-efficient protocol than original approach. The effects of VP24 mutations on the expression of a reporter gene (luciferase) from the EBOV minigenome were determined, and results indicated that mutations of key sites within VP24 have significant impacts on EBOV replication. CONCLUSION This precise mutagenesis method will facilitate effective and simple editing of viral genes in E. coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yi
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Maifei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Changzhi Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Binglin Li
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Panpan Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Buchang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cao W, He S, Liu G, Schulz H, Emeterio K, Chan M, Tierney K, Azaransky K, Soule G, Tailor N, Salawudeen A, Nichols R, Fusco J, Safronetz D, Banadyga L. The rVSV-EBOV vaccine provides limited cross-protection against Sudan virus in guinea pigs. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:91. [PMID: 37301890 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00685-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (rVSVs) engineered to express heterologous viral glycoproteins have proven to be remarkably effective vaccines. Indeed, rVSV-EBOV, which expresses the Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoprotein, recently received clinical approval in the United States and Europe for its ability to prevent EBOV disease. Analogous rVSV vaccines expressing glycoproteins of different human-pathogenic filoviruses have also demonstrated efficacy in pre-clinical evaluations, yet these vaccines have not progressed far beyond research laboratories. In the wake of the most recent outbreak of Sudan virus (SUDV) in Uganda, the need for proven countermeasures was made even more acute. Here we demonstrate that an rVSV-based vaccine expressing the SUDV glycoprotein (rVSV-SUDV) generates a potent humoral immune response that protects guinea pigs from SUDV disease and death. Although the cross-protection generated by rVSV vaccines for different filoviruses is thought to be limited, we wondered whether rVSV-EBOV might also provide protection against SUDV, which is closely related to EBOV. Surprisingly, nearly 60% of guinea pigs that were vaccinated with rVSV-EBOV and challenged with SUDV survived, suggesting that rVSV-EBOV offers limited protection against SUDV, at least in the guinea pig model. These results were confirmed by a back-challenge experiment in which animals that had been vaccinated with rVSV-EBOV and survived EBOV challenge were inoculated with SUDV and survived. Whether these data are applicable to efficacy in humans is unknown, and they should therefore be interpreted cautiously. Nevertheless, this study confirms the potency of the rVSV-SUDV vaccine and highlights the potential for rVSV-EBOV to elicit a cross-protective immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Cao
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Shihua He
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Guodong Liu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Helene Schulz
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Karla Emeterio
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Michael Chan
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Kevin Tierney
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Kim Azaransky
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Geoff Soule
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Nikesh Tailor
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Abdjeleel Salawudeen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Rick Nichols
- Public Health Vaccines, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Joan Fusco
- Public Health Vaccines, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - David Safronetz
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Logan Banadyga
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
History and impact of the mouse-adapted Ebola virus model. Antiviral Res 2023; 210:105493. [PMID: 36567023 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is a member of the filoviridae family, which are comprised of negative sense, enveloped RNA hemorrhagic fever viruses that can cause severe disease and high lethality rates. These viruses require BSL-4 containment laboratories for study. Early studies of EBOV pathogenesis relied heavily on the use of nonhuman primates, which are expensive and cumbersome to handle in large numbers. Guinea pig models were also developed, but even to this day limited reagents are available in this model. In 1998, Mike Bray and colleagues developed a mouse-adapted EBOV (maEBOV) that caused lethality in adult immunocompetent mice. This model had significant advantages, including being inexpensive, allowing for higher animal numbers for statistical analysis, availability of reagents for studying pathogenesis, and availability of a vast array of genetically modified strains. The model has been used to test vaccines, therapeutic drugs, EBOV mutants, and pathogenesis, and its importance is demonstrated by the hundreds of citations referencing the original publication. This review will cover the history of the maEBOV model and its use in filovirus research.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kuhn JH, Schmaljohn CS. Of mice and Mike-An underappreciated Ebola virus disease model may have paved the road for future filovirology. Antiviral Res 2023; 210:105522. [PMID: 36592667 PMCID: PMC9852096 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In 1998, Mike Bray and colleagues published the first immunocompetent laboratory mouse model of Ebola virus disease. Often labeled by peer reviewers as inferior to large nonhuman primate efforts, this model initially laid the foundation for the recent establishment of panel-derived cross-bred and humanized mouse models and a golden hamster model. Nonhuman primate research has always been associated with ethical concerns and is sometimes deemed scientifically questionable due to the necessarily low animal numbers in individual studies. Independent of these concerns, the now-global severe shortage of commercially available large nonhuman primates may pragmatically push research toward increased and improved rodent modeling that may altogether replace nonhuman primate studies in the short term as well as in an optimal future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Connie S Schmaljohn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Husby ML, Amiar S, Prugar LI, David EA, Plescia CB, Huie KE, Brannan JM, Dye JM, Pienaar E, Stahelin RV. Phosphatidylserine clustering by the Ebola virus matrix protein is a critical step in viral budding. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e51709. [PMID: 36094794 PMCID: PMC9638875 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a critical lipid factor in the assembly and spread of numerous lipid-enveloped viruses. Here, we describe the ability of the Ebola virus (EBOV) matrix protein eVP40 to induce clustering of PS and promote viral budding in vitro, as well as the ability of an FDA-approved drug, fendiline, to reduce PS clustering and subsequent virus budding and entry. To gain mechanistic insight into fendiline inhibition of EBOV replication, multiple in vitro assays were run including imaging, viral budding and viral entry assays. Fendiline lowers PS content in mammalian cells and PS in the plasma membrane, where the ability of VP40 to form new virus particles is greatly lower. Further, particles that form from fendiline-treated cells have altered particle morphology and cannot significantly infect/enter cells. These complementary studies reveal the mechanism by which EBOV matrix protein clusters PS to enhance viral assembly, budding, and spread from the host cell while also laying the groundwork for fundamental drug targeting strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Husby
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular PharmacologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease (PI4D)Purdue University, West LafayetteWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Souad Amiar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular PharmacologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease (PI4D)Purdue University, West LafayetteWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Laura I Prugar
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases USAMRIIDFort DetrickFrederickMDUSA
| | - Emily A David
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular PharmacologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Caroline B Plescia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular PharmacologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Kathleen E Huie
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases USAMRIIDFort DetrickFrederickMDUSA
| | - Jennifer M Brannan
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases USAMRIIDFort DetrickFrederickMDUSA
| | - John M Dye
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases USAMRIIDFort DetrickFrederickMDUSA
| | - Elsje Pienaar
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease (PI4D)Purdue University, West LafayetteWest LafayetteINUSA
- Weldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Robert V Stahelin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular PharmacologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease (PI4D)Purdue University, West LafayetteWest LafayetteINUSA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Han HJ, Powers SJ, Gabrielson KL. The Common Marmoset-Biomedical Research Animal Model Applications and Common Spontaneous Diseases. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:628-637. [PMID: 35535728 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221095449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Marmosets are becoming more utilized in biomedical research due to multiple advantages including (1) a nonhuman primate of a smaller size with less cost for housing, (2) physiologic similarities to humans, (3) translatable hepatic metabolism, (4) higher numbers of litters per year, (5) genome is sequenced, molecular reagents are available, (6) immunologically similar to humans, (7) transgenic marmosets with germline transmission have been produced, and (8) are naturally occurring hematopoietic chimeras. With more use of marmosets, disease surveillance over a wide range of ages of marmosets has been performed. This has led to a better understanding of the disease management of spontaneous diseases that can occur in colonies. Knowledge of clinical signs and histologic lesions can assist in maximizing the colony's health, allowing for improved outcomes in translational studies within biomedical research. Here, we describe some basic husbandry, biology, common spontaneous diseases, and animal model applications for the common marmoset in biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jeong Han
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sarah J Powers
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen L Gabrielson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yamaoka S, Ebihara H. Pathogenicity and Virulence of Ebolaviruses with Species- and Variant-specificity. Virulence 2021; 12:885-901. [PMID: 33734027 PMCID: PMC7993122 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1898169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV), belonging to the species Zaire ebolavirus in the genus Ebolavirus, causes a severe febrile illness in humans with case fatality rates (CFRs) up to 90%. While there have been six virus species classified, which each have a single type virus in the genus Ebolavirus, CFRs of ebolavirus infections vary among viruses belonging to each distinct species. In this review, we aim to define the ebolavirus species-specific virulence on the basis of currently available laboratory and experimental findings. In addition, this review will also cover the variant-specific virulence of EBOV by referring to the unique biological and pathogenic characteristics of EBOV variant Makona, a new EBOV variant isolated from the 2013-2016 EBOV disease outbreak in West Africa. A better definition of species-specific and variant-specific virulence of ebolaviruses will facilitate our comprehensive knowledge on genus Ebolavirus biology, leading to the development of therapeutics against well-focused pathogenic mechanisms of each Ebola disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Yamaoka
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Hideki Ebihara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Escaffre O, Juelich TL, Neef N, Massey S, Smith J, Brasel T, Smith JK, Kalveram B, Zhang L, Perez D, Ikegami T, Freiberg AN, Comer JE. STAT-1 Knockout Mice as a Model for Wild-Type Sudan Virus (SUDV). Viruses 2021; 13:v13071388. [PMID: 34372594 PMCID: PMC8310124 DOI: 10.3390/v13071388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently there is no FDA-licensed vaccine or therapeutic against Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV) infections. The largest ever reported 2014–2016 West Africa outbreak, as well as the 2021 outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo, highlight the critical need for countermeasures against filovirus infections. A well-characterized small animal model that is susceptible to wild-type filoviruses would greatly add to the screening of antivirals and vaccines. Here, we infected signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 knock out (STAT-1 KO) mice with five different wildtype filoviruses to determine susceptibility. SUDV and Marburg virus (MARV) were the most virulent, and caused 100% or 80% lethality, respectively. Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV), Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BDBV), and Taï Forest ebolavirus (TAFV) caused 40%, 20%, and no mortality, respectively. Further characterization of SUDV in STAT-1 KO mice demonstrated lethality down to 3.1 × 101 pfu. Viral genomic material was detectable in serum as early as 1 to 2 days post-challenge. The onset of viremia was closely followed by significant changes in total white blood cells and proportion of neutrophils and lymphocytes, as well as by an influx of neutrophils in the liver and spleen. Concomitant significant fluctuations in blood glucose, albumin, globulin, and alanine aminotransferase were also noted, altogether consistent with other models of filovirus infection. Finally, favipiravir treatment fully protected STAT-1 KO mice from lethal SUDV challenge, suggesting that this may be an appropriate small animal model to screen anti-SUDV countermeasures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Escaffre
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (O.E.); (T.L.J.); (J.K.S.); (B.K.); (L.Z.); (T.I.)
| | - Terry L. Juelich
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (O.E.); (T.L.J.); (J.K.S.); (B.K.); (L.Z.); (T.I.)
| | - Natasha Neef
- XTR Toxicologic Pathology Services LLC, Sterling, VA 20165, USA;
| | - Shane Massey
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.M.); (J.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Jeanon Smith
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.M.); (J.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Trevor Brasel
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.M.); (J.S.); (T.B.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- The Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (O.E.); (T.L.J.); (J.K.S.); (B.K.); (L.Z.); (T.I.)
| | - Birte Kalveram
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (O.E.); (T.L.J.); (J.K.S.); (B.K.); (L.Z.); (T.I.)
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (O.E.); (T.L.J.); (J.K.S.); (B.K.); (L.Z.); (T.I.)
| | - David Perez
- Texas A&M University Division of Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Tetsuro Ikegami
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (O.E.); (T.L.J.); (J.K.S.); (B.K.); (L.Z.); (T.I.)
- The Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Alexander N. Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (O.E.); (T.L.J.); (J.K.S.); (B.K.); (L.Z.); (T.I.)
- The Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Correspondence: (A.N.F.); (J.E.C.)
| | - Jason E. Comer
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.M.); (J.S.); (T.B.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- The Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute of Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Correspondence: (A.N.F.); (J.E.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schiffman Z, Liu G, Cao W, Zhu W, Emeterio K, Qiu X, Banadyga L. The Ferret as a Model for Filovirus Pathogenesis and Countermeasure Evaluation. ILAR J 2021; 61:62-71. [PMID: 33951727 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) has long been a popular animal model for evaluating viral pathogenesis and transmission as well as the efficacy of candidate countermeasures. Without question, the ferret has been most widely implemented for modeling respiratory viruses, particularly influenza viruses; however, in recent years, it has gained attention as a novel animal model for characterizing filovirus infections. Although ferrets appear resistant to infection and disease caused by Marburg and Ravn viruses, they are highly susceptible to lethal disease caused by Ebola, Sudan, Bundibugyo, and Reston viruses. Notably, unlike the immunocompetent rodent models of filovirus infection, ferrets are susceptible to lethal disease caused by wild-type viruses, and they recapitulate many aspects of human filovirus disease, including systemic virus replication, coagulation abnormalities, and a dysregulated immune response. Along with the stringency with which they reproduce Ebola disease, their relatively small size and availability make ferrets an attractive choice for countermeasure evaluation and pathogenesis modeling. Indeed, they are so far the only small animal model available for Bundibugyo virus. Nevertheless, ferrets do have their limitations, including the lack of commercially available reagents to dissect host responses and their unproven predictive value in therapeutic evaluation. Although the use of the ferret model in ebolavirus research has been consistent over the last few years, its widespread use and utility remains to be fully proven. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the ferret models of filovirus infection and perspective on their ongoing use in pathogenesis modeling and countermeasure evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Schiffman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Guodong Liu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Wenguang Cao
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Karla Emeterio
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Logan Banadyga
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Misasi J, Sullivan NJ. Immunotherapeutic strategies to target vulnerabilities in the Ebolavirus glycoprotein. Immunity 2021; 54:412-436. [PMID: 33691133 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The 2014 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa and the subsequent outbreaks of 2018-2020 in Equator and North Kivu provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo illustrate the public health challenges of emerging and reemerging viruses. EVD has a high case fatality rate with a rapidly progressing syndrome of fever, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, and bleeding diathesis. Recently, two monoclonal-antibody-based therapies received United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, and there are several other passive immunotherapies that hold promise as therapeutics against other species of Ebolavirus. Here, we review concepts needed to understand mechanisms of action, present an expanded schema to define additional sites of vulnerability on the viral glycoprotein, and review current antibody-based therapeutics. The concepts described are used to gain insights into the key characteristics that represent functional targets for immunotherapies against Zaire Ebolavirus and other emerging viruses within the Ebolavirus genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Misasi
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Research Center, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nancy J Sullivan
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Research Center, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Longet S, Mellors J, Carroll MW, Tipton T. Ebolavirus: Comparison of Survivor Immunology and Animal Models in the Search for a Correlate of Protection. Front Immunol 2021; 11:599568. [PMID: 33679690 PMCID: PMC7935512 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.599568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola viruses are enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Filoviridae family and can cause Ebola virus disease (EVD), a serious haemorrhagic illness with up to 90% mortality. The disease was first detected in Zaire (currently the Democratic Republic of Congo) in 1976. Since its discovery, Ebola virus has caused sporadic outbreaks in Africa and was responsible for the largest 2013–2016 EVD epidemic in West Africa, which resulted in more than 28,600 cases and over 11,300 deaths. This epidemic strengthened international scientific efforts to contain the virus and develop therapeutics and vaccines. Immunology studies in animal models and survivors, as well as clinical trials have been crucial to understand Ebola virus pathogenesis and host immune responses, which has supported vaccine development. This review discusses the major findings that have emerged from animal models, studies in survivors and vaccine clinical trials and explains how these investigations have helped in the search for a correlate of protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Longet
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Mellors
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Miles W Carroll
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Tipton
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
To B or Not to B: Mechanisms of Protection Conferred by rVSV-EBOV-GP and the Roles of Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101473. [PMID: 32992829 PMCID: PMC7600878 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Zaire Ebola virus (EBOV) is a member of the Filoviridae family of negative sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. EBOV infection causes Ebola virus disease (EVD), characterized by coagulopathy, lymphopenia, and multi-organ failure, which can culminate in death. In 2019, the FDA approved the first vaccine against EBOV, a recombinant live-attenuated viral vector wherein the G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus is replaced with the glycoprotein (GP) of EBOV (rVSV-EBOV-GP, Ervebo® by Merck). This vaccine demonstrates high efficacy in nonhuman primates by providing prophylactic, rapid, and post-exposure protection. In humans, rVSV-EBOV-GP demonstrated 100% protection in several phase III clinical trials in over 10,000 individuals during the 2013–2016 West Africa epidemic. As of 2020, over 218,000 doses of rVSV-EBOV-GP have been administered to individuals with high risk of EBOV exposure. Despite licensure and robust preclinical studies, the mechanisms of rVSV-EBOV-GP-mediated protection are not fully understood. Such knowledge is crucial for understanding vaccine-mediated correlates of protection from EVD and to aid the further design and development of therapeutics against filoviruses. Here, we summarize the current literature regarding the host response to vaccination and EBOV exposure, and evidence regarding innate and adaptive immune mechanisms involved in rVSV-EBOV-GP-mediated protection, with a focus on the host transcriptional response. Current data strongly suggest a protective synergy between rapid innate and humoral immunity.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1976, Ebola virus (EBOV) has caused numerous outbreaks of fatal hemorrhagic disease in Africa. The biggest outbreak on record is the 2013-2016 epidemic in west Africa with almost 30,000 cases and over 11,000 fatalities, devastatingly affecting Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. The epidemic highlighted the need for licensed drugs or vaccines to quickly combat the disease. While at the beginning of the epidemic no licensed countermeasures were available, several experimental drugs with preclinical efficacy were accelerated into human clinical trials and used to treat patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD) toward the end of the epidemic. In the same manner, vaccines with preclinical efficacy were administered primarily to known contacts of EVD patients on clinical trial protocols using a ring-vaccination strategy. In this review, we describe the pathogenesis of EBOV and summarize the current status of EBOV vaccine development and treatment of EVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Furuyama
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA;
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ristanović ES, Kokoškov NS, Crozier I, Kuhn JH, Gligić AS. A Forgotten Episode of Marburg Virus Disease: Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 1967. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 84:e00095-19. [PMID: 32404328 PMCID: PMC7233485 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00095-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1967, several workers involved in poliomyelitis vaccine development and production fell ill at three different locations in Europe with a severe and often lethal novel disease associated with grivets (Chlorocebus aethiops) imported from Uganda. This disease was named Marburg virus disease (MVD) after the West German town of Marburg an der Lahn, where most human infections and deaths had been recorded. Consequently, the Marburg episode received the most scientific and media attention. Cases that occurred in Frankfurt am Main, West Germany, were also described in commonly accessible scientific literature, although they were less frequently cited than those pertaining to the Marburg infections. However, two infections occurring in a third location, in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, have seemingly been all but forgotten. Due in part to their absence in commonly used databases and in part to the fact that they were written in languages other than English, the important articles describing this part of the outbreak are very rarely cited. Here, we summarize this literature and correct published inaccuracies to remind a younger generation of scientists focusing on Marburg virus and its closest filoviral relatives of this important historical context. Importantly, and unfortunately, the three episodes of infection of 1967 still represent the best in-depth clinical look at MVD in general and in the context of "modern" medicine (fully resourced versus less-resourced capacity) in particular. Hence, each individual case of these episodes holds crucial information for health care providers who may be confronted with MVD today.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Crozier
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research supported by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ana S Gligić
- Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak," Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ward MD, Kenny T, Bruggeman E, Kane CD, Morrell CL, Kane MM, Bixler S, Grady SL, Quizon RS, Astatke M, Cazares LH. Early detection of Ebola virus proteins in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from infected mice. Clin Proteomics 2020; 17:11. [PMID: 32194356 PMCID: PMC7077124 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-020-09273-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Detection of viral ribo-nucleic acid (RNA) via real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the gold standard for the detection of Ebola virus (EBOV) during acute infection. However, the earliest window for viral RNA detection in blood samples is 48–72 h post-onset of symptoms. Therefore, efforts to develop additional orthogonal assays using complementary immunological and serological technologies are still needed to provide simplified methodology for field diagnostics. Furthermore, unlike RT-PCR tests, immunoassays that target viral proteins and/or early host responses are less susceptible to sequence erosion due to viral genetic drift. Although virus is shed into the bloodstream from infected cells, the wide dynamic range of proteins in blood plasma makes this a difficult sample matrix for the detection of low-abundant viral proteins. We hypothesized that the isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which are the first cellular targets of the Ebola virus (EBOV), may provide an enriched source of viral proteins. Methods A mouse infection model that employs a mouse-adapted EBOV (MaEBOV) was chosen as a proof-of-principal experimental paradigm to determine if viral proteins present in PBMCs can help diagnose EBOV infection pre-symptomatically. We employed a liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) platform to provide both high sensitivity and specificity for the detection and relative quantitation of viral proteins in PBMCs collected during MaEBOV infection. Blood samples pooled from animals at the post-infection time-points were used to determine the viral load by RT-PCR and purify PBMCs. Results Using quantitative LC-MS/MS, we detected two EBOV proteins (vp40 and nucleoprotein) in samples collected on Day 2 post-infection, which was also the first day of detectable viremia via RT-PCR. These results were confirmed via western blot which was performed on identical PBMC lysates from each post-infection time point. Conclusions While mass spectrometry is not currently amenable to field diagnostics, these results suggest that viral protein enrichment in PBMCs in tandem with highly sensitive immunoassays platforms, could lead to the development of a rapid, high-throughput diagnostic platform for pre-symptomatic detection of EBOV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Ward
- 1Systems and Stuctural Biology Division, Protein Sciences Branch, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD USA
| | - Tara Kenny
- 1Systems and Stuctural Biology Division, Protein Sciences Branch, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD USA
| | - Ernie Bruggeman
- 1Systems and Stuctural Biology Division, Protein Sciences Branch, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD USA
| | - Christopher D Kane
- 2Therapeutic Development Center, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD USA
| | - Courtney L Morrell
- 1Systems and Stuctural Biology Division, Protein Sciences Branch, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD USA
| | - Molly M Kane
- 2Therapeutic Development Center, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD USA
| | - Sandra Bixler
- 2Therapeutic Development Center, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD USA
| | - Sarah L Grady
- 3Applied Biological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD USA
| | - Rachel S Quizon
- 3Applied Biological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD USA
| | - Mekbib Astatke
- 3Applied Biological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD USA
| | - Lisa H Cazares
- 1Systems and Stuctural Biology Division, Protein Sciences Branch, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD USA.,2Therapeutic Development Center, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Marzi A, Chadinah S, Haddock E, Feldmann F, Arndt N, Martellaro C, Scott DP, Hanley PW, Nyenswah TG, Sow S, Massaquoi M, Feldmann H. Recently Identified Mutations in the Ebola Virus-Makona Genome Do Not Alter Pathogenicity in Animal Models. Cell Rep 2019; 23:1806-1816. [PMID: 29742435 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV), isolate Makona, the causative agent of the West African EBOV epidemic, has been the subject of numerous investigations to determine the genetic diversity and its potential implication for virus biology, pathogenicity, and transmissibility. Despite various mutations that have emerged over time through multiple human-to-human transmission chains, their biological relevance remains questionable. Recently, mutations in the glycoprotein GP and polymerase L, which emerged and stabilized early during the outbreak, have been associated with improved viral fitness in cell culture. Here, we infected mice and rhesus macaques with EBOV-Makona isolates carrying or lacking those mutations. Surprisingly, all isolates behaved very similarly independent of the genotype, causing severe or lethal disease in mice and macaques, respectively. Likewise, we could not detect any evidence for differences in virus shedding. Thus, no specific biological phenotype could be associated with these EBOV-Makona mutations in two animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA.
| | - Spencer Chadinah
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Elaine Haddock
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Nicolette Arndt
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Cynthia Martellaro
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Dana P Scott
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Patrick W Hanley
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | | | - Samba Sow
- Centre des Operations d'Urgence, Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins (CVD-Mali), Centre National d'Appui à la lutte contre la Maladie, Ministère de la Sante et de l'Hygiène Publique, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chan M, Leung A, Griffin BD, Vendramelli R, Tailor N, Tierney K, Audet J, Kobasa D. Generation and Characterization of a Mouse-Adapted Makona Variant of Ebola Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:E987. [PMID: 31717793 PMCID: PMC6893688 DOI: 10.3390/v11110987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is a zoonotic pathogen that poses a significant threat to public health, causing sporadic yet devastating outbreaks that have the potential to spread worldwide, as demonstrated during the 2013-2016 West African outbreak. Mouse models of infection are important tools for the development of therapeutics and vaccines. Exposure of immunocompetent mice to clinical isolates of EBOV is nonlethal; consequently, EBOV requires prior adaptation in mice to cause lethal disease. Until now, the only immunocompetent EBOV mouse model was based on the Mayinga variant, which was isolated in 1976. Here, we generated a novel mouse-adapted (MA)-EBOV based on the 2014 Makona isolate by inserting EBOV/Mayinga-MA mutations into the EBOV/Makona genome, followed by serial passaging of the rescued virus in suckling mice. The resulting EBOV/Makona-MA causes lethal disease in adult immunocompetent mice within 6 to 9 days and has a lethal dose (LD50) of 0.004 plaque forming units (PFU). Two additional mutations emerged after mouse-adaptation in the viral nucleoprotein (NP) and membrane-associated protein VP24. Using reverse genetics, we found the VP24 mutation to be critical for EBOV/Makona-MA virulence. EBOV/Makona-MA infected mice that presented with viremia, high viral burden in organs, increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, and lymphopenia. Our mouse model will help advance pre-clinical development of countermeasures against contemporary EBOV variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mable Chan
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (A.L.); (B.D.G.); (R.V.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (J.A.)
| | - Anders Leung
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (A.L.); (B.D.G.); (R.V.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (J.A.)
| | - Bryan D. Griffin
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (A.L.); (B.D.G.); (R.V.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (J.A.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Robert Vendramelli
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (A.L.); (B.D.G.); (R.V.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (J.A.)
| | - Nikesh Tailor
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (A.L.); (B.D.G.); (R.V.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (J.A.)
| | - Kevin Tierney
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (A.L.); (B.D.G.); (R.V.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (J.A.)
| | - Jonathan Audet
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (A.L.); (B.D.G.); (R.V.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (J.A.)
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (A.L.); (B.D.G.); (R.V.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (J.A.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ilinykh PA, Graber J, Kuzmina NA, Huang K, Ksiazek TG, Crowe JE, Bukreyev A. Ebolavirus Chimerization for the Development of a Mouse Model for Screening of Bundibugyo-Specific Antibodies. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:S418-S422. [PMID: 30060231 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening of monoclonal antibodies against ebolaviruses requires small-animal models. Wild-type mice require adaptation of ebolaviruses, whereas immunodeficient mice are still resistant to nonadapted Bundibugyo ebolavirus. Swapping of Ebola virus glycoprotein with that from Bundibugyo virus resulted in a replication-competent chimeric virus, which caused 100% lethal infection in STAT1 knockout mice. Monoclonal antibody BDBV223 isolated from a human survivor of Bundibugyo virus infection protected mice from challenge with the chimeric virus. These data demonstrate the suitability of the approach for in vivo screening of antibodies and suggest the greater contribution of internal Ebola proteins in pathogenesis compared to Bundibugyo virus proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp A Ilinykh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Jessica Graber
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Natalia A Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Thomas G Ksiazek
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center.,Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Therapeutic strategies to target the Ebola virus life cycle. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 17:593-606. [DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
22
|
Abstract
Filovirus small animal disease models have so far been developed in laboratory mice, guinea pigs, and hamsters. Since immunocompetent rodents do not exhibit overt signs of disease following infection with wild-type filoviruses isolated from humans, rodent models have been established using adapted viruses produced through sequential passage in rodents. Rodent-adapted viruses target the same cells/tissues as the wild-type viruses, making rodents invaluable basic research tools for studying filovirus pathogenesis. Moreover, comparative analyses using wild-type and rodent-adapted viruses have provided beneficial insights into the molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity and acquisition of species-specific virulence. Additionally, wild-type filovirus infections in immunodeficient rodents have provided a better understanding of the host factors required for resistance to filovirus infection and of the immune response against the infection. This chapter provides comprehensive information on the filovirus rodent models and rodent-adapted filoviruses. Specifically, we summarize the clinical and pathological features of filovirus infections in all rodent models described to date, including the recently developed humanized and collaborative cross (CC) resource recombinant inbred (RI) intercrossed (CC-RIX) mouse models. We also cover the molecular determinants responsible for adaptation and virulence acquisition in a number of rodent-adapted filoviruses. This chapter clearly defines the characteristic and advantages/disadvantages of rodent models, helping to evaluate the practical use of rodent models in future filovirus studies.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Marburgviruses are closely related to ebolaviruses and cause a devastating disease in humans. In 2012, we published a comprehensive review of the first 45 years of research on marburgviruses and the disease they cause, ranging from molecular biology to ecology. Spurred in part by the deadly Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa in 2013-2016, research on all filoviruses has intensified. Not meant as an introduction to marburgviruses, this article instead provides a synopsis of recent progress in marburgvirus research with a particular focus on molecular biology, advances in animal modeling, and the use of Egyptian fruit bats in infection experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Olejnik
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| | - Adam J Hume
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Periplasmic Nanobody-APEX2 Fusions Enable Facile Visualization of Ebola, Marburg, and Mĕnglà virus Nucleoproteins, Alluding to Similar Antigenic Landscapes among Marburgvirus and Dianlovirus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040364. [PMID: 31010013 PMCID: PMC6521291 DOI: 10.3390/v11040364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We explore evolved soybean ascorbate peroxidase (APEX2) as a reporter when fused to the C-termini of llama nanobodies (single-domain antibodies, sdAb; variable domains of heavy chain-only antibodies, VHH) targeted to the E. coli periplasm. Periplasmic expression preserves authentic antibody N-termini, intra-domain disulphide bond(s), and capitalizes on efficient haem loading through the porous E. coli outer membrane. Using monomeric and dimeric anti-nucleoprotein (NP) sdAb cross-reactive within the Marburgvirus genus and cross-reactive within the Ebolavirus genus, we show that periplasmic sdAb–APEX2 fusion proteins are easily purified at multi-mg amounts. The fusions were used in Western blotting, ELISA, and microscopy to visualize NPs using colorimetric and fluorescent imaging. Dimeric sdAb–APEX2 fusions were superior at binding NPs from viruses that were evolutionarily distant to that originally used to select the sdAb. Partial conservation of the anti-Marburgvirus sdAb epitope enabled the recognition of a novel NP encoded by the recently discovered Mĕnglà virus genome. Antibody–antigen interactions were rationalized using monovalent nanoluciferase titrations and contact mapping analysis of existing crystal structures, while molecular modelling was used to reveal the potential landscape of the Mĕnglà NP C-terminal domain. The sdAb–APEX2 fusions also enabled live Marburgvirus and Ebolavirus detection 24 h post-infection of Vero E6 cells within a BSL-4 laboratory setting. The simple and inexpensive mining of large amounts of periplasmic sdAb–APEX2 fusion proteins should help advance studies of past, contemporary, and perhaps Filovirus species yet to be discovered.
Collapse
|
25
|
Yan F, He S, Banadyga L, Zhu W, Zhang H, Rahim MN, Collignon B, Senthilkumaran C, Embury-Hyatt C, Qiu X. Characterization of Reston virus infection in ferrets. Antiviral Res 2019; 165:1-10. [PMID: 30836107 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Among the five currently recognized type viruses within the genus Ebolavirus, Reston virus (RESTV) is not known to cause disease in humans, although asymptomatic infections have been confirmed in the past. Intriguingly, despite the absence of pathogenicity in humans, RESTV is highly lethal to nonhuman primates and has been isolated from domestic pigs co-infected with other viruses in the Philippines and China. Whether infection in these animals can support the eventual emergence of a human-pathogenic RESTV remains unclear and requires further investigation. Unfortunately, there is currently no lethal small animal model available to investigate RESTV pathogenicity or pan-ebolavirus therapeutics. Here we show that wild type RESTV is uniformly lethal in ferrets. In this study, ferrets were challenged with 1260 TCID50 of wild type RESTV either intramuscularly or intranasally and monitored for clinical signs, survival, virus replication, alteration in serum biochemistry and blood cell counts. Irrespective of the route of challenge, viremia occurred in all ferrets on day 5 post-infection, and all animals succumbed to infection between days 9 and 11. Additionally, several similarities were observed between this model and the other ferret models of filovirus infection, including substantial decreases in lymphocyte and platelet counts and abnormalities in serum biochemistry indicating hepatic injury. The ferret model represents the first uniformly lethal model for RESTV infection, and it will undoubtedly prove useful for evaluating virus pathogenicity as well as pan-ebolavirus countermeasures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Yan
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control in Key Lab, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shihua He
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Logan Banadyga
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Huajun Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Md Niaz Rahim
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Brad Collignon
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Chandrika Senthilkumaran
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Carissa Embury-Hyatt
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Comer JE, Escaffre O, Neef N, Brasel T, Juelich TL, Smith JK, Smith J, Kalveram B, Perez DD, Massey S, Zhang L, Freiberg AN. Filovirus Virulence in Interferon α/β and γ Double Knockout Mice, and Treatment with Favipiravir. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020137. [PMID: 30717492 PMCID: PMC6410141 DOI: 10.3390/v11020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2014 Ebolavirus outbreak in West Africa highlighted the need for vaccines and therapeutics to prevent and treat filovirus infections. A well-characterized small animal model that is susceptible to wild-type filoviruses would facilitate the screening of anti-filovirus agents. To that end, we characterized knockout mice lacking α/β and γ interferon receptors (IFNAGR KO) as a model for wild-type filovirus infection. Intraperitoneal challenge of IFNAGR KO mice with several known human pathogenic species from the genus Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus, except Bundibugyo ebolavirus and Taï Forest ebolavirus, caused variable mortality rate. Further characterization of the prototype Ebola virus Kikwit isolate infection in this KO mouse model showed 100% lethality down to a dilution equivalent to 1.0 × 10−1 pfu with all deaths occurring between 7 and 9 days post-challenge. Viral RNA was detectable in serum after challenge with 1.0 × 102 pfu as early as one day after infection. Changes in hematology and serum chemistry became pronounced as the disease progressed and mirrored the histological changes in the spleen and liver that were also consistent with those described for patients with Ebola virus disease. In a proof-of-principle study, treatment of Ebola virus infected IFNAGR KO mice with favipiravir resulted in 83% protection. Taken together, the data suggest that IFNAGR KO mice may be a useful model for early screening of anti-filovirus medical countermeasures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Comer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Science, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- The Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Olivier Escaffre
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Natasha Neef
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Sterling, VA 20167, USA.
| | - Trevor Brasel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Science, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Terry L Juelich
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Jennifer K Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Jeanon Smith
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Birte Kalveram
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - David D Perez
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Shane Massey
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Alexander N Freiberg
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Science, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- The Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cross RW, Speranza E, Borisevich V, Widen SG, Wood TG, Shim RS, Adams RD, Gerhardt DM, Bennett RS, Honko AN, Johnson JC, Hensley LE, Geisbert TW, Connor JH. Comparative Transcriptomics in Ebola Makona-Infected Ferrets, Nonhuman Primates, and Humans. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:S486-S495. [PMID: 30476250 PMCID: PMC6249602 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The domestic ferret is a uniformly lethal model of infection for 3 species of Ebolavirus known to be pathogenic in humans. Reagents to systematically analyze the ferret host response to infection are lacking; however, the recent publication of a draft ferret genome has opened the potential for transcriptional analysis of ferret models of disease. In this work, we present comparative analysis of longitudinally sampled blood taken from ferrets and nonhuman primates infected with lethal doses of the Makona variant of Zaire ebolavirus. Strong induction of proinflammatory and prothrombotic signaling programs were present in both ferrets and nonhuman primates, and both transcriptomes were similar to previously published datasets of fatal cases of human Ebola virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Emily Speranza
- Department of Microbiology, Bioinformatics Program, National Emerging Infectious Disease Laboratories, Boston University, Massachusetts
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Steven G Widen
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Thomas G Wood
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Rebecca S Shim
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Ricky D Adams
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Dawn M Gerhardt
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Richard S Bennett
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Anna N Honko
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Joshua C Johnson
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - John H Connor
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
- Department of Microbiology, Bioinformatics Program, National Emerging Infectious Disease Laboratories, Boston University, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cross RW, Fenton KA, Geisbert TW. Small animal models of filovirus disease: recent advances and future directions. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:1027-1040. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1527827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Karla A. Fenton
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas W. Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Filovirus – Auslöser von hämorrhagischem Fieber. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2018; 61:894-907. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-018-2757-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
30
|
Abstract
The development of novel therapeutics and vaccines to treat or prevent disease caused by filoviruses, such as Ebola and Marburg viruses, depends on the availability of animal models that faithfully recapitulate clinical hallmarks of disease as it is observed in humans. In particular, small animal models (such as mice and guinea pigs) are historically and frequently used for the primary evaluation of antiviral countermeasures, prior to testing in nonhuman primates, which represent the gold-standard filovirus animal model. In the past several years, however, the filovirus field has witnessed the continued refinement of the mouse and guinea pig models of disease, as well as the introduction of the hamster and ferret models. We now have small animal models for most human-pathogenic filoviruses, many of which are susceptible to wild type virus and demonstrate key features of disease, including robust virus replication, coagulopathy, and immune system dysfunction. Although none of these small animal model systems perfectly recapitulates Ebola virus disease or Marburg virus disease on its own, collectively they offer a nearly complete set of tools in which to carry out the preclinical development of novel antiviral drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Logan Banadyga
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Gary Wong
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, 29 Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, China, 518000
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
The family Filoviridae, which includes the genera Marburgvirus and Ebolavirus, contains some of the most pathogenic viruses in humans and non-human primates (NHPs), causing severe hemorrhagic fevers with high fatality rates. Small animal models against filoviruses using mice, guinea pigs, hamsters, and ferrets have been developed with the goal of screening candidate vaccines and antivirals, before testing in the gold standard NHP models. In this review, we summarize the different animal models used to understand filovirus pathogenesis, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each model with respect to filovirus disease research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinayakumar Siragam
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Gary Wong
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen Guangzhou 518020, China.,Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiang-Guo Qiu
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) pathology in humans remains incompletely understood; therefore, a number of rodent and nonhuman primate (NHP) models have been established to study the disease caused by this virus. While the macaque model most accurately recapitulates human disease, rodent models, which display only certain aspects of human disease but are more cost-effective, are widely used for initial screens during EBOV countermeasure development. In particular, mice and guinea pigs were among the first species used for the efficacy testing of EBOV vaccines and therapeutics. While mice have low predictive value, guinea pigs have proven to be a more reliable predictor for the evaluation of countermeasures in NHPs. In addition, guinea pigs are larger in size compared to mice, allowing for more frequent collection of blood samples at larger volumes. However, guinea pigs have the disadvantage that there is only a limited pool of immunological tools available to characterize host responses to vaccination, treatment and infection. In this chapter, the efficacy testing of an EBOV vaccine and a therapeutic in the guinea pig model are described.
Collapse
|
33
|
Schountz T, Baker ML, Butler J, Munster V. Immunological Control of Viral Infections in Bats and the Emergence of Viruses Highly Pathogenic to Humans. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1098. [PMID: 28959255 PMCID: PMC5604070 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are reservoir hosts of many important viruses that cause substantial disease in humans, including coronaviruses, filoviruses, lyssaviruses, and henipaviruses. Other than the lyssaviruses, they do not appear to cause disease in the reservoir bats, thus an explanation for the dichotomous outcomes of infections of humans and bat reservoirs remains to be determined. Bats appear to have a few unusual features that may account for these differences, including evidence of constitutive interferon (IFN) activation and greater combinatorial diversity in immunoglobulin genes that do not undergo substantial affinity maturation. We propose these features may, in part, account for why bats can host these viruses without disease and how they may contribute to the highly pathogenic nature of bat-borne viruses after spillover into humans. Because of the constitutive IFN activity, bat-borne viruses may be shed at low levels from bat cells. With large naive antibody repertoires, bats may control the limited virus replication without the need for rapid affinity maturation, and this may explain why bats typically have low antibody titers to viruses. However, because bat viruses have evolved in high IFN environments, they have enhanced countermeasures against the IFN response. Thus, upon infection of human cells, where the IFN response is not constitutive, the viruses overwhelm the IFN response, leading to abundant virus replication and pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Schountz
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Michelle L Baker
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - John Butler
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Vincent Munster
- Virus Ecology Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Banadyga L, Hoenen T, Ambroggio X, Dunham E, Groseth A, Ebihara H. Ebola virus VP24 interacts with NP to facilitate nucleocapsid assembly and genome packaging. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7698. [PMID: 28794491 PMCID: PMC5550494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus causes devastating hemorrhagic fever outbreaks for which no approved therapeutic exists. The viral nucleocapsid, which is minimally composed of the proteins NP, VP35, and VP24, represents an attractive target for drug development; however, the molecular determinants that govern the interactions and functions of these three proteins are still unknown. Through a series of mutational analyses, in combination with biochemical and bioinformatics approaches, we identified a region on VP24 that was critical for its interaction with NP. Importantly, we demonstrated that the interaction between VP24 and NP was required for both nucleocapsid assembly and genome packaging. Not only does this study underscore the critical role that these proteins play in the viral replication cycle, but it also identifies a key interaction interface on VP24 that may serve as a novel target for antiviral therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Logan Banadyga
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Thomas Hoenen
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Xavier Ambroggio
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Rosetta Design Group, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
| | - Eric Dunham
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Allison Groseth
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Hideki Ebihara
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin‐Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke H, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Beltrán Beck B, Kohnle L, Morgado J, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): Ebola virus disease. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04890. [PMID: 32625555 PMCID: PMC7009972 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus disease has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of Ebola virus disease to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of Ebola virus disease according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to Ebola virus disease. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, Ebola virus disease can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease would comply with the criteria as in Sections 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (d) and (e) of Article 9(1). The animal species to be listed for Ebola virus disease according to Article 8(3) criteria are some species of non‐human primates, pigs and rodents as susceptible species and some species of fruit bats as reservoir, as indicated in the present opinion.
Collapse
|
36
|
St Claire MC, Ragland DR, Bollinger L, Jahrling PB. Animal Models of Ebolavirus Infection. Comp Med 2017; 67:253-262. [PMID: 28662754 PMCID: PMC5482517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ebola virus is a highly pathogenic member of the family Filoviridae that causes a severe hemorrhagic disease in humans and NHP. The 2013-2016 West African outbreak has increased interest in the development and refinement of animal models of Ebola virus disease. These models are used to test countermeasures and vaccines, gain scientific insights into the mechanisms of disease progression and transmission, and study key correlates of immunology. Ebola virus is classified as a BSL4 pathogen and Category A agent, for which the United States government requires preparedness in case of bioterrorism. Rodents, such as Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), mice (Mus musculus), and guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), are the most common research species. However, NHP, especially macaques, are favored for Ebola virus disease research due to similarities with humans regarding the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and causes of fatality. To satisfy the regulatory requirements for approval of countermeasures against high-consequence pathogens, the FDA instituted the Animal Rule, which permits efficacy studies in animal models in place of human clinical data when such studies are not feasible or ethical. This review provides a comprehensive summary of various animal models and their use in Ebola virus disease research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marisa C St Claire
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland;,
| | - Dan R Ragland
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Laura Bollinger
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Peter B Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sweiti H, Ekwunife O, Jaschinski T, Lhachimi SK. Repurposed Therapeutic Agents Targeting the Ebola Virus: A Systematic Review. CURRENT THERAPEUTIC RESEARCH 2017; 84:10-21. [PMID: 28761574 PMCID: PMC5522984 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Ebola virus has been responsible for numerous outbreaks since the 1970s, with the most recent outbreak taking place between 2014 and 2016 and causing an international public health emergency. Ebola virus disease (EVD) has a high mortality rate and no approved targeted treatment exists to date. A number of established drugs are being considered as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of EVD. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify potential drug repositioning candidates and to assess the scientific evidence available on their efficacy. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature search in MEDLINE, Embase, and other relevant trial registry platforms for studies published between January 1976 and January 2017. We included drug screening, preclinical studies, and clinical studies on repurposed drugs for the treatment of EVD. The risk of bias for animal studies and nonrandomized clinical studies was assessed. The quality of reporting for case series and case reports was evaluated. Finally, we selected drugs approved by established regulatory authorities, which have positive in vitro study outcomes and at least one additional animal or clinical trial. RESULTS We identified 3301 publications, of which 37 studies fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Studies were highly heterogeneous in terms of study type, methodology, and intervention. The risk of bias was high for 13 out of 14 animal studies. We selected 11 drugs with potential anti-EVD therapeutic effects and summarized their evidence. CONCLUSIONS Several established drugs may have therapeutic effects on EVD, but the quality and quantity of current scientific evidence is lacking. This review highlights the need for well-designed and conducted preclinical and clinical research to establish the efficacy of potential repurposed drugs against EVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Sweiti
- Institute of Health Services Research and Health Economics, School of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University Dû¥sseldorf, Dû¥sseldorf, Germany
- Surgical Department, Klinikum Frankfurt HûÑchst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Obinna Ekwunife
- Cooperative Research Group for Evidence-Based Public Health, Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Thomas Jaschinski
- Department for Evidence-based Health Services Research, Institute for Research in Operative Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Stefan K. Lhachimi
- Institute of Health Services Research and Health Economics, School of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University Dû¥sseldorf, Dû¥sseldorf, Germany
- Cooperative Research Group for Evidence-Based Public Health, Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
- Institute for Public Health, Health Sciences Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Baseler L, Chertow DS, Johnson KM, Feldmann H, Morens DM. The Pathogenesis of Ebola Virus Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2017; 12:387-418. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052016-100506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Baseler
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Daniel S. Chertow
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Karl M. Johnson
- Founder, Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Placitas, New Mexico 87043
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840
| | - David M. Morens
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892;
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Two of the most important contemporary emerging viruses that affect human health in Africa are Ebola virus (EBOV) and Lassa virus (LASV). The 2013-2016 West African outbreak of EBOV was responsible for more than 11,000 deaths, primarily in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. LASV is constantly emerging in these and surrounding West African countries, with an estimate of more than 500,000 cases of Lassa fever, and approximately 5,000 deaths, annually. Both EBOV and LASV are zoonotic, and human infection often results in a severe haemorrhagic fever in both cases. However, the contribution of specific immune responses to disease differs between EBOV and LASV. This Review examines innate and adaptive immune responses to these viruses with the goal of delineating responses that are associated with protective versus pathogenic outcomes.
Collapse
|
40
|
Hodak H. Down to the Molecular Mechanisms of Host–Pathogen Interactions. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3353-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|