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Liao A, Zheng W, Wang S, Wang N, Li Y, Chen D, Wang Y. Sortilin is associated with progranulin deficiency and autism-like behaviors in valproic acid-induced autism rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e70015. [PMID: 39218796 PMCID: PMC11366450 DOI: 10.1111/cns.70015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroinflammation and microglial activation-related dendritic injury contribute to the pathogenesis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Previous studies show that Progranulin (PGRN) is a growth factor associated with inflammation and synaptic development, but the role of PGRN in autism and the mechanisms underlying changes in PGRN expression remain unclear. AIMS To investigate the impact of PGRN in autism, we stereotactically injected recombinant PGRN into the hippocampus of ASD model rats. Additionally, we explored the possibility that sortilin may be the factor behind the alterations in PGRN by utilizing SORT1 knockdown. Ultimately, we aimed to identify potential targets for the treatment of autism. RESULTS PGRN could alleviate inflammatory responses, protect neuronal dendritic spines, and ameliorate autism-like behaviors. Meanwhile, elevated expression of sortilin and decreased levels of PGRN were observed in both ASD patients and rats. Enhanced sortilin levels facilitated PGRN internalization into lysosomes. Notably, suppressing SORT1 expression amplified PGRN levels, lessened microglial activation, and mitigated inflammation, thereby alleviating autism-like behaviors. CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings highlight elevated sortilin levels in ASD rat brains, exacerbating dendrite impairment by affecting PGRN expression. PGRN supplementation and SORT1 knockdown hold potential as therapeutic strategies for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Liao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive HealthChongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research InstituteChongqingChina
| | - Wenxia Zheng
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical ScienceChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | | | - Nashi Wang
- Library/ArchiveChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | | | - Di Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical ScienceChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical ScienceChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
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2
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Lin Y, Zhao X, Liou B, Fannin V, Zhang W, Setchell KDR, Wang X, Pan D, Grabowski GA, Liu CJ, Sun Y. Intrinsic link between PGRN and Gba1 D409V mutation dosage in potentiating Gaucher disease. Hum Mol Genet 2024:ddae113. [PMID: 39101473 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by biallelic GBA1/Gba1 mutations that encode defective glucocerebrosidase (GCase). Progranulin (PGRN, encoded by GRN/Grn) is a modifier of GCase, but the interplay between PGRN and GCase, specifically GBA1/Gba1 mutations, contributing to GD severity is unclear. Mouse models were developed with various dosages of Gba1 D409V mutation against the PGRN deficiency (Grn-/-) [Grn-/-;Gba1D409V/WT (PG9Vwt), Grn-/-;Gba1D409V/D409V (PG9V), Grn-/-;Gba1D409V/Null (PG9VN)]. Disease progression in those mouse models was characterized by biochemical, pathological, transcriptomic, and neurobehavioral analyses. Compared to PG9Vwt, Grn-/-;Gba1WT/Null and Grn-/- mice that had a higher level of GCase activity and undetectable pathologies, homozygous or hemizygous D409V in PG9V or PG9VN, respectively, resulted in profound inflammation and neurodegeneration. PG9VN mice exhibited much earlier onset, shorter life span, tissue fibrosis, and more severe phenotypes than PG9V mice. Glycosphingolipid accumulation, inflammatory responses, lysosomal-autophagy dysfunction, microgliosis, retinal gliosis, as well as α-Synuclein increases were much more pronounced in PG9VN mice. Neurodegeneration in PG9VN was characterized by activated microglial phagocytosis of impaired neurons and programmed cell death due to necrosis and, possibly, pyroptosis. Brain transcriptomic analyses revealed the intrinsic relationship between D409V dosage, and the degree of altered gene expression related to lysosome dysfunction, microgliosis, and neurodegeneration in GD, suggesting the disease severity is dependent on a GCase activity threshold related to Gba1 D409V dosage and loss of PGRN. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of GD pathogenesis by elucidating additional underlying mechanisms of interplay between PGRN and Gba1 mutation dosage in modulating GCase function and disease severity in GD and GBA1-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Xiangli Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, 789 Howard Avenue, New Haven, CT 06519, United States
| | - Benjamin Liou
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Venette Fannin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Wujuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Kenneth D R Setchell
- Department of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Dao Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Gregory A Grabowski
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, 789 Howard Avenue, New Haven, CT 06519, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Ying Sun
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
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McWhite CD, Sae-Lee W, Yuan Y, Mallam AL, Gort-Freitas NA, Ramundo S, Onishi M, Marcotte EM. Alternative proteoforms and proteoform-dependent assemblies in humans and plants. Mol Syst Biol 2024; 20:933-951. [PMID: 38918600 PMCID: PMC11297038 DOI: 10.1038/s44320-024-00048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The variability of proteins at the sequence level creates an enormous potential for proteome complexity. Exploring the depths and limits of this complexity is an ongoing goal in biology. Here, we systematically survey human and plant high-throughput bottom-up native proteomics data for protein truncation variants, where substantial regions of the full-length protein are missing from an observed protein product. In humans, Arabidopsis, and the green alga Chlamydomonas, approximately one percent of observed proteins show a short form, which we can assign by comparison to RNA isoforms as either likely deriving from transcript-directed processes or limited proteolysis. While some detected protein fragments align with known splice forms and protein cleavage events, multiple examples are previously undescribed, such as our observation of fibrocystin proteolysis and nuclear translocation in a green alga. We find that truncations occur almost entirely between structured protein domains, even when short forms are derived from transcript variants. Intriguingly, multiple endogenous protein truncations of phase-separating translational proteins resemble cleaved proteoforms produced by enteroviruses during infection. Some truncated proteins are also observed in both humans and plants, suggesting that they date to the last eukaryotic common ancestor. Finally, we describe novel proteoform-specific protein complexes, where the loss of a domain may accompany complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire D McWhite
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
| | - Wisath Sae-Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Yaning Yuan
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Anna L Mallam
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | | | - Silvia Ramundo
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, 1030, Wien, Austria
| | - Masayuki Onishi
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Edward M Marcotte
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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4
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Tesla R, Guhl C, Werthmann GC, Dixon D, Cenik B, Addepalli Y, Liang J, Fass DM, Rosenthal Z, Haggarty SJ, Williams NS, Posner BA, Ready JM, Herz J. Benzoxazole-derivatives enhance progranulin expression and reverse the aberrant lysosomal proteome caused by GRN haploinsufficiency. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6125. [PMID: 39033178 PMCID: PMC11271458 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the GRN gene are a major cause of hereditary frontotemporal dementia. The mechanisms linking frontotemporal dementia pathogenesis to progranulin deficiency are not well understood, and there is currently no treatment. Our strategy to prevent the onset and progression of frontotemporal dementia in patients with GRN mutations is to utilize small molecule positive regulators of GRN expression to boost progranulin levels from the remaining functional GRN allele, thus restoring progranulin levels back to normal within the brain. This work describes a series of blood-brain-barrier-penetrant small molecules which significantly increase progranulin protein levels in human cellular models, correct progranulin protein deficiency in Grn+/- mouse brains, and reverse lysosomal proteome aberrations, a phenotypic hallmark of frontotemporal dementia, more efficiently than the previously described small molecule suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid. These molecules will allow further elucidation of the cellular functions of progranulin and its role in frontotemporal dementia and will also serve as lead structures for further drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tesla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Charlotte Guhl
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Gordon C Werthmann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Danielle Dixon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Basar Cenik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yesu Addepalli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jue Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daniel M Fass
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zachary Rosenthal
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noelle S Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bruce A Posner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joseph M Ready
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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5
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Zhou T, Dou Z, Cai Y, Zhu D, Fu Y. Tear Fluid Progranulin as a Noninvasive Biomarker for the Monitoring of Corneal Innervation Changes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2024; 13:9. [PMID: 38984913 PMCID: PMC11238880 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.13.7.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the expression levels of progranulin (PGRN) in the tears of patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) versus healthy controls. Additionally, we sought to explore the correlation between PGRN levels and the severity of ocular surface complications in patients with diabetes. Methods In this prospective, single-visit, cross-sectional study, patients with DR (n = 48) and age-matched healthy controls (n = 22) were included and underwent dry eye examinations. Tear fluid was collected, and its components were analyzed using the Luminex assay. The subbasal nerve plexus of all participants was evaluated by in vivo confocal microscopy. Results Patients with DR exhibited more severe dry eye symptoms, along with a reduction in nerve fiber density, length, and branch density within the subbasal nerve plexus, accompanied by an increase in the number of dendritic cells. Tear PGRN levels were also significantly lower in patients with diabetes than in normal controls, and the levels of some inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, and MMP-9) were higher in patients with DR. Remarkably, the PGRN level significantly correlated with nerve fiber density (R = 0.48, P < 0.001), nerve fiber length (R = 0.65, P < 0.001), and nerve branch density (R = 0.69, P < 0.001). Conclusions Tear PGRN levels might reflect morphological changes in the corneal nerve plexus under diabetic conditions, suggesting that PGRN itself is a reliable indicator for predicting the advancement of neurotrophic keratopathy in patients with diabetes. Translational Relevance PGRN insufficiency on the ocular surface under diabetic conditions was found to be closely associated with nerve impairment, providing a novel perspective to discover the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, which could help in developing innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Dou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchen Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongqing Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
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6
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Sevigny J, Uspenskaya O, Heckman LD, Wong LC, Hatch DA, Tewari A, Vandenberghe R, Irwin DJ, Saracino D, Le Ber I, Ahmed R, Rohrer JD, Boxer AL, Boland S, Sheehan P, Brandes A, Burstein SR, Shykind BM, Kamalakaran S, Daniels CW, David Litwack E, Mahoney E, Velaga J, McNamara I, Sondergaard P, Sajjad SA, Kobayashi YM, Abeliovich A, Hefti F. Progranulin AAV gene therapy for frontotemporal dementia: translational studies and phase 1/2 trial interim results. Nat Med 2024; 30:1406-1415. [PMID: 38745011 PMCID: PMC11108785 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-02973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
GRN mutations cause progranulin haploinsufficiency, which eventually leads to frontotemporal dementia (FTD-GRN). PR006 is an investigational gene therapy delivering the granulin gene (GRN) using an adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) vector. In non-clinical studies, PR006 transduced neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells of patients with FTD-GRN, resulted in progranulin expression and improvement of lipofuscin, lysosomal and neuroinflammation pathologies in Grn-knockout mice, and was well tolerated except for minimal, asymptomatic dorsal root ganglionopathy in non-human primates. We initiated a first-in-human phase 1/2 open-label trial. Here we report results of a pre-specified interim analysis triggered with the last treated patient of the low-dose cohort (n = 6) reaching the 12-month follow-up timepoint. We also include preliminary data from the mid-dose cohort (n = 7). Primary endpoints were safety, immunogenicity and change in progranulin levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. Secondary endpoints were Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) plus National Alzheimer's Disease Coordinating Center (NACC) Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) rating scale and levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL). One-time administration of PR006 into the cisterna magna was generally safe and well tolerated. All patients developed treatment-emergent anti-AAV9 antibodies in the CSF, but none developed anti-progranulin antibodies. CSF pleocytosis was the most common PR006-related adverse event. Twelve serious adverse events occurred, mostly unrelated to PR006. Deep vein thrombosis developed in three patients. There was one death (unrelated) occurring 18 months after treatment. CSF progranulin increased after PR006 treatment in all patients; blood progranulin increased in most patients but only transiently. NfL levels transiently increased after PR006 treatment, likely reflecting dorsal root ganglia toxicity. Progression rates, based on the CDR scale, were within the broad ranges reported for patients with FTD. These data provide preliminary insights into the safety and bioactivity of PR006. Longer follow-up and additional studies are needed to confirm the safety and potential efficacy of PR006. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04408625 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Sevigny
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Olga Uspenskaya
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Dean Heckman
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Chin Wong
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel A Hatch
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ambika Tewari
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Neurology Service, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium and Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David J Irwin
- Department of Neurology, Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dario Saracino
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Inserm, CNRS UMR 7225 APHP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Inserm, CNRS UMR 7225 APHP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Rebekah Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Center, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Adam L Boxer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sebastian Boland
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Sheehan
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alissa Brandes
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Suzanne R Burstein
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin M Shykind
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sitharthan Kamalakaran
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carter W Daniels
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - E David Litwack
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erin Mahoney
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jenny Velaga
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ilan McNamara
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Sondergaard
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Syed A Sajjad
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yvonne M Kobayashi
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Asa Abeliovich
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Franz Hefti
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
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7
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Wang AL, Mambou EA, Kao AW. The progranulin cleavage product granulin 3 exerts a dominant negative effect on animal fitness. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:245-253. [PMID: 37903062 PMCID: PMC10800025 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin is an evolutionarily conserved protein that has been implicated in human neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Human progranulin is comprised of multiple cysteine-rich, biologically active granulin peptides. Granulin peptides accumulate with age and stress, however their functional contributions relative to full-length progranulin remain unclear. To address this, we generated C. elegans strains that produced quantifiable levels of both full-length progranulin/PGRN-1 protein and cleaved granulin peptide. Using these strains, we demonstrated that even in the presence of intact PGRN-1, granulin peptides suppressed the activity of the lysosomal aspartyl protease activity, ASP-3/CTSD. Granulin peptides were also dominant over PGRN-1 in compromising animal fitness as measured by progress through development and stress response. Finally, the degradation of human TDP-43 was impaired when the granulin to PGRN-1 ratio was increased, representing a disease-relevant downstream impact of impaired lysosomal function. In summary, these studies suggest that not only absolute progranulin levels, but also the balance between full-length progranulin and its cleavage products, is important in regulating lysosomal biology. Given its relevance in human disease, this suggests that the processing of progranulin into granulins should be considered as part of disease pathobiology and may represent a site of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin L Wang
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Edwina A Mambou
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Aimee W Kao
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Bakar Aging Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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8
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Gillett DA, Wallings RL, Uriarte Huarte O, Tansey MG. Progranulin and GPNMB: interactions in endo-lysosome function and inflammation in neurodegenerative disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:286. [PMID: 38037070 PMCID: PMC10688479 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02965-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in progranulin (PGRN) expression are associated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). Recently, the loss of PGRN was shown to result in endo-lysosomal system dysfunction and an age-dependent increase in the expression of another protein associated with NDs, glycoprotein non-metastatic B (GPNMB). MAIN BODY It is unclear what role GPNMB plays in the context of PGRN insufficiency and how they interact and contribute to the development or progression of NDs. This review focuses on the interplay between these two critical proteins within the context of endo-lysosomal health, immune function, and inflammation in their contribution to NDs. SHORT CONCLUSION PGRN and GPNMB are interrelated proteins that regulate disease-relevant processes and may have value as therapeutic targets to delay disease progression or extend therapeutic windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew A Gillett
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rebecca L Wallings
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Oihane Uriarte Huarte
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Malú Gámez Tansey
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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9
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Ren Z, Song Y, Xian J, Liao Y, Zhan Y, Zhao T, Wang H, Jiang J, Xu M, Jiang Y, Liu X, Wei X, Wang K, Xiao J. Identification of Fangchinoline as a novel autophagy inhibitor with an adjuvant of chemotherapy against lung cancer. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 477:116679. [PMID: 37689368 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental recycling pathway that enhances cellular resilience, promoting survival. However, this survival mechanism can impede anti-cancer treatment strategies designed to induce cell death. In this study, we identified a novel autophagy inhibitor, Fangchinoline (Fan) isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Stephania tetrandra. We speculated that when Fan blocks autophagy, cancer cells lose substantial self-preservation abilities during treatment. Firstly, we examined in detail the mechanism through which Fan inhibits autophagy. Specifically, Fan induced a significant increase in autophagosomes, as indicated by GFP-LC3 labeling, confirmed by the up-regulation of LC3-II. The autophagy receptor protein p62 was also up-regulated, suggesting a potential inhibition of autophagy flux. We further ruled out the possibility of fusion barriers between lysosomes and autophagosomes, as confirmed by their co-localization in double fluorescence staining. However, the lysosomal acid environment might be compromised, as suggested by the diminished fluorescence of acidity-sensitive dyes in the lysosomes and the corresponding decrease in mature forms of lysosomal cathepsin. To test the anti-cancer potential of Fan, we combined it with Cisplatin (Cis) or Paclitaxel (PTX) for lung cancer cell treatment. This combined treatment demonstrated a synergistically enhanced killing effect. These promising anti-tumor results were also replicated in a xenografted tumor model. The significance of this research lies in the identification of Fan as a potent autophagy inhibitor and its potential to enhance the efficacy of existing anti-cancer drugs. By unraveling the mechanisms of Fan's action on autophagy and demonstrating its synergistic effect in combination therapies, our study provides valuable insights for developing novel strategies to overcome autophagy-mediated resistance in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Ren
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Biochemistry, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yue Song
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Biochemistry, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jinhuan Xian
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Pathology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yuan Liao
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Biochemistry, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yujuan Zhan
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Biochemistry, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Tingxiu Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Huiqi Wang
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Junbo Jiang
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Mansi Xu
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yanjun Jiang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Xianli Wei
- Department of Medical Instruments, Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou 510520, China.
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jianyong Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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10
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Feng T, Minevich G, Liu P, Qin HX, Wozniak G, Pham J, Pham K, Korgaonkar A, Kurnellas M, Defranoux NA, Long H, Mitra A, Hu F. AAV- GRN partially corrects motor deficits and ALS/FTLD-related pathology in Tmem106b-/-Grn-/- mice. iScience 2023; 26:107247. [PMID: 37519899 PMCID: PMC10371829 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of function of progranulin (PGRN), encoded by the granulin (GRN) gene, is implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases. Several therapeutics to boost PGRN levels are currently in clinical trials. However, it is difficult to test the efficacy of PGRN-enhancing drugs in mouse models due to the mild phenotypes of Grn-/- mice. Recently, mice deficient in both PGRN and TMEM106B were shown to develop severe motor deficits and pathology. Here, we show that intracerebral ventricle injection of PGRN-expressing AAV1/9 viruses partially rescues motor deficits, neuronal loss, glial activation, and lysosomal abnormalities in Tmem106b-/-Grn-/- mice. Widespread expression of PGRN is detected in both the brain and spinal cord for both AAV subtypes. However, AAV9 but not AAV1-mediated expression of PGRN results in high levels of PGRN in the serum. Together, these data support using the Tmem106b-/-Grn-/- mouse strain as a robust mouse model to determine the efficacy of PGRN-elevating therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuancheng Feng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Pengan Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Henry Xin Qin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Jenny Pham
- Alector Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Khanh Pham
- Alector Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hua Long
- Alector Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Fenghua Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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11
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Kurnellas M, Mitra A, Schwabe T, Paul R, Arrant AE, Roberson ED, Ward M, Yeh F, Long H, Rosenthal A. Latozinemab, a novel progranulin-elevating therapy for frontotemporal dementia. J Transl Med 2023; 21:387. [PMID: 37322482 PMCID: PMC10268535 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the progranulin (PGRN) gene (GRN) cause a reduction in PGRN and lead to the development of frontotemporal dementia (FTD-GRN). PGRN is a secreted lysosomal chaperone, immune regulator, and neuronal survival factor that is shuttled to the lysosome through multiple receptors, including sortilin. Here, we report the characterization of latozinemab, a human monoclonal antibody that decreases the levels of sortilin, which is expressed on myeloid and neuronal cells and shuttles PGRN to the lysosome for degradation, and blocks its interaction with PGRN. METHODS In vitro characterization studies were first performed to assess the mechanism of action of latozinemab. After the in vitro studies, a series of in vivo studies were performed to assess the efficacy of a mouse-cross reactive anti-sortilin antibody and the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of latozinemab in nonhuman primates and humans. RESULTS In a mouse model of FTD-GRN, the rodent cross-reactive anti-sortilin antibody, S15JG, decreased total sortilin levels in white blood cell (WBC) lysates, restored PGRN to normal levels in plasma, and rescued a behavioral deficit. In cynomolgus monkeys, latozinemab decreased sortilin levels in WBCs and concomitantly increased plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) PGRN by 2- to threefold. Finally, in a first-in-human phase 1 clinical trial, a single infusion of latozinemab caused a reduction in WBC sortilin, tripled plasma PGRN and doubled CSF PGRN in healthy volunteers, and restored PGRN to physiological levels in asymptomatic GRN mutation carriers. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the development of latozinemab for the treatment of FTD-GRN and other neurodegenerative diseases where elevation of PGRN may be beneficial. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03636204. Registered on 17 August 2018, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03636204 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kurnellas
- Alector, Inc., 131 Oyster Point Blvd, #600, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
- Neuron23, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Ananya Mitra
- Alector, Inc., 131 Oyster Point Blvd, #600, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Tina Schwabe
- Alector, Inc., 131 Oyster Point Blvd, #600, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
- Nine Square Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Robert Paul
- Alector, Inc., 131 Oyster Point Blvd, #600, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
- Nine Square Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Andrew E Arrant
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michael Ward
- Alector, Inc., 131 Oyster Point Blvd, #600, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Felix Yeh
- Alector, Inc., 131 Oyster Point Blvd, #600, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Hua Long
- Alector, Inc., 131 Oyster Point Blvd, #600, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Arnon Rosenthal
- Alector, Inc., 131 Oyster Point Blvd, #600, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
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12
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Chen Q, Liao Y, Liu Y, Song Y, Jiang J, Zhang Z, Li A, Zheng M, Chen X, Zhao T, Gu J, Tan Y, Liu X, Jiang Y, Wang K, Yi H, Xiao J, Hu S. Identification of Fangjihuangqi Decoction as a late-stage autophagy inhibitor with an adjuvant anti-tumor effect against non-small cell lung cancer. Chin Med 2023; 18:68. [PMID: 37287052 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically, although chemotherapy is one of the most commonly used methods of treating tumors, chemotherapeutic drugs can induce autophagic flux and increase tumor cell resistance, leading to drug tolerance. Therefore, theoretically, inhibiting autophagy may improve the efficacy of chemotherapy. The discovery of autophagy regulators and their potential application as adjuvant anti-cancer drugs is of substantial importance. In this study, we clarified that Fangjihuangqi Decoction (FJHQ, traditional Chinese medicine) is an autophagy inhibitor, which can synergistically enhance the effect of cisplatin and paclitaxel on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. METHODS We observed the changes of autophagy level in NSCLC cells under the effect of FJHQ, and verified the level of the autophagy marker protein and cathepsin. Apoptosis was detected after the combination of FJHQ with cisplatin or paclitaxel, and NAC (ROS scavenger) was further used to verify the activation of ROS-MAPK pathway by FJHQ. RESULTS We observed that FJHQ induced autophagosomes in NSCLC cells and increased the levels of P62 and LC3-II protein expression in a concentration- and time-gradient-dependent manner, indicating that autophagic flux was inhibited. Co-localization experiments further showed that while FJHQ did not inhibit autophagosome and lysosome fusion, it affected the maturation of cathepsin and thus inhibited the autophagic pathway. Finally, we found that the combination of FJHQ with cisplatin or paclitaxel increased the apoptosis rate of NSCLC cells, due to increased ROS accumulation and further activation of the ROS-MAPK pathway. This synergistic effect could be reversed by NAC. CONCLUSION Collectively, these results demonstrate that FJHQ is a novel late-stage autophagy inhibitor that can amplify the anti-tumor effect of cisplatin and paclitaxel against NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiugu Chen
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan Liao
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yujiao Liu
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yue Song
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Junbo Jiang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Anqi Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mengyi Zheng
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Tingxiu Zhao
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiangyong Gu
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuhui Tan
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yanjun Jiang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, SAR, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hua Yi
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jianyong Xiao
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Shan Hu
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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13
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Sampognaro PJ, Arya S, Knudsen GM, Gunderson EL, Sandoval-Perez A, Hodul M, Bowles K, Craik CS, Jacobson MP, Kao AW. Mutations in α-synuclein, TDP-43 and tau prolong protein half-life through diminished degradation by lysosomal proteases. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:29. [PMID: 37131250 PMCID: PMC10155372 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal dominant mutations in α-synuclein, TDP-43 and tau are thought to predispose to neurodegeneration by enhancing protein aggregation. While a subset of α-synuclein, TDP-43 and tau mutations has been shown to increase the structural propensity of these proteins toward self-association, rates of aggregation are also highly dependent on protein steady state concentrations, which are in large part regulated by their rates of lysosomal degradation. Previous studies have shown that lysosomal proteases operate precisely and not indiscriminately, cleaving their substrates at very specific linear amino acid sequences. With this knowledge, we hypothesized that certain coding mutations in α-synuclein, TDP-43 and tau may lead to increased protein steady state concentrations and eventual aggregation by an alternative mechanism, that is, through disrupting lysosomal protease cleavage recognition motifs and subsequently conferring protease resistance to these proteins. RESULTS To test this possibility, we first generated comprehensive proteolysis maps containing all of the potential lysosomal protease cleavage sites for α-synuclein, TDP-43 and tau. In silico analyses of these maps indicated that certain mutations would diminish cathepsin cleavage, a prediction we confirmed utilizing in vitro protease assays. We then validated these findings in cell models and induced neurons, demonstrating that mutant forms of α-synuclein, TDP-43 and tau are degraded less efficiently than wild type despite being imported into lysosomes at similar rates. CONCLUSIONS Together, this study provides evidence that pathogenic mutations in the N-terminal domain of α-synuclein (G51D, A53T), low complexity domain of TDP-43 (A315T, Q331K, M337V) and R1 and R2 domains of tau (K257T, N279K, S305N) directly impair their own lysosomal degradation, altering protein homeostasis and increasing cellular protein concentrations by extending the degradation half-lives of these proteins. These results also point to novel, shared, alternative mechanism by which different forms of neurodegeneration, including synucleinopathies, TDP-43 proteinopathies and tauopathies, may arise. Importantly, they also provide a roadmap for how the upregulation of particular lysosomal proteases could be targeted as potential therapeutics for human neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Sampognaro
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
- Neuromuscular Division, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Shruti Arya
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | - Emma L. Gunderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Angelica Sandoval-Perez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Molly Hodul
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Kathryn Bowles
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Charles S. Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Matthew P. Jacobson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Aimee W. Kao
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
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14
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Davis SE, Cook AK, Hall JA, Voskobiynyk Y, Carullo NV, Boyle NR, Hakim AR, Anderson KM, Hobdy KP, Pugh DA, Murchison CF, McMeekin LJ, Simmons M, Margolies KA, Cowell RM, Nana AL, Spina S, Grinberg LT, Miller BL, Seeley WW, Arrant AE. Patients with sporadic FTLD exhibit similar increases in lysosomal proteins and storage material as patients with FTD due to GRN mutations. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:70. [PMID: 37118844 PMCID: PMC10148425 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01571-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of function progranulin (GRN) mutations are a major autosomal dominant cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Patients with FTD due to GRN mutations (FTD-GRN) develop frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 pathology type A (FTLD-TDP type A) and exhibit elevated levels of lysosomal proteins and storage material in frontal cortex, perhaps indicating lysosomal dysfunction as a mechanism of disease. To investigate whether patients with sporadic FTLD exhibit similar signs of lysosomal dysfunction, we compared lysosomal protein levels, transcript levels, and storage material in patients with FTD-GRN or sporadic FTLD-TDP type A. We analyzed samples from frontal cortex, a degenerated brain region, and occipital cortex, a relatively spared brain region. In frontal cortex, patients with sporadic FTLD-TDP type A exhibited similar increases in lysosomal protein levels, transcript levels, and storage material as patients with FTD-GRN. In occipital cortex of both patient groups, most lysosomal measures did not differ from controls. Frontal cortex from a transgenic mouse model of TDP-opathy had similar increases in cathepsin D and lysosomal storage material, showing that TDP-opathy and neurodegeneration can drive these changes independently of progranulin. To investigate these changes in additional FTLD subtypes, we analyzed frontal cortical samples from patients with sporadic FTLD-TDP type C or Pick's disease, an FTLD-tau subtype. All sporadic FTLD groups had similar increases in cathepsin D activity, lysosomal membrane proteins, and storage material as FTD-GRN patients. However, patients with FTLD-TDP type C or Pick's disease did not have similar increases in lysosomal transcripts as patients with FTD-GRN or sporadic FTLD-TDP type A. Based on these data, accumulation of lysosomal proteins and storage material may be a common aspect of end-stage FTLD. However, the unique changes in gene expression in patients with FTD-GRN or sporadic FTLD-TDP type A may indicate distinct underlying lysosomal changes among FTLD subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skylar E Davis
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Anna K Cook
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Justin A Hall
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yuliya Voskobiynyk
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nancy V Carullo
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nicholas R Boyle
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ahmad R Hakim
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kristian M Anderson
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kierra P Hobdy
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Derian A Pugh
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Charles F Murchison
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Laura J McMeekin
- Department of Neuroscience, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Micah Simmons
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Rita M Cowell
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alissa L Nana
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Salvatore Spina
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew E Arrant
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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15
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Simon MJ, Logan T, DeVos SL, Di Paolo G. Lysosomal functions of progranulin and implications for treatment of frontotemporal dementia. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:324-339. [PMID: 36244875 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function heterozygous mutations in GRN, the gene encoding progranulin (PGRN), were identified in patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) almost two decades ago and are generally linked to reduced PGRN protein expression levels. Although initial characterization of PGRN function primarily focused on its role in extracellular signaling as a secreted protein, more recent studies revealed critical roles of PGRN in regulating lysosome function, including proteolysis and lipid degradation, consistent with its lysosomal localization. Emerging from these studies is the notion that PGRN regulates glucocerebrosidase activity via direct chaperone activities and via interaction with prosaposin (i.e., a key regulator of lysosomal sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes), as well as with the anionic phospholipid bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate. This emerging lysosomal biology of PGRN identified novel and promising opportunities in therapeutic discovery as well as biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd Logan
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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16
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Ikari N, Arakawa H. Identification of a mitochondrial targeting sequence in cathepsin D and its localization in mitochondria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 655:25-34. [PMID: 36921448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin D (CTSD) is a major lysosomal protease harboring an N-terminal signal peptide (amino acids 1-20) to enable vesicular transport from endoplasmic reticulum to lysosomes. Here, we report the possibility of a mitochondrial targeting sequence and mitochondrial localization of CTSD in cells. Live-cell imaging analysis with C-terminal enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged CTSD (EGFP-CTSD) indicated that CTSD localizes to mitochondria. CTSD amino acids 21-35 are responsible for its mitochondrial localization, which exhibit typical features of mitochondrial targeting sequences, and are evolutionarily conserved. A proteinase K protection assay and sucrose gradient analysis showed that a small population of endogenous CTSD molecules exists in mitochondria. These results suggest that CTSD is a dual-targeted protein that may localize in both lysosomes and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ikari
- Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Arakawa
- Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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17
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Khrouf W, Saracino D, Rucheton B, Houot M, Clot F, Rinaldi D, Vitor J, Huynh M, Heng E, Schlemmer D, Pasquier F, Deramecourt V, Auriacombe S, Azuar C, Levy R, Bombois S, Boutoleau-Brétonnière C, Pariente J, Didic M, Wallon D, Fluchère F, Auvin S, Younes IB, Nadjar Y, Brice A, Dubois B, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Le Ber I, Lamari F, Auriacombe S, Belliard S, Blanc F, Boutoleau-Brétonnière C, Brice A, Ceccaldi M, Couratier P, Didic M, Dubois B, Etcharry-Bouyx F, Formaglio M, Golfier V, Hannequin D, Lacomblez L, Lagarde J, Le Ber I, Levy R, Michel BF, Pariente J, Pasquier F, Rinaldi D, Roué-Jagot C, Sellal F, Thauvin-Robinet C, Thomas-Antérion C, Vercelletto M, Didic M, Girard N, Guedj E, Puel M, Pariente J, Berry I, Payoux P, Vercelletto M, Boutoleau-Brétonnière C, Auffray-Calvier E, Pallardy A, Pasquier F, Deramecourt V, Bombois S, Lebouvier T, Rollin A, Kuchinski G, Hannequin D, Martinaud O, Wallon D, Gerardin E, Vera P, Rinaldi D, Camuzat A, Brice A, Chupin M, Bardinet E, Kas A, Lemercier VC, Masmanian M, Oya H. Plasma lysosphingolipids in GRN-related diseases: Monitoring lysosomal dysfunction to track disease progression. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 181:106108. [PMID: 37003407 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
GRN mutations are among the main genetic causes of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Considering the progranulin involvement in lysosomal homeostasis, we aimed to evaluate if plasma lysosphingolipids (lysoSPL) are increased in GRN mutation carriers, and whether they might represent relevant fluid-based biomarkers in GRN-related diseases. We analyzed four lysoSPL levels in plasmas of 131 GRN carriers and 142 non-carriers, including healthy controls and patients with frontotemporal dementias (FTD) carrying a C9orf72 expansion or without any mutation. GRN carriers consisted of 102 heterozygous FTD patients (FTD-GRN), three homozygous patients with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis-11 (CLN-11) and 26 presymptomatic carriers (PS-GRN), the latter with longitudinal assessments. Glucosylsphingosin d18:1 (LGL1), lysosphingomyelins d18:1 and isoform 509 (LSM18:1, LSM509) and lysoglobotriaosylceramide (LGB3) were measured by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry coupled to ultraperformance liquid chromatography. Levels of LGL1, LSM18:1 and LSM509 were increased in GRN carriers compared to non-carriers (p < 0.0001). No lysoSPL increases were detected in FTD patients without GRN mutations. LGL1 and LSM18:1 progressively increased with age at sampling, and LGL1 with disease duration, in FTD-GRN. Among PS-GRN carriers, LSM18:1 and LGL1 significantly increased over 3.4-year follow-up. LGL1 levels were associated with increasing neurofilaments in presymptomatic carriers. This study evidences an age-dependent increase of β-glucocerebrosidase and acid sphingomyelinase substrates in GRN patients, with progressive changes as early as the presymptomatic phase. Among FTD patients, plasma lysoSPL appear to be uniquely elevated in GRN carriers, and thus might serve as suitable non-invasive disease-tracking biomarkers of progression, specific to the pathophysiological process. Finally, this study might add lysoSPL to the portfolio of fluid-based biomarkers, and pave the way to disease-modifying approaches based on lysosomal function rescue in GRN diseases.
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18
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Saeedi-Boroujeni A, Purrahman D, Shojaeian A, Poniatowski ŁA, Rafiee F, Mahmoudian-Sani MR. Progranulin (PGRN) as a regulator of inflammation and a critical factor in the immunopathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. J Inflamm (Lond) 2023; 20:1. [PMID: 36658641 PMCID: PMC9851114 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-023-00327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune dysregulation has been identified as a critical cause of the most common types of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Notably, the innate and adaptive immune responses under physiological conditions are typically regulated with high sensitivity to avoid the exacerbation of inflammation, but any dysregulation can probably be associated with CVDs. In this respect, progranulin (PGRN) serves as one of the main components of the regulation of inflammatory processes, which significantly contributes to the immunopathogenesis of such disorders. PGRN has been introduced among the secreted growth factors as one related to wound healing, inflammation, and human embryonic development, as well as a wide variety of autoimmune diseases. The relationship between the serum PGRN and TNF-α ratio with the spontaneous bacterial peritonitis constitute one of the independent predictors of these conditions. The full-length PGRN can thus effectively reduce the calcification of valve interstitial cells, and the granulin precursor (GRN), among the degradation products of PGRN, can be beneficial. Moreover, it was observed that, PGRN protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Above all, PGRN also provides protection in the initial phase following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. The protective impact of PGRN on this may be associated with the early activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. PGRN also acts as a protective factor in hyperhomocysteinemia, probably by down-regulating the wingless-related integration site Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Many studies have further demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has dramatically increased the risks of CVDs due to inflammation, so PGRN has drawn much more attention among scholars. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in the inflammation process, and PGRN is one of the key regulators in their functioning, which contributes to the immunomodulatory mechanism in the pathogenesis of CVDs. Therefore, investigation of PGRN actions can help find new prospects in the treatment of CVDs. This review aims to summarize the role of PGRN in the immunopathogenesis of CVD, with an emphasis on its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saeedi-Boroujeni
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Daryush Purrahman
- grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Shojaeian
- grid.411950.80000 0004 0611 9280Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Łukasz A. Poniatowski
- grid.491786.50000 0001 0211 9062Department of Neurosurgery, Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Klinikum, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Rafiee
- grid.469309.10000 0004 0612 8427Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Science, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Mahmoudian-Sani
- grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran ,grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Clinical Research Development Unit, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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19
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Generation and Characterization of Novel iPSC Lines from a Portuguese Family Bearing Heterozygous and Homozygous GRN Mutations. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081905. [PMID: 36009452 PMCID: PMC9405606 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in granulin (GRN) have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). In Portugal, GRN mutations account for around half of all FTLD cases with known genetic origin. Here, we describe the generation and characterization of three human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines from a Portuguese family harboring heterozygous and homozygous GRN mutation. hiPSCs were reprogrammed from human dermal fibroblasts by episomal nucleofection of the Yamanaka factors. The new generated lines were positive for pluripotency markers, could be further differentiated to cells expressing all trilineage markers, and presented a normal karyotype. They were also capable of differentiating into 3D brain organoids and presented a significant decrease in progranulin protein levels. Hence, these cell lines constitute suitable new tools to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with the GRN mutations in the context of FTLD.
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20
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Santos MN, Paushter DH, Zhang T, Wu X, Feng T, Lou J, Du H, Becker SM, Fragoza R, Yu H, Hu F. Progranulin-derived granulin E and lysosome membrane protein CD68 interact to reciprocally regulate their protein homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102348. [PMID: 35933009 PMCID: PMC9450144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a glycoprotein implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases. It is highly expressed in microglia and macrophages and can be secreted or delivered to the lysosome compartment. PGRN comprises 7.5 granulin repeats and is processed into individual granulin peptides within the lysosome, but the functions of these peptides are largely unknown. Here, we identify CD68, a lysosome membrane protein mainly expressed in hematopoietic cells, as a binding partner of PGRN and PGRN-derived granulin E. Deletion analysis of CD68 showed that this interaction is mediated by the mucin–proline-rich domain of CD68. While CD68 deficiency does not affect the lysosomal localization of PGRN, it results in a specific decrease in the levels of granulin E but no other granulin peptides. On the other hand, the deficiency of PGRN, and its derivative granulin peptides, leads to a significant shift in the molecular weight of CD68, without altering CD68 localization within the cell. Our results support that granulin E and CD68 reciprocally regulate each other’s protein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Nunez Santos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Daniel H Paushter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Xiaochun Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Tuancheng Feng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jiaoying Lou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; Department of Gynecology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Huan Du
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Stephanie M Becker
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Robert Fragoza
- Department of Computational Biology, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Haiyuan Yu
- Department of Computational Biology, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Fenghua Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
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21
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Reifschneider A, Robinson S, van Lengerich B, Gnörich J, Logan T, Heindl S, Vogt MA, Weidinger E, Riedl L, Wind K, Zatcepin A, Pesämaa I, Haberl S, Nuscher B, Kleinberger G, Klimmt J, Götzl JK, Liesz A, Bürger K, Brendel M, Levin J, Diehl‐Schmid J, Suh J, Di Paolo G, Lewcock JW, Monroe KM, Paquet D, Capell A, Haass C. Loss of TREM2 rescues hyperactivation of microglia, but not lysosomal deficits and neurotoxicity in models of progranulin deficiency. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109108. [PMID: 35019161 PMCID: PMC8844989 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of the progranulin (PGRN)-encoding gene (GRN) causes frontotemporal lobar degeneration (GRN-FTLD) and results in microglial hyperactivation, TREM2 activation, lysosomal dysfunction, and TDP-43 deposition. To understand the contribution of microglial hyperactivation to pathology, we used genetic and pharmacological approaches to suppress TREM2-dependent transition of microglia from a homeostatic to a disease-associated state. Trem2 deficiency in Grn KO mice reduced microglia hyperactivation. To explore antibody-mediated pharmacological modulation of TREM2-dependent microglial states, we identified antagonistic TREM2 antibodies. Treatment of macrophages from GRN-FTLD patients with these antibodies led to reduced TREM2 signaling due to its enhanced shedding. Furthermore, TREM2 antibody-treated PGRN-deficient microglia derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells showed reduced microglial hyperactivation, TREM2 signaling, and phagocytic activity, but lysosomal dysfunction was not rescued. Similarly, lysosomal dysfunction, lipid dysregulation, and glucose hypometabolism of Grn KO mice were not rescued by TREM2 ablation. Synaptic loss and neurofilament light-chain (NfL) levels, a biomarker for neurodegeneration, were further elevated in the Grn/Trem2 KO cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). These findings suggest that TREM2-dependent microglia hyperactivation in models of GRN deficiency does not promote neurotoxicity, but rather neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Reifschneider
- Division of Metabolic BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineBiomedical Center (BMC)Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Sophie Robinson
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia ResearchUniversity Hospital MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
| | | | - Johannes Gnörich
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
- Department of Nuclear MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Todd Logan
- Denali Therapeutics Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Steffanie Heindl
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia ResearchUniversity Hospital MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | | | - Endy Weidinger
- Department of NeurologyUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Lina Riedl
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapySchool of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Karin Wind
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
- Department of Nuclear MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Artem Zatcepin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
- Department of Nuclear MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Ida Pesämaa
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
| | | | - Brigitte Nuscher
- Division of Metabolic BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineBiomedical Center (BMC)Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | | | - Julien Klimmt
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia ResearchUniversity Hospital MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Julia K Götzl
- Division of Metabolic BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineBiomedical Center (BMC)Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Arthur Liesz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia ResearchUniversity Hospital MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)MunichGermany
| | - Katharina Bürger
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia ResearchUniversity Hospital MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
- Department of Nuclear MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Johannes Levin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
- Department of Nuclear MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Department of NeurologyUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Janine Diehl‐Schmid
- Department of NeurologyUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapySchool of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Jung Suh
- Denali Therapeutics Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | | | | | | | - Dominik Paquet
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia ResearchUniversity Hospital MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)MunichGermany
| | - Anja Capell
- Division of Metabolic BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineBiomedical Center (BMC)Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Christian Haass
- Division of Metabolic BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineBiomedical Center (BMC)Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)MunichGermany
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22
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Zhang T, Du H, Santos MN, Wu X, Pagan MD, Trigiani LJ, Nishimura N, Reinheckel T, Hu F. Differential regulation of progranulin derived granulin peptides. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:15. [PMID: 35120524 PMCID: PMC8815130 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haploinsufficiency of progranulin (PGRN) is a leading cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). PGRN is comprised of 7.5 granulin repeats and is processed into individual granulin peptides in the lysosome. However, very little is known about the levels and regulations of individual granulin peptides due to the lack of specific antibodies. RESULTS Here we report the generation and characterization of antibodies specific to each granulin peptide. We found that the levels of granulins C, E and F are regulated differently compared to granulins A and B in various tissues. The levels of PGRN and granulin peptides vary in different brain regions and the ratio between granulins and PGRN is highest in the cortical region in the adult male mouse brain. Granulin-A is localized in the lysosome in both neurons and microglia and its levels in microglia increase under pathological conditions. Interestingly, the levels of granulin A in microglia change correspondingly with PGRN in response to stroke but not demyelination. Furthermore, deficiency of lysosomal proteases and the PGRN binding partner prosaposin leads to alterations in the ratios between individual granulin peptides. Granulins B, C and E are heavily glycosylated and the glycosylation patterns can be regulated. CONCLUSION Our results support that the levels of individual granulin peptides are differentially regulated under physiological and pathological conditions and provide novel insights into how granulin peptides function in the lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, 345 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Huan Du
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, 345 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Mariela Nunez Santos
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, 345 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Xiaochun Wu
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, 345 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Mitchell D. Pagan
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, 345 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Lianne Jillian Trigiani
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XNancy E. and Peter C. Meining School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Nozomi Nishimura
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XNancy E. and Peter C. Meining School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- grid.5963.9Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fenghua Hu
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, 345 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
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23
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Rhinn H, Tatton N, McCaughey S, Kurnellas M, Rosenthal A. Progranulin as a therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:641-652. [PMID: 35039149 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN, encoded by the GRN gene) plays a key role in the development, survival, function, and maintenance of neurons and microglia in the mammalian brain. It regulates lysosomal biogenesis, inflammation, repair, stress response, and aging. GRN loss-of-function mutations cause neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis or frontotemporal dementia-GRN (FTD-GRN) in a gene dosage-dependent manner. Mutations that reduce PGRN levels increase the risk for developing Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and limbic-predominant age-related transactivation response DNA-binding protein 43 encephalopathy, as well as exacerbate the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and FTD caused by the hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene. Elevating and/or restoring PGRN levels is an attractive therapeutic strategy and is being investigated for neurodegenerative diseases through multiple mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herve Rhinn
- Alector, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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24
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Du H, Zhou X, Feng T, Hu F. Regulation of lysosomal trafficking of progranulin by sortilin and prosaposin. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcab310. [PMID: 35169707 PMCID: PMC8833632 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of the progranulin protein is a leading cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Accumulating evidence support a crucial role of progranulin in the lysosome. Progranulin comprises 7.5 granulin repeats and is known to traffic to lysosomes via direct interactions with prosaposin or sortilin. Within the lysosome, progranulin gets processed into granulin peptides. Here, we report that sortilin and prosaposin independently regulate lysosomal trafficking of progranulin in vivo. The deletion of either prosaposin or sortilin alone results in a significant decrease in the ratio of granulin peptides versus full-length progranulin in mouse brain lysates. This decrease is further augmented by the deficiency of both prosaposin and sortilin. A concomitant increase in the levels of secreted progranulin in the serum was observed. Interestingly, while the deletion of both prosaposin and sortilin totally abolishes lysosomal localization of progranulin in neurons, it has a limited effect on lysosomal trafficking of progranulin in microglia, suggesting the existence of a novel sortilin and prosaposin independent pathway mediating progranulin lysosomal trafficking. In summary, our studies shed light on the regulation of lysosomal trafficking and processing of progranulin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Du
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xiaolai Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tuancheng Feng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Fenghua Hu
- Correspondence to: Fenghua Hu 345 Weill Hall, Ithaca NY 14853, USA E-mail:
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25
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On the cusp of cures: Breakthroughs in Batten disease research. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 72:48-54. [PMID: 34571324 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Batten disease is a family of rare, lysosomal disorders caused by mutations in one of at least 13 genes, which encode a diverse set of lysosomal and extralysosomal proteins. Despite decades of research, the development of effective therapies has remained intractable. But now, the field is experiencing rapid, unprecedented progress on multiple fronts. New tools are providing insights into previously unsolvable problems, with molecular functions now known for nine Batten disease proteins. Protein interactome data are uncovering potential functional overlap between several Batten disease proteins, providing long-sought links between seemingly disparate proteins. Understanding of cellular etiology is elucidating contributions from and interactions between various CNS cell types. Collectively, this explosion in insight is hastening an unparalleled period of therapeutic breakthroughs, with multiple therapies showing great promise in preclinical and clinical studies. The coming years will provide a continuation of this rapid progress, with the promise of effective treatments giving patients hope.
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Mohan S, Sampognaro PJ, Argouarch AR, Maynard JC, Welch M, Patwardhan A, Courtney EC, Zhang J, Mason A, Li KH, Huang EJ, Seeley WW, Miller BL, Burlingame A, Jacobson MP, Kao AW. Processing of progranulin into granulins involves multiple lysosomal proteases and is affected in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:51. [PMID: 34344440 PMCID: PMC8330050 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Progranulin loss-of-function mutations are linked to frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 positive inclusions (FTLD-TDP-Pgrn). Progranulin (PGRN) is an intracellular and secreted pro-protein that is proteolytically cleaved into individual granulin peptides, which are increasingly thought to contribute to FTLD-TDP-Pgrn disease pathophysiology. Intracellular PGRN is processed into granulins in the endo-lysosomal compartments. Therefore, to better understand the conversion of intracellular PGRN into granulins, we systematically tested the ability of different classes of endo-lysosomal proteases to process PGRN at a range of pH setpoints. Results In vitro cleavage assays identified multiple enzymes that can process human PGRN into multi- and single-granulin fragments in a pH-dependent manner. We confirmed the role of cathepsin B and cathepsin L in PGRN processing and showed that these and several previously unidentified lysosomal proteases (cathepsins E, G, K, S and V) are able to process PGRN in distinctive, pH-dependent manners. In addition, we have demonstrated a new role for asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) in processing PGRN, with AEP having the unique ability to liberate granulin F from the pro-protein. Brain tissue from individuals with FTLD-TDP-Pgrn showed increased PGRN processing to granulin F and increased AEP activity in degenerating brain regions but not in regions unaffected by disease. Conclusions This study demonstrates that multiple lysosomal proteases may work in concert to liberate multi-granulin fragments and granulins. It also implicates both AEP and granulin F in the neurobiology of FTLD-TDP-Pgrn. Modulating progranulin cleavage and granulin production may represent therapeutic strategies for FTLD-Pgrn and other progranulin-related diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13024-021-00472-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Mohan
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Paul J Sampognaro
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Andrea R Argouarch
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Jason C Maynard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Mackenzie Welch
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Anand Patwardhan
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Emma C Courtney
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Jiasheng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Amanda Mason
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Kathy H Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Alma Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Mathew P Jacobson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Aimee W Kao
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA.
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Davis SE, Roth JR, Aljabi Q, Hakim AR, Savell KE, Day JJ, Arrant AE. Delivering progranulin to neuronal lysosomes protects against excitotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100993. [PMID: 34298019 PMCID: PMC8379502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in progranulin (GRN) are a major genetic cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), possibly due to loss of progranulin’s neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory effects. Progranulin promotes neuronal growth and protects against excitotoxicity and other forms of injury. It is unclear if these neurotrophic effects are mediated through cellular signaling or through promotion of lysosomal function. Progranulin is a secreted proprotein that may activate neurotrophic signaling through cell-surface receptors. However, progranulin is efficiently trafficked to lysosomes and is necessary for maintaining lysosomal function. To determine which of these mechanisms mediates progranulin’s protection against excitotoxicity, we generated lentiviral vectors expressing progranulin (PGRN) or lysosome-targeted progranulin (L-PGRN). L-PGRN was generated by fusing the LAMP-1 transmembrane and cytosolic domains to the C-terminus of progranulin. L-PGRN exhibited no detectable secretion, but was delivered to lysosomes and processed into granulins. PGRN and L-PGRN protected against NMDA excitotoxicity in rat primary cortical neurons, but L-PGRN had more consistent protective effects than PGRN. L-PGRN’s protective effects were likely mediated through the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. In control neurons, an excitotoxic dose of NMDA stimulated autophagy, and inhibiting autophagy with 3-methyladenine reduced excitotoxic cell death. L-PGRN blunted the autophagic response to NMDA and occluded the protective effect of 3-methyladenine. This was not due to a general impairment of autophagy, as L-PGRN increased basal autophagy and did not alter autophagy after nutrient starvation. These data show that progranulin’s protection against excitotoxicity does not require extracellular progranulin, but is mediated through lysosomes, providing a mechanistic link between progranulin’s lysosomal and neurotrophic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skylar E Davis
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jonathan R Roth
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Qays Aljabi
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ahmad R Hakim
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Katherine E Savell
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeremy J Day
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Andrew E Arrant
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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Du H, Wong MY, Zhang T, Santos MN, Hsu C, Zhang J, Yu H, Luo W, Hu F. A multifaceted role of progranulin in regulating amyloid-beta dynamics and responses. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:e202000874. [PMID: 34103390 PMCID: PMC8200295 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of progranulin (PGRN) is a leading cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). PGRN polymorphisms are associated with Alzheimer's disease. PGRN is highly expressed in the microglia near Aβ plaques and influences plaque dynamics and microglial activation. However, the detailed mechanisms remain elusive. Here we report that PGRN deficiency reduces human APP and Aβ levels in the young male but not female mice. PGRN-deficient microglia exhibit increased expression of markers associated with microglial activation, including CD68, galectin-3, TREM2, and GPNMB, specifically near Aβ plaques. In addition, PGRN loss leads to up-regulation of lysosome proteins and an increase in the nuclear localization of TFE3, a transcription factor involved in lysosome biogenesis. Cultured PGRN-deficient microglia show enhanced nuclear translocation of TFE3 and inflammation in response to Aβ fibril treatment. Taken together, our data revealed a sex- and age-dependent effect of PGRN on APP metabolism and a role of PGRN in regulating lysosomal activities and inflammation in plaque-associated microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Du
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Man Ying Wong
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Mariela Nunez Santos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Charlene Hsu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Junke Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Haiyuan Yu
- Department of Computational Biology, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Wenjie Luo
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fenghua Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Cathepsin D-Managing the Delicate Balance. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060837. [PMID: 34198733 PMCID: PMC8229105 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal proteases play a crucial role in maintaining cell homeostasis. Human cathepsin D manages protein turnover degrading misfolded and aggregated proteins and favors apoptosis in the case of proteostasis disruption. However, when cathepsin D regulation is affected, it can contribute to numerous disorders. The down-regulation of human cathepsin D is associated with neurodegenerative disorders, such as neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. On the other hand, its excessive levels outside lysosomes and the cell membrane lead to tumor growth, migration, invasion and angiogenesis. Therefore, targeting cathepsin D could provide significant diagnostic benefits and new avenues of therapy. Herein, we provide a brief overview of cathepsin D structure, regulation, function, and its role in the progression of many diseases and the therapeutic potentialities of natural and synthetic inhibitors and activators of this protease.
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30
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Wang XM, Zeng P, Fang YY, Zhang T, Tian Q. Progranulin in neurodegenerative dementia. J Neurochem 2021; 158:119-137. [PMID: 33930186 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Long-term or severe lack of protective factors is important in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative dementia. Progranulin (PGRN), a neurotrophic factor expressed mainly in neurons and microglia, has various neuroprotective effects such as anti-inflammatory effects, promoting neuron survival and neurite growth, and participating in normal lysosomal function. Mutations in the PGRN gene (GRN) have been found in several neurodegenerative dementias, including frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein, PGRN deficiency and PGRN hydrolytic products (GRNs) in the pathological changes related to dementia, including aggregation of tau and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), amyloid-β (Aβ) overproduction, neuroinflammation, lysosomal dysfunction, neuronal death, and synaptic deficit have been summarized. Furthermore, as some therapeutic strategies targeting PGRN have been developed in various models, we highlighted PGRN as a potential anti-neurodegeneration target in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying-Yan Fang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine, Huangshi, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanxian Central Hospital, The Affiliated Huxi Hospital of Jining Medical College, Heze, China
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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31
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies have reported an inverse correlation between cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, and increasing evidence shows that similar genes and pathways are dysregulated in both diseases but in a contrasting manner. Given the genetic convergence of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), a family of rare neurodegenerative disorders commonly known as Batten disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases, we sought to explore the relationship between cancer and the NCLs. In this review, we survey data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and available literature on the roles of NCL genes in different oncogenic processes to reveal links between all the NCL genes and cancer-related processes. We also discuss the potential contributions of NCL genes to cancer immunology. Based on our findings, we propose that further research on the relationship between cancer and the NCLs may help shed light on the roles of NCL genes in both diseases and possibly guide therapy development.
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32
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Human progranulin-expressing mice as a novel tool for the development of progranulin-modulating therapeutics. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 153:105314. [PMID: 33636385 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The granulin protein (also known as, and hereafter referred to as, progranulin) is a secreted glycoprotein that contributes to overall brain health. Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the progranulin protein (Granulin Precursor, GRN) are a common cause of familial frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Gene therapy approaches that aim to increase progranulin expression from a single wild-type allele, an area of active investigation for the potential treatment of GRN-dependent FTD, will benefit from the availability of a mouse model that expresses a genomic copy of the human GRN gene. Here we report the development and characterization of a novel mouse model that expresses the entire human GRN gene in its native genomic context as a single copy inserted into a defined locus (Hprt) in the mouse genome. We show that human and mouse progranulin are expressed in a similar tissue-specific pattern, suggesting that the two genes are regulated by similar mechanisms. Human progranulin rescues a phenotype characteristic of progranulin-null mice, the exaggerated and early deposition of the aging pigment lipofuscin in the brain, indicating that the two proteins are functionally similar. Longitudinal behavioural and neuropathological analyses revealed no significant differences between wild-type and human progranulin-overexpressing mice up to 18 months of age, providing evidence that long-term increase of progranulin levels is well tolerated in mice. Finally, we demonstrate that human progranulin expression can be increased in the brain using an antisense oligonucleotide that inhibits a known GRN-regulating micro-RNA, demonstrating that the transgene is responsive to potential gene therapy drugs. Human progranulin-expressing mice represent a novel and valuable tool to expedite the development of progranulin-modulating therapeutics.
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33
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Liu C, Li J, Shi W, Zhang L, Liu S, Lian Y, Liang S, Wang H. Progranulin Regulates Inflammation and Tumor. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2021; 19:88-102. [PMID: 31339079 PMCID: PMC7475802 DOI: 10.2174/1871523018666190724124214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) mediates cell cycle progression and cell motility as a pleiotropic growth factor and acts as a universal regulator of cell growth, migration and transformation, cell cycle, wound healing, tumorigenesis, and cytotoxic drug resistance as a secreted glycoprotein. PGRN overexpression can induce the secretion of many inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-8, -6,-10, TNF-α. At the same time, this protein can promote tumor proliferation and the occurrence and development of many related diseases such as gastric cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, renal injury, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammatory, human atherosclerotic plaque, hepatocarcinoma, acute kidney injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. In short, PGRN plays a very critical role in injury repair and tumorigenesis, it provides a new direction for succeeding research and serves as a target for clinical diagnosis and treatment, thus warranting further investigation. Here, we discuss the potential therapeutic utility and the effect of PGRN on the relationship between inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Liu
- Pathogenic Microbiology, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Pathogenic Microbiology, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Wenjing Shi
- Department of Gynecology, Weifang Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261031, China
| | - Liujia Zhang
- Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Yingcong Lian
- Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Shujuan Liang
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Pathogenic Microbiology, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
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Zhou X, Kukar T, Rademakers R. Lysosomal Dysfunction and Other Pathomechanisms in FTLD: Evidence from Progranulin Genetics and Biology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1281:219-242. [PMID: 33433878 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51140-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been more than a decade since heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) were first identified as an important genetic cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Due to the highly diverse biological functions of the progranulin (PGRN) protein, encoded by GRN, multiple possible disease mechanisms have been proposed. Early work focused on the neurotrophic properties of PGRN and its role in the inflammatory response. However, since the discovery of homozygous GRN mutations in patients with a lysosomal storage disorder, investigation into the possible roles of PGRN and its proteolytic cleavage products granulins, in lysosomal function and dysfunction, has taken center stage. In this chapter, we summarize the GRN mutational spectrum and its associated phenotypes followed by an in-depth discussion on the possible disease mechanisms implicated in FTLD-GRN. We conclude with key outstanding questions which urgently require answers to ensure safe and successful therapy development for GRN mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolai Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas Kukar
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
- VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp-CDE, Antwerp, Belgium.
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35
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Gururaj S, Sampognaro PJ, Argouarch AR, Kao AW. Progranulin Adsorbs to Polypropylene Tubes and Disrupts Functional Assays: Implications for Research, Biomarker Studies, and Therapeutics. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:602235. [PMID: 33381010 PMCID: PMC7768044 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.602235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a tightly regulated, secreted glycoprotein involved in a wide range of biological processes that is of tremendous interest to the scientific community due to its involvement in neoplastic, neurodevelopmental, and neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, progranulin haploinsufficiency leads to frontotemporal dementia. While performing experiments with a HIS-tagged recombinant human (rh) PGRN protein, we observed a measurable depletion of protein from solution due to its adsorption onto polypropylene (PPE) microcentrifuge tubes. In this study, we have quantified the extent of rhPGRN adsorption to PPE tubes while varying experimental conditions, including incubation time and temperature. We found that ∼25–35% of rhPGRN becomes adsorbed to the surface of PPE tubes even after a short incubation period. We then directly showed the deleterious impact of PGRN adsorption in functional assays and have recommended alternative labware to minimize these effects. Although the risk of adsorption of some purified proteins and peptides to polymer plastics has been characterized previously, this is the first report of rhPGRN adsorption. Moreover, since PGRN is currently being studied and utilized in both basic science laboratories to perform in vitro studies and translational laboratories to survey PGRN as a quantitative dementia biomarker and potential replacement therapy, the reported observations here are broadly impactful and will likely significantly affect the design and interpretation of future experiments centered on progranulin biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmitha Gururaj
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Paul J Sampognaro
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Andrea R Argouarch
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Aimee W Kao
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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36
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VPS10P Domain Receptors: Sorting Out Brain Health and Disease. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:870-885. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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37
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Carey KL, Paulus GLC, Wang L, Balce DR, Luo JW, Bergman P, Ferder IC, Kong L, Renaud N, Singh S, Kost-Alimova M, Nyfeler B, Lassen KG, Virgin HW, Xavier RJ. TFEB Transcriptional Responses Reveal Negative Feedback by BHLHE40 and BHLHE41. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108371. [PMID: 33176151 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor EB (TFEB) activates lysosomal biogenesis genes in response to environmental cues. Given implications of impaired TFEB signaling and lysosomal dysfunction in metabolic, neurological, and infectious diseases, we aim to systematically identify TFEB-directed circuits by examining transcriptional responses to TFEB subcellular localization and stimulation. We reveal that steady-state nuclear TFEB is sufficient to activate transcription of lysosomal, autophagy, and innate immunity genes, whereas other targets require higher thresholds of stimulation. Furthermore, we identify shared and distinct transcriptional signatures between mTOR inhibition and bacterial autophagy. Using a genome-wide CRISPR library, we find TFEB targets that protect cells from or sensitize cells to lysosomal cell death. BHLHE40 and BHLHE41, genes responsive to high, sustained levels of nuclear TFEB, act in opposition to TFEB upon lysosomal cell death induction. Further investigation identifies genes counter-regulated by TFEB and BHLHE40/41, adding this negative feedback to the current understanding of TFEB regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Carey
- Immunology Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Geraldine L C Paulus
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lingfei Wang
- Immunology Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dale R Balce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jessica W Luo
- Immunology Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Phil Bergman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ianina C Ferder
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lingjia Kong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nicole Renaud
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shantanu Singh
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Maria Kost-Alimova
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Beat Nyfeler
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kara G Lassen
- Immunology Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Immunology Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Modelling frontotemporal dementia using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 109:103553. [PMID: 32956830 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) describes a group of clinically heterogeneous conditions that frequently affect people under the age of 65 (Le Ber et al., 2013). There are multiple genetic causes of FTD, including coding or splice-site mutations in MAPT, GRN mutations that lead to haploinsufficiency of progranulin protein, and a hexanucleotide GGGGCC repeat expansion in C9ORF72. Pathologically, FTD is characterised by abnormal protein accumulations in neurons and glia. These aggregates can be composed of the microtubule-associated protein tau (observed in FTD with MAPT mutations), the DNA/RNA-binding protein TDP-43 (seen in FTD with mutations in GRN or C9ORF72 repeat expansions) or dipeptide proteins generated by repeat associated non-ATG translation of the C9ORF72 repeat expansion. There are currently no disease-modifying therapies for FTD and the availability of in vitro models that recapitulate pathologies in a disease-relevant cell type would accelerate the development of novel therapeutics. It is now possible to generate patient-specific stem cells through the reprogramming of somatic cells from a patient with a genotype/phenotype of interest into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). iPSCs can subsequently be differentiated into a plethora of cell types including neurons, astrocytes and microglia. Using this approach has allowed researchers to generate in vitro models of genetic FTD in human cell types that are largely inaccessible during life. In this review we explore the recent progress in the use of iPSCs to model FTD, and consider the merits, limitations and future prospects of this approach.
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Tayebi N, Lopez G, Do J, Sidransky E. Pro-cathepsin D, Prosaposin, and Progranulin: Lysosomal Networks in Parkinsonism. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:913-923. [PMID: 32948448 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in GBA1, the gene encoding the lysosomal hydrolase glucocerebrosidase (GCase), are a risk factor for parkinsonism. Pursuing the potential mechanisms underlying this risk in aging neurons, we propose a new network uniting three major lysosomal proteins: (i) cathepsin D (CTSD), which plays a major role in α-synuclein (SNCA) degradation and prosaposin (PSAP) cleavage; (ii) PSAP, essential for GCase activation and progranulin (PGRN) transport; and (iii) PGRN, impacting lysosomal biogenesis, PSAP trafficking, and CTSD maturation. We hypothesize that alterations to this network and associated receptors modify lysosomal function and subsequently impact both SNCA degradation and GCase activity. By exploring the interactions between this protein trio and each of their respective transporters and receptors, we may identify secondary risk factors that provide insight into the relationship between these lysosomal proteins, GCase, and SNCA, and reveal novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Tayebi
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genetics Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Grisel Lopez
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genetics Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jenny Do
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genetics Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genetics Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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40
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Telpoukhovskaia MA, Liu K, Sayed FA, Etchegaray JI, Xie M, Zhan L, Li Y, Zhou Y, Le D, Bahr BA, Bogyo M, Ding S, Gan L. Discovery of small molecules that normalize the transcriptome and enhance cysteine cathepsin activity in progranulin-deficient microglia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13688. [PMID: 32792571 PMCID: PMC7426857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) resulting from granulin (GRN) haploinsufficiency have reduced levels of progranulin and exhibit dysregulation in inflammatory and lysosomal networks. Microglia produce high levels of progranulin, and reduction of progranulin in microglia alone is sufficient to recapitulate inflammation, lysosomal dysfunction, and hyperproliferation in a cell-autonomous manner. Therefore, targeting microglial dysfunction caused by progranulin insufficiency represents a potential therapeutic strategy to manage neurodegeneration in FTD. Limitations of current progranulin-enhancing strategies necessitate the discovery of new targets. To identify compounds that can reverse microglial defects in Grn-deficient mouse microglia, we performed a compound screen coupled with high throughput sequencing to assess key transcriptional changes in inflammatory and lysosomal pathways. Positive hits from this initial screen were then further narrowed down based on their ability to rescue cathepsin activity, a critical biochemical readout of lysosomal capacity. The screen identified nor-binaltorphimine dihydrochloride (nor-BNI) and dibutyryl-cAMP, sodium salt (DB-cAMP) as two phenotypic modulators of progranulin deficiency. In addition, nor-BNI and DB-cAMP also rescued cell cycle abnormalities in progranulin-deficient cells. These data highlight the potential of a transcription-based platform for drug screening, and advance two novel lead compounds for FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Telpoukhovskaia
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Kai Liu
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Faten A Sayed
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | | | - Min Xie
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Lihong Zhan
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Yaqiao Li
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Yungui Zhou
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - David Le
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Ben A Bahr
- Biotechnology Research and Training Center, University of North Carolina At Pembroke, Pembroke, NC, 28372, USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sheng Ding
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Li Gan
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. .,Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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41
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Feng T, Mai S, Roscoe JM, Sheng RR, Ullah M, Zhang J, Katz II, Yu H, Xiong W, Hu F. Loss of TMEM106B and PGRN leads to severe lysosomal abnormalities and neurodegeneration in mice. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50219. [PMID: 32852886 PMCID: PMC7534636 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of progranulin (PGRN) is a leading cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Loss of PGRN leads to lysosome dysfunction during aging. TMEM106B, a gene encoding a lysosomal membrane protein, is the main risk factor for FTLD with PGRN haploinsufficiency. But how TMEM106B affects FTLD disease progression remains to be determined. Here, we report that TMEM106B deficiency in mice leads to accumulation of lysosome vacuoles at the distal end of the axon initial segment in motor neurons and the development of FTLD‐related pathology during aging. Ablation of both PGRN and TMEM106B in mice results in severe neuronal loss and glial activation in the spinal cord, retina, and brain. Enlarged lysosomes are frequently found in both microglia and astrocytes. Loss of both PGRN and TMEM106B results in an increased accumulation of lysosomal vacuoles in the axon initial segment of motor neurons and enhances the manifestation of FTLD phenotypes with a much earlier onset. These results provide novel insights into the role of TMEM106B in the lysosome, in brain aging, and in FTLD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuancheng Feng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shuyi Mai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jenn Marie Roscoe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rory R Sheng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Mohammed Ullah
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Junke Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Isabel Iscol Katz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Haiyuan Yu
- Department of Computational Biology, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Wenjun Xiong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fenghua Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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42
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Frew J, Baradaran-Heravi A, Balgi AD, Wu X, Yan TD, Arns S, Shidmoossavee FS, Tan J, Jaquith JB, Jansen-West KR, Lynn FC, Gao FB, Petrucelli L, Feldman HH, Mackenzie IR, Roberge M, Nygaard HB. Premature termination codon readthrough upregulates progranulin expression and improves lysosomal function in preclinical models of GRN deficiency. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:21. [PMID: 32178712 PMCID: PMC7075020 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a devastating and progressive disorder, and a common cause of early onset dementia. Progranulin (PGRN) haploinsufficiency due to autosomal dominant mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) is an important cause of FTLD (FTLD-GRN), and nearly a quarter of these genetic cases are due to a nonsense mutation. Premature termination codons (PTC) can be therapeutically targeted by compounds allowing readthrough, and aminoglycoside antibiotics are known to be potent PTC readthrough drugs. Restoring endogenous PGRN through PTC readthrough has not previously been explored as a therapeutic intervention in FTLD. Methods We studied whether the aminoglycoside G418 could increase PGRN expression in HEK293 and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons bearing the heterozygous S116X, R418X, and R493X pathogenic GRN nonsense mutations. We further tested a novel substituted phthalimide PTC readthrough enhancer in combination with G418 in our cellular models. We next generated a homozygous R493X knock-in hiPSC isogenic line (R493X−/− KI), assessing whether combination treatment in hiPSC-derived neurons and astrocytes could increase PGRN and ameliorate lysosomal dysfunction relevant to FTLD-GRN. To provide in vivo proof-of-concept of our approach, we measured brain PGRN after intracerebroventricular administration of G418 in mice expressing the V5-tagged GRN nonsense mutation R493X. Results The R418X and R493X mutant GRN cell lines responded to PTC readthrough with G418, and treatments increased PGRN levels in R493X−/− KI hiPSC-derived neurons and astrocytes. Combining G418 with a PTC readthrough enhancer increased PGRN levels over G418 treatment alone in vitro. PGRN deficiency has been shown to impair lysosomal function, and the mature form of the lysosomal protease cathepsin D is overexpressed in R493X−/− KI neurons. Increasing PGRN through G418-mediated PTC readthrough normalized this abnormal lysosomal phenotype in R493X−/− KI neuronal cultures. A single intracerebroventricular injection of G418 induced GRN PTC readthrough in 6-week-old AAV-GRN-R493X-V5 mice. Conclusions Taken together, our findings suggest that PTC readthrough may be a potential therapeutic strategy for FTLD caused by GRN nonsense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Frew
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alireza Baradaran-Heravi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aruna D Balgi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xiujuan Wu
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tyler D Yan
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steve Arns
- adMare BioInnovations, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Jason Tan
- adMare BioInnovations, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Francis C Lynn
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fen-Biao Gao
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Howard H Feldman
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ian R Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michel Roberge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Haakon B Nygaard
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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43
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Arrant AE, Roth JR, Boyle NR, Kashyap SN, Hoffmann MQ, Murchison CF, Ramos EM, Nana AL, Spina S, Grinberg LT, Miller BL, Seeley WW, Roberson ED. Impaired β-glucocerebrosidase activity and processing in frontotemporal dementia due to progranulin mutations. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:218. [PMID: 31870439 PMCID: PMC6929503 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0872-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in progranulin (GRN) are a major autosomal dominant cause of frontotemporal dementia. Most pathogenic GRN mutations result in progranulin haploinsufficiency, which is thought to cause frontotemporal dementia in GRN mutation carriers. Progranulin haploinsufficiency may drive frontotemporal dementia pathogenesis by disrupting lysosomal function, as patients with GRN mutations on both alleles develop the lysosomal storage disorder neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, and frontotemporal dementia patients with GRN mutations (FTD-GRN) also accumulate lipofuscin. The specific lysosomal deficits caused by progranulin insufficiency remain unclear, but emerging data indicate that progranulin insufficiency may impair lysosomal sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes. We investigated the effects of progranulin insufficiency on sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes in the inferior frontal gyrus of FTD-GRN patients using fluorogenic activity assays, biochemical profiling of enzyme levels and posttranslational modifications, and quantitative neuropathology. Of the enzymes studied, only β-glucocerebrosidase exhibited impairment in FTD-GRN patients. Brains from FTD-GRN patients had lower activity than controls, which was associated with lower levels of mature β-glucocerebrosidase protein and accumulation of insoluble, incompletely glycosylated β-glucocerebrosidase. Immunostaining revealed loss of neuronal β-glucocerebrosidase in FTD-GRN patients. To investigate the effects of progranulin insufficiency on β-glucocerebrosidase outside of the context of neurodegeneration, we investigated β-glucocerebrosidase activity in progranulin-insufficient mice. Brains from Grn-/- mice had lower β-glucocerebrosidase activity than wild-type littermates, which was corrected by AAV-progranulin gene therapy. These data show that progranulin insufficiency impairs β-glucocerebrosidase activity in the brain. This effect is strongest in neurons and may be caused by impaired β-glucocerebrosidase processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Arrant
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- , 1825 University Blvd., SHEL 1106, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Jonathan R Roth
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nicholas R Boyle
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shreya N Kashyap
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Madelyn Q Hoffmann
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Charles F Murchison
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Eliana Marisa Ramos
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alissa L Nana
- Department of Neurology, Memory & Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Salvatore Spina
- Department of Neurology, Memory & Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Neurology, Memory & Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, Memory & Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Neurology, Memory & Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- , 1825 University Blvd., SHEL 1110, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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44
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Butler VJ, Gao F, Corrales CI, Cortopassi WA, Caballero B, Vohra M, Ashrafi K, Cuervo AM, Jacobson MP, Coppola G, Kao AW. Age- and stress-associated C. elegans granulins impair lysosomal function and induce a compensatory HLH-30/TFEB transcriptional response. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008295. [PMID: 31398187 PMCID: PMC6703691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The progressive failure of protein homeostasis is a hallmark of aging and a common feature in neurodegenerative disease. As the enzymes executing the final stages of autophagy, lysosomal proteases are key contributors to the maintenance of protein homeostasis with age. We previously reported that expression of granulin peptides, the cleavage products of the neurodegenerative disease protein progranulin, enhance the accumulation and toxicity of TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). In this study we show that C. elegans granulins are produced in an age- and stress-dependent manner. Granulins localize to the endolysosomal compartment where they impair lysosomal protease expression and activity. Consequently, protein homeostasis is disrupted, promoting the nuclear translocation of the lysosomal transcription factor HLH-30/TFEB, and prompting cells to activate a compensatory transcriptional program. The three C. elegans granulin peptides exhibited distinct but overlapping functional effects in our assays, which may be due to amino acid composition that results in distinct electrostatic and hydrophobicity profiles. Our results support a model in which granulin production modulates a critical transition between the normal, physiological regulation of protease activity and the impairment of lysosomal function that can occur with age and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J. Butler
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Fuying Gao
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christian I. Corrales
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Wilian A. Cortopassi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Caballero
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mihir Vohra
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kaveh Ashrafi
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew P. Jacobson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Aimee W. Kao
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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45
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Butler VJ, Cortopassi WA, Gururaj S, Wang AL, Pierce OM, Jacobson MP, Kao AW. Multi-Granulin Domain Peptides Bind to Pro-Cathepsin D and Stimulate Its Enzymatic Activity More Effectively Than Progranulin in Vitro. Biochemistry 2019; 58:2670-2674. [PMID: 31099551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is an evolutionarily conserved glycoprotein associated with several disease states, including neurodegeneration, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. This protein has recently been implicated in the regulation of lysosome function, whereby PGRN may bind to and promote the maturation and activity of the aspartyl protease cathepsin D (proCTSD, inactive precursor; matCTSD, mature, enzymatically active form). As the full-length PGRN protein can be cleaved into smaller peptides, called granulins, we assessed the function of these granulin peptides in binding to proCTSD and stimulating matCTSD enzyme activity in vitro. Here, we report that full-length PGRN and multi-granulin domain peptides bound to proCTSD with low to submicromolar binding affinities. This binding promoted proCTSD destabilization, the magnitude of which was greater for multi-granulin domain peptides than for full-length PGRN. Such destabilization correlated with enhanced matCTSD activity at acidic pH. The presence and function of multi-granulin domain peptides have typically been overlooked in previous studies. This work provides the first in vitro quantification of their binding and activity on proCTSD. Our study highlights the significance of multi-granulin domain peptides in the regulation of proCTSD maturation and enzymatic activity and suggests that attention to PGRN processing will be essential for the future understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to neurodegenerative disease states with loss-of-function mutations in PGRN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Butler
- Department of Neurology , University of California , San Francisco , California 94143 , United States
| | - Wilian A Cortopassi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of California , San Francisco , California 94143 , United States
| | - Sushmitha Gururaj
- Department of Neurology , University of California , San Francisco , California 94143 , United States
| | - Austin L Wang
- Department of Neurology , University of California , San Francisco , California 94143 , United States
| | - Olivia M Pierce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of California , San Francisco , California 94143 , United States
| | - Matthew P Jacobson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of California , San Francisco , California 94143 , United States
| | - Aimee W Kao
- Department of Neurology , University of California , San Francisco , California 94143 , United States
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