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Pavlova I, Ruda-Kucerova J. Brain metabolic derangements examined using 1H MRS and their (in)consistency among different rodent models of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 127:110808. [PMID: 37301420 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is underlined by neurochemical changes in the brain. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) is a useful tool for their examination as it provides information about the levels of metabolites. This review summarises the current knowledge of 1H MRS findings from rodent models of MDD, assesses the results from both a biological and a technical perspective, and identifies the main sources of bias. From a technical point of view, bias-introducing factors are the diversity of the measured volumes and their positioning in the brain, the data processing, and the metabolite concentration expression. The biological variables are strain, sex, and species, as well as the model itself, and in vivo vs. ex vivo exploration. This review identified some consistency in the 1H MRS findings in the models of MDD: lower levels of glutamine, glutamate + glutamine, and higher levels of myo-inositol and taurine in most of the brain regions of MDD models. This may suggest changes in regional metabolism, neuronal dysregulation, inflammation, and a compensatory effect reaction in the MDD rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Pavlova
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Ruda-Kucerova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Kochalska K, Oakden W, Słowik T, Chudzik A, Pankowska A, Łazorczyk A, Kozioł P, Andres-Mach M, Pietura R, Rola R, Stanisz GJ, Orzylowska A. Dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB-1 restores brain neurochemical balance and mitigates the progression of mood disorder in a rat model of chronic unpredictable mild stress. Nutr Res 2020; 82:44-57. [PMID: 32961399 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a stress-related disease associated with brain metabolic dysregulation in the glutamine-glutamate/γ-aminobutyric acid (Gln-Glu/GABA) cycle. Recent studies have demonstrated that microbiome-gut-brain interactions have the potential to influence mental health. The hypothesis of this study was that Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB-1 (LR-JB1™) dietary supplementation has a positive impact on neuro-metabolism which can be quantified in vivo using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). A rat model of depressive-like disorder, chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), was used. Baseline comparisons of MRS and behavior were obtained in a control group and in a stressed group subjected to CUMS. Of the 22 metabolites measured using MRS, stressed rats had significantly lower concentrations of GABA, glutamate, glutamine + glutathione, glutamate + glutamine, total creatine, and total N-acetylaspartate (tNAA). Stressed rats were then separated into 2 groups and supplemented with either LR-JB1™ or placebo and re-evaluated after 4 weeks of continued CUMS. The LR-JB1™ microbiotic diet restored these metabolites to levels previously observed in controls, while the placebo diet resulted in further significant decrease of glutamate, total choline, and tNAA. LR-JB1™ treated animals also exhibited calmer and more relaxed behavior, as compared with placebo treated animals. In summary, significant cerebral biochemical downregulation of major brain metabolites following prolonged stress were measured in vivo using MRS, and these decreases were reversed using a microbiotic dietary supplement of LR-JB1™, even in the presence of continued stress, which also resulted in a reduction of stress-induced behavior in a rat model of depressive-like disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy Oakden
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tymoteusz Słowik
- Center of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Chudzik
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Pankowska
- Department of Radiography, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Artur Łazorczyk
- Department of Radiography, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paulina Kozioł
- Department of Radiography, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Andres-Mach
- Isobolographic Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Radosław Pietura
- Department of Radiography, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Radosław Rola
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Greg J Stanisz
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Orzylowska
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
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Zavorotnyy M, Zöllner R, Rekate H, Dietsche P, Bopp M, Sommer J, Meller T, Krug A, Nenadić I. Intermittent theta-burst stimulation moderates interaction between increment of N-Acetyl-Aspartate in anterior cingulate and improvement of unipolar depression. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:943-952. [PMID: 32380445 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS), a novel repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) technique, appears to have antidepressant effects when applied over left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). However, its underlying neurobiological mechanisms are unclear. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) provides in vivo measurements of cerebral metabolites altered in major depressive disorder (MDD) like N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) and choline-containing compounds (Cho). We used MRS to analyse effects of iTBS on the associations between the shifts in the NAA and Cho levels during therapy and MDD improvement. METHODS In-patients with unipolar MDD (N = 57), in addition to treatment as usual, were randomized to receive 20 iTBS or sham stimulations applied over left DLPFC over four weeks. Single-voxel 1H-MRS of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was performed at baseline and follow-up. Increments of concentrations, as well as MDD improvement, were defined as endpoints. We tested a moderated mediation model of effects using the PROCESS macro (an observed variable ordinary least squares and logistic regression path analysis modeling tool) for SPSS. RESULTS Improvement of depressive symptoms was significantly associated with decrease of Cho/NAA ratio, mediated by NAA. iTBS had a significant moderating effect enhancing the relationship between NAA change and depression improvement. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a potential neurochemical pathway and mechanisms of antidepressant action of iTBS, which may moderate the improvement of metabolic markers of neuronal viability. iTBS might increase neuroplasticity, thus facilitating normalization of neuronal circuit function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Zavorotnyy
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Services Aargau, Academic Hospital of the University of Zurich, Brugg, Switzerland; Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, MCMBB, University of Marburg, Germany.
| | - Rebecca Zöllner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany; Health Protection Authority, Frankfurt, Main, Germany
| | - Henning Rekate
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Dietsche
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Bopp
- Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, MCMBB, University of Marburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Jens Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany; Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, MCMBB, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Tina Meller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany; Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, MCMBB, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Axel Krug
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Igor Nenadić
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany; Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, MCMBB, University of Marburg, Germany
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Rosique C, Lebsir D, Lestaevel P, Benatia S, Guigon P, Caire-Maurisier F, Benderitter M, Bennouna D, Souidi M, Martin JC. Assessment of the effects of repeated doses of potassium iodide intake during pregnancy on male and female rat offspring using metabolomics and lipidomics. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2019; 82:603-615. [PMID: 31179882 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1625474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Preparedness for nuclear accident responsiveness includes interventions to protect pregnancies against prolonged exposure to radioactive iodine. The aim of this study was to investigate a new design consisting of repeated administration of potassium iodide (KI, 1 mg/kg) for 8 days in late pregnancy gestational day 9-16 (GD9-GD16) in rats. The later-life effects of this early-life iodine thyroid blocking (ITB) strategy were assessed in offspring two months afterbirth. Functional behavioral tests including forced swimming test (FST) and rotarod test (RRT) in rats of both genders showed lower FST performance in KI-treated females and lower RRT performance in KI-treated male pups. This performance decline was associated with metabolic disruptions in cortex involving amino acid metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, as well as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) lipids and signaling lipids in males and females. Beyond these behavior-associated metabolic changes, a portion of the captured metabolome (17-25%) and lipidome (3.7-7.35%) remained sensitive to in utero KI prophylactic treatment in both cortex and plasma of post-weaning rats, with some gender-related variance. Only part of these disruptions was attributed to lower levels of TSH and T4 (males only). The KI-induced metabolic shifts involved a broad spectrum of functions encompassing metabolic and cell homeostasis and cell signaling functions. Irrespective Regardless of gender and tissues, the predominant effects of KI affected neurotransmitters, amino acid metabolism, and omega-3 DHA metabolism. Taken together, data demonstrated that repeated daily KI administration at 1 mg/kg/day for 8 days during late pregnancy failed to protect the mother-fetus against nuclear accident radiation. Abbreviations: CV-ANOVA: Cross-validation analysis of variance; DHA: Docosahexaenoic acid; FST: Forced swimming test; FT3: plasma free triiodothyronine; FT4: plasma free thyroxine; GD: Gestational day; ITB: Iodine thyroid blocking; KI: potassium iodide; LC/MS: Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry; MTBE: Methyl tert-butyl ether; m/z: mass-to-charge ratio; PLS-DA: Partial least squares-discriminant analysis; PRIODAC: Repeated stable iodide prophylaxis in accidental radioactive releases; RRT: Rotarod test; TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone; VIP: Variable importance in projection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Rosique
- a Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, BioMeT Department , Marseille , France
| | - Dalila Lebsir
- b Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE LRPAT Department , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Philippe Lestaevel
- b Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE LRPAT Department , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Sheherazade Benatia
- a Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, BioMeT Department , Marseille , France
| | - Pierre Guigon
- c Pharmacie Centrale des Armées, Analytical Control Department , Fleury-les-Aubrais Cedex , France
| | - François Caire-Maurisier
- c Pharmacie Centrale des Armées, Analytical Control Department , Fleury-les-Aubrais Cedex , France
| | - Marc Benderitter
- b Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE LRPAT Department , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Djawed Bennouna
- a Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, BioMeT Department , Marseille , France
| | - Maâmar Souidi
- b Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE LRPAT Department , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Jean-Charles Martin
- a Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, BioMeT Department , Marseille , France
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Perrine SA, Ghoddoussi F, Michaels MS, Sheikh IS, McKelvey G, Galloway MP. Ketamine reverses stress-induced depression-like behavior and increased GABA levels in the anterior cingulate: an 11.7 T 1H-MRS study in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 51:9-15. [PMID: 24246571 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter in the brain and is primarily responsible for modulating excitatory tone. Clinical neuroimaging studies show decreased GABA levels in the anterior cingulate of patients with mood disorders, including major depressive disorder. Chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) is an animal model thought to mimic the stressful events that may precipitate clinical depression in humans. In this study male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a modified CUS paradigm that used a random pattern of unpredictable stressors twice daily for 10 days to explore the early developmental stages of depression-like endophenotypes. Control rats were handled daily for 10 days. Some rats from each treatment group received an injection of ketamine (40 mg/kg) after the final stressor. One day following the final stressor rats were tested for behavioral effects in the forced swim test and then euthanized to collect trunk blood and anterior cingulate brain samples. GABA levels were measured in anterior cingulate samples ex vivo using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) at 11.7 T. Animals subjected to CUS had lower body weights, higher levels of blood corticosterone, and increased immobility in the forced swim test; all of which suggest that the stress paradigm induced a depression-like phenotype. GABA levels in the anterior cingulate were significantly increased in the stressed animals compared to controls. Administration of ketamine on the last day of treatment blunted the depression-like behavior and increased GABA levels in the anterior cingulate following CUS. These data indicate that stress disrupts GABAergic signaling, which may over time lead to symptoms of depression and ultimately lower basal levels of cortical (1)H-MRS GABA that are seen in humans with depression. Furthermore, the data suggests that ketamine modulates cortical GABA levels as a mechanism of its antidepressant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A Perrine
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Farhad Ghoddoussi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mark S Michaels
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Imran S Sheikh
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George McKelvey
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Matthew P Galloway
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Feng P, Huang C. Phospholipase D-mTOR signaling is compromised in a rat model of depression. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:579-85. [PMID: 23421961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Depression is associated with structural and neurochemical changes in limbic structures, including the hippocampus, that control emotion and mood. Structural abnormalities such as decrease in hippocampal cell proliferation, neurogenesis and hippocampal volume, and loss of neurons and glial cells have been widely reported in physical and psychosocial stress paradigms and animal model of depression, but corresponding neurochemical changes are largely unknown. Using neonatal clomipramine (CL)-treated rats as a model to elucidate the association of phospholipase D (PLD) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling with depressive pathology, we found that the hippocampus of CL-treated rats showed significantly down-regulation of PLD1 expression and attenuation of PLD activity which leads to the less formation of phosphatidic acid (PA), an activator of mTOR, and free choline, a potential biomarker for depression. With lower PA levels which could affect mTOR signaling, we further observed that the phosphorylation of p70S6 kinase, one of the downstream effectors of mTOR, was also significantly decreased in the hippocampus of CL-treated rats compared to the controls. Down-regulation of PLD1 expression, PLD activity and p70S6 phosphorylation was also found in the hypothalamus and frontal cortex with CL-treated rats. Our results indicate that PLD-mTOR signaling is associated with depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingfu Feng
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA
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Selective breeding for helplessness in rats alters the metabolic profile of the hippocampus and frontal cortex: a 1H-MRS study at 9.4 T. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:199-212. [PMID: 22272798 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145711001994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans metabolic changes, particularly in frontal areas of the brain, accompany depressive disorders, but few studies were conducted in animal models of depression. We used hydrogen-1 magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 9.4 T to measure the metabolic profiles of the hippocampus and frontal cortex in congenital learned helpless (cLH) and wild-type (WT) rats. The learned helplessness model of depression exposes animals to uncontrollable stress to induce changes in emotion, cognition and behaviour, but cLH rats were selectively bred to show changes in behaviour even without exposure to uncontrollable stress. Experimentally naive male 8- to 10-wk-old cLH (n = 10) and WT rats (n = 22) underwent spectroscopy and were exposed to uncontrollable stress 1 wk after the scan. We found that cLH compared to WT rats had lower levels of glutamate in the hippocampus and lower levels of choline-containing compounds in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, but higher levels of taurine and phosphocreatine in these regions, pointing to compensatory efforts of the brain to reduce excitotoxic potential and to increase neuroprotection and energy, possibly as a result of cellular stress and damage. The reduction in choline-containing phospholipids might represent a source or correlate of such stress. Overall, the results indicate that metabolic abnormalities are present in animals with a predisposition to helplessness even without exposure to explicit stress and may help identify non-invasive biomarkers in individuals who are prone to depression.
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Kondo DG, Hellem TL, Sung YH, Kim N, Jeong EK, DelMastro KK, Shi X, Renshaw PF. Review: magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of pediatric major depressive disorder. DEPRESSION RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2010; 2011:650450. [PMID: 21197097 PMCID: PMC3003951 DOI: 10.1155/2011/650450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. This paper focuses on the application of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) to the study of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in children and adolescents. Method. A literature search using the National Institutes of Health's PubMed database was conducted to identify indexed peer-reviewed MRS studies in pediatric patients with MDD. Results. The literature search yielded 18 articles reporting original MRS data in pediatric MDD. Neurochemical alterations in Choline, Glutamate, and N-Acetyl Aspartate are associated with pediatric MDD, suggesting pathophysiologic continuity with adult MDD. Conclusions. The MRS literature in pediatric MDD is modest but growing. In studies that are methodologically comparable, the results have been consistent. Because it offers a noninvasive and repeatable measurement of relevant in vivo brain chemistry, MRS has the potential to provide insights into the pathophysiology of MDD as well as the mediators and moderators of treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G. Kondo
- The Brain Institute at the University of Utah, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1201, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 N. 1900 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Tracy L. Hellem
- The Brain Institute at the University of Utah, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1201, USA
| | - Young-Hoon Sung
- The Brain Institute at the University of Utah, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1201, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 N. 1900 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Namkug Kim
- The Brain Institute at the University of Utah, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1201, USA
| | - Eun-Kee Jeong
- Department of Radiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 N. 1900 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Kristen K. DelMastro
- The Brain Institute at the University of Utah, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1201, USA
| | - Xianfeng Shi
- The Brain Institute at the University of Utah, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1201, USA
| | - Perry F. Renshaw
- The Brain Institute at the University of Utah, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1201, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 N. 1900 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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HONG ST, CHOI CB, PARK C, MOON HY, HONG KS, CHEONG C, CHAE JH, CHOE BY. Specific hippocampal choline decrease in an animal model of depression. Br J Radiol 2009; 82:549-53. [DOI: 10.1259/bjr/25165760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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