1
|
O'Sullivan R, Bissell S, Agar G, Spiller J, Surtees A, Heald M, Clarkson E, Khan A, Oliver C, Bagshaw AP, Richards C. Exploring an objective measure of overactivity in children with rare genetic syndromes. J Neurodev Disord 2024; 16:18. [PMID: 38637764 PMCID: PMC11025271 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-024-09535-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overactivity is prevalent in several rare genetic neurodevelopmental syndromes, including Smith-Magenis syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex, although has been predominantly assessed using questionnaire techniques. Threats to the precision and validity of questionnaire data may undermine existing insights into this behaviour. Previous research indicates objective measures, namely actigraphy, can effectively differentiate non-overactive children from those with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. This study is the first to examine the sensitivity of actigraphy to overactivity across rare genetic syndromes associated with intellectual disability, through comparisons with typically-developing peers and questionnaire overactivity estimates. METHODS A secondary analysis of actigraphy data and overactivity estimates from The Activity Questionnaire (TAQ) was conducted for children aged 4-15 years with Smith-Magenis syndrome (N=20), Angelman syndrome (N=26), tuberous sclerosis complex (N=16), and typically-developing children (N=61). Actigraphy data were summarized using the M10 non-parametric circadian rhythm variable, and 24-hour activity profiles were modelled via functional linear modelling. Associations between actigraphy data and TAQ overactivity estimates were explored. Differences in actigraphy-defined activity were also examined between syndrome and typically-developing groups, and between children with high and low TAQ overactivity scores within syndromes. RESULTS M10 and TAQ overactivity scores were strongly positively correlated for children with Angelman syndrome and Smith-Magenis syndrome. M10 did not substantially differ between the syndrome and typically-developing groups. Higher early morning activity and lower evening activity was observed across all syndrome groups relative to typically-developing peers. High and low TAQ group comparisons revealed syndrome-specific profiles of overactivity, persisting throughout the day in Angelman syndrome, occurring during the early morning and early afternoon in Smith-Magenis syndrome, and manifesting briefly in the evening in tuberous sclerosis complex. DISCUSSION These findings provide some support for the sensitivity of actigraphy to overactivity in children with rare genetic syndromes, and offer syndrome-specific temporal descriptions of overactivity. The findings advance existing descriptions of overactivity, provided by questionnaire techniques, in children with rare genetic syndromes and have implications for the measurement of overactivity. Future studies should examine the impact of syndrome-related characteristics on actigraphy-defined activity and overactivity estimates from actigraphy and questionnaire techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rory O'Sullivan
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Cerebra Network for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Stacey Bissell
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Cerebra Network for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Georgie Agar
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jayne Spiller
- School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Andrew Surtees
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mary Heald
- Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Blackpool, Lancashire, UK
| | | | - Aamina Khan
- Cerebra Network for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Andrew P Bagshaw
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Caroline Richards
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Cerebra Network for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marquet-Doleac J, Biotteau M, Tardy M, Broquere M, Marizy E, Faure-Marie N, Lafin N, Dejean S, Chaix Y. PENDAH program for parents with children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. French adaptation of a behavioral parent training group: pilot study. Child Neuropsychol 2024:1-26. [PMID: 38456749 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2024.2326246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Behavioral parent training (BPT) is recognized as an effective part of the care offered to children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim of this pilot study was to objectively examine the effect that this intervention may have on motor activity, in addition to the measures classically found in this type of study. Parents of 24 school-aged children (6-12 year) with ADHD who met eligibility criteria were enrolled in the study. Before, after and five months after the intervention, we used three-dimensional accelerometers over one-week periods to measure the children's motor activity, and questionnaires for parental stress, quality of life, ADHD symptoms, anxiety and sensory disorders. To measure motor activity, a control group of normotypic children matched for age, sex and socio-professional category was set up. The experimental group showed slight decreases in motor activity compared with the control group, particularly in the classroom. The intervention showed improvements for parents in average stress and quality of life, and for children in average intensity global ADHD symptom, inattention, opposition and aggression, in line with previous studies on the effectiveness of BPT. The trial is the first clinical study to assess the effects of BPT on motor activity in children with ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Marquet-Doleac
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Institute of Psychomotricity, University of Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Maelle Biotteau
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Children's Hospital, Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Tardy
- University Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Emmanuelle Marizy
- Autism Resource Center, Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Faure-Marie
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Children's Hospital, Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Noemie Lafin
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Children's Hospital, Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Sebastien Dejean
- Mathematic Institute of Toulouse, UMR 5219 - CNRS, University of Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Yves Chaix
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Children's Hospital, Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ferguson C, Hobson C, Hedge C, Waters C, Anning K, van Goozen S. Disentangling the relationships between motor control and cognitive control in young children with symptoms of ADHD. Child Neuropsychol 2024; 30:289-314. [PMID: 36946244 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2023.2190965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Children with ADHD experience difficulties with motor and cognitive control. However, the relationships between these symptoms are poorly understood. As a step toward improving treatment, this study investigated associations between specific aspects of motor control and cognitive control in children with varying levels of hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. A heterogeneous sample of 255 children of 4 to 10 years of age (median = 6.50, MAD = 1.36) completed a battery of tests probing motor generation, visuomotor fluency, visuomotor flexibility, cognitive inhibition, verbal and visuospatial working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Their caregivers were interviewed regarding their hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. 25.9% of the main sample met diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine whether specific aspects of motor control were associated with specific aspects of cognitive control, and whether any associations were moderated by hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. Additionally, cognitive modeling (the drift diffusion model approximated with EZ-DM) was used to understand performance on a cognitive inhibition task. Visuomotor fluency was significantly associated with cognitive inhibition. Visuomotor flexibility was significantly associated with cognitive flexibility. There were no significant moderation effects. Cognitive modeling was inconclusive. In conclusion, the ability to fluently perform visually guided continuous movement is linked with the ability to inhibit the effects of distracting information. The ability to spontaneously use visual information to flexibly alter motor responses is related to the ability to cognitively shift from one frame of mind to another. These relationships appear to be quantitatively and qualitatively similar across the childhood hyperactive-impulsive continuum as rated by parents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Ferguson
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Community Neurological Rehabilitation Service, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, NHS Wales, Newport, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Hobson
- South Wales Doctoral Programme in Clinical Psychology, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, NHS Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neurodevelopment Assessment Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Hedge
- School of Psychology, Aston University, Aston, United Kingdom
| | - Cerith Waters
- South Wales Doctoral Programme in Clinical Psychology, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, NHS Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neurodevelopment Assessment Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Anning
- Neurodevelopment Assessment Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang K, Yuan J, Pei X, Fu Z, Zhao Y, Hu N, Wang Y, Yang L, Cao Q. Cerebral blood flow characteristics of drug-naïve attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with social impairment: Evidence for region-symptom specificity. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1149703. [PMID: 37025372 PMCID: PMC10070692 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1149703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Social deficits are among the most important functional impairments in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the relationship between social impairment and ADHD core symptoms as well as the underlying cerebral blood flow (CBF) characteristics remain unclear. Methods A total of 62 ADHD subjects with social deficits (ADHD + SD), 100 ADHD subjects without social deficits (ADHD-SD) and 81 age-matched typically developing controls (TDC) were enrolled. We first examined the correlation between the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS-1) and ADHD core symptoms (inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsion) and then explored categorical and dimensional ADHD-related regional CBF by arterial spin labeling (ASL). For the categorical analysis, a voxel-based comparison of CBF maps between the ADHD + SD, ADHD-SD, and TDC groups was performed. For the dimensional analysis, the whole-brain voxel-wise correlation between CBF and ADHD symptoms (inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and total scores) was evaluated in three groups. Finally, correlations between the SRS-1 and ADHD-related regional CBF were investigated. We applied Gaussian random field (GRF) for the correction of multiple comparisons in imaging results (voxel-level P < 0.01, and cluster-level P < 0.05). Results The clinical characteristics analysis showed that social deficits positively correlated with ADHD core symptoms, especially in social communication and autistic mannerisms domains. In the categorical analysis, we found that CBF in the left middle/inferior temporal gyrus in ADHD groups was higher than TDCs and was negatively correlated with the social motivation scores. Moreover, in dimensional analysis, we found that CBF in the left middle frontal gyrus was negatively correlated with the inattention scores, SRS total scores and autistic mannerisms scores in ADHD + SD subjects. Conclusion The present study shows that inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity may be responsible for the occurrence of social deficits in ADHD, with autistic traits being another significant contributing factor. Additionally, CBF in the left middle/inferior temporal gyrus and the left middle frontal gyrus might represent the corresponding physiological mechanisms underlying social deficits in ADHD.
Collapse
|
5
|
A Cross-Sectional Study to Measure Physical Activity with Accelerometry in ADHD Children according to Presentations. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:children10010050. [PMID: 36670601 PMCID: PMC9856680 DOI: 10.3390/children10010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common mental disorder affecting 5-7% of school-aged children. Previous studies have looked at the effects of physical activity interventions on the symptoms of ADHD, although few have compared the motor behavior of children with ADHD versus those without. This exploratory study provides detailed information on the patterns and intensity of physical activity and sedentary behavior in children with ADHD as measured by Actigraph GT3X accelerometry, as well as the differences in physical activity in the different presentations of ADHD; (2) Methods: A cross-sectional design was used with a sample of 75 children, aged 6 to 12 years, with and without ADHD. The ADHD group had a previous diagnosis, determined by clinical assessment based on DSM-5 criteria; (3) Results: Physical activity levels were higher in children with ADHD compared to children without ADHD, but there was no difference in sedentary time between groups during weekdays or weekends. Physical activity decreased with age, with significant differences in the ADHD group, who exhibited more minutes of moderate Physical activity in 6-7 year-olds than 10-11 year-olds during weekdays and weekends; (4) Conclusions: Sedentary time increased by age in children without ADHD, and there was a decrease in moderate-intensity physical activity time in children with ADHD by age.
Collapse
|
6
|
Damatac CG, Chauvin RJM, Zwiers MP, van Rooij D, Akkermans SEA, Naaijen J, Hoekstra PJ, Hartman CA, Oosterlaan J, Franke B, Buitelaar JK, Beckmann CF, Sprooten E. White Matter Microstructure in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Tractography Study in 654 Individuals. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:979-988. [PMID: 33054990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by age-inappropriate levels of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. ADHD has been related to differences in white matter (WM) microstructure. However, much remains unclear regarding the nature of these WM differences and which clinical aspects of ADHD they reflect. We systematically investigated whether fractional anisotropy (FA) is associated with current and/or lifetime categorical diagnosis, impairment in daily life, and continuous ADHD symptom measures. METHODS Diffusion-weighted imaging data were obtained from 654 participants (322 unaffected, 258 affected, 74 subthreshold; 7-29 years of age). We applied automated global probabilistic tractography on 18 major WM pathways. Linear mixed-effects regression models were used to examine associations of clinical measures with overall brain and tract-specific FA. RESULTS There were significant interactions of tract with all ADHD variables on FA. There were no significant associations of FA with current or lifetime diagnosis, nor with impairment. Lower FA in the right cingulum angular bundle was associated with higher hyperactivity-impulsivity symptom severity (pfamilywise error = .045). There were no significant effects for other tracts. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time global probabilistic tractography has been applied to an ADHD dataset of this size. We found no evidence for altered FA in association with ADHD diagnosis. Our findings indicate that associations of FA with ADHD are not uniformly distributed across WM tracts. Continuous symptom measures of ADHD may be more sensitive to FA than diagnostic categories. The right cingulum angular bundle in particular may play a role in symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christienne G Damatac
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Roselyne J M Chauvin
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel P Zwiers
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Daan van Rooij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sophie E A Akkermans
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jilly Naaijen
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Sprooten
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cho YJ, Yum JY, Kim K, Shin B, Eom H, Hong YJ, Heo J, Kim JJ, Lee HS, Kim E. Evaluating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children and adolescents through tracked head movements in a virtual reality classroom: The effect of social cues with different sensory modalities. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:943478. [PMID: 35992945 PMCID: PMC9386071 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.943478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is clinically diagnosed; however, quantitative analysis to statistically analyze the symptom severity of children with ADHD via the measurement of head movement is still in progress. Studies focusing on the cues that may influence the attention of children with ADHD in classroom settings, where children spend a considerable amount of time, are relatively scarce. Virtual reality allows real-life simulation of classroom environments and thus provides an opportunity to test a range of theories in a naturalistic and controlled manner. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between participants’ head movements and their reports of inattention and hyperactivity, and to investigate how their head movements are affected by different social cues of different sensory modalities. Methods Thirty-seven children and adolescents with (n = 20) and without (n = 17) ADHD were recruited for this study. All participants were assessed for diagnoses, clinical symptoms, and self-reported symptoms. A virtual reality-continuous performance test (VR-CPT) was conducted under four conditions: (1) control, (2) no-cue, (3) visual cue, and (4) visual/audio cue. A quantitativecomparison of the participants’ head movements was conducted in three dimensions (pitch [head nods], yaw [head turns], and roll [lateral head inclinations]) using a head-mounted display (HMD) in a VR classroom environment. Task-irrelevant head movements were analyzed separately, considering the dimension of movement needed to perform the VR-CPT. Results The magnitude of head movement, especially task-irrelevant head movement, significantly correlated with the current standard of clinical assessment in the ADHD group. Regarding the four conditions, head movement showed changes according to the complexity of social cues in both the ADHD and healthy control (HC) groups. Conclusion Children and adolescents with ADHD showed decreasing task-irrelevant movements in the presence of social stimuli toward the intended orientation. As a proof-of-concept study, this study preliminarily identifies the potential of VR as a tool to understand and investigate the classroom behavior of children with ADHD in a controlled, systematic manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jae Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Yon Yum
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwanguk Kim
- Department of Computer Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bokyoung Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyojung Eom
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeon-ju Hong
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiwoong Heo
- Department of Computer Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Sun Lee
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Department of Research Affairs, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunjoo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Eunjoo Kim,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Reetzke R, Iosif AM, Hatch B, de la Paz L, Chuang A, Ozonoff S, Miller M. Patterns of objectively measured motor activity among infants developing ASD and concerns for ADHD. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:663-673. [PMID: 34387359 PMCID: PMC8841001 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heightened motor activity is a hallmark of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), yet high activity levels are also often reported in young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It is currently unclear whether increased motor activity represents a distinct versus shared early predictor of ASD and ADHD; no prior studies have directly examined this prospectively. We investigated differences in longitudinal patterns of objectively measured motor activity during early development. METHODS Participants included 113 infants at high and low risk for ASD or ADHD. Continuous motion-based activity was recorded using tri-axial accelerometers at 12, 18, 24, and 36 months of age. At 36 months, participants were categorized into one of three outcome groups: ASD (n = 19), ADHD Concerns (n = 17), and Typically Developing (TD; n = 77). Group differences in trajectories of motor activity were examined in structured and semistructured contexts. Associations with behaviors relevant to ASD, ADHD, and general development were also examined. RESULTS In both structured and semistructured contexts, both the ASD and ADHD Concerns groups exhibited heightened activity relative to the TD group by 18 months; the ASD group exhibited higher activity than the ADHD Concerns group at 24-36 months in the structured context only. Attention/behavior regulation, nonverbal, and verbal development-but not social engagement-were differentially associated with objectively measured activity by outcome group across contexts. CONCLUSIONS Overactivity may be a shared, rather than distinct, precursor of atypical development in infants/toddlers developing ASD and concerns for ADHD, emerging as early as 18 months. Group differences in overactivity may be context-specific and associated with different underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Reetzke
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ana-Maria Iosif
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Burt Hatch
- Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leiana de la Paz
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Annie Chuang
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Sally Ozonoff
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Meghan Miller
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bhattacharyya N, Singh S, Banerjee A, Ghosh R, Sinha O, Das N, Gayen R, Pal SS, Ganguly S, Dasgupta T, Dasgupta T, Mondal P, Adhikari A, Sarkar S, Bhattacharyya D, Mallick AK, Singh OP, Pal SK. Integration of electroencephalogram (EEG) and motion tracking sensors for objective measure of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (MAHD) in pre-schoolers. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:054101. [PMID: 35649790 DOI: 10.1063/5.0088044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We developed an integrated device composed of a single-probe Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Charge Coupled Device (CCD) based motion sensors for objective measurement of Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). While the measurement of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (MAHD) relies on the EEG signal for the assessment of attention during a given structured task, the CCD sensor depicts the movement pattern of the subjects engaged in a continuous performance task. A statistical analysis of attention and movement patterns was performed, and the accuracy of completed tasks was analyzed using indigenously developed software. The device with the embedded software is intended to improve certainty with criterion E. We used the EEG signal from a single-channel dry sensor placed on the frontal lobe of the head of the subjects (3-5 year old pre-schoolers). During the performance of the task power for delta and beta, EEG waves from the subjects are found to be correlated with relaxation and attention/cognitive load conditions. While the relaxation condition of the subject hints at hyperactivity, a more direct CCD-based motion sensor is used to track the physical movement of the subject engaged in a continuous performance task. We used our indigenously developed software for statistical analysis to derive a scale for the objective assessment of ADHD. We also compared our scale with clinical ADHD evaluations and found a significant correlation between the objective assessment of the ADHD subjects and the clinician's conventional evaluation. MAHD, the integrated device, is supposed to be an auxiliary tool to improve the accuracy of ADHD diagnosis by supporting greater criterion E certainty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Bhattacharyya
- Department of Radio Physics and Electronics, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Rd., Machuabazar, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Soumendra Singh
- Technical Research Centre, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal 700106, India
| | - Amrita Banerjee
- Technical Research Centre, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal 700106, India
| | - Ria Ghosh
- Technical Research Centre, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal 700106, India
| | - Oindrila Sinha
- Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Nairit Das
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Drive 3114 Engineering Building II, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
| | - Rajkumar Gayen
- Department of Paediatrics, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata 700014, India
| | - Somya Shubhra Pal
- California State University Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, California 90032, USA
| | - Sahely Ganguly
- Department of Clinical Psychologist, AMRI Hospital Dhakuria, Block-A, Scheme-L11, P-4&5, Gariahat Rd., Dhakuria, Ward Number 90, Kolkata, West Bengal 700029, India
| | - Tanmoy Dasgupta
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector 3, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Tanusree Dasgupta
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector 3, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Pulak Mondal
- Department of Radio Physics and Electronics, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Rd., Machuabazar, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Aniruddha Adhikari
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Sharmila Sarkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Calcutta National Medical College, 32, Gorachand Rd., Beniapukur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700014, India
| | - Debasish Bhattacharyya
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, 138, AJC Bose Road, Sealdah, Raja Bazar, Kolkata 700014, India
| | - Asim Kumar Mallick
- Department of Paediatrics, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata 700014, India
| | - Om Prakash Singh
- West Bengal Medical Education Services Government of West Bengal, Swasthya Bhawan, GN-29, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700 091, India
| | - Samir Kumar Pal
- Department of Radio Physics and Electronics, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Rd., Machuabazar, Kolkata 700009, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hughes RB, Whittingham-Dowd J, Clapcote SJ, Broughton SJ, Dawson N. Altered medial prefrontal cortex and dorsal raphé activity predict genotype and correlate with abnormal learning behavior in a mouse model of autism-associated 2p16.3 deletion. Autism Res 2022; 15:614-627. [PMID: 35142069 PMCID: PMC9303357 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
2p16.3 deletion, involving NEUREXIN1 (NRXN1) heterozygous deletion, substantially increases the risk of developing autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. We have a poor understanding of how NRXN1 heterozygosity impacts on brain function and cognition to increase the risk of developing the disorder. Here we characterize the impact of Nrxn1α heterozygosity on cerebral metabolism, in mice, using 14C‐2‐deoxyglucose imaging. We also assess performance in an olfactory‐based discrimination and reversal learning (OB‐DaRL) task and locomotor activity. We use decision tree classifiers to test the predictive relationship between cerebral metabolism and Nrxn1α genotype. Our data show that Nrxn1α heterozygosity induces prefrontal cortex (medial prelimbic cortex, mPrL) hypometabolism and a contrasting dorsal raphé nucleus (DRN) hypermetabolism. Metabolism in these regions allows for the predictive classification of Nrxn1α genotype. Consistent with reduced mPrL glucose utilization, prefrontal cortex insulin receptor signaling is decreased in Nrxn1α+/− mice. Behaviorally, Nrxn1α+/− mice show enhanced learning of a novel discrimination, impaired reversal learning and an increased latency to make correct choices. In addition, male Nrxn1α+/− mice show hyperlocomotor activity. Correlative analysis suggests that mPrL hypometabolism contributes to the enhanced novel odor discrimination seen in Nrxn1α+/− mice, while DRN hypermetabolism contributes to their increased latency in making correct choices. The data show that Nrxn1α heterozygosity impacts on prefrontal cortex and serotonin system function, which contribute to the cognitive alterations seen in these animals. The data suggest that Nrxn1α+/− mice provide a translational model for the cognitive and behavioral alterations seen in autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders associated with 2p16.3 deletion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca B Hughes
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jayde Whittingham-Dowd
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Susan J Broughton
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Neil Dawson
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang XQ, Albitos PJ, Hao YF, Zhang H, Yuan LX, Zang YF. A review of objective assessments for hyperactivity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 370:109479. [PMID: 35038458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hyperactivity is one of the three core symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that is a common childhood mental disorder. Objective assessments of hyperactivity are seldom utilized compared with measures of inattention and impulsivity during clinical diagnosis and evaluation. Acceleration-sensitive devices (e.g., Actigraph) and motion tracking systems (e.g., QbTest) are two main groups of devices that can be used to objectively measure hyperactivity. The Actigraph and QbTest have good discriminant validity, convergent validity, and sensitivity to the effects of stimulants. Furthermore, the assessment setting (i.e., research laboratory, school, or home) can greatly influence the presence and severity of hyperactivity. Nevertheless, objective assessments for hyperactivity have poor ability to distinguish ADHD from other disorders, or among the three types of ADHD. Thus, further studies are needed to assess objective measurements of hyperactivity in terms of discriminant and convergent validity, test-retest reliability in different settings, and correlations with brain activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Qin Wang
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Princess Jane Albitos
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Fu Hao
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Xia Yuan
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yu-Feng Zang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lelong M, Zysset A, Nievergelt M, Luder R, Götz U, Schulze C, Wieber F. How effective is fine motor training in children with ADHD? A scoping review. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:490. [PMID: 34736439 PMCID: PMC8567617 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02916-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Motor deficiencies are observed in a large number of children with ADHD. Especially fine motor impairments can lead to academic underachievement, low self-esteem and frustration in affected children. Despite these far-reaching consequences, fine motor deficiencies have remained widely undertreated in the ADHD population. The aim of this review was to systematically map the evidence on existing training programs for remediating fine motor impairments in children with ADHD and to assess their effectiveness. Methods The scoping review followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. In March 2020, PsycINFO, MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, Google Scholar and The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched for evidence. The eligibility criteria and the data charting process followed the PICO framework, complemented by study design. The investigated population included children with a formal ADHD diagnosis (either subtype) or elevated ADHD symptoms aged between 4 and 12 years, both on and off medication. All training interventions aiming at improving fine motor skills, having a fine motor component or fine motor improvements as a secondary outcome were assessed for eligibility; no comparators were specified. Results Twelve articles were included in the final report, comprising observational and experimental studies as well as a review. Both offline and online or virtual training interventions were reported, often accompanied by physical activity and supplemented by training sessions at home. The training programs varied in length and intensity, but generally comprised several weeks and single or multiple training sessions per week. All interventions including more than one session were effective in the treatment of fine motor deficiencies in children with ADHD and had a wide range of additional positive outcomes. The effects could be maintained at follow-up. Conclusions Fine motor training in children with ADHD can be very effective and multiple approaches including specific fine motor and cognitive training components, some kind of physical activity, feedback mechanisms, or multimodal treatments can be successful. Training programs need to be tailored to the specific characteristics of the ADHD population. A mHealth approach using serious games could be promising in this context due to its strong motivational components. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-021-02916-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Annina Zysset
- School of Health Professions, Institute of Health Science, Zurich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Nievergelt
- Zurich University of Teacher Education, Centre for Inclusion and Health in Schools, Zuerich, Switzerland
| | - Reto Luder
- Zurich University of Teacher Education, Centre for Inclusion and Health in Schools, Zuerich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Götz
- Zurich University of the Arts, Institute for Design Research, Zuerich, Switzerland
| | - Christina Schulze
- School of Health Professions, Institute of Occupational Therapy, Zurich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Frank Wieber
- School of Health Professions, Institute of Health Science, Zurich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW, Winterthur, Switzerland. .,Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Burley DT, Anning KL, van Goozen SHM. The association between hyperactive behaviour and cognitive inhibition impairments in young children. Child Neuropsychol 2021; 28:302-317. [PMID: 34505554 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2021.1976128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperactivity is one of the core features of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and yet there is evidence that hyperactive behavior in children with ADHD is not ubiquitous and could be a compensatory response to high cognitive demands. No research has yet objectively measured hyperactive behavior in young children who are demonstrating early signs of ADHD or examined the role of emotional state on hyperactivity levels.The current study measured motor activity using actigraphy during baseline, cognitive inhibition (Flanker task), and emotion arousing (Impossibly Perfect Circles task) conditions in 95 children aged 4-7 years old with developmental difficulties, including emerging symptoms of ADHD. We examined the relationship between objectively recorded activity, parent-rated hyperactivity problems, using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and cognitive inhibition task performance.Parent ratings of hyperactivity (but not inattention) symptoms were positively related to recorded hyperactivity, and this relationship was specific to activity measured during the cognitive inhibition task. Impaired cognitive inhibition performance was related to increased measured movement and this association was strongest in children who were rated as having the highest levels of hyperactive behavior.These findings confirm theoretically predicted associations between objectively recorded hyperactivity and impaired executive functioning and support the notion that hyperactivity in children emerges in response to high cognitive demands. The results encourage further investigation into the role of hyperactivity as a transdiagnostic dimension that can explain variation within and between different types of diagnostic classifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate L Anning
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Evaluating Therapeutic Effects of ADHD Medication Objectively by Movement Quantification with a Video-Based Skeleton Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179363. [PMID: 34501952 PMCID: PMC8431492 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neuropsychiatric disorder in children. Several scales are available to evaluate ADHD therapeutic effects, including the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham (SNAP) questionnaire, the Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Rating Scale, and the visual analog scale. However, these scales are subjective. In the present study, we proposed an objective and automatic approach for evaluating the therapeutic effects of medication in patients with (ADHD). The approach involved using movement quantification of patients’ skeletons detected automatically with OpenPose in outpatient videos. Eleven skeleton parameter series were calculated from the detected skeleton sequence, and the corresponding 33 features were extracted using autocorrelation and variance analysis. This study enrolled 25 patients with ADHD. The outpatient videos were recorded before and after medication treatment. Statistical analysis indicated that four features corresponding to the first autocorrelation coefficients of the original series of four skeleton parameters and 11 features each corresponding to the first autocorrelation coefficients of the differenced series and the averaged variances of the original series of 11 skeleton parameters significantly decreased after the use of methylphenidate, an ADHD medication. The results revealed that the proposed approach can support physicians as an objective and automatic tool for evaluating the therapeutic effects of medication on patients with ADHD.
Collapse
|
15
|
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Xavier Castellanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, and Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Strzelewicz AR, Vecchiarelli HA, Rondón-Ortiz AN, Raneri A, Hill MN, Kentner AC. Interactive effects of compounding multidimensional stressors on maternal and male and female rat offspring outcomes. Horm Behav 2021; 134:105013. [PMID: 34171577 PMCID: PMC8403628 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) is a risk factor for the development of psychiatric disorders in addition to cardiovascular associated diseases. This risk is elevated when the cumulative burden of ACEs is increased. Laboratory animals can be used to model the changes (as well as the underlying mechanisms) that result in response to adverse events. In this study, using male and female Sprague Dawley rats, we examined the impact of increasing stress burden, utilizing both two adverse early life experiences (parental/offspring high fat diet + limited bedding exposure) and three adverse early life experiences (parental/offspring high fat diet + limited bedding exposure + neonatal inflammation), on maternal care quality and offspring behavior. Additionally, we measured hormones and hippocampal gene expression related to stress. We found that the adverse perinatal environment led to a compensatory increase in maternal care. Moreover, these dams had reduced maternal expression of oxytocin receptor, compared to standard housed dams, in response to acute stress on postnatal day (P)22. In offspring, the two-hit and three-hit models resulted in a hyperlocomotor phenotype and increased body weights. Plasma leptin and hippocampal gene expression of corticotropin releasing hormone (Chrh)1 and Crhr2 were elevated (males) while expression of oxytocin was reduced (females) following acute stress. On some measures (e.g., hyperlocomotion, leptin), the magnitude of change was lower in the three-hit compared to the two-hit model. This suggests that multiple early adverse events can have interactive, and often unpredictable, impacts, highlighting the importance of modeling complex interactions amongst stressors during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arielle R Strzelewicz
- School of Pharmacy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Haley A Vecchiarelli
- Divisions of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Mathison Centre for Mental Health, Research and Education, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Alejandro N Rondón-Ortiz
- School of Pharmacy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Anthony Raneri
- School of Arts & Sciences, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Matthew N Hill
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Mathison Centre for Mental Health, Research and Education, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Amanda C Kentner
- School of Arts & Sciences, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lee WH, Kim JI, Kwon AM, Cha JH, Yim D, Lim YH, Cho SH, Cho SH, Park HK. Quantified assessment of hyperactivity in ADHD youth using IR-UWB radar. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9604. [PMID: 33953298 PMCID: PMC8100299 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the quantification of hyperactivity in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been limited and inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to test the discriminative value of impulse-radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) radar for monitoring hyperactive individuals with ADHD and healthy controls (HCs). A total of 10 ADHD patients and 15 HCs underwent hyperactivity assessment using IR-UWB radar during a 22-min continuous performance test. We applied functional ANOVA to compare the mean functions of activity level between the 2 groups. We found that the mean function of activity over time was significantly different and that the activity level of the ADHD group slightly increased over time with high dispersion after approximately 7 min, which means that the difference in activity level between the two groups became evident at this period. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longer test times are warranted to investigate the effect of age, sex, and ADHD subtype on activity level function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won Hyuk Lee
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Sungdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Johanna Inhyang Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Amy M Kwon
- Biostatistical Consulting and Research Laboratory, Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Ho Cha
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Young-Hyo Lim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hyun Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Cho
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Sungdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Kyung Park
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sempere-Tortosa M, Fernández-Carrasco F, Navarro-Soria I, Rizo-Maestre C. Movement Patterns in Students Diagnosed with ADHD, Objective Measurement in a Natural Learning Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3870. [PMID: 33917074 PMCID: PMC8067742 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18083870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is the most common neuropsychological disorder in childhood and adolescence, affecting the basic psychological processes involved in learning, social adaptation and affective adjustment. From previous research, the disorder is linked to problems in different areas of development, with deficiencies in psychological processes leading to the development of the most common characteristics of the disorder such as inattention, excess of activity and lack of inhibitory control. As for the diagnosis, in spite of being a very frequent disorder, there are multiple controversies about which tools are the most suitable for evaluation. One of the most widespread tools in the professional field is behavior inventories such as the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaires for Parents and Teachers or the ADHD Rating Scale-V. The main disadvantage of these assessment tools is that they do not provide an objective observation. For this reason, there are different studies focused on recording objective measures of the subjects' movement, since hyperkinesia is one of the most characteristic symptoms of this disorder. In this sense, we have developed an application that, using a Kinect device, is capable of measuring the movement of the different parts of the body of up to six subjects in the classroom, being a natural context for the student. The main objective of this work is twofold, on the one hand, to investigate whether there are correlations between excessive movement and high scores in the inventories for the diagnosis of ADHD, Rating Scale-V and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and, on the other hand, to determine which sections of the body present the most significant mobility in subjects diagnosed with ADHD. Results show that the control group, composed of neurotypical subjects, presents less kinaesthetic activity than the clinical group diagnosed with ADHD. This indicates that the experimental group presents one of the main characteristics of the disorder. In addition, results also show that practically all the measured body parts present significant differences, being higher in the clinical group, highlighting the head as the joint with the highest effect size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Sempere-Tortosa
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| | | | - Ignasi Navarro-Soria
- Development Psychology and Teaching Department, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Carlos Rizo-Maestre
- Department of Architectural Constructions, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Johansson V, Norén Selinus E, Kuja-Halkola R, Lundström S, Durbeej N, Anckarsäter H, Lichtenstein P, Hellner C. The Quantified Behavioral Test Failed to Differentiate ADHD in Adolescents With Neurodevelopmental Problems. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:312-321. [PMID: 30024318 DOI: 10.1177/1087054718787034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The Quantified Behavioral Test (QbTest) is a computerized diagnostic test for ADHD, used in clinical psychiatric care, but its validity may be questioned. We analyzed the QbTest's diagnostic validity and its relation to cognitive ability and psychosocial factors in an adolescent population with a high occurrence of neurodevelopmental disorders. Method: In total, 340 participants aged 15 years, completed the QbTest, along with questionnaires, clinical and intelligence quotient (IQ) assessments. Results: The clinical assessment resulted in 89 (26%) participants with ADHD. Area under curve (AUC) scores indicated a random to poor validity of the QbTest (AUC range = 0.48-0.64). QbTest scores of inattention and impulsivity correlated with IQ. Conclusion: The QbTest was insufficient as a diagnostic test for ADHD, and was not able to differentiate ADHD from other neurodevelopmental conditions. Clinicians should be aware of the dubious discriminating power of the QbTest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Johansson
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm County Council, Sweden
| | - Eva Norén Selinus
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm County Council, Sweden
| | | | | | - Natalie Durbeej
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Uppsala University, Sweden
| | | | | | - Clara Hellner
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm County Council, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sempere-Tortosa M, Fernández-Carrasco F, Mora-Lizán F, Rizo-Maestre C. Objective Analysis of Movement in Subjects with ADHD. Multidisciplinary Control Tool for Students in the Classroom. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155620. [PMID: 32759840 PMCID: PMC7432513 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The term Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has a long history of problems behind it. The origin of all these problems lies in the lack of agreement in the assessment procedures and evaluation instruments. The diagnosis is clinical and is determined by the observation and information provided by parents and teachers. So, this is highly subjective and leads to disparate results. Therefore, on the one hand the inaccuracy of the diagnosis of ADHD, which has been based on subjective criteria, together with the fact that hyperactivity is one of the main symptoms of this disorder, implies that several studies (with limitations) have been carried out to record objective measures of movement in subjects in at least the last ten years. In order to solve some of this derived problems and limitations of previous studies, a computer program has been developed to objectively record the amount of movement of subjects. The main objective of this study is threefold: first to register the amount of movement of both experimental group and control group, then to compare them with the movement registered by observers and finally to determine the validity of the software developed as a tool to support the diagnosis of ADHD. Results show that there are significant differences in the amount of objective movement between a clinical group of subjects with ADHD and a control group, obtaining a higher average of movement the experimental group. In addition, results also demonstrate that the developed software is a valid tool for the evaluation of movement that solves the limitations of previous studies. The proposed tool is developed from different aspects to give it a multidisciplinary character.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Sempere-Tortosa
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Francisco Mora-Lizán
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Carlos Rizo-Maestre
- Department of Architectural Constructions, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Earnest T, Shephard E, Tye C, McEwen F, Woodhouse E, Liang H, Sheerin F, Bolton PF. Actigraph-Measured Movement Correlates of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptoms in Young People with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) with and without Intellectual Disability and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10080491. [PMID: 32731531 PMCID: PMC7465488 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10080491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Actigraphy, an objective measure of motor activity, reliably indexes increased movement levels in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and may be useful for diagnosis and treatment-monitoring. However, actigraphy has not been examined in complex neurodevelopmental conditions. This study used actigraphy to objectively measure movement levels in individuals with a complex neurodevelopmental genetic disorder, tuberous sclerosis (TSC). Thirty participants with TSC (11–21 years, 20 females, IQ = 35–108) underwent brief (approximately 1 h) daytime actigraph assessment during two settings: movie viewing and cognitive testing. Multiple linear regressions were used to test associations between movement measurements and parent-rated ADHD symptoms. Correlations were used to examine associations between actigraph measures and parent-rated ADHD symptoms and other characteristics of TSC (symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual ability (IQ), epilepsy severity, cortical tuber count). Higher movement levels during movies were associated with higher parent-rated ADHD symptoms. Higher ADHD symptoms and actigraph-measured movement levels during movies were positively associated with ASD symptoms and negatively associated with IQ. Inter-individual variability of movement during movies was not associated with parent-rated hyperactivity or IQ but was negatively associated with ASD symptoms. There were no associations with tuber count or epilepsy. Our findings suggest that actigraph-measured movement provides a useful correlate of ADHD in TSC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Earnest
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (E.S.); (C.T.); (F.M.); (H.L.); (F.S.); (P.F.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Elizabeth Shephard
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (E.S.); (C.T.); (F.M.); (H.L.); (F.S.); (P.F.B.)
| | - Charlotte Tye
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (E.S.); (C.T.); (F.M.); (H.L.); (F.S.); (P.F.B.)
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Fiona McEwen
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (E.S.); (C.T.); (F.M.); (H.L.); (F.S.); (P.F.B.)
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Emma Woodhouse
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK;
| | - Holan Liang
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (E.S.); (C.T.); (F.M.); (H.L.); (F.S.); (P.F.B.)
- Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Fintan Sheerin
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (E.S.); (C.T.); (F.M.); (H.L.); (F.S.); (P.F.B.)
| | - Patrick F. Bolton
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (E.S.); (C.T.); (F.M.); (H.L.); (F.S.); (P.F.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Israelashvili M, Yael D, Vinner E, Belelovsky K, Bar-Gad I. Common neuronal mechanisms underlying tics and hyperactivity. Cortex 2020; 127:231-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
23
|
Brunkhorst-Kanaan N, Verdenhalven M, Kittel-Schneider S, Vainieri I, Reif A, Grimm O. The Quantified Behavioral Test-A Confirmatory Test in the Diagnostic Process of Adult ADHD? Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:216. [PMID: 32265761 PMCID: PMC7100366 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The differential diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood is complicated by comorbid disorders, but also by the overlapping of main symptoms such as inattentiveness, impulsivity, and hyperactivity with other disorders. Neuropsychological tests like continuous performance tests (CPT) try to solve this dilemma by objectively measurable parameters. We investigated in a cohort of n=114 patients presenting to an ADHD outpatient clinic how well a commercially available CPT test (QbTest®) can differentiate between patients with ADHD (n=94) and patients with a disconfirmed ADHD diagnosis (n=20). Both groups showed numerous comorbidities, predominantly depression (27.2% in the ADHD group vs. 45% in the non-ADHD group) and substance-use disorders (18.1% vs. 10%, respectively). Patients with ADHD showed significant higher activity (2.07 ± 1.23) than patients without ADHD (1.34 ± 1.27, dF=112; p=0.019), whereas for the other core parameters, inattention and impulsivity no differences could be found. Reaction time variability has been discussed as a typical marker for inattention in ADHD. Therefore, we investigated how well ex-Gaussian analysis of response time can differentiate between ADHD and other patients, showing, that it does not help to identify patients with ADHD. Even though patients with ADHD showed significantly higher activity, this parameter differed only poorly between patients (accuracy AUC 65% of an ROC-Curve). We conclude that CPTs do not help to identify patients with ADHD in a specialized outpatient clinic. The usability of this test for differentiating between ADHD and other psychiatric disorders is poor and a sophisticated analysis of reaction time did not decisively increase the test accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Brunkhorst-Kanaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Moritz Verdenhalven
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Isabella Vainieri
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Minder F, Zuberer A, Brandeis D, Drechsler R. A Review of the Clinical Utility of Systematic Behavioral Observations in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2018; 49:572-606. [PMID: 29214372 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-017-0776-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This review evaluates the clinical utility of tools for systematic behavioral observation in different settings for children and adolescents with ADHD. A comprehensive search yielded 135 relevant results since 1990. Observations from naturalistic settings were grouped into observations of classroom behavior (n = 58) and of social interactions (n = 25). Laboratory observations were subdivided into four contexts: independent play (n = 9), test session (n = 27), parent interaction (n = 11), and peer interaction (n = 5). Clinically relevant aspects of reliability and validity of employed instruments are reviewed. The results confirm the usefulness of systematic observations. However, no procedure can be recommended as a stand-alone diagnostic method. Psychometric properties are often unsatisfactory, which reduces the validity of observational methods, particularly for measuring treatment outcome. Further efforts are needed to improve the specificity of observational methods with regard to the discrimination of comorbidities and other disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Minder
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Agnieszka Zuberer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renate Drechsler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Aoki Y, Cortese S, Castellanos FX. Research Review: Diffusion tensor imaging studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: meta-analyses and reflections on head motion. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2018; 59:193-202. [PMID: 28671333 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffusion tensor imaging studies have shown atypical fractional anisotropy (FA) in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), albeit with conflicting results. We performed meta-analyses of whole-brain voxel-based analyses (WBVBA) and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) studies in ADHD, along with a qualitative review of TBSS studies addressing the issue of head motion, which may bias results. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature search (last search on April 1st, 2016) to identify studies comparing FA values between individuals with ADHD and typically developing (TD) participants. Signed differential mapping was used to compute effect sizes and integrate WBVBA and TBSS studies, respectively. TBSS datasets reporting no between-group motion differences were identified. RESULTS We identified 14 WBVBA (ADHDn = 314, TDn = 278) and 13 TBSS datasets (ADHDn = 557, TDn = 568). WBVBA meta-analysis showed both significantly lower and higher FA values in individuals with ADHD; TBSS meta-analysis showed significantly lower FA in ADHD compared with TD in four clusters: two in the corpus callosum (isthmus and posterior midbody), one in right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and one in left inferior longitudinal fasciculus. However, four of six datasets confirming no group-differences in motion showed no significant between-group FA differences. CONCLUSIONS A growing diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) literature (total N = 1,717) and a plethora of apparent findings suggest atypical interhemispheric connection in ADHD. However, FA results in ADHD should be considered with caution, since many studies did not examine potential group differences in head motion, and most of the studies reporting no difference in motion showed no significant results. Future studies should address head motion as a priority and assure that groups do not differ in head motion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Aoki
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuele Cortese
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Academic Unit of Psychology and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), University of Southampton, Southampton.,Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Francisco Xavier Castellanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Vieira de Melo BB, Trigueiro MJ, Rodrigues PP. Systematic overview of neuroanatomical differences in ADHD: Definitive evidence. Dev Neuropsychol 2017; 43:52-68. [DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2017.1414821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bastos Vieira de Melo
- Occupational Therapy Department, Higher School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Vigo
| | - Maria João Trigueiro
- Occupational Therapy Department, Higher School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pereira Rodrigues
- CINTESIS & Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li F, Zheng Y, Smith SD, Shic F, Moore CC, Zheng X, Qi Y, Liu Z, Leckman JF. A preliminary study of movement intensity during a Go/No-Go task and its association with ADHD outcomes and symptom severity. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2016; 10:47. [PMID: 27999615 PMCID: PMC5153899 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-016-0135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE At present, there are no well-validated biomarkers for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present study used an infrared motion tracking system to monitor and record the movement intensity of children and to determine its diagnostic precision for ADHD and its possible associations with ratings of ADHD symptom severity. METHODS A Microsoft motion sensing camera recorded the movement of children during a modified Go/No-Go Task. Movement intensity measures extracted from these data included a composite measure of total movement intensity (TMI measure) and a movement intensity distribution (MID measure) measure across 15 frequency bands (FB measures). In phase 1 of the study, 30 children diagnosed with ADHD or at subthreshold for ADHD and 30 matched healthy controls were compared to determine if measures of movement intensity successfully distinguished children with ADHD from healthy control children. In phase 2, associations between measures of movement intensity and clinician-rated ADHD symptom severity (Clinical Global Impression Scale [CGI] and the ADHD-Rating Scale IV [ADHD-RS]) were examined in a subset of children with ADHD (n = 14) from the phase I sample. RESULTS Both measures of movement intensity were able to distinguish children with ADHD from healthy controls. However, only the measures linked to the 15 pre-determined 1 Hz frequency bands were significantly correlated with both the CGI scores and ADHD-RS total scores. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary findings suggest that measures of movement intensity, particularly measures linked to the 10-11 and 12-13 Hz frequency bands, have the potential to become valid biomarkers for ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Li
- Key Lab of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 218 South Block, #16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 People’s Republic of China ,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Stephanie D. Smith
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, I-265 SHM, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT 06520-7900 USA ,Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS USA
| | - Frederick Shic
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, 2001 8th Ave #400, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
| | - Christina C. Moore
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, I-265 SHM, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT 06520-7900 USA ,Department of Psychology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE USA
| | - Xixi Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanjie Qi
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengkui Liu
- Key Lab of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 218 South Block, #16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 People’s Republic of China
| | - James F. Leckman
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, I-265 SHM, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT 06520-7900 USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Castellanos FX, Aoki Y. Intrinsic Functional Connectivity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Science in Development. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2016; 1:253-261. [PMID: 27713929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) without an explicit task, i.e., resting state fMRI, of individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is growing rapidly. Early studies were unaware of the vulnerability of this method to even minor degrees of head motion, a major concern in the field. Recent efforts are implementing various strategies to address this source of artifact along with a growing set of analytical tools. Availability of the ADHD-200 Consortium dataset, a large-scale multi-site repository, is facilitating increasingly sophisticated approaches. In parallel, investigators are beginning to explicitly test the replicability of published findings. In this narrative review, we sketch out broad, overarching hypotheses being entertained while noting methodological uncertainties. Current hypotheses implicate the interplay of default, cognitive control (frontoparietal) and attention (dorsal, ventral, salience) networks in ADHD; functional connectivities of reward-related and amygdala-related circuits are also supported as substrates for dimensional aspects of ADHD. Before these can be further specified and definitively tested, we assert the field must take on the challenge of mapping the "topography" of the analytical space, i.e., determining the sensitivities of results to variations in acquisition, analysis, demographic and phenotypic parameters. Doing so with openly available datasets will provide the needed foundation for delineating typical and atypical developmental trajectories of brain structure and function in neurodevelopmental disorders including ADHD when applied to large-scale multi-site prospective longitudinal studies such as the forthcoming Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Xavier Castellanos
- The Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY; Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY
| | - Yuta Aoki
- The Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kofler MJ, Raiker JS, Sarver DE, Wells EL, Soto EF. Is hyperactivity ubiquitous in ADHD or dependent on environmental demands? Evidence from meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 46:12-24. [PMID: 27131918 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperactivity, or excess gross motor activity, is considered a core and ubiquitous characteristic of ADHD. Alternate models question this premise, and propose that hyperactive behavior reflects, to a large extent, purposeful behavior to cope with environmental demands that interact with underlying neurobiological vulnerabilities. The present review critically evaluates the ubiquity and environmental modifiability of hyperactivity in ADHD through meta-analysis of 63 studies of mechanically measured activity level in children, adolescents, and adults with ADHD relative to typically developing groups. Random effects models corrected for publication bias confirmed elevated gross motor activity in ADHD (d=0.86); surprisingly, neither participant age (child vs. adult) nor the proportion of each ADHD sample diagnosed with the inattentive subtype/presentation moderated this effect. In contrast, activity level assessed during high cognitive load conditions in general (d=1.14) and high executive functioning demands in particular (d=1.39) revealed significantly higher effect sizes than activity level during low cognitive load (d=0.36) and in-class schoolwork (d=0.50) settings. Low stimulation environments, more rigorous diagnostic practices, actigraph measurement of movement frequency and intensity, and ADHD samples that included fewer females were also associated with larger effects. Overall, the results are inconsistent with DSM-5 and ADHD models that a) describe hyperactivity as ubiquitous behavior, b) predict a developmental decline in hyperactivity, or c) differentiate subtypes/presentations according to perceived differences in hyperactive behavior. Instead, results suggest that the presence and magnitude of hyperactive behavior in ADHD may be influenced to a considerable extent by environmental factors in general, and cognitive/executive functioning demands in particular.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Kofler
- Florida State University, Department of Psychology, 1107 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301, United States.
| | - Joseph S Raiker
- Florida International University
- Department of Psychology Center for Children and Families 11200 SW 8th St.
- Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Dustin E Sarver
- University of Mississippi Medical CenterDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Child Development Center for Advancement of Youth (CAY) 2500 North State Street Jackson, MS 39216, United States
| | - Erica L Wells
- Florida State University, Department of Psychology, 1107 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301, United States
| | - Elia F Soto
- Florida State University, Department of Psychology, 1107 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Duda TA, Casey JE, McNevin N. Development of graphomotor fluency in adults with ADHD: Evidence of attenuated procedural learning. Hum Mov Sci 2015; 44:1-10. [PMID: 26296142 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study sought to determine if adults with ADHD demonstrate reduced graphomotor learning relative to controls. METHOD Twenty-eight control adults (n=14) and adults with ADHD (n=14) were recruited and wrote a novel grapheme on a digitizing tablet 30 times. Participants with ADHD were counterbalanced on and off stimulant medication. RESULTS Control participants, F(1,13)=13.786, p=.003, ω(2)partial=.460, and participants with ADHD on medication, F(1,13)=10.462, p=.007, ω(2)partial=.387, demonstrated significant improvement in graphomotor fluency with equivalent practice whereas participants with ADHD off medication did not, F(1,12)=0.166, NS. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that graphomotor program learning in adults with ADHD may occur more slowly than typically developing peers. Findings have implications for providing accommodations to adults with ADHD, potential benefits of stimulant medication, and using digitizing technology as a neuropsychological assessment instrument.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Duda
- University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Joseph E Casey
- University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Nancy McNevin
- University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|