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Vural G, Katruss N, Soutschek A. Pre-supplementary motor area strengthens reward sensitivity in intertemporal choice. Neuroimage 2024; 299:120838. [PMID: 39241899 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous investigations on the causal neural mechanisms underlying intertemporal decision making focused on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as neural substrate of cognitive control. However, little is known, about the causal contributions of further parts of the frontoparietal control network to delaying gratification, including the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Conflicting previous evidence related pre-SMA and PPC either to evidence accumulation processes, choice biases, or response caution. To disentangle between these alternatives, we combined drift diffusion models of decision making with online transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over pre-SMA and PPC during an intertemporal decision task. While we observed no robust effects of PPC TMS, perturbation of pre-SMA activity reduced preferences for larger over smaller rewards. A drift diffusion model of decision making suggests that pre-SMA increases the weight assigned to reward magnitudes during the evidence accumulation process without affecting choice biases or response caution. Taken together, the current findings reveal the computational role of the pre-SMA in value-based decision making, showing that pre-SMA promotes choices of larger, costly rewards by strengthening the sensitivity to reward magnitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Vural
- Department for Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Natasha Katruss
- Department for Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Soutschek
- Department for Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany.
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2
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Kiyonaga A, Miller JA, D'Esposito M. Lateral prefrontal cortex controls interplay between working memory and actions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.17.613601. [PMID: 39345454 PMCID: PMC11429898 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.17.613601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Humans must often keep multiple task goals in mind, at different levels of priority and immediacy, while also interacting with the environment. We might need to remember information for an upcoming task while engaged in more immediate actions. Consequently, actively maintained working memory (WM) content may bleed into ongoing but unrelated motor behavior. Here, we experimentally test the impact of WM maintenance on action execution, and we transcranially stimulate lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) to parse its functional contributions to WM-motor interactions. We first created a task scenario wherein human participants (both sexes) executed cued hand movements during WM maintenance. We manipulated the compatibility between WM and movement goals at the trial level and the statistical likelihood that the two would be compatible at the block level. We found that remembering directional words (e.g., 'left', 'down') biased the trajectory and speed of hand movements that occurred during the WM delay, but the bias was dampened in blocks when WM content predictably conflicted with movement goals. Then we targeted left lateral PFC with two different transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocols before participants completed the task. We found that an intermittent theta-burst protocol, which is thought to be excitatory, dampened sensitivity to block-level control demands (i.e., proactive control), while a continuous theta-burst protocol, which is thought to be inhibitory, dampened adaptation to trial-by- trial conflict (i.e., reactive control). Therefore, lateral PFC is involved in controlling the interplay between WM content and manual action, but different PFC mechanisms may support different time-scales of adaptive control. Significance Statement Working memory (WM) allows us to keep information active in mind to achieve our moment-to-moment goals. However, WM maintenance may sometimes unintentionally shape our externally-geared actions. This study formalizes the everyday "action slips" humans commit when we type out or say the wrong word in conversation because it was held in mind for a different goal. The results show that internally maintained content can influence ongoing hand movements, but this interplay between WM and motor behavior depends on the cortical excitability state of the lateral PFC. Neural perturbation with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) shows that temporarily increasing or decreasing PFC excitability can make participants more or less susceptible to the impact of WM on actions.
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3
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Qi Z, Yang Z, Liu H, Fan L, Zuo N, Jiang T. Enhancing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Comfort: The Role of Electrical Stimulation in Pain Reduction. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-024-01283-2. [PMID: 39179765 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01283-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Qi
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhengyi Yang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lingzhong Fan
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Nianming Zuo
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Xiaoxiang Institute for Brain Health and Yongzhou Central Hospital, Yongzhou, 425000, Hunan Province, China.
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4
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Phylactou P, Pham TNM, Narskhani N, Diya N, Seminowicz DA, Schabrun SM. Phosphene and motor transcranial magnetic stimulation thresholds are correlated: A meta-analytic investigation. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 133:111020. [PMID: 38692474 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is commonly delivered at an intensity defined by the resting motor threshold (rMT), which is thought to represent cortical excitability, even if the TMS target area falls outside of the motor cortex. This approach rests on the assumption that cortical excitability, as measured through the motor cortex, represents a 'global' measure of excitability. Another common approach to measure cortical excitability relies on the phosphene threshold (PT), measured through the visual cortex of the brain. However, it remains unclear whether either estimate can serve as a singular measure to infer cortical excitability across different brain regions. If PT and rMT can indeed be used to infer cortical excitability across brain regions, they should be correlated. To test this, we systematically identified previous studies that measured PT and rMT to calculate an overall correlation between the two estimates. Our results, based on 16 effect sizes from eight studies, indicated that PT and rMT are correlated (ρ = 0.4), and thus one measure could potentially serve as a measure to infer cortical excitability across brain regions. Three exploratory meta-analyses revealed that the strength of the correlation is affected by different methodologies, and that PT intensities are higher than rMT. Evidence for a PT-rMT correlation remained robust across all analyses. Further research is necessary for an in-depth understanding of how cortical excitability is reflected through TMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Phylactou
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; The Gray Centre for Mobility and Activity, Parkwood Institute, London, ON, Canada.
| | - T N M Pham
- The Gray Centre for Mobility and Activity, Parkwood Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - N Narskhani
- The Gray Centre for Mobility and Activity, Parkwood Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - N Diya
- The Gray Centre for Mobility and Activity, Parkwood Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - D A Seminowicz
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - S M Schabrun
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; The Gray Centre for Mobility and Activity, Parkwood Institute, London, ON, Canada
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5
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Mancuso M, Cruciani A, Sveva V, Casula E, Brown KE, Di Lazzaro V, Rothwell JC, Rocchi L. Changes in Cortical Activation by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Due to Coil Rotation Are Not Attributable to Cranial Muscle Activation. Brain Sci 2024; 14:332. [PMID: 38671984 PMCID: PMC11048461 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14040332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation coupled with electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) allows for the study of brain dynamics in health and disease. Cranial muscle activation can decrease the interpretability of TMS-EEG signals by masking genuine EEG responses and increasing the reliance on preprocessing methods but can be at least partly prevented by coil rotation coupled with the online monitoring of signals; however, the extent to which changing coil rotation may affect TMS-EEG signals is not fully understood. Our objective was to compare TMS-EEG data obtained with an optimal coil rotation to induce motor evoked potentials (M1standard) while rotating the coil to minimize cranial muscle activation (M1emg). TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs), TMS-related spectral perturbation (TRSP), and intertrial phase clustering (ITPC) were calculated in both conditions using two different preprocessing pipelines based on independent component analysis (ICA) or signal-space projection with source-informed reconstruction (SSP-SIR). Comparisons were performed with cluster-based correction. The concordance correlation coefficient was computed to measure the similarity between M1standard and M1emg TMS-EEG signals. TEPs, TRSP, and ITPC were significantly larger in M1standard than in M1emg conditions; a lower CCC than expected was also found. These results were similar across the preprocessing pipelines. While rotating the coil may be advantageous to reduce cranial muscle activation, it may result in changes in TMS-EEG signals; therefore, this solution should be tailored to the specific experimental context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mancuso
- Department of Human Neuroscience, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Viale dell’Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Cruciani
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, and Psychiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (V.D.L.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Sveva
- Department of Anatomical and Histological Sciences, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Elias Casula
- Department of System Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Katlyn E. Brown
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G5, Canada;
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, and Psychiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (V.D.L.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - John C. Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK;
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK;
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Blocco I S.S. 554 bivio per Sestu, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
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Holmes NP, Di Chiaro NV, Crowe EM, Marson B, Göbel K, Gaigalas D, Jay T, Lockett AV, Powell ES, Zeni S, Reader AT. Transcranial magnetic stimulation over supramarginal gyrus stimulates primary motor cortex directly and impairs manual dexterity: implications for TMS focality. J Neurophysiol 2024; 131:360-378. [PMID: 38197162 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00369.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Based on human motor cortex, the effective spatial resolution of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is often described as 5-20 mm, because small changes in TMS coil position can have large effects on motor-evoked potentials (MEPs). MEPs are often studied at rest, with muscles relaxed. During muscle contraction and movement, corticospinal excitability is higher, thresholds for effective stimulation are lower, and MEPs can be evoked from larger regions of scalp, so the effective spatial resolution of TMS is larger. We found that TMS over the supramarginal gyrus (SMG) impaired manual dexterity in the grooved pegboard task. It also resulted in short-latency MEPs in hand muscles, despite the coil being 55 mm away from the motor cortex hand area (M1). MEPs might be evoked by either a specific corticospinal connection from SMG or a remote but direct electromagnetic stimulation of M1. To distinguish these alternatives, we mapped MEPs across the scalp during rest, isotonic contraction, and manual dexterity tasks and ran electric field simulations to model the expected M1 activation from 27 scalp locations and four coil orientations. We also systematically reviewed studies using TMS during movement. Across five experiments, TMS over SMG reliably evoked MEPs during hand movement. These MEPs were consistent with direct M1 stimulation and substantially decreased corticospinal thresholds during natural movement. Systematic review suggested that 54 published experiments may have suffered from similar motor activation confounds. Our results have implications for the assumed spatial resolution of TMS, and especially when TMS is presented within 55 mm of the motor cortex.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is often described as having an effective spatial resolution of ∼10 mm, because of the limited area of the scalp on which TMS produces motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in resting muscles. We find that during natural hand movement TMS evokes MEPs from a much larger scalp area, in particular when stimulating over the supramarginal gyrus 55 mm away. Our results show that TMS can be effective at much larger distances than generally assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Holmes
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emily M Crowe
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Marson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Göbel
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dominykas Gaigalas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Talia Jay
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail V Lockett
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor S Powell
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Zeni
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Arran T Reader
- Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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7
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Gandolfo M, Abassi E, Balgova E, Downing PE, Papeo L, Koldewyn K. Converging evidence that left extrastriate body area supports visual sensitivity to social interactions. Curr Biol 2024; 34:343-351.e5. [PMID: 38181794 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Navigating our complex social world requires processing the interactions we observe. Recent psychophysical and neuroimaging studies provide parallel evidence that the human visual system may be attuned to efficiently perceive dyadic interactions. This work implies, but has not yet demonstrated, that activity in body-selective cortical regions causally supports efficient visual perception of interactions. We adopt a multi-method approach to close this important gap. First, using a large fMRI dataset (n = 92), we found that the left hemisphere extrastriate body area (EBA) responds more to face-to-face than non-facing dyads. Second, we replicated a behavioral marker of visual sensitivity to interactions: categorization of facing dyads is more impaired by inversion than non-facing dyads. Third, in a pre-registered experiment, we used fMRI-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation to show that online stimulation of the left EBA, but not a nearby control region, abolishes this selective inversion effect. Activity in left EBA, thus, causally supports the efficient perception of social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gandolfo
- Donders Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525GD, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor LL572AS, Gwynedd, UK.
| | - Etienne Abassi
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives, Marc Jeannerod, Lyon 69500, France
| | - Eva Balgova
- Department of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor LL572AS, Gwynedd, UK; Department of Psychology, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3UX, Ceredigion, UK
| | - Paul E Downing
- Department of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor LL572AS, Gwynedd, UK
| | - Liuba Papeo
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives, Marc Jeannerod, Lyon 69500, France
| | - Kami Koldewyn
- Department of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor LL572AS, Gwynedd, UK.
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8
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Mancuso M, Cruciani A, Sveva V, Casula EP, Brown K, Rothwell JC, Di Lazzaro V, Koch G, Rocchi L. Somatosensory input in the context of transcranial magnetic stimulation coupled with electroencephalography: An evidence-based overview. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 155:105434. [PMID: 37890602 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The transcranial evoked potential (TEP) is a powerful technique to investigate brain dynamics, but some methodological issues limit its interpretation. A possible contamination of the TEP by electroencephalographic (EEG) responses evoked by the somatosensory input generated by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been postulated; nonetheless, a characterization of these responses is lacking. The aim of this work was to review current evidence about possible somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) induced by sources of somatosensory input in the craniofacial region. Among these, only contraction of craniofacial muscle and stimulation of free cutaneous nerve endings may be able to induce EEG responses, but direct evidence is lacking due to experimental difficulties in isolating these inputs. Notably, EEG evoked activity in this context is represented by a N100/P200 complex, reflecting a saliency-related multimodal response, rather than specific activation of the primary somatosensory cortex. Strategies to minimize or remove these responses by EEG processing still yield uncertain results; therefore, data inspection is of paramount importance to judge a possible contamination of the TEP by multimodal potentials caused by somatosensory input.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mancuso
- Department of Human Neurosciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Viale dell'Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - A Cruciani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, and Psychiatry, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - V Sveva
- Department of Anatomical and Histological Sciences, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics, University of Rome "Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - E P Casula
- Department of System Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - K Brown
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, N2L 3G5 Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - J C Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, WC1N 3BG London, United Kingdom
| | - V Di Lazzaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, and Psychiatry, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - G Koch
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina, 306/354, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - L Rocchi
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato Blocco I S.S, 554 bivio per Sestu 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
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9
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Kim HC, Lee W, Weisholtz DS, Yoo SS. Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation of cortical and thalamic somatosensory areas in human. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288654. [PMID: 37478086 PMCID: PMC10361523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of transcranial focused ultrasound (FUS) stimulation of the primary somatosensory cortex and its thalamic projection (i.e., ventral posterolateral nucleus) on the generation of electroencephalographic (EEG) responses were evaluated in healthy human volunteers. Stimulation of the unilateral somatosensory circuits corresponding to the non-dominant hand generated EEG evoked potentials across all participants; however, not all perceived stimulation-mediated tactile sensations of the hand. These FUS-evoked EEG potentials (FEP) were observed from both brain hemispheres and shared similarities with somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) from median nerve stimulation. Use of a 0.5 ms pulse duration (PD) sonication given at 70% duty cycle, compared to the use of 1 and 2 ms PD, elicited more distinctive FEP peak features from the hemisphere ipsilateral to sonication. Although several participants reported hearing tones associated with FUS stimulation, the observed FEP were not likely to be confounded by the auditory sensation based on a separate measurement of auditory evoked potentials (AEP) to tonal stimulation (mimicking the same repetition frequency as the FUS stimulation). Off-line changes in resting-state functional connectivity (FC) associated with thalamic stimulation revealed that the FUS stimulation enhanced connectivity in a network of sensorimotor and sensory integration areas, which lasted for at least more than an hour. Clinical neurological evaluations, EEG, and neuroanatomical MRI did not reveal any adverse or unintended effects of sonication, attesting its safety. These results suggest that FUS stimulation may induce long-term neuroplasticity in humans, indicating its neurotherapeutic potential for various neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Chul Kim
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wonhye Lee
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel S Weisholtz
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Seung-Schik Yoo
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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10
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Hernandez-Pavon JC, Veniero D, Bergmann TO, Belardinelli P, Bortoletto M, Casarotto S, Casula EP, Farzan F, Fecchio M, Julkunen P, Kallioniemi E, Lioumis P, Metsomaa J, Miniussi C, Mutanen TP, Rocchi L, Rogasch NC, Shafi MM, Siebner HR, Thut G, Zrenner C, Ziemann U, Ilmoniemi RJ. TMS combined with EEG: Recommendations and open issues for data collection and analysis. Brain Stimul 2023; 16:567-593. [PMID: 36828303 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) evokes neuronal activity in the targeted cortex and connected brain regions. The evoked brain response can be measured with electroencephalography (EEG). TMS combined with simultaneous EEG (TMS-EEG) is widely used for studying cortical reactivity and connectivity at high spatiotemporal resolution. Methodologically, the combination of TMS with EEG is challenging, and there are many open questions in the field. Different TMS-EEG equipment and approaches for data collection and analysis are used. The lack of standardization may affect reproducibility and limit the comparability of results produced in different research laboratories. In addition, there is controversy about the extent to which auditory and somatosensory inputs contribute to transcranially evoked EEG. This review provides a guide for researchers who wish to use TMS-EEG to study the reactivity of the human cortex. A worldwide panel of experts working on TMS-EEG covered all aspects that should be considered in TMS-EEG experiments, providing methodological recommendations (when possible) for effective TMS-EEG recordings and analysis. The panel identified and discussed the challenges of the technique, particularly regarding recording procedures, artifact correction, analysis, and interpretation of the transcranial evoked potentials (TEPs). Therefore, this work offers an extensive overview of TMS-EEG methodology and thus may promote standardization of experimental and computational procedures across groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Hernandez-Pavon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Legs + Walking Lab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA; Center for Brain Stimulation, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | | | - Til Ole Bergmann
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
| | - Paolo Belardinelli
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences - CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, TN, Italy; Department of Neurology & Stroke, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marta Bortoletto
- Neurophysiology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Casarotto
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
| | - Elias P Casula
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Faranak Farzan
- Simon Fraser University, School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matteo Fecchio
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Petro Julkunen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elisa Kallioniemi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Pantelis Lioumis
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland; BioMag Laboratory, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki University and Aalto University School of Science, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Metsomaa
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland; BioMag Laboratory, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki University and Aalto University School of Science, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carlo Miniussi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences - CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, TN, Italy
| | - Tuomas P Mutanen
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland; BioMag Laboratory, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki University and Aalto University School of Science, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nigel C Rogasch
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mouhsin M Shafi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hartwig R Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gregor Thut
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Zrenner
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Risto J Ilmoniemi
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland; BioMag Laboratory, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki University and Aalto University School of Science, Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Pastore-Wapp M, Gyurkó DM, Vanbellingen T, Lehnick D, Cazzoli D, Pflugshaupt T, Pflugi S, Nyffeler T, Walther S, Bohlhalter S. Improved gesturing in left-hemispheric stroke by right inferior parietal theta burst stimulation. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:998729. [PMID: 36590287 PMCID: PMC9800932 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.998729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Apraxia is a common syndrome of left hemispheric stroke. A parieto-premotor-prefrontal network has been associated with apraxia, in which the left inferior parietal lobe (IPL-L) plays a major role. We hypothesized that transcranial continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) over the right inferior parietal lobe (IPL-R) improves gesturing by reducing its inhibition on the contralateral IPL in left hemispheric stroke patients. It was assumed that this effect is independent of lesion volume and that transcallosal connectivity is predictive for gestural effect after stimulation. Materials and methods Nineteen stroke patients were recruited. Lesion volume and fractional anisotropy of the corpus callosum were acquired with structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Each patient had pseudorandomised sessions with sham or with stimulation over the IPL-R or over the right inferior frontal gyrus IFG-R. Gesturing was assessed in a double-blinded manner before and after each session. We tested the effects of stimulation on gesture performance using a linear mixed-effects model. Results Pairwise treatment contrasts showed, that, compared to sham, the behavioral effect was higher after stimulation over IPL-R (12.08, 95% CI 6.04 - 18.13, p < 0.001). This treatment effect was approximately twice as high as the contrasts for IFG-R vs. sham (6.25, 95% CI -0.20 - 12.70, p = 0.058) and IPL-R vs. IFG-R vs. sham (5.83, 95% CI -0.49 - 12.15, p = 0.071). Furthermore, higher fractional anisotropy in the splenium (connecting the left and right IPL) were associated with higher behavioral effect. Relative lesion volume did not affect the changes after sham or stimulation over IPL-R or IFG-R. Conclusion One single session of cTBS over the IPL-R improved gesturing after left hemispheric stroke. Denser microstructure in the corpus callosum correlated with favorable gestural response. We therefore propose the indirect transcallosal modulation of the IPL-L as a promising model of restoring interhemispheric balance, which may be useful in rehabilitation of apraxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Pastore-Wapp
- Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Tim Vanbellingen
- Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Lehnick
- Biostatistics and Methodology, Clinical Trials Unit Central Switzerland, Lucerne, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Dario Cazzoli
- Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Thomas Nyffeler
- Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Biostatistics and Methodology, Clinical Trials Unit Central Switzerland, Lucerne, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Walther
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Bohlhalter
- Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Carrette S, Boon P, Klooster D, Van Dycke A, Carrette E, Miatton M, Raedt R, Delbeke J, Meurs A, Vonck K. Continuous theta burst stimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:885905. [PMID: 36061598 PMCID: PMC9433314 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.885905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may have anti-epileptic effects, especially in patients with neocortical lesions. Initial clinical trials demonstrated that the duration of the seizure reducing effect is relatively short-lived. In the context of a chronic condition like epilepsy, theta burst stimulation (TBS) may represent a potential solution in optimizing treatment practicality and durability as it was demonstrated to be associated with longer-lasting after-effects. TBS has been studied extensively in diverse neuropsychiatric conditions, but a therapeutic TBS protocol has not previously been applied in epilepsy patients.Materials and methodsWe performed a prospective open-label pilot study of 4-day accelerated continuous TBS (cTBS) treatment in patients with neocortical drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). A treatment session consisted of 5 cTBS trains, each comprising 600 pulses presented in 50 Hz triplet bursts every 200 ms, delivered at 10-min intertrain-intervals, targeted over the epileptic focus (EF) using a neuronavigation-guided figure-of-8 coil. Safety and feasibility, and seizure frequency were assessed as primary and secondary endpoints, respectively, over a 4-week baseline period, a 1-week treatment period and a 7-week follow-up period, using adverse event logging, electro-encephalography, cognitive, and psychological questionnaires and a seizure diary kept by the patients and/or caregivers.ResultsSeven subjects (4M:3F; median age 48, interquartile ranges 25) underwent the treatment protocol. Adverse events were reported in all subjects but were mild and transient. No clinical or electrographic seizures were evoked during or immediately following stimulation. No deterioration was found in cognition nor in psycho-emotional well-being following treatment. Treatment burden was acceptable, but seems to depend on clinical effect, duration of ongoing effect and stimulation site. Median weekly seizure frequency and ratio of seizure-free weeks did not change significantly in this small patient cohort.ConclusionWe report the results of the first ever trial of cTBS as a treatment for neocortical DRE. A 4-day accelerated cTBS protocol over the EF appears safe and feasible. Although the design and sample size of this open-label pilot study is unfit to reliably identify a therapeutic effect, results encourage further exploration of cTBS as an anti-epileptic treatment and potential optimization compared to conventional rTMS in a dedicated randomized controlled trial. (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02635633).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Carrette
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neuroscience, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Sofie Carrette,
| | - Paul Boon
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neuroscience, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Debby Klooster
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neuroscience, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Evelien Carrette
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neuroscience, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Marijke Miatton
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neuroscience, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robrecht Raedt
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neuroscience, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean Delbeke
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neuroscience, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alfred Meurs
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neuroscience, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristl Vonck
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neuroscience, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Ryan J, Pouliot JJ, Hajcak G, Nee DE. Manipulating Reward Sensitivity Using Reward Circuit-Targeted Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:833-840. [PMID: 35272094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reward circuit is important for motivation and learning, and dysregulations of the reward circuit are prominent in anhedonic depression. Noninvasive interventions that can selectively target the reward circuit may hold promise for the treatment of anhedonia. METHODS We tested a novel transcranial magnetic stimulation intervention for modulating the reward circuit. A total of 35 healthy individuals participated in a crossover controlled study targeting the reward circuit or a control site with intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), an excitatory form of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Individual reward circuit targets were defined based upon functional magnetic resonance imaging functional connectivity with the ventral striatum, yielding targets in the rostromedial prefrontal cortex (rmPFC). Reward circuit function was assessed at baseline using functional magnetic resonance imaging, and reward circuit modulation was assessed using an event-related potential referred to as the reward positivity, which has been shown to reliably track reward sensitivity, as well as individual differences in depression and risk for depression. RESULTS Relative to control iTBS, rmPFC iTBS enhanced the reward positivity. This effect was moderated by reward function, suggesting greater enhancements in individuals with lower reward function. This effect was also moderated by rmPFC-ventral striatum connectivity insofar as iTBS reached the rmPFC, suggesting that efficacy relies jointly on the strength of the rmPFC-ventral striatum pathway and ability of transcranial magnetic stimulation to target the rmPFC. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the reward circuit can be modulated by rmPFC iTBS, and amenability to such modulations is related to measures of reward circuit function. This provides the first step toward a novel noninvasive treatment of disorders of the reward circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Ryan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida; Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Jourdan J Pouliot
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Greg Hajcak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida; Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Derek Evan Nee
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.
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14
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Lazari A, Salvan P, Cottaar M, Papp D, Rushworth MFS, Johansen-Berg H. Hebbian activity-dependent plasticity in white matter. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110951. [PMID: 35705046 PMCID: PMC9376741 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is required for learning and follows Hebb's rule, the computational principle underpinning associative learning. In recent years, a complementary type of brain plasticity has been identified in myelinated axons, which make up the majority of brain's white matter. Like synaptic plasticity, myelin plasticity is required for learning, but it is unclear whether it is Hebbian or whether it follows different rules. Here, we provide evidence that white matter plasticity operates following Hebb's rule in humans. Across two experiments, we find that co-stimulating cortical areas to induce Hebbian plasticity leads to relative increases in cortical excitability and associated increases in a myelin marker within the stimulated fiber bundle. We conclude that Hebbian plasticity extends beyond synaptic changes and can be observed in human white matter fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Lazari
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK.
| | - Piergiorgio Salvan
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Michiel Cottaar
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Daniel Papp
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Matthew F S Rushworth
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Heidi Johansen-Berg
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
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15
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Farzan F, Bortoletto M. Identification and verification of a 'true' TMS evoked potential in TMS-EEG. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 378:109651. [PMID: 35714721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The concurrent combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) can unveil functional neural mechanisms with applications in basic and clinical research. In particular, TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) potentially allow studying excitability and connectivity of the cortex in a causal manner that is not easily or non-invasively attainable with other neuroimaging techniques. The TEP waveform is obtained by isolating the EEG responses phase-locked to the time of TMS application. The intended component in a TEP waveform is the cortical activation by the TMS-induced electric current, free of instrumental and physiological artifact sources. This artifact-free cortical activation can be referred to as 'true' TEP. However, due to many unwanted auxiliary effects of TMS, the interpretation of 'true' TEPs has not been free of controversy. This paper reviews the most recent understandings of 'true' TEPs and their application. In the first part of the paper, TEP components are defined according to recommended methodologies. In the second part, the verification of 'true' TEP is discussed along with its sensitivity to brain-state, age, and disease. The various proposed origins of TEP components are then presented in the context of existing literature. Throughout the paper, lessons learned from the past TMS-EEG studies are highlighted to guide the identification and interpretation of 'true' TEPs in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faranak Farzan
- eBrain Lab, School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Marta Bortoletto
- Neurophysiology lab, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
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16
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Giustiniani A, Vallesi A, Oliveri M, Tarantino V, Ambrosini E, Bortoletto M, Masina F, Busan P, Siebner H, Fadiga L, Koch G, Leocani L, Lefaucheur J, Rotenberg A, Zangen A, Violante I, Moliadze V, Gamboa O, Ugawa Y, Pascual-Leone A, Ziemann U, Miniussi C, Burgio F. A questionnaire to collect unintended effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A consensus based approach. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 141:101-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Schuwerk T, Grosso SS, Taylor PCJ. The influence of TMS of the rTPJ on attentional control and mentalizing. Neuropsychologia 2021; 162:108054. [PMID: 34626619 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mentalizing is the powerful cognitive ability to understand others. By attributing mental states to others, we become able to explain and predict their behavior. The right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ) plays a key role in processing models of mental states. Yet, a different line of research suggests that the rTPJ is crucially involved in attentional control, prompting debates on its cognitive function. In this pre-registered neuro-navigated event-related TMS study, we tested for the rTPJ's specificity in mentalizing and attentional control. We interfered with its activity in a recently developed spatial cueing paradigm in which another's mental states were apparently task-relevant, allowing direct comparison of TMS effects on attention and mentalizing. We contrasted effects with a nearby control TMS site. Our confirmatory analysis showed no evidence for an involvement of the rTPJ in mentalizing or attentional control, presumably due to an observed large inter-individual variability of TMS effects on context and validity. To follow up this finding, we conducted exploratory analyses which revealed that rTPJ TMS had an influence on both attentional control and mentalizing. TMS effects on attention and mentalizing co-varied across participants: participants responding most to rTPJ TMS on mentalizing were also those for whom rTPJ TMS increased the attentional effect the most. This provides further evidence against total absolute segregation between mentalizing and attention within the rTPJ. Rather, our results suggest a common cognitive mechanism in both domains for which the rTPJ is necessary, paving the way for future research to cross-validate and extend these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul C J Taylor
- Department of Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Faculty of Philosophy and Philosophy of Science, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Center for Neurosciences - Brain and Mind, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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18
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Motor Cortex Causally Contributes to Vocabulary Translation following Sensorimotor-Enriched Training. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8618-8631. [PMID: 34429380 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2249-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the motor cortex in perceptual and cognitive functions is highly controversial. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that the motor cortex can be instrumental for translating foreign language vocabulary. Human participants of both sexes were trained on foreign language (L2) words and their native language translations over 4 consecutive days. L2 words were accompanied by complementary gestures (sensorimotor enrichment) or pictures (sensory enrichment). Following training, participants translated the auditorily presented L2 words that they had learned. During translation, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied bilaterally to a site within the primary motor cortex (Brodmann area 4) located in the vicinity of the arm functional compartment. Responses within the stimulated motor region have previously been found to correlate with behavioral benefits of sensorimotor-enriched L2 vocabulary learning. Compared to sham stimulation, effective perturbation by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation slowed down the translation of sensorimotor-enriched L2 words, but not sensory-enriched L2 words. This finding suggests that sensorimotor-enriched training induced changes in L2 representations within the motor cortex, which in turn facilitated the translation of L2 words. The motor cortex may play a causal role in precipitating sensorimotor-based learning benefits, and may directly aid in remembering the native language translations of foreign language words following sensorimotor-enriched training. These findings support multisensory theories of learning while challenging reactivation-based theories.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Despite the potential for sensorimotor enrichment to serve as a powerful tool for learning in many domains, its underlying brain mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation and a foreign language (L2) learning paradigm, we found that sensorimotor-enriched training can induce changes in L2 representations within the motor cortex, which in turn causally facilitate the translation of L2 words. The translation of recently acquired L2 words may therefore rely not only on auditory information stored in memory or on modality-independent L2 representations, but also on the sensorimotor context in which the words have been experienced.
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van der Plas M, Braun V, Stauch BJ, Hanslmayr S. Stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with slow rTMS enhances verbal memory formation. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001363. [PMID: 34582432 PMCID: PMC8478201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Encoding of episodic memories relies on stimulus-specific information processing and involves the left prefrontal cortex. We here present an incidental finding from a simultaneous EEG-TMS experiment as well as a replication of this unexpected effect. Our results reveal that stimulating the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) leads to enhanced word memory performance. A total of 40 healthy human participants engaged in a list learning paradigm. Half of the participants (N = 20) received 1 Hz rTMS to the left DLPFC, while the other half (N = 20) received 1 Hz rTMS to the vertex and served as a control group. Participants receiving left DLPFC stimulation demonstrated enhanced memory performance compared to the control group. This effect was replicated in a within-subjects experiment where 24 participants received 1 Hz rTMS to the left DLPFC and vertex. In this second experiment, DLPFC stimulation also induced better memory performance compared to vertex stimulation. In addition to these behavioural effects, we found that 1 Hz rTMS to DLPFC induced stronger beta power modulation in posterior areas, a state that is known to be beneficial for memory encoding. Further analysis indicated that beta modulations did not have an oscillatory origin. Instead, the observed beta modulations were a result of a spectral tilt, suggesting inhibition of these parietal regions. These results show that applying 1 Hz rTMS to DLPFC, an area involved in episodic memory formation, improves memory performance via modulating neural activity in parietal regions. Encoding of episodic memories relies on stimulus-specific information processing and involves the left prefrontal cortex. An incidental finding from a simultaneous EEG-TMS experiment reveals that applying 1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to this area of the brain improves memory performance by modulating neural activity in parietal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mircea van der Plas
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Institute for Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Verena Braun
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Johannes Stauch
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Simon Hanslmayr
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Institute for Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Tani K, Hirata A, Gomez-Tames J, Tanaka S. Coil orientation affects pain sensation during single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over Broca's area. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2021; 6:234-238. [PMID: 34466758 PMCID: PMC8382968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnp.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Pain sensation at the site of stimulation is a side effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The purpose of this study was to investigate how or whether the coil orientation affected TMS-induced pain on Broca's area (BA) or primary motor cortex (M1). Methods In Experiment 1, we measured pain thresholds during single-pulse TMS delivered over BA or left M1 at seven coil orientation angles (-90° to 90°, in 30° increments) relative to the posterior-anterior (PA) orientation. In Experiment 2, we evaluated subjective pain intensity when delivering TMS at an intensity of 110% of the resting motor threshold, which is commonly used in conventional TMS studies. Results In Experiment 1, we found a significant relationship between coil orientation and pain thresholds during BA stimulation but not M1 stimulation. During BA stimulation, pain thresholds were significantly lower when the coil orientation was 30° upward (-30° condition) relative to the PA orientation compared with 60° downward (60° condition). In Experiment 2, pain sensations were significantly stronger in the -30° condition compared with those in the 60° condition. We also confirmed that the averaged location of pain on the head in both conditions were more than 25 mm from the left lateral orbital rim. Conclusions The coil orientation of TMS over BA affects pain sensations. This might be attributable to the activation of nociceptors and nociceptive fibers in the muscle tissues above BA, rather than the orbicularis oculi muscle. Significance Although the influence of coil orientation on the TMS efficacy is unclear, this study suggests that manipulating the orientation of the TMS coil may be helpful in reducing pain when applying TMS to BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tani
- Laboratory of Psychology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3125, Japan.,Faculty of Psychology, Otemon Gakuin University, 2-1-15 Nishi-Ai, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-8502, Japan
| | - Akimasa Hirata
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Jose Gomez-Tames
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Psychology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3125, Japan
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21
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Rolle CE, Pedersen ML, Johnson N, Amemori KI, Ironside M, Graybiel AM, Pizzagalli DA, Etkin A. The Role of the Dorsal-Lateral Prefrontal Cortex in Reward Sensitivity During Approach-Avoidance Conflict. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1269-1285. [PMID: 34464445 PMCID: PMC9077265 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Approach-Avoidance conflict (AAC) arises from decisions with embedded positive and negative outcomes, such that approaching leads to reward and punishment and avoiding to neither. Despite its importance, the field lacks a mechanistic understanding of which regions are driving avoidance behavior during conflict. In the current task, we utilized transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and drift-diffusion modeling to investigate the role of one of the most prominent regions relevant to AAC-the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). The first experiment uses in-task disruption to examine the right dlPFC's (r-dlPFC) causal role in avoidance behavior. The second uses single TMS pulses to probe the excitability of the r-dlPFC, and downstream cortical activations, during avoidance behavior. Disrupting r-dlPFC during conflict decision-making reduced reward sensitivity. Further, r-dlPFC was engaged with a network of regions within the lateral and medial prefrontal, cingulate, and temporal cortices that associate with behavior during conflict. Together, these studies use TMS to demonstrate a role for the dlPFC in reward sensitivity during conflict and elucidate the r-dlPFC's network of cortical regions associated with avoidance behavior. By identifying r-dlPFC's mechanistic role in AAC behavior, contextualized within its conflict-specific downstream neural connectivity, we advance dlPFC as a potential neural target for psychiatric therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camarin E Rolle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Alto Neuroscience, Inc., Los Altos, CA 94022, USA
| | - Mads L Pedersen
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Noriah Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Alto Neuroscience, Inc., Los Altos, CA 94022, USA
| | - Ken-ichi Amemori
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Maria Ironside
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Avenue, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Amit Etkin
- Address correspondence to Amit Etkin, Alto Neuroscience, Inc., 153 Second street (suite 107), Los Altos, CA 94022, USA.
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22
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Pann A, Bonnard M, Felician O, Romaiguère P. The Extrastriate Body Area and identity processing: An fMRI guided TMS study. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14711. [PMID: 33938163 PMCID: PMC8090840 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The extrastriate body area (EBA) is a body‐selective focal region located in the lateral occipito‐temporal cortex that responds strongly to images of human bodies and body parts in comparison with other classes of stimuli. Whether EBA contributes also to the body recognition of self versus others remains in debate. We investigated whether EBA contributes to self‐other distinction and whether there might be a hemispheric‐side specificity to that contribution using double‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in right‐handed participants. Prior to the TMS experiment, all participants underwent an fMRI localizer task to determine individual EBA location. TMS was then applied over either right EBA, left EBA or vertex, while participants performed an identification task in which images of self or others' right, or left hands were presented. TMS over both EBAs slowed responses, with no identity‐specific effect. However, TMS applied over right EBA induced significantly more errors on other's hands than noTMS, TMS over left EBA or over the Vertex, when applied at 100–110 ms after image onset. The last three conditions did not differ, nor was there any difference for self‐hands. These findings suggest that EBA participates in self/other discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alizée Pann
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosc Syst, Marseille, France
| | - Mireille Bonnard
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosc Syst, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Felician
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, INS, Hôpital de la Timone, Service de Neurologie et de Neuropsychologie, Marseille, France
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23
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Bergmann TO, Varatheeswaran R, Hanlon CA, Madsen KH, Thielscher A, Siebner HR. Concurrent TMS-fMRI for causal network perturbation and proof of target engagement. Neuroimage 2021; 237:118093. [PMID: 33940146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The experimental manipulation of neural activity by neurostimulation techniques overcomes the inherent limitations of correlative recordings, enabling the researcher to investigate causal brain-behavior relationships. But only when stimulation and recordings are combined, the direct impact of the stimulation on neural activity can be evaluated. In humans, this can be achieved non-invasively through the concurrent combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Concurrent TMS-fMRI allows the assessment of the neurovascular responses evoked by TMS with excellent spatial resolution and full-brain coverage. This enables the functional mapping of both local and remote network effects of TMS in cortical as well as deep subcortical structures, offering unique opportunities for basic research and clinical applications. The purpose of this review is to introduce the reader to this powerful tool. We will introduce the technical challenges and state-of-the art solutions and provide a comprehensive overview of the existing literature and the available experimental approaches. We will highlight the unique insights that can be gained from concurrent TMS-fMRI, including the state-dependent assessment of neural responsiveness and inter-regional effective connectivity, the demonstration of functional target engagement, and the systematic evaluation of stimulation parameters. We will also discuss how concurrent TMS-fMRI during a behavioral task can help to link behavioral TMS effects to changes in neural network activity and to identify peripheral co-stimulation confounds. Finally, we will review the use of concurrent TMS-fMRI for developing TMS treatments of psychiatric and neurological disorders and suggest future improvements for further advancing the application of concurrent TMS-fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Til Ole Bergmann
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Wallstraße 7-9, 55122, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Rathiga Varatheeswaran
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Wallstraße 7-9, 55122, Mainz, Germany
| | - Colleen A Hanlon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Kristoffer H Madsen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Kettegård Allé 30, 2650, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Axel Thielscher
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Kettegård Allé 30, 2650, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Kettegård Allé 30, 2650, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 København NV, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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24
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Branzi FM, Pobric G, Jung J, Lambon Ralph MA. The Left Angular Gyrus Is Causally Involved in Context-dependent Integration and Associative Encoding during Narrative Reading. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 33:1082-1095. [PMID: 34428784 PMCID: PMC7614446 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The role of the left angular gyrus (AG) in language processing remains unclear. In this study, we used TMS to test the hypothesis that the left AG causally supports the processes necessary for context-dependent integration and encoding of information during language processing. We applied on-line TMS over the left AG to disrupt the on-line context-dependent integration during a language reading task, specifically while human participants integrated information between two sequentially presented paragraphs of text ("context" and "target" paragraphs). We assessed the effect of TMS on the left AG by asking participants to retrieve integrated contextual information when given the target condition as cue in a successive memory task. Results from the memory task showed that TMS applied over the left AG during reading impaired the formation of integrated context-target representation. These results provide the first evidence of a causal link between the left AG function, on-line information integration, and associative encoding during language processing.
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25
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Era V, Carnevali L, Thayer JF, Candidi M, Ottaviani C. Dissociating cognitive, behavioral and physiological stress-related responses through dorsolateral prefrontal cortex inhibition. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 124:105070. [PMID: 33310375 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.105070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) has been implicated in the regulation of stress-related cognitive processes and physiological responses and is the principal target of noninvasive brain stimulation techniques applied to psychiatric conditions. However, existing studies are mostly correlational and causal evidence on the role of this region in mediating specific psychophysiological mechanisms underpinning stress-related responses are needed to make the application of such techniques more efficient. To fill this gap, this study used inhibitory continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) in healthy individuals to examine the extent to which activity of the left dlPFC is associated with cognitive (subjective focus on a tracking task), behavioral (reaction times and variability), and physiological responses (heart rate and its variability and cortisol level) following induction of perseverative cognition. Compared to sham and left ventral PreMotor area stimulation (as active control area), inhibition of left dlPFC determined sustained autonomic and neuroendocrine activation and increased the subjective perception of being task-focused, while not changing the behavioral and self-reported stress-related responses. Adopting a causative approach, we describe a role of left dlPFC in inhibitory control of the physiological stress-response associated to perseverative thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Era
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Carnevali
- Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Matteo Candidi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Ottaviani
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
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26
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Westwood SJ, Radua J, Rubia K. Noninvasive brain stimulation in children and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2021; 46:E14-E33. [PMID: 33009906 PMCID: PMC7955851 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.190179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) could provide treatment alternatives to stimulant medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), given some evidence for improvements in cognition and clinical symptoms. However, despite a lack of solid evidence for their use, rTMS and tDCS are already offered clinically and commercially in ADHD. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to critically appraise rTMS and tDCS studies in ADHD to inform good research and clinical practice. METHODS A systematic search (up to February 2019) identified 18 studies (rTMS 4, tDCS 14; 311 children and adults with ADHD) stimulating mainly the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). We included 12 anodal tDCS studies (232 children and adults with ADHD) in 3 random-effects meta-analyses of cognitive measures of attention, inhibition and processing speed. RESULTS The review of rTMS and tDCS showed positive effects in some functions but not others, and little evidence for clinical improvement. The meta-analyses of 1 to 5 sessions of anodal tDCS over mainly the left or bilateral dlPFC showed trend-level improvements in inhibition and processing speed, but not in attention. LIMITATIONS Heterogeneity in stimulation parameters, patient age and outcome measures limited the interpretation of findings. CONCLUSION The review and meta-analysis showed limited evidence that 1 to 5 sessions of rTMS and tDCS, mostly of the dlPFC, improved clinical or cognitive measures of ADHD. These findings did not support using rTMS or tDCS of the dlPFC as an alternative neurotherapy for ADHD as yet. Larger, multi-session stimulation studies identifying more optimal sites and stimulation parameters in combination with cognitive training could achieve larger effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Westwood
- From the Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (Westwood, Rubia); the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain (Radua); the Mental Health Research Networking Centre (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Radua); the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, Stockholm, Sweden (Radua); and the Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom (Radua)
| | - Joaquim Radua
- From the Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (Westwood, Rubia); the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain (Radua); the Mental Health Research Networking Centre (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Radua); the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, Stockholm, Sweden (Radua); and the Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom (Radua)
| | - Katya Rubia
- From the Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (Westwood, Rubia); the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain (Radua); the Mental Health Research Networking Centre (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Radua); the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, Stockholm, Sweden (Radua); and the Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom (Radua)
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27
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Sundby KK, Jana S, Aron AR. Double-blind disruption of right inferior frontal cortex with TMS reduces right frontal beta power for action stopping. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:140-153. [PMID: 33112697 PMCID: PMC8087383 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00459.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Stopping action depends on the integrity of the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG). Electrocorticography from the rIFG shows an increase in beta power during action stopping. Scalp EEG shows a similar right frontal beta increase, but it is unknown whether this beta modulation relates to the underlying rIFG network. Demonstrating a causal relationship between the rIFG and right frontal beta in EEG during action stopping is important for putting this electrophysiological marker on a firmer footing. In a double-blind study with a true sham coil, we used fMRI-guided 1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to disrupt the rIFG and to test whether this reduced right frontal beta and impaired action stopping. We found that rTMS selectively slowed stop signal reaction time (SSRT) (no effect on Go) and reduced right frontal beta (no effect on sensorimotor mu/beta related to Go); it also reduced the variance of a single-trial muscle marker of stopping. Surprisingly, sham stimulation also slowed SSRTs and reduced beta. Part of this effect, however, resulted from carryover of real stimulation in participants who received real stimulation first. A post hoc between-group comparison of those participants who received real first compared with those who received sham first showed that real stimulation reduced beta significantly more. Thus, real rTMS uniquely affected metrics of stopping in the muscle and resulted in a stronger erosion of beta. We argue that this causal test validates right frontal beta as a functional marker of action stopping.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Action stopping recruits the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) and elicits increases in right frontal beta. The present study now provides causal evidence linking these stopping-related beta oscillations to the integrity of the underlying rIFG network. One-hertz transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the rIFG impaired stopping and reduced right frontal beta during a stop-signal task. Furthermore, the effect on neural oscillations was specific to stopping-related beta, with no change in sensorimotor mu/beta corresponding to the Go response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey K Sundby
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sumitash Jana
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Adam R Aron
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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28
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Willacker L, Roccato M, Can BN, Dieterich M, Taylor PCJ. Reducing variability of perceptual decision making with offline theta-burst TMS of dorsal medial frontal cortex. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:1689-1696. [PMID: 33035723 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that the dorsal medial frontal cortex (dMFC) may make an important contribution to perceptual decision-making, and not only to motor control. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS By fitting psychometric functions to behavioural data after TMS we tested whether the dMFC is critical specifically for the precision and/or bias of perceptual judgements. Additionally we aimed to disentangle potential roles of the dMFC in dealing with perceptual versus response switching. METHODS A subjective visual vertical task (SVV) was used in which participants weight visual (and other, e.g., vestibular) information to establish whether a line is oriented vertically. To ensure a high perceptual demand (putatively necessary to demonstrate a dMFC involvement) SVV lines were presented inside pop-out targets within a visual search array. Distinct features of perceptual performance were analysed before as compared to following theta-burst TMS stimulation of the dMFC, a control site, or no stimulation, in three groups, each of 20 healthy participants. RESULTS dMFC stimulation improved the precision of verticality judgments. Moreover, dMFC stimulation improved accuracy, selectively when response switches occurred with perceptual repeats. CONCLUSION These findings point to a causal role of the dMFC in establishing the precision of perceptual decision making, demonstrably dissociable from an additional role in motor control in attentionally demanding contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Willacker
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377, München, Germany; German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377, München, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, D-82152, Planegg, Germany.
| | - Marco Roccato
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, I- 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Beril Nisa Can
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-80802, München, Germany.
| | - Marianne Dieterich
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377, München, Germany; German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377, München, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, D-82152, Planegg, Germany; Synergy - Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, D-81377, München, Germany.
| | - Paul C J Taylor
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377, München, Germany; German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377, München, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, D-82152, Planegg, Germany; Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-80802, München, Germany; Faculty of Philosophy and Philosophy of Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany; Munich Center for Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany.
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29
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Kuhnke P, Beaupain MC, Cheung VKM, Weise K, Kiefer M, Hartwigsen G. Left posterior inferior parietal cortex causally supports the retrieval of action knowledge. Neuroimage 2020; 219:117041. [PMID: 32534127 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Conceptual knowledge is central to human cognition. The left posterior inferior parietal lobe (pIPL) is implicated by neuroimaging studies as a multimodal hub representing conceptual knowledge related to various perceptual-motor modalities. However, the causal role of left pIPL in conceptual processing remains unclear. Here, we transiently disrupted left pIPL function with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to probe its causal relevance for the retrieval of action and sound knowledge. We compared effective TMS over left pIPL with sham TMS, while healthy participants performed three different tasks-lexical decision, action judgment, and sound judgment-on words with a high or low association to actions and sounds. We found that pIPL-TMS selectively impaired action judgments on low sound-low action words. For the first time, we directly related computational simulations of the TMS-induced electrical field to behavioral performance, which revealed that stronger stimulation of left pIPL is associated with worse performance for action but not sound judgments. These results indicate that left pIPL causally supports conceptual processing when action knowledge is task-relevant and cannot be compensated by sound knowledge. Our findings suggest that left pIPL is specialized for the retrieval of action knowledge, challenging the view of left pIPL as a multimodal conceptual hub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kuhnke
- Lise Meitner Research Group 'Cognition and Plasticity', Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Marie C Beaupain
- Lise Meitner Research Group 'Cognition and Plasticity', Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vincent K M Cheung
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Konstantin Weise
- Methods and Development Group 'Brain Networks', Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Gesa Hartwigsen
- Lise Meitner Research Group 'Cognition and Plasticity', Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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30
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Hannah R, Muralidharan V, Sundby KK, Aron AR. Temporally-precise disruption of prefrontal cortex informed by the timing of beta bursts impairs human action-stopping. Neuroimage 2020; 222:117222. [PMID: 32768628 PMCID: PMC7736218 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human action-stopping is thought to rely on a prefronto-basal ganglia-thalamocortical network, with right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC) posited to play a critical role in the early stage of implementation. Here we sought causal evidence for this idea in experiments involving healthy human participants. We first show that action-stopping is preceded by bursts of electroencephalographic activity in the beta band over prefrontal electrodes, putatively rIFC, and that the timing of these bursts correlates with the latency of stopping at a single-trial level: earlier bursts are associated with faster stopping. From this we reasoned that the integrity of rIFC at the time of beta bursts might be critical to successful stopping. We then used fMRI-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to disrupt rIFC at the approximate time of beta bursting. Stimulation prolonged stopping latencies and, moreover, the prolongation was most pronounced in individuals for whom the pulse appeared closer to the presumed time of beta bursting. These results help validate a model of the neural architecture and temporal dynamics of action-stopping. They also highlight the usefulness of prefrontal beta bursts to index an apparently important sub-process of stopping, the timing of which might help explain within- and between-individual variation in impulse control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricci Hannah
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Vignesh Muralidharan
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kelsey K Sundby
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adam R Aron
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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31
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Bergmann TO, Hartwigsen G. Inferring Causality from Noninvasive Brain Stimulation in Cognitive Neuroscience. J Cogn Neurosci 2020; 33:195-225. [PMID: 32530381 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation or transcranial direct and alternating current stimulation, are advocated as measures to enable causal inference in cognitive neuroscience experiments. Transcending the limitations of purely correlative neuroimaging measures and experimental sensory stimulation, they allow to experimentally manipulate brain activity and study its consequences for perception, cognition, and eventually, behavior. Although this is true in principle, particular caution is advised when interpreting brain stimulation experiments in a causal manner. Research hypotheses are often oversimplified, disregarding the underlying (implicitly assumed) complex chain of causation, namely, that the stimulation technique has to generate an electric field in the brain tissue, which then evokes or modulates neuronal activity both locally in the target region and in connected remote sites of the network, which in consequence affects the cognitive function of interest and eventually results in a change of the behavioral measure. Importantly, every link in this causal chain of effects can be confounded by several factors that have to be experimentally eliminated or controlled to attribute the observed results to their assumed cause. This is complicated by the fact that many of the mediating and confounding variables are not directly observable and dose-response relationships are often nonlinear. We will walk the reader through the chain of causation for a generic cognitive neuroscience NIBS study, discuss possible confounds, and advise appropriate control conditions. If crucial assumptions are explicitly tested (where possible) and confounds are experimentally well controlled, NIBS can indeed reveal cause-effect relationships in cognitive neuroscience studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gesa Hartwigsen
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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Tani K, Hirata A, Tanaka S. Quantitative Assessment of Pain Threshold Induced by a Single-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:559. [PMID: 32581694 PMCID: PMC7287165 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is commonly used in basic research to evaluate human brain function. Although scalp pain is a side effect, no studies have quantitatively assessed the TMS intensity threshold for inducing pain and whether sensitivity to TMS-induced pain differs between sexes. In the present study, we measured pain thresholds when single-pulse TMS was applied over either Broca’s area (BA) or left primary motor cortex (M1), and compared these thresholds with the motor threshold (MT) for inducing motor evoked potentials (MEPs) through M1 stimulation. Additionally, we compared the pain thresholds for BA and M1 between males and females. We found that pain thresholds for both sites were significantly lower than the MT. Furthermore, the pain threshold for BA was much lower than that for M1. No significant difference was observed between sexes. The results suggest that TMS at an intensity equivalent to MTs, which is often used in experimental or clinical studies, causes slight scalp pain. Experimental designs using TMS to evaluate functional relationships between brain and behavior should consider scalp pain and reduce its likelihood as much as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tani
- Laboratory of Psychology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akimasa Hirata
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Psychology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
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Zangrandi A, Mioli A, D'Alonzo M, Formica D, Pellegrino G, Di Pino G. Conditioning transcranial magnetic stimulation of ventral premotor cortex shortens simple reaction time. Cortex 2019; 121:322-331. [PMID: 31670027 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ventral premotor cortex (PMv) is a key area of the sensorimotor control loop, it subtends complex motor sequences, especially when the hand is involved. However, its specific contribution to simple motor response to sensory cue is still not completely clear. To investigate the role of PMv, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to interfere with its function during a simple reaction time (SRT) task. We ran two experiments where participants were required to respond as fast as possible to a median nerve stimulation (go-signal), while sub-M1-threshold single pulse TMS was delivered either on left (contralateral) PMv or right (ipsilateral to sensory stimulus and motor response) PMv, 5-65 ms after the go-signal. TMS delivered on either PMv up to 25 ms after the go-signal shortened reaction time. This is the time window compatible with the arrive of sensory afferences, as if conditioning before sensory afferences arrive lower the threshold needed to release the pre-planned motor program to the primary motor cortex. This is in line with a putative PMv function of buffer of pre-planned motor program not strictly lateralized in one hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zangrandi
- Research Unit of Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mioli
- Research Unit of Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco D'Alonzo
- Research Unit of Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Formica
- Research Unit of Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pellegrino
- San Camillo Hospital IRCCS, Venice, Italy; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Giovanni Di Pino
- Research Unit of Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.
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Dynamic regulation of interregional cortical communication by slow brain oscillations during working memory. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4242. [PMID: 31534123 PMCID: PMC6751161 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Transiently storing information and mentally manipulating it is known as working memory. These operations are implemented by a distributed, fronto-parietal cognitive control network in the brain. The neural mechanisms controlling interactions within this network are yet to be determined. Here, we show that during a working memory task the brain uses an oscillatory mechanism for regulating access to prefrontal cognitive resources, dynamically controlling interactions between prefrontal cortex and remote neocortical areas. Combining EEG with non-invasive brain stimulation we show that fast rhythmical brain activity at posterior sites are nested into prefrontal slow brain waves. Depending on cognitive demand this high frequency activity is nested into different phases of the slow wave enabling dynamic coupling or de-coupling of the fronto-parietal control network adjusted to cognitive effort. This mechanism constitutes a basic principle of coordinating higher cognitive functions in the human brain.
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Gandolfo M, Downing PE. Causal Evidence for Expression of Perceptual Expectations in Category-Selective Extrastriate Regions. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2496-2500.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Han S, Ogawa A, Osada T, Suda A, Tanaka M, Nanjo H, Shimo Y, Hattori N, Konishi S. More subjects are required for ventrolateral than dorsolateral prefrontal TMS because of intolerability and potential drop-out. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217826. [PMID: 31158248 PMCID: PMC6546272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the human lateral prefrontal cortex, particularly the ventral region, often causes considerable discomfort to subjects. To date, in contrast to abundant literature on stimulations to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex has been less frequently stimulated, partly because some subjects are intolerable of stimulation to the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. To predict the additional number of subjects required for the stimulation of the dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices, 20 young healthy subjects reported two evaluation scores: the discomfort caused by TMS and the resulting intolerability to complete the TMS experiments. Single-pulse stimulation (SPS) or theta-burst stimulation (TBS) was administered to the lateral prefrontal cortex. The high-resolution extended 10–20 system was used to provide accurate estimation of the voxelwise scores. The discomfort ratings with the SPS and TBS were relatively higher in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex than those in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Both the SPS and TBS elicited maximal discomfort at the stimulation position F8. The SPS and TBS to F8 under the standard TMS protocols were intolerable for approximately one half (11 and 10, respectively) of the subjects. The intolerability was further calculated for all voxels in the lateral prefrontal cortex, which enabled us to estimate the additional number of subjects required for specific target areas. These results suggest that prior knowledge of subjects’ discomfort during stimulation of the lateral prefrontal cortex can be of practical use in the experimental planning of the appropriate number of recruited subjects and provide the database for the probability of intolerability that can be used to predict the additional number of subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Han
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Ogawa
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Osada
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akimitsu Suda
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Tanaka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nanjo
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shimo
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiki Konishi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Advanced Research Institute for Health Science, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Holmes NP, Tamè L. Locating primary somatosensory cortex in human brain stimulation studies: systematic review and meta-analytic evidence. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:152-162. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00614.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over human primary somatosensory cortex (S1), unlike over primary motor cortex (M1), does not produce an immediate, objective output. Researchers must therefore rely on one or more indirect methods to position the TMS coil over S1. The “gold standard” method of TMS coil positioning is to use individual functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (f/sMRI) alongside a stereotactic navigation system. In the absence of these facilities, however, one common method used to locate S1 is to find the scalp location that produces twitches in a hand muscle (e.g., the first dorsal interosseus, M1-FDI) and then move the coil posteriorly to target S1. There has been no systematic assessment of whether this commonly reported method of finding the hand area of S1 is optimal. To do this, we systematically reviewed 124 TMS studies targeting the S1 hand area and 95 fMRI studies involving passive finger and hand stimulation. Ninety-six TMS studies reported the scalp location assumed to correspond to S1-hand, which was on average 1.5–2 cm posterior to the functionally defined M1-hand area. Using our own scalp measurements combined with similar data from MRI and TMS studies of M1-hand, we provide the estimated scalp locations targeted in these TMS studies of the S1-hand. We also provide a summary of reported S1 coordinates for passive finger and hand stimulation in fMRI studies. We conclude that S1-hand is more lateral to M1-hand than assumed by the majority of TMS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Paul Holmes
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Luigi Tamè
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Holmes NP, Tamè L, Beeching P, Medford M, Rakova M, Stuart A, Zeni S. Locating primary somatosensory cortex in human brain stimulation studies: experimental evidence. J Neurophysiol 2018; 121:336-344. [PMID: 30575432 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00641.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over human primary somatosensory cortex (S1) does not produce immediate outputs. Researchers must therefore rely on indirect methods for TMS coil positioning. The "gold standard" is to use individual functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, but the majority of studies don't do this. The most common method to locate the hand area of S1 (S1-hand) is to move the coil posteriorly from the hand area of primary motor cortex (M1-hand). Yet, S1-hand is not directly posterior to M1-hand. We localized the index finger area of S1-hand (S1-index) experimentally in four ways. First, we reanalyzed functional MRI data from 20 participants who received vibrotactile stimulation to their 10 digits. Second, to assist the localization of S1-hand without MRI data, we constructed a probabilistic atlas of the central sulcus from 100 healthy adult MRIs and measured the likely scalp location of S1-index. Third, we conducted two experiments mapping the effects of TMS across the scalp on tactile discrimination performance. Fourth, we examined all available neuronavigation data from our laboratory on the scalp location of S1-index. Contrary to the prevailing method, and consistent with systematic review evidence, S1-index is close to the C3/C4 electroencephalography (EEG) electrode locations on the scalp, ~7-8 cm lateral to the vertex, and ~2 cm lateral and 0.5 cm posterior to the M1-hand scalp location. These results suggest that an immediate revision to the most commonly used heuristic to locate S1-hand is required. The results of many TMS studies of S1-hand need reassessment. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Noninvasive human brain stimulation requires indirect methods to target particular brain areas. Magnetic stimulation studies of human primary somatosensory cortex have used scalp-based heuristics to find the target, typically locating it 2 cm posterior to the motor cortex. We measured the scalp location of the hand area of primary somatosensory cortex and found that it is ~2 cm lateral to motor cortex. Our results suggest an immediate revision of the prevailing method is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Paul Holmes
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park , Nottingham , United Kingdom
| | - Luigi Tamè
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck University of London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Paisley Beeching
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park , Nottingham , United Kingdom
| | - Mary Medford
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading , Reading , United Kingdom
| | - Mariyana Rakova
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading , Reading , United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Stuart
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park , Nottingham , United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Zeni
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park , Nottingham , United Kingdom
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Holmes NP, Meteyard L. Subjective Discomfort of TMS Predicts Reaction Times Differences in Published Studies. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1989. [PMID: 30405482 PMCID: PMC6200894 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lotte Meteyard
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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Reader AT, Holmes NP. The left ventral premotor cortex is involved in hand shaping for intransitive gestures: evidence from a two-person imitation experiment. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:181356. [PMID: 30473863 PMCID: PMC6227992 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ventral premotor cortex (PMv) is involved in grasping and object manipulation, while the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) has been suggested to play a role in reaching and action selection. These areas have also been associated with action imitation, but their relative roles in different types of action imitation are unclear. We examined the role of the left PMv and PMd in meaningful and meaningless action imitation by using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Participants imitated meaningful and meaningless actions performed by a confederate actor while both individuals were motion-tracked. rTMS was applied over the left PMv, left PMd or a vertex control site during action observation or imitation. Digit velocity was significantly greater following stimulation over the PMv during imitation compared with stimulation over the PMv during observation, regardless of action meaning. Similar effects were not observed over the PMd or vertex. In addition, stimulation over the PMv increased finger movement speed in a (non-imitative) finger-thumb opposition task. We suggest that claims regarding the role of the PMv in object-directed hand shaping may stem from the prevalence of object-directed designs in motor control research. Our results indicate that the PMv may have a broader role in 'target-directed' hand shaping, whereby different areas of the hand are considered targets to act upon during intransitive gesturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arran T. Reader
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Reader AT, Royce BP, Marsh JE, Chivers KJ, Holmes NP. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reveals a role for the left inferior parietal lobule in matching observed kinematics during imitation. Eur J Neurosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arran T. Reader
- Department of Neuroscience; Karolinska Insitutet; Retzius väg 8 Stockholm Sweden
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics; School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences; University of Reading; Reading UK
| | - Ben P. Royce
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics; School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences; University of Reading; Reading UK
| | - Jade E. Marsh
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics; School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences; University of Reading; Reading UK
| | - Katy-Jayne Chivers
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics; School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences; University of Reading; Reading UK
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