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Smukowski SN, Danyko C, Somberg J, Kaufman EJ, Course MM, Postupna N, Barker-Haliski M, Keene CD, Valdmanis PN. mRNA and circRNA mislocalization to synapses are key features of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011359. [PMID: 39074152 PMCID: PMC11309398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Proper transport of RNAs to synapses is essential for localized translation of proteins in response to synaptic signals and synaptic plasticity. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by accumulation of amyloid aggregates and hyperphosphorylated tau neurofibrillary tangles followed by widespread synapse loss. To understand whether RNA synaptic localization is impacted in AD, we performed RNA sequencing on synaptosomes and brain homogenates from AD patients and cognitively healthy controls. This resulted in the discovery of hundreds of mislocalized mRNAs in AD among frontal and temporal brain regions. Similar observations were found in an APPswe/PSEN1dE9 mouse model. Furthermore, major differences were observed among circular RNAs (circRNAs) localized to synapses in AD including two overlapping isoforms of circGSK3β, one upregulated, and one downregulated. Expression of these distinct isoforms affected tau phosphorylation in neuronal cells substantiating the importance of circRNAs in the brain and pointing to a new class of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel N. Smukowski
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Cassidy Danyko
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Basic Sciences Division, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jenna Somberg
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Eli J. Kaufman
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Meredith M. Course
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nadia Postupna
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Melissa Barker-Haliski
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington School of Pharmacy, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Paul N. Valdmanis
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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2
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Melnik M, Miyoshi E, Ma R, Corrada M, Kawas C, Bohannan R, Caraway C, Miller CA, Hinman JD, John V, Bilousova T, Gylys KH. Simultaneous isolation of intact brain cells and cell-specific extracellular vesicles from cryopreserved Alzheimer's disease cortex. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 406:110137. [PMID: 38626853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuronal and gliaI populations within the brain are tightly interwoven, making isolation and study of large populations of a single cell type from brain tissue a major technical challenge. Concurrently, cell-type specific extracellular vesicles (EVs) hold enormous diagnostic and therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). NEW METHOD Postmortem AD cortical samples were thawed and gently dissociated. Following filtration, myelin and red blood cell removal, cell pellets were immunolabeled with fluorescent antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry. The cell pellet supernatant was applied to a triple sucrose cushion for brain EV isolation. RESULTS Neuronal, astrocyte and microglial cell populations were identified. Cell integrity was demonstrated using calcein AM, which is retained by cells with esterase activity and an intact membrane. For some experiments cell pellets were fixed, permeabilized, and immunolabeled for cell-specific markers. Characterization of brain small EV fractions showed the expected size, depletion of EV negative markers, and enrichment in positive and cell-type specific markers. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS AND CONCLUSIONS We optimized and integrated established protocols, aiming to maximize information obtained from each human autopsy brain sample. The uniqueness of our method lies in its capability to isolate cells and EVs from a single cryopreserved brain sample. Our results not only demonstrate the feasibility of isolating specific brain cell subpopulations for RNA-seq but also validate these subpopulations at the protein level. The accelerated study of EVs from human samples is crucial for a better understanding of their contribution to neuron/glial crosstalk and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Melnik
- UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Ricky Ma
- UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Maria Corrada
- Departments of Neurology, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Claudia Kawas
- Departments of Neurology, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Neurobiology & Behavior, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ryan Bohannan
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Chad Caraway
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Jason D Hinman
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Research at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA; Departments of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Varghese John
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Research at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA; Departments of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tina Bilousova
- UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Research at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA; Departments of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Karen H Gylys
- UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Research at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA; Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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3
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Berson E, Gajera CR, Phongpreecha T, Perna A, Bukhari SA, Becker M, Chang AL, De Francesco D, Espinosa C, Ravindra NG, Postupna N, Latimer CS, Shively CA, Register TC, Craft S, Montine KS, Fox EJ, Keene CD, Bendall SC, Aghaeepour N, Montine TJ. Cross-species comparative analysis of single presynapses. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13849. [PMID: 37620363 PMCID: PMC10449792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40683-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparing brain structure across species and regions enables key functional insights. Leveraging publicly available data from a novel mass cytometry-based method, synaptometry by time of flight (SynTOF), we applied an unsupervised machine learning approach to conduct a comparative study of presynapse molecular abundance across three species and three brain regions. We used neural networks and their attractive properties to model complex relationships among high dimensional data to develop a unified, unsupervised framework for comparing the profile of more than 4.5 million single presynapses among normal human, macaque, and mouse samples. An extensive validation showed the feasibility of performing cross-species comparison using SynTOF profiling. Integrative analysis of the abundance of 20 presynaptic proteins revealed near-complete separation between primates and mice involving synaptic pruning, cellular energy, lipid metabolism, and neurotransmission. In addition, our analysis revealed a strong overlap between the presynaptic composition of human and macaque in the cerebral cortex and neostriatum. Our unique approach illuminates species- and region-specific variation in presynapse molecular composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Berson
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chandresh R Gajera
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Thanaphong Phongpreecha
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amalia Perna
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Syed A Bukhari
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Martin Becker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alan L Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Davide De Francesco
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Camilo Espinosa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Neal G Ravindra
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nadia Postupna
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Caitlin S Latimer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carol A Shively
- Department of Pathology/Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Thomas C Register
- Department of Pathology/Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Suzanne Craft
- Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen S Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Edward J Fox
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sean C Bendall
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nima Aghaeepour
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
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4
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Hindley N, Sanchez Avila A, Henstridge C. Bringing synapses into focus: Recent advances in synaptic imaging and mass-spectrometry for studying synaptopathy. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2023; 15:1130198. [PMID: 37008679 PMCID: PMC10050382 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2023.1130198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Synapses are integral for healthy brain function and are becoming increasingly recognized as key structures in the early stages of brain disease. Understanding the pathological processes driving synaptic dysfunction will unlock new therapeutic opportunities for some of the most devastating diseases of our time. To achieve this we need a solid repertoire of imaging and molecular tools to interrogate synaptic biology at greater resolution. Synapses have historically been examined in small numbers, using highly technical imaging modalities, or in bulk, using crude molecular approaches. However, recent advances in imaging techniques are allowing us to analyze large numbers of synapses, at single-synapse resolution. Furthermore, multiplexing is now achievable with some of these approaches, meaning we can examine multiple proteins at individual synapses in intact tissue. New molecular techniques now allow accurate quantification of proteins from isolated synapses. The development of increasingly sensitive mass-spectrometry equipment means we can now scan the synaptic molecular landscape almost in totality and see how this changes in disease. As we embrace these new technical developments, synapses will be viewed with clearer focus, and the field of synaptopathy will become richer with insightful and high-quality data. Here, we will discuss some of the ways in which synaptic interrogation is being facilitated by methodological advances, focusing on imaging, and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hindley
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Nicole Hindley,
| | - Anna Sanchez Avila
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Euan Macdonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Henstridge
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Euan Macdonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Baldassari S, Cervetto C, Amato S, Fruscione F, Balagura G, Pelassa S, Musante I, Iacomino M, Traverso M, Corradi A, Scudieri P, Maura G, Marcoli M, Zara F. Vesicular Glutamate Release from Feeder-FreehiPSC-Derived Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810545. [PMID: 36142455 PMCID: PMC9501332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) represent one of the main and powerful tools for the in vitro modeling of neurological diseases. Standard hiPSC-based protocols make use of animal-derived feeder systems to better support the neuronal differentiation process. Despite their efficiency, such protocols may not be appropriate to dissect neuronal specific properties or to avoid interspecies contaminations, hindering their future translation into clinical and drug discovery approaches. In this work, we focused on the optimization of a reproducible protocol in feeder-free conditions able to generate functional glutamatergic neurons. This protocol is based on a generation of neuroprecursor cells differentiated into human neurons with the administration in the culture medium of specific neurotrophins in a Geltrex-coated substrate. We confirmed the efficiency of this protocol through molecular analysis (upregulation of neuronal markers and neurotransmitter receptors assessed by gene expression profiling and expression of the neuronal markers at the protein level), morphological analysis, and immunfluorescence detection of pre-synaptic and post-synaptic markers at synaptic boutons. The hiPSC-derived neurons acquired Ca2+-dependent glutamate release properties as a hallmark of neuronal maturation. In conclusion, our study describes a new methodological approach to achieve feeder-free neuronal differentiation from hiPSC and adds a new tool for functional characterization of hiPSC-derived neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Baldassari
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Cervetto
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), 56100 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Sarah Amato
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Floriana Fruscione
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Ganna Balagura
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Largo Paolo Daneo 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Simone Pelassa
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Musante
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Largo Paolo Daneo 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Michele Iacomino
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Monica Traverso
- Paediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Corradi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Scudieri
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Largo Paolo Daneo 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), 56100 Pisa, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Federico Zara
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Largo Paolo Daneo 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
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ARRAY TOMOGRAPHY: 15 YEARS OF SYNAPTIC ANALYSIS. Neuronal Signal 2022; 6:NS20220013. [PMID: 36187224 PMCID: PMC9512143 DOI: 10.1042/ns20220013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses are minuscule, intricate structures crucial for the correct communication between neurons. In the 125 years since the term synapse was first coined, we have advanced a long way when it comes to our understanding of how they work and what they do. Most of the fundamental discoveries have been invariably linked to advances in technology. However, due to their size, delicate structural integrity and their sheer number, our knowledge of synaptic biology has remained somewhat elusive and their role in neurodegenerative diseases still remains largely unknown. Here, we briefly discuss some of the imaging technologies used to study synapses and focus on the utility of the high-resolution imaging technique array tomography (AT). We introduce the AT technique and highlight some of the ways it is utilised with a particular focus on its power for analysing synaptic composition and pathology in human post-mortem tissue. We also discuss some of the benefits and drawbacks of techniques for imaging synapses and highlight some recent advances in the study of form and function by combining physiology and high-resolution synaptic imaging.
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7
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Application of Machine Learning Solutions to Optimize Parameter Prediction to Enhance Automatic NMR Metabolite Profiling. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040283. [PMID: 35448470 PMCID: PMC9027668 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality of automatic metabolite profiling in NMR datasets from complex matrices can be affected by the numerous sources of variability. These sources, as well as the presence of multiple low-intensity signals, cause uncertainty in the metabolite signal parameters. Lineshape fitting approaches often produce suboptimal resolutions to adapt them in a complex spectrum lineshape. As a result, the use of software tools for automatic profiling tends to be restricted to specific biological matrices and/or sample preparation protocols to obtain reliable results. However, the analysis and modelling of the signal parameters collected during initial iteration can be further optimized to reduce uncertainty by generating narrow and accurate predictions of the expected signal parameters. In this study, we show that, thanks to the predictions generated, better profiling quality indicators can be outputted, and the performance of automatic profiling can be maximized. Our proposed workflow can learn and model the sample properties; therefore, restrictions in the biological matrix, or sample preparation protocol, and limitations of lineshape fitting approaches can be overcome.
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8
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Biophysical Modeling of Dopaminergic Denervation Landscapes in the Striatum Reveals New Therapeutic Strategy. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0458-21.2022. [PMID: 35165198 PMCID: PMC8896595 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0458-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) results from a loss of dopaminergic neurons. What triggers the break-down of neuronal signaling, and how this might be compensated, is not understood. The age of onset, progression and symptoms vary between patients, and our understanding of the clinical variability remains incomplete. In this study, we investigate this, by characterizing the dopaminergic landscape in healthy and denervated striatum, using biophysical modeling. Based on currently proposed mechanisms, we model three distinct denervation patterns, and show how this affect the dopaminergic network. Depending on the denervation pattern, we show how local and global differences arise in the activity of striatal neurons. Finally, we use the mathematical formalism to suggest a cellular strategy for maintaining normal dopamine (DA) signaling following neuronal denervation. This strategy is characterized by dual enhancement of both the release and uptake capacity of DA in the remaining neurons. Overall, our results derive a new conceptual framework for the impaired dopaminergic signaling related to PD and offers testable predictions for future research directions.
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9
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Gajera CR, Fernandez R, Postupna N, Montine KS, Keene CD, Bendall SC, Montine TJ. Mass Synaptometry: Applying Mass Cytometry to Single Synapse Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2417:69-88. [PMID: 35099792 PMCID: PMC8820390 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1916-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic degeneration is one of the earliest and phenotypically most significant features associated with numerous neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Synaptic changes are also known to be important in neurocognitive disorders such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Several labs, including ours, have demonstrated that conventional (fluorescence-based) flow cytometry of individual synaptosomes is a robust and reproducible method. However, the repertoire of probes needed to assess comprehensively the type of synapse, pathologic proteins (including protein products of risk genes discovered in GWAS), and markers of stress and injury far exceeds what is achievable with conventional flow cytometry. We recently developed a method that applies CyTOF (Cytometry by Time-Of-Flight mass spectrometry) to high-dimensional analysis of individual human synaptosomes, overcoming many of the multiplexing limitations of conventional flow cytometry. We call this new method Mass Synaptometry. Here we describe the preparation of synaptosomes from human and mouse brain, the generation and quality control of the "SynTOF" (Synapse by Time-Of-Flight mass spectrometry) antibody panel, the staining protocol, and CyTOF parameter setup for acquisition, post-acquisition processing, and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandresh R. Gajera
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Rosemary Fernandez
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Nadia Postupna
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kathleen S. Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sean C. Bendall
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Thomas J. Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States
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10
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Ge YL, Gong SY, Wang PZ, Yan JH, Li W, Zhang JR, Jin H, Zhuang S, Hu L, Ding CW, Yang YP, Wang F, Li D, Chen J, Mao CJ, Zhang YC, Li K, Liu CF. Cognitive Performance is Associated with Altered Cerebral Hemodynamics Assessed by Transcranial Ultrasound in Parkinson's Disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:1421-1431. [PMID: 35855751 PMCID: PMC9288215 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s358150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cognitive impairment (CI) is a common but debilitating non-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD). Although cerebrovascular functions are related to cognitive performance in healthy individuals, such a relation in PD remains elusive. This study aims to assess the association between cerebrovascular function and cognitive performance in PD individuals. PATIENTS AND METHODS Two-hundred-and-one PD individuals were retrospectively included. They were subsequently divided into two groups: PD with normal cognition (PD-NC) and PD with CI (PD-CI). Cerebral hemodynamic characteristics of the middle cerebral arteries were assessed by transcranial ultrasound. The association between scores in each cognitive domain and cerebral hemodynamic parameters was further analyzed using regression analyses. Additionally, a binary logistic regression model with backward stepwise procedure was applied to build the model for discriminating CI in PD individuals. An independent dataset of additional 46 PD individuals was used further. RESULTS The PD-CI group showed a relatively lower end-diastolic blood flow velocity (EDV, p < 0.05) and a higher resistive index (RI, p < 0.05) compared to the PD-NC group. RI showed significant associations with the memory item score of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (p < 0.05). A model combining clinical and hemodynamic variables was established with optimal efficiency (area under the curve, AUC = 0.651). Further replication of the model in an independent dataset yielded a great consistency (AUC = 0.704). CONCLUSION In our study, cerebrovascular functions were significantly associated with the cognitive performance in PD individuals, especially with the memory task. The established model was effective in identifying CI in PD individuals, which might be a potentially useful tool to screen the cognitive decline in PD individuals at an early stage of the disease. Further studies with larger sample sizes in different populations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lun Ge
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Yi Gong
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu-Zhi Wang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Hui Yan
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ru Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Jin
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Zhuang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Hu
- Department of Ultrasound, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Wei Ding
- Department of Ultrasound, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ping Yang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Neurology, Suqian First Hospital, Suqian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Jie Mao
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Suqian First Hospital, Suqian, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Chun Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Suqian First Hospital, Suqian, People's Republic of China
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11
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Phongpreecha T, Gajera CR, Liu CC, Vijayaragavan K, Chang AL, Becker M, Fallahzadeh R, Fernandez R, Postupna N, Sherfield E, Tebaykin D, Latimer C, Shively CA, Register TC, Craft S, Montine KS, Fox EJ, Poston KL, Keene CD, Angelo M, Bendall SC, Aghaeepour N, Montine TJ. Single-synapse analyses of Alzheimer's disease implicate pathologic tau, DJ1, CD47, and ApoE. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabk0473. [PMID: 34910503 PMCID: PMC8673771 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic molecular characterization is limited for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Our newly invented mass cytometry–based method, synaptometry by time of flight (SynTOF), was used to measure 38 antibody probes in approximately 17 million single-synapse events from human brains without pathologic change or with pure AD or Lewy body disease (LBD), nonhuman primates (NHPs), and PS/APP mice. Synaptic molecular integrity in humans and NHP was similar. Although not detected in human synapses, Aβ was in PS/APP mice single-synapse events. Clustering and pattern identification of human synapses showed expected disease-specific differences, like increased hippocampal pathologic tau in AD and reduced caudate dopamine transporter in LBD, and revealed previously unidentified findings including increased hippocampal CD47 and lowered DJ1 in AD and higher ApoE in AD with dementia. Our results were independently supported by multiplex ion beam imaging of intact tissue. This highlights the higher depth and breadth of insight on neurodegenerative diseases obtainable through SynTOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanaphong Phongpreecha
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Candace C. Liu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Alan L. Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Martin Becker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ramin Fallahzadeh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Nadia Postupna
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily Sherfield
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dmitry Tebaykin
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Caitlin Latimer
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carol A. Shively
- Department of Pathology/Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Thomas C. Register
- Department of Pathology/Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Suzanne Craft
- Department of Internal Medicine–Geriatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - Edward J. Fox
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen L. Poston
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Angelo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sean C. Bendall
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nima Aghaeepour
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J. Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Corresponding author.
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12
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Gajera CR, Fernandez R, Montine KS, Fox EJ, Mrdjen D, Postupna NO, Keene CD, Bendall SC, Montine TJ. Mass-tag barcoding for multiplexed analysis of human synaptosomes and other anuclear events. Cytometry A 2021; 99:939-945. [PMID: 33818911 PMCID: PMC8590852 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mass-tag cell barcoding has increased the throughput, multiplexing, and robustness of multiple cytometry approaches. Previously, we adapted mass cytometry for cells to analyze synaptosome preparations (mass synaptometry or SynTOF), extending mass cytometry to these smaller, anuclear particles. To improve throughput and individual event resolution, we report here the application of palladium-based barcoding in human synaptosomes. Up to 20 individual samples, each with a unique combinatorial barcode, were pooled for labeling with an antibody cocktail. Our synaptosome protocol used six palladium-based barcoding reagents, and in combination with sequential gating increased the identification of presynaptic events approximately fourfold. These same parameters also efficiently resolved two other anuclear particles: human red blood cells and platelets. The addition of palladium-based mass-tag barcoding to our approach improves mass cytometry of synaptic particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosemary Fernandez
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | | | - Edward J. Fox
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Dunja Mrdjen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Nadia O. Postupna
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sean C. Bendall
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Thomas J. Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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13
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Xu S, Yang C, Yan X, Liu H. Towards high throughput and high information coverage: advanced single-cell mass spectrometric techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:219-233. [PMID: 34435209 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03624-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is attractive for single-cell analysis because of its high sensitivity, rich information, and large dynamic ranges, especially for the single-cell metabolome and proteome analysis. Efforts have been made to deal with the throughput and information coverage problems in typical manual single-cell MS techniques. In this review, advanced techniques to improve the automation and throughput for single-cell sampling and single-cell metabolome and proteome MS detection have been discussed. Furthermore, representative MS-based strategies that can increase the in-depth cellular information coverage and achieve the more comprehensive single-cell multiomics information during high throughput detection have been highlighted, providing an ongoing perspective of the MS performance for the single-cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiuping Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China. .,Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Huwei Liu
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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14
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Wawro AM, Gajera CR, Baker SA, Leśniak RK, Montine KS, Fischer CR, Saw NL, Shamloo M, Montine TJ. Enantiomers of 4-aminopentanoic acid act as false GABAergic neurotransmitters and impact mouse behavior. J Neurochem 2021; 158:1074-1082. [PMID: 34273193 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Imbalance in the metabolic pathway linking excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission has been implicated in multiple psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Recently, we described enantiomer-specific effects of 2-methylglutamate, which is not decarboxylated to the corresponding methyl analogue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): 4-aminopentanoic acid (4APA). Here, we tested the hypothesis that 4APA also has enantiomer-specific actions in brain. Mouse cerebral synaptosome uptake (nmol/mg protein over 30 min) of (R)-4APA or (S)-4APA was time and temperature dependent; however, the R enantiomer had greater uptake, reduction of endogenous GABA concentration, and release following membrane depolarization than did the S enantiomer. (S)-4APA exhibited some weak agonist (GABAA α4β3δ, GABAA α5β2γ2, and GABAB B1/B2) and antagonist (GABAA α6β2γ2) activity while (R)-4APA showed weak agonist activity only with GABAA α5β2γ2. Both 4APA enantiomers (100 mg/kg IP) were detected in mouse brain 10 min after injection, and by 1 hr had reached concentrations that were stable over 6 hr; both enantiomers were cleared rapidly from mouse serum over 6 hr. Two-month-old mice had no mortality following 100-900 mg/kg IP of each 4APA enantiomer but did have similar dose-dependent reduction in distance moved in a novel cage. Neither enantiomer at 30 or 100 mg/kg impacted outcomes in 23 measures of well-being, activity chamber, or withdrawal from hot plate. Our results suggest that enantiomers of 4APA are active in mouse brain, and that (R)-4APA may act as a novel false neurotransmitter of GABA. Future work will focus on disease models and on possible applications as neuroimaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Wawro
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Steven A Baker
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nay L Saw
- Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mehrdad Shamloo
- Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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15
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Wawro AM, Gajera CR, Baker SA, Leśniak RK, Fischer CR, Saw NL, Shamloo M, Montine TJ. Enantiomers of 2-methylglutamate and 2-methylglutamine selectively impact mouse brain metabolism and behavior. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8138. [PMID: 33854131 PMCID: PMC8047011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission is implicated in a wide range of psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Here we tested the hypothesis that insertion of a methyl group on the stereogenic alpha carbon of l-Glu or l-Gln would impact the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt and the glutamate-glutamine cycle. (S)-2-methylglutamate, or (S)-2MeGlu, was efficiently transported into brain and synaptosomes where it was released by membrane depolarization in a manner equivalent to endogenous l-Glu. (R)-2MeGlu was transported less efficiently into brain and synaptosomes but was not released by membrane depolarization. Each enantiomer of 2MeGlu had limited activity across a panel of over 30 glutamate and GABA receptors. While neither enantiomer of 2MeGlu was metabolized along the GABA shunt, (S)-2MeGlu was selectively converted to (S)-2-methylglutamine, or (S)-2MeGln, which was subsequently slowly hydrolyzed back to (S)-2MeGlu in brain. rac-2MeGln was also transported into brain, with similar efficiency as (S)-2MeGlu. A battery of behavioral tests in young adult wild type mice showed safety with up to single 900 mg/kg dose of (R)-2MeGlu, (S)-2MeGlu, or rac-2MeGln, suppressed locomotor activity with single ≥ 100 mg/kg dose of (R)-2MeGlu or (S)-2MeGlu. No effect on anxiety or hippocampus-dependent learning was evident. Enantiomers of 2MeGlu and 2MeGln show promise as potential pharmacologic agents and imaging probes for cells that produce or transport l-Gln.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Wawro
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | | | - Steven A Baker
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | | | | | - Nay L Saw
- Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Mehrdad Shamloo
- Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
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16
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Flexible and Accurate Substrate Processing with Distinct Presenilin/γ-Secretases in Human Cortical Neurons. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0500-20.2021. [PMID: 33608391 PMCID: PMC7932187 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0500-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the presenilin genes (PS1, PS2) have been linked to the majority of familial Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although great efforts have been made to investigate pathogenic PS mutations, which ultimately cause an increase in the toxic form of β-amyloid (Aβ), the intrinsic physiological functions of PS in human neurons remain to be determined. In this study, to investigate the physiological roles of PS in human neurons, we generated PS1 conditional knock-out (KO) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), in which PS1 can be selectively abrogated under Cre transduction with or without additional PS2 KO. We showed that iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) do not confer a maintenance ability in the absence of both PS1 and PS2, showing the essential role of PS in Notch signaling. We then generated PS-null human cortical neurons, where PS1 was intact until full neuronal differentiation occurred. Aβ40 production was reduced exclusively in human PS1/PS2-null neurons along with a concomitant accumulation of amyloid β precursor protein (APP)-C-terminal fragments CTFs, whereas Aβ42 was decreased in neurons devoid of PS2. Unlike previous studies in mice, in which APP cleavage is largely attributable to PS1, γ-secretase activity seemed to be comparable between PS1 and PS2. In contrast, cleavage of another substrate, N-cadherin, was impaired only in neurons devoid of PS1. Moreover, PS2/γ-secretase exists largely in late endosomes/lysosomes, as measured by specific antibody against the γ-secretase complex, in which Aβ42 species are supposedly produced. Using this novel stem cell-based platform, we assessed important physiological PS1/PS2 functions in mature human neurons, the dysfunction of which could underlie AD pathogenesis.
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17
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Proteomic Characterization of Synaptosomes from Human Substantia Nigra Indicates Altered Mitochondrial Translation in Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122580. [PMID: 33276480 PMCID: PMC7761546 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the loss of neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Additionally, numerous studies indicate an altered synaptic function during disease progression. To gain new insights into the molecular processes underlying the alteration of synaptic function in PD, a proteomic study was performed. Therefore, synaptosomes were isolated by density gradient centrifugation from SNpc tissue of individuals at advanced PD stages (N = 5) as well as control subjects free of pathology (N = 5) followed by mass spectrometry-based analysis. In total, 362 proteins were identified and assigned to the synaptosomal core proteome. This core proteome comprised all proteins expressed within the synapses without regard to data analysis software, gender, age, or disease. The differential analysis between control subjects and PD cases revealed that CD9 antigen was overrepresented and fourteen proteins, among them Thymidine kinase 2 (TK2), mitochondrial, 39S ribosomal protein L37, neurolysin, and Methionine-tRNA ligase (MARS2) were underrepresented in PD suggesting an alteration in mitochondrial translation within synaptosomes.
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18
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MANF Ablation Causes Prolonged Activation of the UPR without Neurodegeneration in the Mouse Midbrain Dopamine System. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0477-19.2019. [PMID: 32005751 PMCID: PMC7053174 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0477-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localized protein that regulates ER homeostasis and unfolded protein response (UPR). The biology of endogenous MANF in the mammalian brain is unknown and therefore we studied the brain phenotype of MANF-deficient female and male mice at different ages focusing on the midbrain dopamine system and cortical neurons. We show that a lack of MANF from the brain led to the chronic activation of UPR by upregulation of the endoribonuclease activity of the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) pathway. Furthermore, in the aged MANF-deficient mouse brain in addition the protein kinase-like ER kinase (PERK) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) branches of the UPR pathways were activated. Neuronal loss in neurodegenerative diseases has been associated with chronic ER stress. In our mouse model, increased UPR activation did not lead to neuronal cell loss in the substantia nigra (SN), decrease of striatal dopamine or behavioral changes of MANF-deficient mice. However, cortical neurons lacking MANF were more vulnerable to chemical induction of additional ER stress in vitro. We conclude that embryonic neuronal deletion of MANF does not cause the loss of midbrain dopamine neurons in mice. However, endogenous MANF is needed for maintenance of neuronal ER homeostasis both in vivo and in vitro.
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19
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Wang J, Zhang X, Zhu B, Fu P. Association of Clusterin Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid with Synaptic Degeneration Across the Alzheimer's Disease Continuum. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:183-190. [PMID: 32021212 PMCID: PMC6980869 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s224877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although emerging evidence has suggested that clusterin is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the association of clusterin with synaptic degeneration in living human is unclear. In the present study, we aimed to examine the association of CSF clusterin levels with synaptic degeneration in individuals with different severities of cognitive impairment. PATIENTS AND METHODS In the present study, we compared levels of clusterin in CSF among individuals with normal cognition (NC), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD. Further, linear regression models were performed to examine the association of CSF clusterin with neurogranin (NG, reflecting synaptic degeneration) with adjustment of several potential confounders. RESULTS We found that CSF clusterin levels were positively correlated with NG in the NC and MCI groups, but not the AD group. In all subjects, linear regression models suggested that clusterin levels were positively associated with NG levels independent of age, gender, apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) genotype, clinical diagnosis, and CSF Aβ42 levels. CONCLUSION Our data indicated that clusterin was associated with CSF NG levels among older individuals with different severities of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bihong Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Fu
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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20
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Mrdjen D, Fox EJ, Bukhari SA, Montine KS, Bendall SC, Montine TJ. The basis of cellular and regional vulnerability in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:729-749. [PMID: 31392412 PMCID: PMC6802290 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) differentially and specifically affects brain regions and neuronal cell types in a predictable pattern. Damage to the brain appears to spread and worsens with time, taking over more regions and activating multiple stressors that can converge to promote vulnerability of certain cell types. At the same time, other cell types and brain regions remain intact in the face of this onslaught of neuropathology. Although neuropathologic descriptions of AD have been extensively expanded and mapped over the last several decades, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying how certain regions and cell populations are specifically vulnerable or resistant has lagged behind. In this review, we detail what is known about the selectivity of local initiation of AD pathology in the hippocampus, its proposed spread via synaptic connections, and the diversity of clinical phenotypes and brain atrophy patterns that may arise from different fibrillar strains of pathologic proteins or genetic predispositions. We summarize accumulated and emerging knowledge of the cellular and molecular basis for neuroanatomic selectivity, consider potential disease-relevant differences between vulnerable and resistant neuronal cell types and isolate molecular markers to identify them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Mrdjen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Edward J Fox
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Syed A Bukhari
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen S Montine
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sean C Bendall
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Montine
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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21
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Chen J, Duan Y, Li H, Lu L, Liu J, Tang C. Different durations of cognitive stimulation therapy for Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Interv Aging 2019; 14:1243-1254. [PMID: 31371930 PMCID: PMC6635834 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s210062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) of different durations for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods A comprehensive search was carried out in three databases. The primary outcome was Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score. We conducted a meta-analysis with Review Manager, version 5.3 and assessed the methodological quality of the included studies using the Cochrane Collaboration Recommendations assessment tool. Results Treatment effects from the meta-analysis showed that CST plus acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) was better than the control assessed by MMSE. In addition, the meta-analysis indicated that long-term CST was better than short-term or maintenance CST. Conclusion Our study confirmed that the combination of CST and drug treatment for AD is effective in AD, regardless of whether short-term CST, maintenance CST, or long-term CST is used. The long-term CST appears to be more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juexuan Chen
- Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Duan
- Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Hong Kong Chinese Medicine Clinical Study Centre, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanjie Li
- Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Lu
- Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihong Liu
- Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunzhi Tang
- Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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22
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Liao XY, Lei Y, Chen SF, Cheng J, Zhao D, Zhang ZF, Han X, Zhang Y, Liao HB, Zhuang Y, Chen J, Zhou HB, Wan Q, Zou YY. The neuroprotective effect of bisperoxovandium (pyridin-2-squaramide) in intracerebral hemorrhage. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:1957-1967. [PMID: 31354241 PMCID: PMC6585412 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s204956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: The authors have recently designed a new compound bisperoxovandium (pyridin-2-squaramide) [bpV(pis)] and verified that bpV(pis) confers neuroprotection through suppressing PTEN and activating ERK1/2, respectively. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common cause of stroke and has severe clinical outcome. In this study, we investigate the effect of bpV(pis) in ICH model both in vivo and in vitro. Materials and methods: The novel drug bpV(pis) was synthesized in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Wuhan University School of Medicine. An ICH model was generated on both SD rats and cells. bpV(pis) was injected into intracerebroventricular or culture media. Western blotting was applied to test the signal pathway. To determine the effect of bpV(pis) on PTEN inhibition and ERK1/2 activation, we measured the phosphorylation level of AKT (a direct downstream target of PTEN that negatively regulates AKT) and ERK1/2. FJC, MTT, and LDH were applied to measure the cell viability. Neurobehavioral tests were performed to measure the effect of bpV(pis). Results: The in vivo results showed that intracerebroventricular administration of bpV(pis) significantly alleviates hematoma, the damage of brain–blood barrier and brain edema. The in vitro results demonstrated that bpV(pis) treatment reduces ICH-induced neuronal injury. Western blotting results identified that bpV(pis) exerts a neuroprotective effect by significantly increasing the phosphorylation level of AKT and ERK1/2 after experimental ICH. Neurobehavioral tests indicate that bpV(pis) promotes functional recovery in ICH animals. Conclusion: This study provides first and direct evidence for a potential role of bpV(pis) in ICH therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Liao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Lei
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Song-Feng Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Feng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Han
- School of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Bao Liao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhuang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430013, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Bing Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wan
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery of the Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ying Zou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
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Critical Analysis of Particle Detection Artifacts in Synaptosome Flow Cytometry. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0009-19.2019. [PMID: 31118205 PMCID: PMC6565374 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0009-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry and fluorescence-activated sorting are powerful techniques that hold great promise for studying heterogeneous populations of submicron particles such as synaptosomes, but many technical challenges arise in these experiments. To date, most flow cytometry studies of synaptosomes have relied on particle detection using forward scatter (FSC) measurements and size estimation with polystyrene (PS) bead standards. However, these practices have serious limitations, and special care must be taken to overcome the poor sensitivity of conventional flow cytometers in the analysis of submicron particles. Technical artifacts can confound these experiments, especially the detection of multiple particles as a single event. Here, we compared analysis of P2 crude synaptosomal preparations from murine forebrain on multiple flow cytometers using both FSC-triggered and fluorescence-triggered detection. We implemented multicolor fluorescent dye-based assays to quantify coincident particle detection and aggregation, and we assessed the false colocalization of antigens in immunostaining analyses. Our results demonstrate that fluorescence triggering and proper dilution can control for coincident particle detection, but not particle aggregation. We confirmed previous studies showing that FSC-based size estimation with PS beads underestimates biological particle size, and we identified pervasive aggregation in the FSC range analyzed in most synaptosome flow cytometry studies. We found that analyzing P2 samples in sucrose/EDTA/tris (SET) buffer reduces aggregation compared to PBS, but does not completely eliminate the presence of aggregates, especially in immunostaining experiments. Our study highlights challenges and pitfalls in synaptosome flow cytometry and provides a methodological framework for future studies.
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Zhu T, Zhang F, Li H, He Y, Zhang G, Huang N, Guo M, Li X. Long-term icariin treatment ameliorates cognitive deficits via CD4 + T cell-mediated immuno-inflammatory responses in APP/PS1 mice. Clin Interv Aging 2019; 14:817-826. [PMID: 31190768 PMCID: PMC6511656 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s208068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder that also involves neuroinflammation in addition to many other features. Icariin (ICA) as one of the active ingredients of Chinese herbal medicine has the immunomodulating function. This study aimed to investigate the immunotherapeutic potential of ICA on AD. Methods: APP/PS1 mice and wild type C57BL/6 mice were subjected to orally ICA administration (60 mg/kg/d) for 8 months. Then, the ethological and biochemical experiments, such as Morris water maze assay, Aβ ELISA, blood T cell flow cytometry, and plasma and brain cytokines array, were conducted to evaluate the effects of ICA administration. Results: ICA significantly improved spatial learning and memory retention in APP/PS1 mice. Long-term application of ICA could also reduce hippocampus Aβ deposition, modulate the differentiation of CD4+ T cells, and modulate the release of inflammatory cytokines in plasma and brain tissue. Conclusion: ICA shows the neuroprotective effects via modulating the CD4+ T lymphocyte-related immuno-inflammatory responses in APP/PS1 mice and may be a promising drug against AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianrui Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Guitao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, People's Republic of China
| | - Nana Huang
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingming Guo
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, People's Republic of China
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