1
|
Hong S, Kim J, Jung K, Ahn M, Moon C, Nomura Y, Matsuda H, Tanaka A, Jeong H, Shin T. Histopathological evaluation of the lungs in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e35. [PMID: 38834505 PMCID: PMC11156594 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of multiple sclerosis characterized by inflammation within the central nervous system. However, inflammation in non-neuronal tissues, including the lungs, has not been fully evaluated. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the inflammatory response in lungs of EAE mice by immunohistochemistry and histochemistry. METHODS Eight adult C57BL/6 mice were injected with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35-55 to induce the EAE. Lungs and spinal cords were sampled from the experimental mice at the time of sacrifice and used for the western blotting, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Histopathological examination revealed inflammatory lesions in the lungs of EAE mice, characterized by infiltration of myeloperoxidase (MPO)- and galectin-3-positive cells, as determined by immunohistochemistry. Increased numbers of collagen fibers in the lungs of EAE mice were confirmed by histopathological analysis. Western blotting revealed significantly elevated level of osteopontin (OPN), cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), MPO and galectin-3 in the lungs of EAE mice compared with normal controls (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed both OPN and CD44 in ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1-positive macrophages within the lungs of EAE mice. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Taken together, these findings suggest that the increased OPN level in lungs of EAE mice led to inflammation; concurrent increases in proinflammatory factors (OPN and galectin-3) caused pulmonary impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sungmoo Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea
| | - Kyungsook Jung
- Functional Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Korea
| | - Meejung Ahn
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Yoshihiro Nomura
- Scleroprotein and Leather Research Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Akane Tanaka
- Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hyohoon Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Taekyun Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kihara Y, Zhu Y, Jonnalagadda D, Romanow W, Palmer C, Siddoway B, Rivera R, Dutta R, Trapp BD, Chun J. Single-Nucleus RNA-seq of Normal-Appearing Brain Regions in Relapsing-Remitting vs. Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: Implications for the Efficacy of Fingolimod. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:918041. [PMID: 35783097 PMCID: PMC9247150 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.918041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease that alters central nervous system (CNS) functions. Relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) is the most common form, which can transform into secondary-progressive MS (SPMS) that is associated with progressive neurodegeneration. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) of MS lesions identified disease-related transcriptomic alterations; however, their relationship to non-lesioned MS brain regions has not been reported and which could identify prodromal or other disease susceptibility signatures. Here, snRNA-seq was used to generate high-quality RRMS vs. SPMS datasets of 33,197 nuclei from 8 normal-appearing MS brains, which revealed divergent cell type-specific changes. Notably, SPMS brains downregulated astrocytic sphingosine kinases (SPHK1/2) – the enzymes required to phosphorylate and activate the MS drug, fingolimod. This reduction was modeled with astrocyte-specific Sphk1/2 null mice in which fingolimod lost activity, supporting functionality of observed transcriptomic changes. These data provide an initial resource for studies of single cells from non-lesioned RRMS and SPMS brains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Kihara
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yunjiao Zhu
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Deepa Jonnalagadda
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - William Romanow
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Carter Palmer
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin Siddoway
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Richard Rivera
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ranjan Dutta
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Bruce D. Trapp
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jerold Chun
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jerold Chun,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Osteopontin accumulates in basal deposits of human eyes with age-related macular degeneration and may serve as a biomarker of aging. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:165-176. [PMID: 34389792 PMCID: PMC8786662 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-021-00887-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A common clinical phenotype of several neurodegenerative and systemic disorders including Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis is the abnormal accumulation of extracellular material, which interferes with routine cellular functions. Similarly, patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss among the aged population, present with extracellular lipid- and protein-filled basal deposits in the back of the eye. While the exact mechanism of growth and formation of these deposits is poorly understood, much has been learned from investigating their composition, providing critical insights into AMD pathogenesis, prevention, and therapeutics. We identified human osteopontin (OPN), a phosphoprotein expressed in a variety of tissues in the body, as a newly discovered component of basal deposits in AMD patients, with a distinctive punctate staining pattern. OPN expression within these lesions, which are associated with AMD disease progression, were found to co-localize with abnormal calcium deposition. Additionally, OPN puncta colocalized with an AMD risk-associated complement pathway protein, but not with apolipoprotein E or vitronectin, two other well-established basal deposit components. Mechanistically, we found that retinal pigment epithelial cells, cells vulnerable in AMD, will secrete OPN into the extracellular space, under oxidative stress conditions, supporting OPN biosynthesis locally within the outer retina. Finally, we report that OPN levels in plasma of aged (non-AMD) human donors were significantly higher than levels in young (non-AMD) donors, but were not significantly different from donors with the different clinical subtypes of AMD. Collectively, our study defines the expression pattern of OPN in the posterior pole as a function of disease, and its local expression as a potential histopathologic biomarker of AMD.
Collapse
|
4
|
Differential Response of Müller Cells and Microglia in a Mouse Retinal Detachment Model and Its Implications in Detached and Non-Detached Regions. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081972. [PMID: 34440741 PMCID: PMC8394779 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal detachment (RD) is a sight-threatening condition, leading to photoreceptor cell death; however, only a few studies provide insight into its effects on the entire retinal region. We examined the spatiotemporal changes in glial responses in a mouse RD model. In electroretinography, a- and b-waves were reduced in a time-dependent manner. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed a gradual decrease in the outer nuclear layer throughout the retinal region. Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay showed that TUNEL-positive photoreceptors increased 5 days after RD and decreased by 14 days. Glial response was evaluated by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, Müller glial marker) and Iba-1 (microglial marker) and osteopontin (OPN, activated microglial marker). GFAP immunoreactivity increased after 7 days in complete RD, and was retained for 14 days. OPN expression increased in microglial cells 3–7 days after RD, and decreased by 14 days in the detached and border regions. Although OPN was not expressed in the intact region, morphologically activated microglial cells were observed. These retinal glial cell responses and photoreceptor degeneration in the border and intact regions suggest that the effects of RD in the border and intact retinal regions need to be understood further.
Collapse
|
5
|
Xin D, Li T, Chu X, Ke H, Liu D, Wang Z. MSCs-extracellular vesicles attenuated neuroinflammation, synapse damage and microglial phagocytosis after hypoxia-ischemia injury by preventing osteopontin expression. Pharmacol Res 2021; 164:105322. [PMID: 33279596 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) significantly suppressed hypoxia-ischemia (HI)-induced neuroinflammation in neonatal mice. However, its underlying mechanism is still unknown. Osteopontin (OPN) is one of the key molecules involved in neuroinflammation. We demonstrate here for the first time a key role of OPN in EVs-mediated neuroinflammation following HI. Firstly, HI exposure upregulated OPN expression in Iba-1+/ TMEM119+ microglia and Iba-1+/TMEM119- monocytes/macrophages. Blocking OPN mRNA expression with LV-shOPN attenuated edema, infarct volumes, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines following HI exposure. MSCs-EVs treatment remarkably restored synaptic reorganization and up-regulated synaptic protein expression post-HI, concomitant with reducing OPN levels. Moreover, MSCs-EVs treatment rescued microglial phagocytosis of viable neurons following HI, concomitant with decreasing OPN expression. In addition, blocking NF-κB activation with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, NF-κB inhibitor) or MSCs-EVs attenuated HI-induced OPN expression in the ipsilateral cortex. This study demonstrates that upregulation of OPN expression in cerebral immune cells aggravated brain damage and inflammation following HI insult. MSCs-EVs suppressed neuroinflammation, synaptic damage and microglial phagocytosis after HI injury by preventing NF-κB-mediated OPN expression in neonate mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danqing Xin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Xili Chu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Hongfei Ke
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Dexiang Liu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao J, Jing J, Zhao W, Li X, Hou L, Zheng C, Kong Q, Li W, Yao X, Chang L, Li H, Mu L, Wang G, Wang J. Osteopontin exacerbates the progression of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by affecting the differentiation of T cell subsets. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 82:106335. [PMID: 32109680 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional extracellular matrix phosphoprotein that has a specific and complicated structure, and contributes to numerous physiological and pathological activities. The mechanism of OPN in many diseases has been confirmed; however, the role of OPN in myasthenia gravis (MG) remains unclear. In this study, we recombined rat OPN protein in vitro, and assessed how OPN affects the development of autoimmunity using an experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) rat model. The results showed that the concentration of OPN in serum was up-regulated. Both mRNA and protein levels in splenocytes increased in the EAMG model. OPN treatment in vitro strongly promoted the differentiation of Th1 cells, and inhibited the differentiation of Treg cells. Intraperitoneal injection of OPN revealed the early incidence of EAMG, and more serious disease. This effect was accompanied by an increased percentage of Th1 cells. In conclusion, OPN likely exacerbates the pathogenesis of EAMG by promoting the differentiation of Th1 cells and inhibiting the differentiation of Treg cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Jia Jing
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Xinrong Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Lixuan Hou
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Chunfeng Zheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang 161000, China
| | - Qingfei Kong
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Wenjin Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Xiuhua Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lulu Chang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Hulun Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Lili Mu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China.
| | - Guangyou Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China.
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jullienne A, Hamer M, Haddad E, Morita A, Gifford P, Hartman R, Pearce WJ, Tang J, Zhang JH, Obenaus A. Acute intranasal osteopontin treatment in male rats following TBI increases the number of activated microglia but does not alter lesion characteristics. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:141-154. [PMID: 30892744 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal recombinant osteopontin (OPN) has been shown to be neuroprotective in different models of acquired brain injury but has never been tested after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We used a model of moderate-to-severe controlled cortical impact in male adult Sprague Dawley rats and tested our hypothesis that OPN treatment would improve neurological outcomes, lesion and brain tissue characteristics, neuroinflammation, and vascular characteristics at 1 day post-injury. Intranasal OPN administered 1 hr after the TBI did not improve neurological score, lesion volumes, blood-brain barrier, or vascular characteristics. When assessing neuroinflammation, we did not observe any effect of OPN on the astrocyte reactivity but discovered an increased number of activated microglia within the ipsilateral hemisphere. Moreover, we found a correlation between edema and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression which was decreased in OPN-treated animals, suggesting an effect of OPN on the HO-1 response to injury. Thus, OPN may increase or accelerate the microglial response after TBI, and early response of HO-1 in modulating edema formation may limit the secondary consequences of TBI at later time points. Additional experiments and at longer time points are needed to determine if intranasal OPN could potentially be used as a treatment after TBI where it might be beneficial by activating protective signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Jullienne
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Mary Hamer
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Elizabeth Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Alexander Morita
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
- UCR IMDB, Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Peter Gifford
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Richard Hartman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - William J Pearce
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Andre Obenaus
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
- UCR IMDB, Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nam SM, Seo JS, Nahm SS, Chang BJ. Effects of Ascorbic Acid on Osteopontin Expression and Axonal Myelination in the Developing Cerebellum of Lead-Exposed Rat Pups. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16060983. [PMID: 30893812 PMCID: PMC6466450 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16060983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a multi-functional protein that binds to integrin and calcium-binding phosphoprotein. OPN is required for normal neuronal development and its axonal myelination. We studied the combined effect of lead (Pb) and ascorbic acid treatment on OPN expression in the developing cerebellum. We randomly divided pregnant female rats into three groups: control, Pb (lead acetate, 0.3%, drinking water), and Pb plus ascorbic acid (PA; ascorbic acid, 100 mg/kg, oral intubation) groups. The blood level of Pb was significantly increased, while ascorbic acid reduced Pb levels in the dams and pups. At postnatal day (PND) 21, results from Nissl staining and OPN immunohistochemistry demonstrated that OPN was detected in the Purkinje cell layer in the cerebellum. Ascorbic acid treatment mitigated Pb exposure-induced reduction in the number of intact Purkinje cells and OPN immunoreactive Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of pups. In addition, Pb-induced reduction in the number of oligodendrocytes and myelin-associated glycoprotein is associated with the malformation of the myelin sheath. Ascorbic acid provided protection from Pb-induced impairments. Pb-induced structural deficits in the cerebellum resulted in functional deterioration observed during locomotive tests (bar holding test and wire mesh ascending test), while ascorbic acid ameliorated these harmful effects. Present results suggest that the change of OPN is associated with myelination in the developing cerebellum. The results also demonstrated that exposure to Pb is harmful, while ascorbic acid treatment is beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Nam
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05030, Korea.
| | - Jin Seok Seo
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05030, Korea.
| | - Sang-Soep Nahm
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05030, Korea.
| | - Byung-Joon Chang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05030, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rentsendorj A, Sheyn J, Fuchs DT, Daley D, Salumbides BC, Schubloom HE, Hart NJ, Li S, Hayden EY, Teplow DB, Black KL, Koronyo Y, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. A novel role for osteopontin in macrophage-mediated amyloid-β clearance in Alzheimer's models. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 67:163-180. [PMID: 28860067 PMCID: PMC5865478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN), a matricellular immunomodulatory cytokine highly expressed by myelomonocytic cells, is known to regulate immune cell migration, communication, and response to brain injury. Enhanced cerebral recruitment of monocytes achieved through glatiramer acetate (GA) immunization or peripheral blood enrichment with bone marrow (BM)-derived CD115+ monocytes (MoBM) curbs amyloid β-protein (Aβ) neuropathology and preserves cognitive function in murine models of Alzheimer's disease (ADtg mice). To elucidate the beneficial mechanisms of these immunomodulatory approaches in AD, we focused on the potential role of OPN in macrophage-mediated Aβ clearance. Here, we found extensive OPN upregulation along with reduction of vascular and parenchymal Aβ burden in cortices and hippocampi of GA-immunized ADtg mice. Treatment combining GA with blood-grafted MoBM further increased OPN levels surrounding residual Aβ plaques. In brains from AD patients and ADtg mice, OPN was also elevated and predominantly expressed by infiltrating GFP+- or Iba1+-CD45high monocyte-derived macrophages engulfing Aβ plaques. Following GA immunization, we detected a significant increase in a subpopulation of inflammatory blood monocytes (CD115+CD11b+Ly6Chigh) expressing OPN, and subsequently, an elevated population of OPN-expressing CD11b+Ly6C+CD45high monocyte/macrophages in the brains of these ADtg mice. Correlogram analyses indicate a strong linear correlation between cerebral OPN levels and macrophage infiltration, as well as a tight inverse relation between OPN and Aβ-plaque burden. In vitro studies corroborate in vivo findings by showing that GA directly upregulates OPN expression in BM-derived macrophages (MФBM). Further, OPN promotes a phenotypic shift that is highly phagocytic (increased uptake of Aβ fibrils and surface scavenger receptors) and anti-inflammatory (altered cell morphology, reduced iNOS, and elevated IL-10 and Aβ-degrading enzyme MMP-9). Inhibition of OPN expression in MФBM, either by siRNA, knockout (KOOPN), or minocycline, impairs uptake of Aβ fibrils and hinders GA's neuroprotective effects on macrophage immunological profile. Addition of human recombinant OPN reverses the impaired Aβ phagocytosis in KOOPN-MФBM. This study demonstrates that OPN has an essential role in modulating macrophage immunological profile and their ability to resist pathogenic forms of Aβ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Altan Rentsendorj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Julia Sheyn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Dieu-Trang Fuchs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - David Daley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Brenda C Salumbides
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Hannah E Schubloom
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Nadav J Hart
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Songlin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, 276 Xueyuan Middle Rd, Lucheng Qu, Wenzhou Shi, Zhejiang Sheng 325027, China
| | - Eric Y Hayden
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA, Brain Research Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. S., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David B Teplow
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA, Brain Research Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. S., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Applied Cell Biology and Physiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ahn M, Kim J, Park C, Cho J, Jee Y, Jung K, Moon C, Shin T. Potential involvement of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β in a rat model of multiple sclerosis: evidenced by lithium treatment. Anat Cell Biol 2017; 50:48-59. [PMID: 28417055 PMCID: PMC5386926 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2017.50.1.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β has been known as a pro-inflammatory molecule in neuroinflammation. The involvement of GSK-3β remains unsolved in acute monophasic rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The aim of this study was to evaluate a potential role of GSK-3β in central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity through its inhibition by lithium. Lithium treatment significantly delayed the onset of EAE paralysis and ameliorated its severity. Lithium treatment reduced the serum level of pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor a but not that of interleukin 10. Western blot analysis showed that the phosphorylation of GSK-3β (p-GSK-3β) and its upstream factor Akt was significantly increased in the lithium-treated group. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that lithium treatment also suppressed the activation of ionized calcium binding protein-1-positive microglial cells and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in the spinal cords of lithium-treated EAE rats. These results demonstrate that lithium ameliorates clinical symptom of acute monophasic rat EAE, and GSK-3 is a target for the suppression of acute neuroinflammation as far as rat model of human CNS disease is involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meejung Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
| | - Changnam Park
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Jinhee Cho
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Youngheun Jee
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Kyungsook Jung
- Eco-friendly Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jakovac H, Grubić Kezele T, Šućurović S, Mulac-Jeričević B, Radošević-Stašić B. Osteopontin-metallothionein I/II interactions in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neuroscience 2017; 350:133-145. [PMID: 28344072 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN), an extracellular matrix (ECM) glyco-phosphoprotein, plays an important role in autoimmune-mediated demyelinating diseases, including multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). As an integrin and CD44 binding protein it participates in bidirectional communication between the ECM and target cells and affects transduction pathways that maintain neuronal and immune cell homeostasis. Its biological activity is also heavily influenced by microenvironment, which stimulates the cleavage of OPN and changes its functions. In this study we estimated the expression profile of OPN in neural tissues of DA rats during the first relapse of chronic relapsing EAE and investigated the relationship of OPN to metallothionein I+II (MTs), which play pivotal role in zinc-related cell homeostasis and in protection of CNS against cytokine-induced injury. The data showed that in EAE rats OPN mRNA and protein levels increased concurrently with the transcription of MTs and that within the spinal cord (SC) lysates EAE-afflicted rats had a higher content of OPN fragments of low molecular weight than untreated and CFA-treated rats. The expression of OPN and MTs was upregulated on ependymal, lymphoid and astroglial cells and on multiple αvβ3+ neurons in SC and in the brain (cortex, white matter, hippocampus, and cerebellum). Besides, multiple cells co-expressed OPN and MTs. Granular OPN signals were detected in secretory vesicles of Golgy (αvβ3 neurons) and in patches adjacent to the plasma membrane (subventricular zone). The findings imply that in demyelinating lesions are generated proteolytic OPN fragments and that OPN/MT interactions contribute to tissue remodeling during an autoimmune attack.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hrvoje Jakovac
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 22, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tanja Grubić Kezele
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 22, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sandra Šućurović
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 22, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Biserka Mulac-Jeričević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 22, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Biserka Radošević-Stašić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 22, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chang SW, Kim HI, Kim GH, Park SJ, Kim IB. Increased Expression of Osteopontin in Retinal Degeneration Induced by Blue Light-Emitting Diode Exposure in Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:58. [PMID: 27504084 PMCID: PMC4958628 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional adhesive glycoprotein that is implicated in a variety of pro-inflammatory as well as neuroprotective and repair-promoting effects in the brain. As a first step towards understanding the role of OPN in retinal degeneration (RD), we examined changes in OPN expression in a mouse model of RD induced by exposure to a blue light-emitting diode (LED). RD was induced in BALB/c mice by exposure to a blue LED (460 nm) for 2 h. Apoptotic cell death was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. In order to investigate changes in OPN in RD, western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed. Anti-OPN labeling was compared to that of anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is a commonly used marker for retinal injury or stress including inflammation. OPN expression in RD retinas markedly increased at 24 h after exposure, was sustained through 72 h, and subsided at 120 h. Increased OPN expression was observed co-localized with microglial cells in the outer nuclear layer (ONL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), and subretinal space. Expression was restricted to the central retina in which photoreceptor cell death occurred. Interestingly, OPN expression in the ONL/OPL was closely associated with microglia, whereas most of the OPN plaques observed in the subretinal space were not. Immunogold electron microscopy demonstrated that OPN was distributed throughout the cytoplasm of microglia and in nearby fragments of degenerating photoreceptors. In addition, we found that OPN was induced more acutely and with greater region specificity than GFAP. These results indicate that OPN may be a more useful marker for retinal injury or stress, and furthermore act as a microglial pro-inflammatory mediator and a phagocytosis-inducing opsonin in the subretinal space. Taken together, our data suggest that OPN plays an important role in the pathogenesis of RD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Wook Chang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Il Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of KoreaSeoul, Korea; Gyeongju St. Mary's Eye ClinicGyeongju, Korea
| | - Gyu Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of KoreaSeoul, Korea; Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of KoreaSeoul, Korea
| | - Su Jin Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of KoreaSeoul, Korea; Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of KoreaSeoul, Korea
| | - In-Beom Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of KoreaSeoul, Korea; Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of KoreaSeoul, Korea; Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of KoreaSeoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Albertsson AM, Zhang X, Leavenworth J, Bi D, Nair S, Qiao L, Hagberg H, Mallard C, Cantor H, Wang X. The effect of osteopontin and osteopontin-derived peptides on preterm brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:197. [PMID: 25465048 PMCID: PMC4266908 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteopontin (OPN) is a highly phosphorylated sialoprotein and a soluble cytokine that is widely expressed in a variety of tissues, including the brain. OPN and OPN-derived peptides have been suggested to have potential neuroprotective effects against ischemic brain injury, but their role in preterm brain injury is unknown. Methods We used a hypoxia-ischemia (HI)-induced preterm brain injury model in postnatal day 5 mice. OPN and OPN-derived peptides were given intracerebroventricularly and intranasally before HI. Brain injury was evaluated at 7 days after the insults. Results There was a significant increase in endogenous OPN mRNA and OPN protein in the mouse brain after the induction of HI at postnatal day 5. Administration of full-length OPN protein and thrombin-cleaved OPN did not affect preterm brain injury. This was demonstrated with both intracerebroventricular and intranasal administration of OPN as well as in OPN-deficient mice. Interestingly, both N134–153 and C154–198 OPN-derived peptides increased the severity of brain injury in this HI-induced preterm brain injury model. Conclusions The neuroprotective effects of OPN are age-dependent, and, in contrast to the more mature brain, OPN-derived peptides potentiate injury in postnatal day 5 mice. Intranasal administration is an efficient way of delivering drugs to the central nervous system (CNS) in neonatal mice and is likely to be an easy and noninvasive method of drug delivery to the CNS in preterm infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maj Albertsson
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 7 Kangfu Front St, 450052, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Jianmei Leavenworth
- Department of Cancer, Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Dan Bi
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 7 Kangfu Front St, 450052, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Syam Nair
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Lili Qiao
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Pediatrics, Song Jiang Central Hospital, 746 Songjiang Zhongshan West Rd, 201600, Shanghai, China.
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Perinatal Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Journalvägen 6, 41685, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Carina Mallard
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Harvey Cantor
- Department of Cancer, Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 7 Kangfu Front St, 450052, Zhengzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shin T. Osteopontin as a two-sided mediator in acute neuroinflammation in rat models. Acta Histochem 2012; 114:749-54. [PMID: 22947282 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) plays an important role in the initiation of inflammation, affecting cell adhesion, chemotaxis, immune regulation, and protection against apoptosis, depending on its intracellular or extracellular localization. Although OPN in inflammation of the autoimmune central nervous system is proinflammatory, recent studies have shown that OPN during the induction stage of inflammation may also participate in neuroprotection and neurite growth. The present review examines the dual roles of OPN, specifically, its proinflammatory and subsequent neuroprotective roles, in acute neuroinflammation in rat models, including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, brain injury, and autoimmune neuritis. All of these models are characterized by acute neuroinflammation, followed by remodeling of neural tissues.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Brain Injuries/immunology
- Brain Injuries/metabolism
- Brain Injuries/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Inflammation
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Osteopontin/metabolism
- Rats
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shin T, Ahn M, Matsumoto Y. Mechanism of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats: recent insights from macrophages. Anat Cell Biol 2012; 45:141-8. [PMID: 23094201 PMCID: PMC3472139 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2012.45.3.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats is an acute monophasic paralytic central nervous system disease, in which most rats spontaneously recover from paralysis. EAE in Lewis rats is induced by encephalitogenic antigens, including myelin basic protein. EAE is mediated by CD4+ Th1 cells, which secrete pro-inflammatory mediators, and spontaneous recovery is mediated by regulatory T cells. Recently, it was established that classically activated macrophages (M1 phenotype) play an important role in the initiation of EAE, while alternatively activated macrophages (M2 phenotype) contribute to spontaneous recovery from rat EAE. This review will summarize the neuroimmunological aspects of active monophasic EAE, which manifests as neuroinflammation followed by neuroimmunomodulation and/or neuroprotection, with a focus on the role of alternatively activated macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea. ; Functional and Systems Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Matsumoto T, Imagama S, Hirano K, Ohgomori T, Natori T, Kobayashi K, Muramoto A, Ishiguro N, Kadomatsu K. CD44 expression in astrocytes and microglia is associated with ALS progression in a mouse model. Neurosci Lett 2012; 520:115-20. [PMID: 22634473 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a motor neuron-specific neurodegenerative disease. An increasing body of evidence suggests that, in addition to cell autonomous regulation, i.e., pathological changes in motor neurons, non-cell autonomous mechanisms involving glial cells play critical roles in the pathogenesis of ALS. CD44 functions as a receptor for osteopontin and hyaluronan, and has been implicated in inflammation associated with neuronal injuries. However, this membrane glycoprotein has been poorly studied in ALS. Here we investigated its expression during ALS progression using SOD1(G93A) mice. CD44 expression increased around the onset of disease and then increased continuously. Astrocytes and microglia expressed CD44 in vivo. Consistent with these findings, primary cultured microglia began to express CD44 upon activation with LPS and interferon-γ. CD44 expression in primary cultured astrocytes was also enhanced by activation with interferon-γ+TNF-α or bFGF alone. As CD44 was detected in cell lysate, but not in culture media of astrocytes and microglia, it was likely that these glial cells expressed a membrane-bound form of CD44. Our study demonstrates that CD44 expression in astrocytes and microglia is closely associated with the pathogenesis of ALS, and suggests that inflammatory responses involving CD44 may play a role in this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Matsumoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Primary oligodendrocyte death does not elicit anti-CNS immunity. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15:543-50. [PMID: 22366759 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Anti-myelin immunity is commonly thought to drive multiple sclerosis, yet the initial trigger of this autoreactivity remains elusive. One of the proposed factors for initiating this disease is the primary death of oligodendrocytes. To specifically test such oligodendrocyte death as a trigger for anti-CNS immunity, we inducibly killed oligodendrocytes in an in vivo mouse model. Strong microglia-macrophage activation followed oligodendrocyte death, and myelin components in draining lymph nodes made CNS antigens available to lymphocytes. However, even conditions favoring autoimmunity-bystander activation, removal of regulatory T cells, presence of myelin-reactive T cells and application of demyelinating antibodies-did not result in the development of CNS inflammation after oligodendrocyte death. In addition, this lack of reactivity was not mediated by enhanced myelin-specific tolerance. Thus, in contrast with previously reported impairments of oligodendrocyte physiology, diffuse oligodendrocyte death alone or in conjunction with immune activation does not trigger anti-CNS immunity.
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Shin YJ, Lim Kim H, Choi JS, Choi JY, Cha JH, Lee MY. Osteopontin: Correlation with phagocytosis by brain macrophages in a rat model of stroke. Glia 2010; 59:413-23. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.21110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
20
|
Moon C, Ahn M, Jeong C, Kim H, Shin T. Immunohistochemical study of netrin-1 in the spinal cord with rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Immunol Invest 2010; 40:160-71. [PMID: 21062237 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2010.525570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To investigate whether netrin-1 is involved in autoimmune injury of the central nervous system, the expression of netrin-1 protein was analyzed in the spinal cord of Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Western blot analysis revealed significantly increased content of netrin-1 in the spinal cords of rats at the peak stage of EAE, as compared with the levels in normal control animals (p < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry detected the netrin-1 protein in neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and vascular endothelial cells in the spinal cords of normal controls. In EAE-affected spinal cords, netrin-1 immunoreactivity was detected in infiltrating inflammatory cells at the peak stage as well as in neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. These results suggest that netrin-1 is transiently increased in rat EAE lesions, where it contributes to the modulation of rat acute EAE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kunii Y, Niwa SI, Hagiwara Y, Maeda M, Seitoh T, Suzuki T. The immunohistochemical expression profile of osteopontin in normal human tissues using two site-specific antibodies reveals a wide distribution of positive cells and extensive expression in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Med Mol Morphol 2009; 42:155-61. [PMID: 19784742 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-009-0459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the cellular distribution of osteopontin (OPN) in normal human tissues, we undertook immunohistochemistry using two site-specific OPN antibodies. The 10A16 monoclonal antibody was raised against the amino acid sequence just downstream of the thrombin cleavage site, while the O-17 polyclonal antibody was raised against the N-terminal peptide. Each antibody has been confirmed previously to react with both whole OPN and its relevant fragments. The expression pattern for these two antibodies was similar in distribution. In addition, we also identified expression in Ebner's gland, type II pneumocytes, Kupffer cells, cells of the endocrine organs, anterior lens capsule and ciliary body, synovial type A cells, mesothelia, adipocytes, and mast cells. Neurons and glia in the central nervous system and spinal cord, cranial and peripheral nerve sheaths, ganglion cells in the sympathetic ganglion, intestinal plexuses, retina, and choroid plexus also regularly exhibited OPN positivity. Testicular germ cells, pancreatic exocrine cells, and follicular dendritic cells reacted with 10A16 only, whereas lutein cells and taste bud cells exhibited O-17 reactivity alone. These minor differences were hypothesized to reflect the state of OPN in the cells; that is, whether OPN was in its whole molecule or fragmented form. In conclusion, we demonstrate that OPN is widely distributed in normal human cells, particularly those comprising the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuto Kunii
- Department of Pathology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Role of osteopontin in calcification in autoimmune pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:793-801. [PMID: 18651220 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to determine the potential for pancreatic calcification in autoimmune pancreatitis by investigating osteopontin and CD44 expression. METHODS Human pancreatic tissues in normal pancreas, chronic pancreatitis, and autoimmune pancreatitis were obtained from the surgical specimens of 42 patients. Pancreatic tissues from male Wistar Bonn/Kobori rats were also used as an animal autoimmune pancreatitis model. RESULTS The incidences of osteopontin expression in centroacinar cells in chronic pancreatitis with calcification and in autoimmune pancreatitis were significantly greater than that in normal pancreas (P < 0.05). Some cases of chronic pancreatitis and autoimmune pancreatitis expressed CD44 in centroacinar cells and ductal cells. In male Wistar Bonn/Kobori rats, the inflammatory area and percentage of osteopontin-CD44-positive cells increased with advancing age (P < 0.01 or 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that autoimmune pancreatitis has the potential for pancreatic calcification over a long-term clinical course.
Collapse
|
23
|
Nicolussi EM, Huck S, Lassmann H, Bradl M. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory system limits T cell infiltration into the neurodegenerative CNS, but cannot counteract complex CNS inflammation. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 35:24-31. [PMID: 19344760 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of the nicotinic alpha7 acetylcholine receptor (nAChRalpha7) by nicotine or acetylcholine initiates the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, a mechanism for neural inhibition of inflammation. The action of this pathway was initially discovered in animal models of endotoxemia and septic shock, and later described in a number of other diseases. Moreover, the action of this pathway is also implied in human degenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Alzheimer's disease. In spite of this general interest, little is known about its involvement in regulating T cell entry into, or inflammatory reactions within the CNS. We tested the action of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in nAChRalpha7-deficient mice and their wildtype counterparts in two different experimental settings: In the facial nerve axotomy model characterized by neurodegeneration and T cell infiltration, and in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model providing a very complex scenario of CNS inflammation and demyelination. We found that the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway limits the site-directed influx of activated T cells into the lesioned facial motor nucleus, but cannot counteract CNS inflammation in EAE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Nicolussi
- Medical University Vienna, Center for Brain Research, Department of Neuroimmunology, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang KX, Denhardt DT. Osteopontin: role in immune regulation and stress responses. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2008; 19:333-45. [PMID: 18952487 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has led to a better but as yet incomplete understanding of the complex roles osteopontin plays in mammalian physiology. A soluble protein found in all body fluids, it stimulates signal transduction pathways (via integrins and CD44 variants) similar to those stimulated by components of the extracellular matrix. This appears to promote the survival of cells exposed to potentially lethal insults such as ischemia/reperfusion or physical/chemical trauma. OPN is chemotactic for many cell types including macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells; it enhances B lymphocyte immunoglobulin production and proliferation. In inflammatory situations it stimulates both pro- and anti-inflammatory processes, which on balance can be either beneficial or harmful depending on what other inputs the cell is receiving. OPN influences cell-mediated immunity and has been shown to have Th1-cytokine functions. OPN deficiency is linked to a reduced Th1 immune response in infectious diseases, autoimmunity and delayed type hypersensitivity. OPN's role in the central nervous system and in stress responses has also emerged as an important aspect related to its cytoprotective and immune functions. Evidence suggests that either OPN or anti-OPN monoclonal antibodies (depending on the circumstances) might be clinically useful in modulating OPN function. Manipulation of plasma OPN levels may be useful in the treatment of autoimmune disease, cancer metastasis, osteoporosis and some forms of stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn X Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Emmer A, Gerlach K, Staege MS, Kornhuber ME. Cerebral gene expression of superantigen encephalitis in the lewis rat induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin a. Scand J Immunol 2008; 67:464-72. [PMID: 18405324 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Superantigens were suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of different autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). Previously, it was demonstrated that local expression of the superantigen, staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) in the brain of rats may lead to encephalitis which was amplified by using intravenous injection of concanavalin A (ConA)-activated splenocytes. In the present investigation, gene expression was studied in the rat brain 8 days after an injection of 50 mul of 1 mg/ml SEA or saline and 5 days after an intravenous injection of 1 x 10(7) ConA-activated spleen cells. Of 8800 genes investigated (Affymetrix, rat genome U34A), the expression of 106 genes was significantly and at least threefold increased with SEA, while the expression of 29 genes was decreased at least threefold. Increased gene expression was compatible with an intracerebral inflammatory response mediated by antigen-presenting cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Elevated chemokines comprised RANTES (CCL5), osteopontin, MCP-1 (CCL2) and CXCL10. Further, genes with increased expression were assigned to the extracellular matrix, microglia/macrophage cell elements, astrocytes (GFAP) and phagocytosis. There was considerable conformity between previously reported gene expression profiles for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) or MS and the present findings. Our data are in line with the concept that T-cell superantigen locally expressed in the central nervous system induces an inflammatory response. Therefore, the study of gene expression profiles does not seem to allow clear conclusions with respect to the aetiology of central nervous system autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Emmer
- Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther-Universität-Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cassiani-Ingoni R, Muraro PA, Magnus T, Reichert-Scrivner S, Schmidt J, Huh J, Quandt JA, Bratincsak A, Shahar T, Eusebi F, Sherman LS, Mattson MP, Martin R, Rao MS. Disease progression after bone marrow transplantation in a model of multiple sclerosis is associated with chronic microglial and glial progenitor response. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2007; 66:637-49. [PMID: 17620989 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e318093f3ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common nontraumatic cause of neurologic disability in young adults in economically developed countries, is characterized by inflammation, gliosis, demyelination, and neuronal degeneration in the CNS. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) can suppress inflammatory disease in a majority of patients with MS but retards clinical progression only in patients treated in the early stages of the disease. Here, we applied BMT in a mouse model of neuroinflammation, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and investigated the kinetics of reconstitution of the immune system in the periphery and in the CNS using bone marrow cells isolated from syngeneic donors constitutively expressing green fluorescent protein. This approach allowed us to dissect the contribution of donor cells to the turnover of resident microglia and to the pathogenesis of observed disease relapses after BMT. BMT effectively blocked or delayed EAE development when mice were treated early in the course of the disease but was without effect in mice with chronic disease. We found that there is minimal overall replacement of host microglia with donor cells in the CNS and that newly transplanted cells do not appear to contribute to disease progression. In contrast, EAE relapses are accompanied by the robust activation of endogenous microglial and macroglial cells, which further involves the maturation of endogenous Olig2 glial progenitor cells into reactive astrocytes through the cytoplasmic translocation of Olig2 and the expression of CD44 on the cellular membrane. The observed maturation of large numbers of reactive astrocytes from glial progenitors and the chronic activation of host microglial cells have relevance for our understanding of the resident glial response to inflammatory injury in the CNS. Our data indicate that reactivation of a local inflammatory process after BMT is sustained predominantly by endogenous microglia/macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Cassiani-Ingoni
- Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kitamura M, Iwabuchi K, Kitaichi N, Kon S, Kitamei H, Namba K, Yoshida K, Denhardt DT, Rittling SR, Ohno S, Uede T, Onoé K. Osteopontin Aggravates Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:6567-72. [PMID: 17475887 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.10.6567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human endogenous uveitis is a common sight-threatening intraocular inflammatory disease and has been studied extensively using a murine model of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). It is possibly mediated by Th1 immune responses. In the present study, we investigated the role of osteopontin (OPN), a protein with pleiotropic functions that contributes to the development of Th1 cell-mediated immunity. Accompanying EAU progression, OPN was elevated in wild-type (WT) mice that had been immunized with human interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (hIRBP) peptide 1-20. OPN-deficient (OPN-/-) mice showed milder EAU progression in clinical and histopathological scores compared with those of WT mice. The T cells from hIRBP-immunized OPN-/- mice exhibited reduced Ag-specific proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma) production compared with those of WT T cells. When hIRBP-immunized WT mice were administered M5 Ab reacting to SLAYGLR sequence, a cryptic binding site to integrins within OPN, EAU development was significantly ameliorated. T cells from hIRBP-immunized WT mice showed significantly reduced proliferative responses and proinflammatory cytokine production upon stimulation with hIRBP peptide in the presence of M5 Ab in the culture. Our present results demonstrate that OPN may represent a novel therapeutic target to control uveoretinitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Kitamura
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Garin T, Rubinstein A, Grigoriadis N, Nedvetzki S, Abramsky O, Mizrachi-Koll R, Hand C, Naor D, Karussis D. CD44 variant DNA vaccination with virtual lymph node ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through the induction of apoptosis. J Neurol Sci 2007; 258:17-26. [PMID: 17382349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 12/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Standard CD44 (CD44s) and its alternatively spliced variants (CD44v) were found to be associated with the metastatic potential of tumor cells, and with cell migration of autoimmune inflammatory cells, including cells involved in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether induction of anti-CD44 immune reactivity, through cDNA vaccination could down-regulate EAE. Our vaccination technique involved the insertion of CD44s or CD44v cDNA into a silicone tube filled with 2.5 cm long segment of hydroxylated-polyvinyl acetate wound dressing sponge (forming a virtual lymph node) which was implanted under the skin of SJL/J mice immunized with myelin antigens for EAE induction. Animals vaccinated with CD44v cDNA developed significantly less severe EAE when compared with sham vaccinated animals or animals vaccinated with CD44s cDNA. The in vitro proliferation of lymphocytes was preserved regarding myelin antigens and mitogens. Histopathological examinations revealed a significant reduction of EAE lesions and enhanced apoptosis in central nervous system (CNS)-infiltrating cells of the successfully vaccinated animals. Such methods of cDNA vaccination with CD44 could be applicable in inflammatory CNS diseases, like multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tali Garin
- Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jang T, Savarese T, Low HP, Kim S, Vogel H, Lapointe D, Duong T, Litofsky NS, Weimann JM, Ross AH, Recht L. Osteopontin expression in intratumoral astrocytes marks tumor progression in gliomas induced by prenatal exposure to N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 168:1676-85. [PMID: 16651633 PMCID: PMC1606608 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To better study early events in glioma genesis, markers that reliably denote landmarks in glioma development are needed. In the present study, we used microarray analysis to compare the gene expression patterns of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-localized N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced tumors in rat brains with those of uninvolved contralateral side and normal brains. Our analysis identified osteopontin (OPN) as the most up-regulated gene in glioma. Using immunohistochemistry we then confirmed OPN expression in every tumor examined (n = 17), including those with diameters as small as 300 mum. By contrast, no OPN immunostaining was seen in normal brain or in brains removed from ENU-exposed rats before the development of glioma. Further studies confirmed that OPN was co-localized exclusively in intratumoral glial fibrillary acidic protein-expressing cells and was notably absent from nestin-expressing ones. In conjunction with this, we confirmed that both normal neurosphere cells and ENU-im-mortalized subventricular zone/striatal cells produced negligible amounts of OPN compared to the established rat glioma cell line C6. Furthermore, inducing OPN expression in an immortalized cell line increased cell proliferation. Based on these findings, we conclude that OPN overexpression in ENU-induced gliomas occurs within a specific subset of intratumoral glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells and becomes evident at the stage of tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taichang Jang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurosciences, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California 94305-5487, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Diaz-Sanchez M, Williams K, DeLuca GC, Esiri MM. Protein co-expression with axonal injury in multiple sclerosis plaques. Acta Neuropathol 2006; 111:289-99. [PMID: 16547760 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-006-0045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Damage to axons in acute multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions is now well established but the mechanisms of this damage remain obscure. Here we have applied a panel of antibodies that identify cell populations and proteins contained in them with a view to detecting those cells and proteins that are localised particularly closely to damaged axons in acute, sub-acute and border-active MS plaques. Results are expressed semi-quantitatively and graphs produced that show that many of the markers show enhanced expression at sites of axon damage. However, the sharpest increase in expression in relation to axon damage was seen for Calpain I (micro-calpain), inducible nitric oxide synthase and MMP-2, suggesting that these proteins may form part of a group of proteins responsible for the initiation of myelin and/or axon damage seen in MS lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Diaz-Sanchez
- Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Infirmary, OX2 6HE, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jin JK, Na YJ, Moon C, Kim H, Ahn M, Kim YS, Shin T. Increased expression of osteopontin in the brain with scrapie infection. Brain Res 2006; 1072:227-33. [PMID: 16412998 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Revised: 11/24/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The expression of osteopontin (OPN) was studied in the brains of mice with scrapie. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis showed that the expression of OPN protein and mRNA was increased significantly in the scrapie-infected brains compared to the controls. The increased expression of OPN protein was largely matched with the PrP(Sc) accumulation. Immunohistochemically, OPN was intensely immunostained in neurons of the midbrain at the time of scrapie infection initiation. Particularly, OPN immunostaining was noted in the reactive astrocytes and some microglia in the scrapie brains, while those cells were devoid of OPN immunoreactivity in control brains. Overall, these findings suggest that some neurons affected by PrP(Sc) at an early stage of scrapie transiently express OPN but subsequently succumb to cell death at a later stage of scrapie; astroglial cells after scrapie infection are activated to express OPN; and increased OPN expression in these cells may play an important role in the pathology of scrapie. The precise role of OPN in scrapie needs further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Kwang Jin
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Ilsong Building, 1605-4 Kwanyang-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Kyonggi-do 431-060, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
von Gertten C, Morales AF, Holmin S, Mathiesen T, Nordqvist ACS. Genomic responses in rat cerebral cortex after traumatic brain injury. BMC Neurosci 2005; 6:69. [PMID: 16318630 PMCID: PMC1310614 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-6-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) initiates a complex sequence of destructive and neuroprotective cellular responses. The initial mechanical injury is followed by an extended time period of secondary brain damage. Due to the complicated pathological picture a better understanding of the molecular events occurring during this secondary phase of injury is needed. This study was aimed at analysing gene expression patterns following cerebral cortical contusion in rat using high throughput microarray technology with the goal of identifying genes involved in an early and in a more delayed phase of trauma, as genomic responses behind secondary mechanisms likely are time-dependent. Results Among the upregulated genes 1 day post injury, were transcription factors and genes involved in metabolism, e.g. STAT-3, C/EBP-δ and cytochrome p450. At 4 days post injury we observed increased gene expression of inflammatory factors, proteases and their inhibitors, like cathepsins, α-2-macroglobulin and C1q. Notably, genes with biological function clustered to immune response were significantly upregulated 4 days after injury, which was not found following 1 day. Osteopontin and one of its receptors, CD-44, were both upregulated showing a local mRNA- and immunoreactivity pattern in and around the injury site. Fewer genes had decreased expression both 1 and 4 days post injury and included genes implicated in transport, metabolism, signalling, and extra cellular matrix formation, e.g. vitronectin, neuroserpin and angiotensinogen. Conclusion The different patterns of gene expression, with little overlap in genes, 1 and 4 days post injury showed time dependence in genomic responses to trauma. An early induction of factors involved in transcription could lead to the later inflammatory response with strongly upregulated CD-44 and osteopontin expression. An increased knowledge of genes regulating the pathological mechanisms in trauma will help to find future treatment targets. Since trauma is a risk factor for development of neurodegenerative disease, this knowledge may also reduce late negative effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina von Gertten
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Section of Clinical CNS research, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Staffan Holmin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Section of Clinical CNS research, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tiit Mathiesen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Section of Clinical CNS research, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Christin Sandberg Nordqvist
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Section of Clinical CNS research, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Shin T, Ahn M, Kim H, Moon C, Kang TY, Lee JM, Sim KB, Hyun JW. Temporal expression of osteopontin and CD44 in rat brains with experimental cryolesions. Brain Res 2005; 1041:95-101. [PMID: 15804504 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Revised: 02/01/2005] [Accepted: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Expression of osteopontin and CD44 in the brain was studied after cryolesioning to understand how osteopontin and its receptor, CD44, are involved in processes in the brains of rats with cryolesions. Western blot analysis showed that osteopontin increased significantly at days 4 and 7 post-injury and declined slightly thereafter in cryolesioned brains in comparison with levels in sham-operated controls. An immunohistochemical study localized osteopontin in activated microglia/macrophages in the core lesions, where the majority of macrophages proliferate. Osteopontin was also detected temporarily in some neurons and a few astrocytes in the lesion periphery on days 4 and 7 post-injury, but the immunoreactivity in macrophages, neurons, and astrocytes disappeared by day 14 post-injury. There was some CD44, a receptor for osteopontin, in the brain cells of sham-operated rats. After injury, intense CD44 immunostaining was seen in the majority of macrophages and in reactive astrocytes, but not in neurons, in the ipsilateral lesions after day 4 post-injury, and this immunoreactivity remained on day 14 post-injury. These findings suggest that activated microglia/macrophages and some neurons are major sources of osteopontin during the early stage of brain damage induced by a cryolesion and that osteopontin interacts with CD44 expressed on astrocytes and activated microglia/macrophages in the damaged cerebral cortex, possibly mediating cell migration after cryolesioning in the rat brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ahn M, Lee Y, Moon C, Jin JK, Matsumoto Y, Koh CS, Kim HM, Shin T. Upregulation of osteopontin in Schwann cells of the sciatic nerves of Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune neuritis. Neurosci Lett 2004; 372:137-41. [PMID: 15531104 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Revised: 09/10/2004] [Accepted: 09/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined the expression of osteopontin (OPN) in the sciatic nerves of rats with experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN), using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting, to study its involvement in the pathogenesis of autoimmune peripheral nervous system diseases. Constitutive OPN expression was detected in some Schwann cells; expression was increased after immunization with adjuvant alone. At day 14 after induction of EAN, many Schwann cells had a granular pattern of immunoreactivity, whereas very few inflammatory cells were OPN-positive. Even after recovery from hindlimb paralysis, at 24 days post-immunization, OPN expression remained elevated in the Schwann cells. The results suggest that OPN expression in Schwann cells is easily induced by immunostimulation, and further enhanced by the inflammatory reaction in EAN. Continued elevation of OPN after recovery may represent a functional recovery after a transient inflammatory insult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meejung Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|