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Williams ME, Naudé PJW. The relationship between HIV-1 neuroinflammation, neurocognitive impairment and encephalitis pathology: A systematic review of studies investigating post-mortem brain tissue. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2519. [PMID: 38282400 PMCID: PMC10909494 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The activities of HIV-1 in the central nervous system (CNS) are responsible for a dysregulated neuroinflammatory response and the subsequent development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The use of post-mortem human brain tissue is pivotal for studying the neuroimmune mechanisms of CNS HIV infection. To date, numerous studies have investigated HIV-1-induced neuroinflammation in post-mortem brain tissue. However, from the commonly investigated studies in this line of research, it is not clear which neuroinflammatory markers are consistently associated with HIV neurocognitive impairment (NCI) and neuropathology (i.e., HIV-encephalitis, HIVE). Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of the association between neuroinflammation and NCI/HIVE from studies investigating post-mortem brain tissue. Our aim was to synthesise the published data to date to provide commentary on the most noteworthy markers that are associated with NCI/HIVE. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched using a search protocol designed specifically for this study. Sixty-one studies were included that investigated the levels of inflammatory markers based on their gene and protein expression in association with NCI/HIVE. The findings revealed that the (1) transcript expressions of IL-1β and TNF-α were consistently associated with NCI/HIVE, whereas CCL2 and IL-6 were commonly not associated with NCI/HIVE, (2) protein expressions of CD14, CD16, CD68, Iba-1, IL-1β and TNF-α were consistently associated with NCI/HIVE, while CD45, GFAP, HLA-DR, IL-1 and IL-6 were commonly not associated with NCI/HIVE, and (3) gene and protein expressions of CNS IL-1β and TNF-α were consistently associated with NCI/HIVE, while IL-6 was consistently not associated with NCI/HIVE. These markers highlight the commonly investigated markers in this line of research and elucidates the neuroinflammatory mechanisms in the HIV-1 brain that are involved in the pathophysiology of NCI/HIVE. These markers and related pathways should be investigated for the development of improved diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petrus J. W. Naudé
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental HealthUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
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Wang S, Ding X, Li Z, Rao F, Xu H, Lu J, Ma X, Zhang M, Xie Z. Comprehensive analyses identify potential biomarkers for encephalitis in HIV infection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18418. [PMID: 37891420 PMCID: PMC10611703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45922-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis (HIVE) is a severe neurological complication after HIV infection. Evidence shows that genetic factors play an important role in HIVE. The aim of the present study was to identify new potential therapeutic targets for HIVE. Differentially expressed gene (DEG), functional annotation and pathway, and protein-protein interaction analyses were performed to identify the hub genes associated with HIVE. Gene co-expression analysis was carried out to confirm the association between the hub genes and HIVE. Finally, the role of the hub genes in HIVE therapy was evaluated by conducting drug-gene interaction analysis. A total of 20 overlapping DEGs closely related to HIVE were identified. Functional annotation and pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the markedly enriched DEG terms included ion transport, type II interferon signaling, and synaptic signaling. Moreover, protein-protein interaction analysis revealed that 10 key HIVE-related genes were hub genes, including SCN8A, CDK5R2, GRM5, SCN2B, IFI44L, STAT1, SLC17A7, ISG15, FGF12, and FGF13. Furthermore, six hub genes were co-expressed with HIVE-associated host genes in human brain tissue. Finally, three hub genes (STAT1, ISG15, and SCN2B) interacted with several inflammation-associated drugs. These findings suggested that SCN8A, CDK5R2, GRM5, SCN2B, IFI44L, STAT1, SLC17A7, ISG15, FGF12, and FGF13 may be new targets for diagnosis and therapy of HIVE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Fuyang People's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, 236000, China.
| | - Xiangqian Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Zongyou Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Fuyang People's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, 236000, China
| | - Feng Rao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Fuyang People's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, 236000, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Fuyang People's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, 236000, China
| | - Jinghong Lu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Fuyang People's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, 236000, China
| | - Xuelu Ma
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Fuyang People's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, 236000, China
| | - Mengen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Fuyang People's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, 236000, China
| | - Zhenrong Xie
- The Medical Biobank, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
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3
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Garces A, Martinez B, De La Garza R, Roy D, Vallee KA, Fields JA, Moore DJ, Rodrigo H, Roy U. Differential expression of interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 (IFIT3) in Alzheimer's disease and HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3276. [PMID: 36841839 PMCID: PMC9968324 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The United Nations projects that one in every six people will be over the age of 65 by the year 2050. With a rapidly aging population, the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) becomes a major concern. AD is a multifactorial disease that involves neurodegeneration in the brain with mild dementia and deficits in memory and other cognitive domains. Additionally, it has been established that individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) experience a 5 to 10-year accelerated aging and an increased risk of developing HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Despite a significant amount of clinical evidence pointing towards a potential overlap between neuropathogenic processes in HAND and AD, the underlying epigenetic link between these two diseases is mostly unknown. This study is focused on identifying differentially expressed genes observed in both AD and HAND using linear regression models and a more robust significance analysis of microarray. The results established that the dysregulated type 1 and 2 interferon pathways observed in both AD and HAND contribute to the similar pathologies of these diseases within the brain. The current study identifies the important roles of interferon pathways in AD and HAND, a relationship that may be useful for earlier detection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Garces
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, One West University Blvd, Brownsville, TX, 78520, USA
| | - Bryan Martinez
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, One West University Blvd, Brownsville, TX, 78520, USA
| | - Roberto De La Garza
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, One West University Blvd, Brownsville, TX, 78520, USA
| | - Deepa Roy
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, One West University Blvd, Brownsville, TX, 78520, USA
| | - Kaylie-Anna Vallee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David J Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hansapani Rodrigo
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV), Edinburg, TX, USA.
| | - Upal Roy
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, One West University Blvd, Brownsville, TX, 78520, USA.
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4
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Li MJ, Richter EI, Okafor CN, Kalmin MM, Dalvie S, Takada S, Gorbach PM, Shoptaw SJ, Cole SW. Social Genomics of Methamphetamine Use, HIV Viral Load, and Social Adversity. Ann Behav Med 2022; 56:900-908. [DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaab096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Social genomics has demonstrated altered inflammatory and type I interferon (IFN) gene expression among people experiencing chronic social adversity. Adverse social experiences such as discrimination and violence are linked to stimulant misuse and HIV, conditions that dysregulate inflammatory and innate antiviral responses, leading to increased HIV viral replication and risk of chronic diseases.
Purpose
We aimed to determine whether methamphetamine (MA) use, unsuppressed HIV viral load (VL) (≥200 c/mL), and experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) (past 12 months) predicted inflammatory and type I IFN gene expression in HIV-positive Black and Latinx men who have sex with men (MSM).
Methods
Participants were 147 HIV-positive Black and Latinx MSM recruited from the mSTUDY, a cohort of 561 MSM aged 18–45 in Los Angeles, CA, of whom half are HIV-positive and substance-using. Transcriptomic measures of inflammatory and type I IFN activity were derived from RNA sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and matched to urine drug tests, VL, and survey data across two time points 12 months apart. Analysis used linear random intercept modeling of MA use, unsuppressed VL, and experienced IPV on inflammatory and type I IFN expression.
Results
In adjusted models, MA use predicted 27% upregulated inflammatory and 31% upregulated type I IFN expression; unsuppressed VL predicted 84% upregulated type I IFN but not inflammatory expression; and experienced IPV predicted 31% upregulated inflammatory and 26% upregulated type I IFN expression.
Conclusions
In Black and Latinx MSM with HIV, MA use, unsuppressed VL, and experienced IPV predicted upregulated social genomic markers of immune functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Li
- Center for Behavioral and Addiction Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
- Center for HIV Identification, Prevention and Treatment Services, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Emily I Richter
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Chukwuemeka N Okafor
- Department of Public Health, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University , Waco, TX , USA
| | - Mariah M Kalmin
- Center for Behavioral and Addiction Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
- Center for HIV Identification, Prevention and Treatment Services, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Sae Takada
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Pamina M Gorbach
- Center for HIV Identification, Prevention and Treatment Services, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Steven J Shoptaw
- Center for Behavioral and Addiction Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
- Center for HIV Identification, Prevention and Treatment Services, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Steven W Cole
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
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Ojeda-Juárez D, Kaul M. Transcriptomic and Genetic Profiling of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:721954. [PMID: 34778371 PMCID: PMC8586712 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.721954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early in the HIV pandemic, it became evident that people living with HIV (PLWH) develop a wide range of neurological and neurocognitive complications. Even after the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), which dramatically improved survival of PLWH, the overall number of people living with some form of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) seemed to remain unchanged, although the incidence of dementia declined and questions about the incidence and diagnosis of the mildest form of HAND arose. To better understand this complex disease, several transcriptomic analyses have been conducted in autopsy samples, as well as in non-human primates and small animal rodent models. However, genetic studies in the HIV field have mostly focused on the genetic makeup of the immune system. Much less is known about the genetic underpinnings of HAND. Here, we provide a summary of reported transcriptomic and epigenetic changes in HAND, as well as some of the potential genetic underpinnings that have been linked to HAND, and discuss future directions with hurdles to overcome and angles that remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ojeda-Juárez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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Cuttler K, Hassan M, Carr J, Cloete R, Bardien S. Emerging evidence implicating a role for neurexins in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Open Biol 2021; 11:210091. [PMID: 34610269 PMCID: PMC8492176 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptopathies are brain disorders characterized by dysfunctional synapses, which are specialized junctions between neurons that are essential for the transmission of information. Synaptic dysfunction can occur due to mutations that alter the structure and function of synaptic components or abnormal expression levels of a synaptic protein. One class of synaptic proteins that are essential to their biology are cell adhesion proteins that connect the pre- and post-synaptic compartments. Neurexins are one type of synaptic cell adhesion molecule that have, recently, gained more pathological interest. Variants in both neurexins and their common binding partners, neuroligins, have been associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we summarize some of the key physiological functions of the neurexin protein family and the protein networks they are involved in. Furthermore, examination of published literature has implicated neurexins in both neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. There is a clear link between neurexins and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. However, multiple expression studies have also shown changes in neurexin expression in several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Therefore, this review highlights the potential importance of neurexins in brain disorders and the importance of doing more targeted studies on these genes and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Cuttler
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maryam Hassan
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Carr
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa,South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ruben Cloete
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Bardien
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa,South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
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7
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Solomon IH, De Girolami U, Chettimada S, Misra V, Singer EJ, Gabuzda D. Brain and liver pathology, amyloid deposition, and interferon responses among older HIV-positive patients in the late HAART era. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:151. [PMID: 28212619 PMCID: PMC5316187 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV+ patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with suppressed viral loads have a low incidence of HIV-associated dementia, but increased prevalence of milder forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). These milder forms of HAND are often associated with minimal histological abnormalities, and their pathophysiology is unclear. Comorbidities, altered amyloid metabolism, accelerated brain aging, and activated interferon responses are suspected to play a role in HAND pathogenesis in HAART–treated persons. Methods To investigate associations between liver disease, accelerated brain aging, and HAND in HIV+ patients in the late HAART era (2002–2015), we studied liver and brain autopsy tissues from 53 older subjects evaluated at UCLA and BWH using histopathological stains, a sensitive fluorescent amyloid stain (AmyloGlo), and targeted gene expression profiling (NanoString). Results The majority of HIV+ subjects (median age 56) were on HAART (89.3%) with last pre-mortem plasma viral load <400 copies/mL (81.5%); 50% had CD4+ counts <200 cells/μL. Compared to HIV- controls (median age 65), HIV+ subjects had more cancer (p = 0.04), illicit drug use (p <0.00001), and HCV co-infection (p = 0.002), less cardiovascular disease (p = 0.03), and similar prevalence of cerebrovascular disease (~40%), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. Deep frontal white matter showed increased gliosis in HIV+ subjects vs. HIV- controls (p = 0.09), but no significant differences in myelin loss, blood vessel thickening, or inflammation. Liver showed more severe fibrosis/cirrhosis (p = 0.02) and less steatosis (p = 0.03) in HIV+ subjects, but no significant differences in inflammation, blood vessel thickness, or pigment deposition. There were no significant associations between liver and brain pathologies. AmyloGlo staining detected large amyloid deposits in only one HIV+ case (age 69 with Alzheimer’s disease pathology) and two HIV- controls (ages 66 and 74). White matter from HIV+ cases vs. HIV- seronegative controls showed a trend (p = 0.06) towards increased interferon response gene expression (ISG15, MX1, IFIT1, IFIT2, and IFITM1). Conclusions Gliosis and cerebrovascular disease, but not accelerated amyloid deposition, are common brain pathologies among older HIV+ patients in the late HAART era. Although HIV+ subjects had more cirrhosis, liver pathology was not associated with any consistent pattern of brain pathology. Cerebrovascular disease, interferon responses, and neuroinflammation are likely factors contributing to brain aging and HAND in older HIV+ patients on current HAART regimens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2246-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac H Solomon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA.,Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | | | - Sukrutha Chettimada
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Vikas Misra
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Elyse J Singer
- Department of Neurology and UCLA National Neurological AIDS Bank (NNAB), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Dana Gabuzda
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA. .,, CLS 1010, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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Soontornniyomkij V, Kesby JP, Morgan EE, Bischoff-Grethe A, Minassian A, Brown GG, Grant I. Effects of HIV and Methamphetamine on Brain and Behavior: Evidence from Human Studies and Animal Models. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 11:495-510. [PMID: 27484318 PMCID: PMC4985024 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) use is frequent among HIV-infected persons. Combined HIV and Meth insults may exacerbate neural injury in vulnerable neuroanatomic structures or circuitries in the brain, leading to increased behavioral disturbance and cognitive impairment. While acute and chronic effects of Meth in humans and animal models have been studied for decades, the neurobehavioral effects of Meth in the context of HIV infection are much less explored. In-depth understanding of the scope of neurobehavioral phenotypes and mechanisms in HIV/Meth intersection is needed. The present report summarizes published research findings, as well as unpublished data, in humans and animal models with regard to neurobehavioral disturbance, neuroimaging, and neuropathology, and in vitro experimental systems, with an emphasis on findings emerging from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) funded Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC). Results from human studies and animal (primarily HIV-1 gp120 transgenic mouse) models thus far suggest that combined HIV and Meth insults increase the likelihood of neural injury in the brain. The neurobehavioral effects include cognitive impairment and increased tendencies toward impaired behavioral inhibition and social cognition. These impairments are relevant to behaviors that affect personal and social risks, e.g. worse medication adherence, riskier behaviors, and greater likelihood of HIV transmission. The underlying mechanisms may include electrochemical changes in neuronal circuitries, injury to white matter microstructures, synaptodendritic damage, and selective neuronal loss. Utilization of research methodologies that are valid across species is instrumental in generating new knowledge with clinical translational value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virawudh Soontornniyomkij
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA.
| | - James P Kesby
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Erin E Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Amanda Bischoff-Grethe
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Gregory G Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
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9
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Methamphetamine abuse affects gene expression in brain-derived microglia of SIV-infected macaques to enhance inflammation and promote virus targets. BMC Immunol 2016; 17:7. [PMID: 27107567 PMCID: PMC4841970 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine (Meth) abuse is a major health problem linked to the aggravation of HIV- associated complications, especially within the Central Nervous System (CNS). Within the CNS, Meth has the ability to modify the activity/function of innate immune cells and increase brain viral loads. Here, we examined changes in the gene expression profile of neuron-free microglial cell preparations isolated from the brain of macaques infected with the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV), a model of neuroAIDS, and exposed to Meth. We aimed to identify molecular patterns triggered by Meth that could explain the detection of higher brain viral loads and the development of a pro-inflammatory CNS environment in the brain of infected drug abusers. RESULTS We found that Meth alone has a strong effect on the transcription of genes associated with immune pathways, particularly inflammation and chemotaxis. Systems analysis led to a strong correlation between Meth exposure and enhancement of molecules associated with chemokines and chemokine receptors, especially CXCR4 and CCR5, which function as co-receptors for viral entry. The increase in CCR5 expression was confirmed in the brain in correlation with increased brain viral load. CONCLUSIONS Meth enhances the availability of CCR5-expressing cells for SIV in the brain, in correlation with increased viral load. This suggests that Meth is an important factor in the susceptibility to the infection and to the aggravated CNS inflammatory pathology associated with SIV in macaques and HIV in humans.
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Soontornniyomkij V, Umlauf A, Soontornniyomkij B, Batki IB, Moore DJ, Masliah E, Achim CL. Lifetime methamphetamine dependence is associated with cerebral microgliosis in HIV-1-infected adults. J Neurovirol 2016; 22:650-660. [PMID: 27098516 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) use is common among HIV-infected persons. It remains unclear whether Meth dependence is associated with long-lasting degenerative changes in the brain parenchyma and microvasculature of HIV-infected individuals. We examined the postmortem brains of 78 HIV-infected adults, twenty of whom were diagnosed with lifetime Meth dependence (18 past and two current at the final follow-up visit). Using logistic regression models, we analyzed associations of Meth with cerebral gliosis (immunohistochemistry for ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in frontal, temporo-parietal, and putamen-internal capsule regions), synaptodendritic loss (confocal microscopy for synaptophysin (SYP) and microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP2) in frontal cortex), β-amyloid plaque deposition (immunohistochemistry in frontal and temporo-parietal cortex and putamen), and arteriolosclerosis (histopathology in forebrain white matter). We found that Meth was associated with marked Iba1 gliosis in the temporo-parietal region (odds ratio, 4.42 (95 % confidence interval, 1.36, 14.39), p = 0.014, n = 62), which remained statistically significant after adjusting for HIV encephalitis, white matter lesions, and opportunistic diseases (n = 61); hepatitis C virus seropositivity (n = 54); and lifetime dependence on alcohol, opiates, and cannabis (n = 62). There was no significant association of Meth with GFAP gliosis, SYP or MAP2 loss, β-amyloid plaque deposition, or arteriolosclerosis. In conclusion, we found lifetime Meth dependence to be associated with focal cerebral microgliosis among HIV-infected adults, but not with other brain degenerative changes examined. Some of the changes in select brain regions might be reversible following extended Meth abstinence or, alternatively, might have not been induced by Meth initially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virawudh Soontornniyomkij
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC), California NeuroAIDS Tissue Network (CNTN), School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA.
| | - Anya Umlauf
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC), California NeuroAIDS Tissue Network (CNTN), School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Benchawanna Soontornniyomkij
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC), California NeuroAIDS Tissue Network (CNTN), School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Isabella B Batki
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC), California NeuroAIDS Tissue Network (CNTN), School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - David J Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC), California NeuroAIDS Tissue Network (CNTN), School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Pathology, California NeuroAIDS Tissue Network (CNTN), School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cristian L Achim
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC), California NeuroAIDS Tissue Network (CNTN), School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
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Gene Expression in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: A Meta-Analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016; 70:479-88. [PMID: 26569176 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify differentially expressed (DE) genes in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) patients in comparison with HIV-infected patients without HAND and controls. DESIGN A meta-analysis of publicly available gene expression data from HIV postmortem brain tissue studies. METHODS We selected studies using clearly defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Within study data preprocessing and individual analyses were performed for each brain region. The following meta-analytic methods were applied: combining P values, combining effect sizes with and without a permutation method. The DE genes were defined with a false discovery rate less than 5% using Benjamini-Hochberg method. RESULTS Our meta-analysis on 3 studies encompasses analyses of over 48 postmortem brains [25 HAND, 7 HIV encephalitis (HIVE), 8 HIV-infected patients, and 8 controls]. Overall, 411 genes in white matter were DE in HAND with HIVE patients when comparing with controls. Of these, 94 genes were significantly expressed in all statistical methods. These 94 genes participate in significant pathways such as immune system, interferon response, or antigen presentation. Sixty-six of the 94 genes were significantly upregulated with log2 intensities greater than 2-fold. Strong examples of the highly upregulated genes were PSMB8-AS1, APOL6, TRIM69, PSME1, CTSB, HLA-E, GPNMB, UBE2L6, PSME2, NET1, CAPG, B2M, RPL38, GBP1, and PLSCR1. Only BTN3A2 was expressed in HAND with HIVE patients as compared with HAND patients without HIVE. CONCLUSION A number of genes were DE in our meta-analysis that were not identified in the individual analyses. The meta-analytic approach has increased statistical power for identifying DE genes in HAND.
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Bortell N, Morsey B, Basova L, Fox HS, Marcondes MCG. Phenotypic changes in the brain of SIV-infected macaques exposed to methamphetamine parallel macrophage activation patterns induced by the common gamma-chain cytokine system. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:900. [PMID: 26441851 PMCID: PMC4568411 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One factor in the development of neuroAIDS is the increase in the migration of pro-inflammatory CD8 T cells across the blood–brain barrier. Typically these cells are involved with keeping the viral load down. However, the persistence of above average numbers of CD8 T cells in the brain, not necessarily specific to viral peptides, is facilitated by the upregulation of IL15 from astrocytes, in the absence of IL2, in the brain environment. Both IL15 and IL2 are common gamma chain (γc) cytokines. Here, using the non-human primate model of neuroAIDS, we have demonstrated that exposure to methamphetamine, a powerful illicit drug that has been associated with HIV exposure and neuroAIDS severity, can cause an increase in molecules of the γc system. Among these molecules, IL15, which is upregulated in astrocytes by methamphetamine, and that induces the proliferation of T cells, may also be involved in driving an inflammatory phenotype in innate immune cells of the brain. Therefore, methamphetamine and IL15 may be critical in the development and aggravation of central nervous system immune-mediated inflammatory pathology in HIV-infected drug abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Bortell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Morsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Liana Basova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Howard S Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE, USA
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Passaro RC, Pandhare J, Qian HZ, Dash C. The Complex Interaction Between Methamphetamine Abuse and HIV-1 Pathogenesis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:477-86. [PMID: 25850893 PMCID: PMC4779551 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The global HIV/AIDS pandemic has claimed the lives of an estimated 35 million people. A significant barrier for combating this global pandemic is substance use since it is associated with HIV transmission, delayed diagnosis/initiation of therapy, and poor adherence to therapy. Clinical studies also suggest a link between substance use and HIV-disease progression/AIDS-associated mortality. Methamphetamine (METH) use is one of the fastest-growing substance use problems in the world. METH use enhances high-risk sexual behaviors, therefore increases the likelihood of HIV-1 acquisition. METH use is also associated with higher viral loads, immune dysfunction, and antiretroviral resistance. Moreover, METH use has also been correlated with rapid progression to AIDS. However, direct effects of METH on HIV-1 disease progression remains poorly understood because use of METH and other illicit drugs is often associated with reduced/non adherence to ART. Nevertheless, in vitro studies demonstrate that METH increases HIV-1 replication in cell cultures and animal models. Thus, it has been proposed that METH's potentiating effects on HIV-1 replication may in part contribute to the worsening of HIV-1 pathogenesis. However, our recent data demonstrate that METH at physiologically relevant concentrations has no effect and at higher concentrations inhibits HIV-1 replication in CD4+ T cells. Thus, the goal of this review is to systematically examine the published literature to better understand the complex interaction between METH abuse and HIV-1 disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Colby Passaro
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Schools of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jui Pandhare
- The Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Han-Zhu Qian
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Schools of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- The Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Kennedy CA, Zerbo E. HIV-Related Neurocognitive Disorders and Drugs of Abuse: Mired in Confound, Surrounded by Risk. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-014-0028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Genetic, transcriptomic, and epigenetic studies of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 65:481-503. [PMID: 24583618 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The Human Genome Project, coupled with rapidly evolving high-throughput technologies, has opened the possibility of identifying heretofore unknown biological processes underlying human disease. Because of the opaque nature of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) neuropathogenesis, the utility of such methods has gained notice among NeuroAIDS researchers. Furthermore, the merging of genetics with other research areas has also allowed for application of relatively nascent fields, such as neuroimaging genomics, and pharmacogenetics, to the context of HAND. In this review, we detail the development of genetic, transcriptomic, and epigenetic studies of HAND, beginning with early candidate gene association studies and culminating in current "omics" approaches that incorporate methods from systems biology to interpret data from multiple levels of biological functioning. Challenges with this line of investigation are discussed, including the difficulty of defining a valid phenotype for HAND. We propose that leveraging known associations between biology and pathology across multiple levels will lead to a more reliable and valid phenotype. We also discuss the difficulties of interpreting the massive and multitiered mountains of data produced by current high-throughput omics assays and explore the utility of systems biology approaches in this regard.
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Alterations in the levels of vesicular trafficking proteins involved in HIV replication in the brains and CSF of patients with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:1197-209. [PMID: 24292993 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain prevalent despite improved antiretroviral therapies. A HAND-specific biomarker indicative of neuropsychological impairment (NPI) would give insight into disease progression and aid clinicians in designing therapy. Endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) proteins such as tumor susceptibility gene (TSG)-101, vacuolar protein sorting (VPS)-4 and LIP-5 are important for HIV replication and recently antiviral interferon stimulated gene (ISG)-15 was proposed as a biomarker for CNS injury. Here, we analyzed a well-characterized cohort of HIV+ cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and postmortem brain specimens for multiple vesicular trafficking proteins and a related innate immune protein, ISG-15, TSG-101, VPS-4 and LIP-5. All protein levels trended higher with increased NPI and neuropathology. ISG-15 CSF levels were increased in HIV encephalitis (HIVE) compared to normal cases, and three quarters of HIVE samples had above average CSF ISG-15 levels. VPS-4 CSF levels were increased in NPI/NPI-O compared to normal patients. VPS-4 CSF levels in HIV-associated dementia were equivalent to that of normal patients. LIP-5 CSF levels positively correlate with ISG-15 levels, and higher than average ISG-15 levels indicate elevated viral load. Immunoblot and immunohistochemical analyses show increased expression of ISG-15, VPS-4 and LIP-5 in neuronal cell bodies and astroglial cells. ESCRT protein CSF levels analyzed in conjunction with viral load may be indicative of NPI stage, and may aid in the diagnosis and design of therapies for HIV patients. Further studies on the ESCRT protein expression during HIV infection may lead to a promising biomarker for predicting progression of NPI.
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17
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Desplats P, Dumaop W, Smith D, Adame A, Everall I, Letendre S, Ellis R, Cherner M, Grant I, Masliah E. Molecular and pathologic insights from latent HIV-1 infection in the human brain. Neurology 2013; 80:1415-23. [PMID: 23486877 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e31828c2e9e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate whether HIV latency in the CNS might have adverse molecular, pathologic, and clinical consequences. METHODS This was a case-control comparison of HIV-1 seropositive (HIV+) patients with clinical and neuropathologic examination. Based on the levels of HIV-1 DNA, RNA, and p24 in the brain, cases were classified as controls, latent HIV CNS infection, and HIV encephalitis (HIVE). Analysis of epigenetic markers including BCL11B, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation was performed utilizing immunoblot, confocal microscopy, immunochemistry/image analysis, and qPCR. Detailed antemortem neurocognitive data were available for 23 out of the 32 cases. RESULTS HIV+ controls (n = 12) had no detectable HIV-1 DNA, RNA, or p24 in the CNS; latent HIV+ cases (n = 10) showed high levels of HIV-1 DNA but no HIV RNA or p24; and HIVE cases (n = 10) had high levels of HIV-1 DNA, RNA, and p24. Compared to HIV+ controls, the HIV+ latent cases displayed moderate cognitive impairment with neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory alterations, although to a lesser extent than HIVE cases. Remarkably, HIV+ latent cases showed higher levels of BCL11B and other chromatin modifiers involved in silencing. Increased BCL11B was associated with deregulation of proinflammatory genes like interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and CD74. CONCLUSION Persistence of latent HIV-1 infection in the CNS was associated with increased levels of chromatin modifiers, including BCL11B. Alteration of these epigenetic factors might result in abnormal transcriptomes, leading to inflammation, neurodegeneration, and neurocognitive impairment. BCL11B and other epigenetic factors involved in silencing might represent potential targets for HIV-1 involvement of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Desplats
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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18
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Levine AJ, Miller JA, Shapshak P, Gelman B, Singer EJ, Hinkin CH, Commins D, Morgello S, Grant I, Horvath S. Systems analysis of human brain gene expression: mechanisms for HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment and common pathways with Alzheimer's disease. BMC Med Genomics 2013; 6:4. [PMID: 23406646 PMCID: PMC3626801 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-6-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV) infection frequently results in neurocognitive impairment. While the cause remains unclear, recent gene expression studies have identified genes whose transcription is dysregulated in individuals with HIV-association neurocognitive disorder (HAND). However, the methods for interpretation of such data have lagged behind the technical advances allowing the decoding genetic material. Here, we employ systems biology methods novel to the field of NeuroAIDS to further interrogate extant transcriptome data derived from brains of HIV + patients in order to further elucidate the neuropathogenesis of HAND. Additionally, we compare these data to those derived from brains of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in order to identify common pathways of neuropathogenesis. Methods In Study 1, using data from three brain regions in 6 HIV-seronegative and 15 HIV + cases, we first employed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to further explore transcriptome networks specific to HAND with HIV-encephalitis (HIVE) and HAND without HIVE. We then used a symptomatic approach, employing standard expression analysis and WGCNA to identify networks associated with neurocognitive impairment (NCI), regardless of HIVE or HAND diagnosis. Finally, we examined the association between the CNS penetration effectiveness (CPE) of antiretroviral regimens and brain transcriptome. In Study 2, we identified common gene networks associated with NCI in both HIV and AD by correlating gene expression with pre-mortem neurocognitive functioning. Results Study 1: WGCNA largely corroborated findings from standard differential gene expression analyses, but also identified possible meta-networks composed of multiple gene ontology categories and oligodendrocyte dysfunction. Differential expression analysis identified hub genes highly correlated with NCI, including genes implicated in gliosis, inflammation, and dopaminergic tone. Enrichment analysis identified gene ontology categories that varied across the three brain regions, the most notable being downregulation of genes involved in mitochondrial functioning. Finally, WGCNA identified dysregulated networks associated with NCI, including oligodendrocyte and mitochondrial functioning. Study 2: Common gene networks dysregulated in relation to NCI in AD and HIV included mitochondrial genes, whereas upregulation of various cancer-related genes was found. Conclusions While under-powered, this study identified possible biologically-relevant networks correlated with NCI in HIV, and common networks shared with AD, opening new avenues for inquiry in the investigation of HAND neuropathogenesis. These results suggest that further interrogation of existing transcriptome data using systems biology methods can yield important information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Levine
- Department of Neurology, National Neurological AIDS Bank, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Wang X, Wang Y, Ye L, Li J, Zhou Y, Sakarcan S, Ho W. Modulation of intracellular restriction factors contributes to methamphetamine-mediated enhancement of acquired immune deficiency syndrome virus infection of macrophages. Curr HIV Res 2012; 10:407-14. [PMID: 22591364 DOI: 10.2174/157016212802138797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the use of methamphetamine (METH), a sympathomimetic stimulant, is particularly common among patients infected with HIV. In vitro studies have determined that METH enhances HIV infection of CD4+ T cells, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, and macrophages. In addition, animal studies have also showed that METH treatment increases brain viral load of SIV-infected monkeys and promotes HIV replication and viremia in HIV/hu-CycT1 transgenic mice. However, the mechanisms (s) of METH actions on HIV remain to be determined. In this study, we investigated the impact of METH on intracellular restriction factors against HIV and SIV. We demonstrated that METH treatment of human blood mononuclear phagocytes significantly affected the expression of anti-HIV microRNAs and several key elements (RIG-I, IRF-3/5, SOCS-2, 3 and PIAS-1, 3, X, Y) in the type I IFN pathway. The suppression of these innate restriction factors was associated with a reduced production of type I IFNs and the enhancement of HIV or SIV infection of macrophages. These findings indicate that METH use impairs intracellular innate antiviral mechanism(s) in macrophages, contributing to cell susceptibility to the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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20
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Common transcriptional signatures in brain tissue from patients with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, Alzheimer's disease, and Multiple Sclerosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012; 7:914-26. [PMID: 23065460 PMCID: PMC3515772 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-012-9409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) is a common manifestation of HIV infection that afflicts about 50 % of HIV-positive individuals. As people with access to antiretroviral treatments live longer, HAND can be found in increasing segments of populations at risk for other chronic, neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS). If brain diseases of diverse etiologies utilize similar biological pathways in the brain, they may coexist in a patient and possibly exacerbate neuropathogenesis and morbidity. To test this proposition, we conducted comparative meta-analysis of selected publicly available microarray datasets from brain tissues of patients with HAND, AD, and MS. In pair-wise and three-way analyses, we found a large number of dysregulated genes and biological processes common to either HAND and AD or HAND and MS, or to all three diseases. The common characteristic of all three diseases was up-regulation of broadly ranging immune responses in the brain. In addition, HAND and AD share down-modulation of processes involved, among others, in synaptic transmission and cell-cell signaling while HAND and MS share defective processes of neurogenesis and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity. Our approach could provide insight into the identification of common disease mechanisms and better intervention strategies for complex neurocognitive disorders.
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The National NeuroAIDS Tissue Consortium brain gene array: two types of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46178. [PMID: 23049970 PMCID: PMC3458860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The National NeuroAIDS Tissue Consortium (NNTC) performed a brain gene expression array to elucidate pathophysiologies of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1)-associated neurocognitive disorders. Methods Twenty-four human subjects in four groups were examined A) Uninfected controls; B) HIV-1 infected subjects with no substantial neurocognitive impairment (NCI); C) Infected with substantial NCI without HIV encephalitis (HIVE); D) Infected with substantial NCI and HIVE. RNA from neocortex, white matter, and neostriatum was processed with the Affymetrix® array platform. Results With HIVE the HIV-1 RNA load in brain tissue was three log10 units higher than other groups and over 1,900 gene probes were regulated. Interferon response genes (IFRGs), antigen presentation, complement components and CD163 antigen were strongly upregulated. In frontal neocortex downregulated neuronal pathways strongly dominated in HIVE, including GABA receptors, glutamate signaling, synaptic potentiation, axon guidance, clathrin-mediated endocytosis and 14-3-3 protein. Expression was completely different in neuropsychologically impaired subjects without HIVE. They had low brain HIV-1 loads, weak brain immune responses, lacked neuronally expressed changes in neocortex and exhibited upregulation of endothelial cell type transcripts. HIV-1-infected subjects with normal neuropsychological test results had upregulation of neuronal transcripts involved in synaptic transmission of neostriatal circuits. Interpretation Two patterns of brain gene expression suggest that more than one pathophysiological process occurs in HIV-1-associated neurocognitive impairment. Expression in HIVE suggests that lowering brain HIV-1 replication might improve NCI, whereas NCI without HIVE may not respond in kind; array results suggest that modulation of transvascular signaling is a potentially promising approach. Striking brain regional differences highlighted the likely importance of circuit level disturbances in HIV/AIDS. In subjects without impairment regulation of genes that drive neostriatal synaptic plasticity reflects adaptation. The array provides an infusion of public resources including brain samples, clinicopathological data and correlative gene expression data for further exploration (http://www.nntc.org/gene-array-project).
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Levine AJ, Service S, Miller EN, Reynolds SM, Singer EJ, Shapshak P, Martin EM, Sacktor N, Becker JT, Jacobson LP, Thompson P, Freimer N. Genome-wide association study of neurocognitive impairment and dementia in HIV-infected adults. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2012; 159B:669-83. [PMID: 22628157 PMCID: PMC3418456 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The neuropathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is unclear. Candidate gene studies have implicated genetic susceptibility loci within immune-related genes; however, these have not been reliably validated. Here, we employed genome-wide association (GWA) methods to discover novel genetic susceptibility loci associated with HAND, and validate susceptibility loci implicated in prior candidate gene studies. Data from 1,287 participants enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study between 1985 and 2010 were used. Genotyping was conducted with Illumina 1M, 1MDuo, or 550K platform. Linear mixed models determined subject-specific slopes for change over time in processing speed and executive functioning, considering all visits including baseline and the most recent study visit. Covariates modeled as fixed effects included: time since the first visit, depression severity, nadir CD4+ T-cell count, hepatitis C co-infection, substance use, and antiretroviral medication regimen. Prevalence of HIV-associated dementia (HAD) and neurocognitive impairment (NCI) was also examined as neurocognitive phenotypes in a case-control analysis. No genetic susceptibility loci were associated with decline in processing speed or executive functioning among almost 2.5 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) directly genotyped or imputed. No association between the SNPs and HAD or NCI were found. Previously reported associations between specific genetic susceptibility loci, HIV-associated NCI, and HAD were not validated. In this first GWAS of HAND, no novel or previously identified genetic susceptibility loci were associated with any of the phenotypes examined. Due to the relatively small sample size, future collaborative efforts that incorporate this dataset may still yield important findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Levine
- National Neurological AIDS Bank, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Sikk K, Kõks S, Soomets U, Schalkwyk LC, Fernandes C, Haldre S, Aquilonius SM, Taba P. Peripheral blood RNA expression profiling in illicit methcathinone users reveals effect on immune system. Front Genet 2012; 2:42. [PMID: 22303338 PMCID: PMC3268596 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2011.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Methcathinone (ephedrone) is relatively easily accessible for abuse. Its users develop an extrapyramidal syndrome and it is not known if this is caused by methcathinone itself, by side-ingredients (manganese), or both. In the present study we aimed to clarify molecular mechanisms underlying this condition. We used microarrays to analyze whole-genome gene expression patterns of peripheral blood from 20 methcathinone users and 20 matched controls. Gene expression profile data were analyzed by Bayesian modeling and functional annotation. Of 28,869 genes on the microarrays, 326 showed statistically significant differential expression with FDR adjusted p-values below 0.05. Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed differential expression for the most of the genes selected for validation. Functional annotation and network analysis indicated activation of a gene network that included immunological disease, cellular movement, and cardiovascular disease functions (enrichment score 42). As HIV and HCV infections were confounding factors, we performed additional stratification of subjects. A similar functional activation of the “immunological disease” category was evident when we compared subjects according to injection status (past versus current users, balanced for HIV and HCV infection). However, this difference was not large therefore the major effect was related to the HIV status of the subjects. Mn–methcathinone abusers have blood RNA expression patterns that mostly reflect their HIV and HCV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Sikk
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
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Borjabad A, Morgello S, Chao W, Kim SY, Brooks AI, Murray J, Potash MJ, Volsky DJ. Significant effects of antiretroviral therapy on global gene expression in brain tissues of patients with HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002213. [PMID: 21909266 PMCID: PMC3164642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced morbidity and mortality in HIV-1 infection; however HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist despite treatment. The reasons for the limited efficacy of ART in the brain are unknown. Here we used functional genomics to determine ART effectiveness in the brain and to identify molecular signatures of HAND under ART. We performed genome-wide microarray analysis using Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 Arrays, real-time PCR, and immunohistochemistry in brain tissues from seven treated and eight untreated HAND patients and six uninfected controls. We also determined brain virus burdens by real-time PCR. Treated and untreated HAND brains had distinct gene expression profiles with ART transcriptomes clustering with HIV-1-negative controls. The molecular disease profile of untreated HAND showed dysregulated expression of 1470 genes at p<0.05, with activation of antiviral and immune responses and suppression of synaptic transmission and neurogenesis. The overall brain transcriptome changes in these patients were independent of histological manifestation of HIV-1 encephalitis and brain virus burdens. Depending on treatment compliance, brain transcriptomes from patients on ART had 83% to 93% fewer dysregulated genes and significantly lower dysregulation of biological pathways compared to untreated patients, with particular improvement indicated for nervous system functions. However a core of about 100 genes remained similarly dysregulated in both treated and untreated patient brain tissues. These genes participate in adaptive immune responses, and in interferon, cell cycle, and myelin pathways. Fluctuations of cellular gene expression in the brain correlated in Pearson's formula analysis with plasma but not brain virus burden. Our results define for the first time an aberrant genome-wide brain transcriptome of untreated HAND and they suggest that antiretroviral treatment can be broadly effective in reducing pathophysiological changes in the brain associated with HAND. Aberrantly expressed transcripts common to untreated and treated HAND may contribute to neurocognitive changes defying ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Borjabad
- Molecular Virology Division, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center and Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Susan Morgello
- Department of Pathology and Neuroscience, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Wei Chao
- Molecular Virology Division, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center and Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Andrew I. Brooks
- Department of Genetics, Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jacinta Murray
- Department of Pathology and Neuroscience, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mary Jane Potash
- Molecular Virology Division, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center and Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David J. Volsky
- Molecular Virology Division, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center and Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Drugs of abuse and HIV infection/replication: implications for mother-fetus transmission. Life Sci 2010; 88:972-9. [PMID: 21056582 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and progression of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) can be modulated by a number of cofactors, including drugs of abuse. Opioids, cocaine, cannabinoids, methamphetamine (METH), alcohol, and other substances of abuse have been implicated as risk factors for HIV infection, as they all have the potential to compromise host immunity and facilitate viral replication. Although epidemiologic evidence regarding the impact of drugs of abuse on HIV disease progression is mixed, in vitro studies as well as studies using in vivo animal models have indicated that drugs of abuse have the ability to enhance HIV infection/replication. Drugs of abuse may also be a risk factor for perinatal transmission of HIV. Because high levels of viral load in maternal blood are associated with increased risk of HIV vertical transmission, it is likely that drugs of abuse play an important role in promoting mother-fetus transmission. Furthermore, because the neonatal immune system differs qualitatively from the adult system, it is possible that maternal exposure to drugs of abuse would exacerbate neonatal immunity defects, facilitating HIV infection of neonate immune cells and promoting HIV vertical transmission. The availability and use of antiretroviral therapy for women infected with HIV increase, there is an increasing interest in determining the impact of drug abuse on efficacy of AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG)-standardized treatment regimens for woman infected with HIV in the context of HIV vertical transmission.
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Marcondes MCG, Flynn C, Watry DD, Zandonatti M, Fox HS. Methamphetamine increases brain viral load and activates natural killer cells in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected monkeys. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:355-61. [PMID: 20489154 PMCID: PMC2893678 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) abuse increases risky behaviors that contribute to the spread of HIV infection. In addition, because HIV and Meth independently affect physiological systems including the central nervous system, HIV-induced disease may be more severe in drug users. We investigated changes in blood and brain viral load as well as differences in immune cells in chronically simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques that were either administered Meth or used as controls. Although Meth administration did not alter levels of virus in the plasma, viral load in the brain was significantly increased in Meth-treated animals compared with control animals. Meth treatment also resulted in an activation of natural killer cells. Given the prevalence of Meth use in HIV-infected and HIV at-risk populations, these findings reveal the likely untoward effects of Meth abuse in such individuals.
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Greer KA, Daly P, Murphy KE, Callanan JJ. Analysis of gene expression in brain tissue from Greyhounds with meningoencephalitis. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:547-54. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.5.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Nath A. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorder: pathophysiology in relation to drug addiction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1187:122-8. [PMID: 20201849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the United States and increasingly in other parts of the world is now being driven by drug-abusing populations. Both HIV infection and drugs of abuse affect the basal ganglia, hippocampal structures, and the prefrontal cortex. Understanding the interactions between the two and their combined effects is critical. In vitro studies show that opiates, methamphetamine, and cocaine can potentiate HIV replication and can enhance or synergize with HIV proteins to cause glial cell activation, neurotoxicity, and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. Many of these studies have been confirmed in vivo by using rodent models. However, the complexities of polydrug addiction and drug withdrawal have yet to be examined in simian models of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Clinical studies in substance-abusing, HIV-positive patients pose multiple challenges whether aimed at studying disease pathogenesis or conducting clinical trials. This review examines the literature to date, lists the experimental challenges faced by researchers studying effects of drug addiction on HIV neuropathogenesis, and suggests future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avindra Nath
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
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Borjabad A, Brooks AI, Volsky DJ. Gene expression profiles of HIV-1-infected glia and brain: toward better understanding of the role of astrocytes in HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2010; 5:44-62. [PMID: 19697136 PMCID: PMC3107560 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-009-9167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the major cellular component of the central nervous system (CNS), and they play multiple roles in brain development, normal brain function, and CNS responses to pathogens and injury. The functional versatility of astrocytes is linked to their ability to respond to a wide array of biological stimuli through finely orchestrated changes in cellular gene expression. Dysregulation of gene expression programs, generally by chronic exposure to pathogenic stimuli, may lead to dysfunction of astrocytes and contribute to neuropathogenesis. Here, we review studies that employ functional genomics to characterize the effects of HIV-1 and viral pathogenic proteins on cellular gene expression in astrocytes in vitro. We also present the first microarray analysis of primary mouse astrocytes exposed to HIV-1 in culture. In spite of different experimental conditions and microarray platforms used, comparison of the astrocyte array data sets reveals several common gene-regulatory changes that may underlie responses of these cells to HIV-1 and its proteins. We also compared the transcriptional profiles of astrocytes with those obtained in analyses of brain tissues of patients with HIV-1 dementia and macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Notably, many of the gene characteristics of responses to HIV-1 in cultured astrocytes were also altered in HIV-1 or SIV-infected brains. Functional genomics, in conjunction with other approaches, may help clarify the role of astrocytes in HIV-1 neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Borjabad
- Molecular Virology Division, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, 432 West 58th Street, Antenucci Building, Room 709, New York, NY 10019, USA
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30
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A coat of many colors: neuroimmune crosstalk in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Neuron 2009; 64:133-45. [PMID: 19840555 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The use of antiretroviral therapy has reduced mortality and increased the quality of life of HIV-1-infected people, particularly in more developed countries where access to treatment is more widespread. However, morbidities continue, which include HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Subtle cognitive abnormalities and low-level viral replication underlie disease. The balance between robust antiviral adaptive immunity, neuronal homeostatic mechanisms, and neuroprotective factors on one hand and toxicities afforded by dysregulated immune activities on the other govern disease. New insights into the pathobiological processes for neuroimmune-linked disease and ways to modulate such activities for therapeutic gain are discussed. Better understanding of the complexities of immune regulation during HAND can improve diagnosis and disease outcomes but is also relevant for the pathogenesis of a broad range of neurodegenerative disorders.
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31
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Chronic methamphetamine induces structural changes in frontal cortex neurons and upregulates type I interferons. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2008; 3:241-5. [PMID: 18594991 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-008-9113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
While methamphetamine-induced changes in brain neurotransmitters, their receptors, and transporters are well studied, the means by which methamphetamine abuse results in cognitive and behavioral abnormalities is unknown. Here, we administered methamphetamine chronically, in doses relevant to recreational usage patterns, to nonhuman primates. Neurostructural analysis revealed decreased dendritic material and loss of spines in frontal lobe neurons. Molecular examination demonstrated that type I interferons (interferon-alpha and interferon-beta) increased in the frontal lobe in response to chronic methamphetamine treatment, in correlation with the neuronal changes. Chronic methamphetamine thus results in significant changes in the primate brain, inducing cytokines and altering neuronal structure, both of which can contribute to functional abnormalities.
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32
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Salaria S, Badkoobehi H, Rockenstein E, Crews L, Chana G, Masliah E, Everall IP. Toll-like receptor pathway gene expression is associated with human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurodegeneration. J Neurovirol 2008; 13:496-503. [PMID: 18097881 DOI: 10.1080/13550280701558616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system is a significant component of the brain's defense against infection, especially as the blood-brain barrier restricts access of the members of the adaptive immune system, such as T and B cells. The innate immune system includes Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Within the central nervous system, they are expressed on glial cells and their expression can be modulated by pathological states. Although their function is to recognize foreign pathogens and stimulate a protective immune response through the production of cytokines and interferons, there is emerging evidence that activation of these receptors can result in neurodegeneration. In the current study, the authors assessed the expression of TLR-related genes, using a customized Superarray gene chip, and correlated the expression findings with indices of neurodegeneration. We found that, using a stringent threshold for statistical significance to overcome the potential problem of multiple statistical testing, there were significant correlations between the expression of nine TLR-related genes and reduction in dendritic and synaptic staining. Two of these genes, TLR4 and SIGIRR, were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, the authors demonstrated in vitro at the protein level that human primary astrocytes exposed to the toxic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope protein gp120 had a significant increase in TLR4 protein expression. In conclusion, these findings indicate that TLR-related gene expression may contribute to the development of HIV-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Salaria
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0603, USA
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Taylor MJ, Schweinsburg BC, Alhassoon OM, Gongvatana A, Brown GG, Young-Casey C, Letendre SL, Grant I. Effects of human immunodeficiency virus and methamphetamine on cerebral metabolites measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Neurovirol 2007; 13:150-9. [PMID: 17505983 DOI: 10.1080/13550280701194230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and methamphetamine (METH) use disorders are associated with cerebral dysfunction. To determine whether these effects were evident on in vivo neuroimaging, quantitative, single voxel magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy was used to assess frontal white matter, frontal gray matter, and basal ganglia in 40 HIV+/METH+, 66 HIV+/METH-, 48 HIV-/METH+, and 51 HIV-/METH- participants. HIV was associated with lower N-acetylaspartate (NAA) in frontal white and frontal gray matter but METH was not associated with cerebral metabolite differences in any region. Among HIV+ individuals, lower CD4 counts and higher plasma HIV viral loads were associated with lower NAA in frontal gray matter and basal ganglia. The relationship between detectable plasma HIV viral load and NAA in frontal white matter was significantly stronger in the HIV+/METH+ group, compared to HIV+/METH-. Higher detectable plasma HIV viral load was significantly associated with higher myo-inositol (MI) in frontal white and gray matter for HIV+/METH+, but not HIV+/METH-. For the HIV-/METH+ group, lifetime duration of METH use was associated with higher choline levels in frontal gray matter and higher MI levels in basal ganglia. Our findings are consistent with significant disruption of neuronal integrity in the frontal lobes of HIV-infected individuals. Although METH was not associated with cerebral metabolite levels, other findings suggested that METH use did affect the brain. For example, the relationship between detectable plasma HIV viral load and NAA levels was limited to HIV+/METH+ individuals. This evidence indicates when HIV is poorly suppressed, METH may modify the effects of the virus on neuronal integrity.
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Kopnisky KL, Bao J, Lin YW. Neurobiology of HIV, psychiatric and substance abuse comorbidity research: workshop report. Brain Behav Immun 2007; 21:428-41. [PMID: 17346925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections can cause persistent and progressive changes in emotional and cognitive functions. The viral-induced imbalances in neuronal network functioning may precipitate or accentuate psychiatric conditions in vulnerable individuals, in part, as a function of the host response to proinflammatory cytokines resulting from infection or brain injury. Research indicates that the mediators of psychiatric illnesses and HIV-neuropathogenesis utilize similar brain structures, neurocircuitry and receptor systems. The genetic, cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to HIV neuropathogenesis and its late stage clinical correlate, HIV-associated-dementia (HAD), are active areas of neuroAIDS research. The study of HIV in the context of psychiatric comorbidities and comorbid pathogenesis is in a fledgling stage despite epidemiological studies suggesting that >60% of HIV infected individuals will suffer from at least one major psychiatric disorder during the course of infection. Depression is the primary comorbid disorder but anxiety and substance abuse disorders are also considerable in certain HIV(+) populations. Certain substances of abuse and the biological mediators of psychiatric illnesses reportedly interact in the brain and presumptively worsen HIV-related neuropathogenesis and survival measures. A panel of experts discussed approaches for studying the neuroscience of HIV and psychiatric comorbidity at a basic, mechanistic level since they co-exist in high proportion in the human population. Recommended approaches ranged from improving human consent forms and maximizing the value of repository resources to novel research designs and identifying human and animal endophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy L Kopnisky
- HIV Therapeutics/Clinical Trials and Psychiatric Pathogenesis Program, Center for Mental Health Research on AIDS, NIH/National Institute of Mental Health, 6001 Executive Blvd/Room 6205 MSC 9619, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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35
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Ellis R, Langford D, Masliah E. HIV and antiretroviral therapy in the brain: neuronal injury and repair. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007; 8:33-44. [PMID: 17180161 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 40 million people worldwide are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Despite HIV's known propensity to infect the CNS and cause neurological disease, HIV neurocognitive disorders remain under-recognized. Although combination antiretroviral therapy has improved the health of millions of those living with HIV, the penetration into the CNS of many such therapies is limited, and patients' quality of life continues to be diminished by milder, residual neurocognitive impairment. Synaptodendritic neuronal injury is emerging as an important mediator of such deficits in HIV. By carefully selecting specific antiretrovirals and supplementing them with neuroprotective agents, physicians might be able to facilitate innate CNS repair, promoting enhanced synaptodendritic plasticity, neural function and clinical neurological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Ellis
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
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36
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Dios S, Poisa-Beiro L, Figueras A, Novoa B. Suppression subtraction hybridization (SSH) and macroarray techniques reveal differential gene expression profiles in brain of sea bream infected with nodavirus. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:2195-204. [PMID: 17188359 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite of the impact that viruses have on aquatic organisms, relatively little is known on how fish fight against these infections. In this work, the brain gene expression pattern of sea bream (Sparus aurata) in response to nodavirus infection was investigated. We used the suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) method to generate a subtracted cDNA library enriched with gene transcripts differentially expressed after 1 day post-infection. Some of the ESTs from the infected tissues fell in gene categories related to stress and immune responses. For the reverse library (ESTs expressed in controls compared with infected tissues) the most abundant transcripts were of ribosomal and mitochondrial nature. Several ESTs potentially induced by virus exposure were selected for in vivo expression studies. We observed a clear difference in expression between infected and control samples for two candidate genes, ubiquitin conjugating enzyme 7 interacting protein, which seems to play an important role in apoptosis and the interferon induced protein with helicase C domain 1 (mda-5) that contributes to apoptosis and regulates the type I IFN production, a key molecule of the antiviral innate response in most organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dios
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, Vigo 36208, Spain
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37
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Hauser KF, El-Hage N, Stiene-Martin A, Maragos WF, Nath A, Persidsky Y, Volsky DJ, Knapp PE. HIV-1 neuropathogenesis: glial mechanisms revealed through substance abuse. J Neurochem 2006; 100:567-86. [PMID: 17173547 PMCID: PMC4305441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal dysfunction and degeneration are ultimately responsible for the neurocognitive impairment and dementia manifest in neuroAIDS. Despite overt neuronal pathology, HIV-1 does not directly infect neurons; rather, neuronal dysfunction or death is largely an indirect consequence of disrupted glial function and the cellular and viral toxins released by infected glia. A role for glia in HIV-1 neuropathogenesis is revealed in experimental and clinical studies examining substance abuse-HIV-1 interactions. Current evidence suggests that glia are direct targets of substance abuse and that glia contribute markedly to the accelerated neurodegeneration seen with substance abuse in HIV-1 infected individuals. Moreover, maladaptive neuroplastic responses to chronic drug abuse might create a latent susceptibility to CNS disorders such as HIV-1. In this review, we consider astroglial and microglial interactions and dysfunction in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection and examine how drug actions in glia contribute to neuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt F. Hauser
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Anne Stiene-Martin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - William F. Maragos
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky College of, Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Avindra Nath
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins, University, Baltimore, MD, 21287
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE, 68198
| | - David J. Volsky
- Molecular Virology Division, St Luke's–Roosevelt Hospital Center and Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10019
| | - Pamela E. Knapp
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
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Liu M, Popper SJ, Rubins KH, Relman DA. Early days: genomics and human responses to infection. Curr Opin Microbiol 2006; 9:312-9. [PMID: 16679048 PMCID: PMC7108404 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
DNA microarray-based gene transcript-profiling of the responses of primates to infection has begun to yield new insights into host-pathogen interactions; this approach, however, remains plagued by challenges and complexities that have yet to be adequately addressed. The rapidly changing nature over time of acute infectious diseases in a host, and the genetic diversity of microbial pathogens present unique problems for the design and interpretation of functional-genomic studies in this field. In addition, there are the more common problems related to heterogeneity within clinical samples, the complex, non-standardized confounding variables associated with human subjects and the complexities posed by the analysis and validation of highly parallel data. Whereas various approaches have been developed to address each of these issues, there are significant limitations that remain to be overcome. The resolution of these problems should lead to a better understanding of the dialogue between the host and pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghsun Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Grant S-169, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephen J Popper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Beckman B403, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kathleen H Rubins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Beckman B403, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David A Relman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Grant S-169, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Beckman B403, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Neuroimmunity and the blood-brain barrier: molecular regulation of leukocyte transmigration and viral entry into the nervous system with a focus on neuroAIDS. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2006; 1:160-81. [PMID: 18040782 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-006-9017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2005] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection of the central nervous system (CNS) can result in neurologic dysfunction with devastating consequences in a significant number of individuals with AIDS. Two main CNS complications in individuals with HIV are encephalitis and dementia, which are characterized by leukocyte infiltration into the CNS, microglia activation, aberrant chemokine expression, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and eventual damage and/or loss of neurons. One of the major mediators of NeuroAIDS is the transmigration of HIV-infected leukocytes across the BBB into the CNS. This review summarizes new key findings that support a critical role of the BBB in regulating leukocyte transmigration. In addition, we discuss studies on communication among cells of the immune system, BBB, and the CNS parenchyma, and suggest how these interactions contribute to the pathogenesis of NeuroAIDS. We also describe some of the animal models that have been used to study and characterize important mechanisms that have been proposed to be involved in HIV-induced CNS dysfunction. Finally, we review the pharmacologic interventions that address neuroinflammation, and the effect of substance abuse on HIV-1 related neuroimmunity.
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