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Arellano G, Acuña E, Loda E, Moore L, Tichauer JE, Castillo C, Vergara F, Burgos PI, Penaloza-MacMaster P, Miller SD, Naves R. Therapeutic role of interferon-γ in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is mediated through a tolerogenic subset of splenic CD11b + myeloid cells. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:144. [PMID: 38822334 PMCID: PMC11143617 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cumulative evidence has established that Interferon (IFN)-γ has both pathogenic and protective roles in Multiple Sclerosis and the animal model, Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, the underlying mechanisms to the beneficial effects of IFN-γ are not well understood. In this study, we found that IFN-γ exerts therapeutic effects on chronic, relapsing-remitting, and chronic progressive EAE models. The frequency of regulatory T (Treg) cells in spinal cords from chronic EAE mice treated with IFN-γ was significantly increased with no effect on Th1 and Th17 cells. Consistently, depletion of FOXP3-expressing cells blocked the protective effects of IFN-γ, indicating that the therapeutic effect of IFN-γ depends on the presence of Treg cells. However, IFN-γ did not trigger direct in vitro differentiation of Treg cells. In vivo administration of blocking antibodies against either interleukin (IL)-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β or program death (PD)-1, revealed that the protective effects of IFN-γ in EAE were also dependent on TGF-β and PD-1, but not on IL-10, suggesting that IFN-γ might have an indirect role on Treg cells acting through antigen-presenting cells. Indeed, IFN-γ treatment increased the frequency of a subset of splenic CD11b+ myeloid cells expressing TGF-β-Latency Associated Peptide (LAP) and program death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in a signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1-dependent manner. Furthermore, splenic CD11b+ cells from EAE mice preconditioned in vitro with IFN-γ and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide exhibited a tolerogenic phenotype with the capability to induce conversion of naïve CD4+ T cells mediated by secretion of TGF-β. Remarkably, adoptive transfer of splenic CD11b+ cells from IFN-γ-treated EAE mice into untreated recipient mice ameliorated clinical symptoms of EAE and limited central nervous system infiltration of mononuclear cells and effector helper T cells. These results reveal a novel cellular and molecular mechanism whereby IFN-γ promotes beneficial effects in EAE by endowing splenic CD11b+ myeloid cells with tolerogenic and therapeutic activities.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Myeloid Cells/drug effects
- Myeloid Cells/immunology
- Myeloid Cells/metabolism
- Spleen/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- CD11b Antigen/metabolism
- Female
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/toxicity
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- Peptide Fragments/toxicity
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/immunology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Arellano
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, US
- Center for Human Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, US
| | - Eric Acuña
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eileah Loda
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, US
| | - Lindsay Moore
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, US
| | - Juan E Tichauer
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Castillo
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabian Vergara
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula I Burgos
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Penaloza-MacMaster
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, US
- Center for Human Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, US
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, US.
- Center for Human Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, US.
| | - Rodrigo Naves
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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2
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Haines NA, Fowler MG, Zeh BG, Kriete CB, Bai Q, Wakefield MR, Fang Y. Unlocking the 'ova'-coming power: immunotherapy's role in shaping the future of ovarian cancer treatment. Med Oncol 2024; 41:67. [PMID: 38286890 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a prominent cancer worldwide with a relatively low survival rate for women diagnosed. Many individuals are diagnosed in the late stage of the disease and are prescribed a wide variety of treatment options. Current treatment options are primarily a combination of surgery and chemotherapy as well as a new but promising treatment involving immunotherapy. Nevertheless, contemporary therapeutic modalities exhibit a discernible lag in advancement when compared with the strides achieved in recent years in the context of other malignancies. Moreover, many surgery and chemotherapy options have a high risk for recurrence due to the late-stage diagnosis. Therefore, there is a necessity to further treatment options. There have been many new advancements in the field of immunotherapy. Immunotherapy has been approved for 16 various types of cancers and has shown significant treatment potential in many other cancers as well. Researchers have also found many promising outlooks for immunotherapy as a treatment for ovarian cancer. This review summarizes many of the new advancements in immunotherapy treatment options and could potentially offer valuable insights to gynecologists aimed at enhancing the efficacy of their treatment approaches for patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Haines
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 8025, Grand Ave, West Des Moines, IA, 50266, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Mia G Fowler
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Benjamin G Zeh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 8025, Grand Ave, West Des Moines, IA, 50266, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Carter B Kriete
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Qian Bai
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Mark R Wakefield
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Yujiang Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 8025, Grand Ave, West Des Moines, IA, 50266, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
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3
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Maines LW, Keller SN, Smith CD. Opaganib (ABC294640) Induces Immunogenic Tumor Cell Death and Enhances Checkpoint Antibody Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16901. [PMID: 38069222 PMCID: PMC10706694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based cancer drugs that target the checkpoint proteins CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1 provide marked improvement in some patients with deadly diseases such as lung cancer and melanoma. However, most patients are either unresponsive or relapse following an initial response, underscoring the need for further improvement in immunotherapy. Certain drugs induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) in tumor cells in which the dying cells promote immunologic responses in the host that may enhance the in vivo activity of checkpoint antibodies. Sphingolipid metabolism is a key pathway in cancer biology, in which ceramides and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) regulate tumor cell death, proliferation and drug resistance, as well as host inflammation and immunity. In particular, sphingosine kinases are key sites for manipulation of the ceramide/S1P balance that regulates tumor cell proliferation and sensitivity to radiation and chemotherapy. We and others have demonstrated that inhibition of sphingosine kinase-2 by the small-molecule investigational drug opaganib (formerly ABC294640) kills tumor cells and increases their sensitivities to other drugs and radiation. Because sphingolipids have been shown to regulate ICD, opaganib may induce ICD and improve the efficacy of checkpoint antibodies for cancer therapy. This was demonstrated by showing that in vitro treatment with opaganib increases the surface expression of the ICD marker calreticulin on a variety of tumor cell types. In vivo confirmation was achieved using the gold standard immunization assay in which B16 melanoma, Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) or Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells were treated with opaganib in vitro and then injected subcutaneously into syngeneic mice, followed by implantation of untreated tumor cells 7 days later. In all cases, immunization with opaganib-treated cells strongly suppressed the growth of subsequently injected tumor cells. Interestingly, opaganib treatment induced crossover immunity in that opaganib-treated B16 cells suppressed the growth of both untreated B16 and LLC cells and opaganib-treated LLC cells inhibited the growth of both untreated LLC and B16 cells. Next, the effects of opaganib in combination with a checkpoint antibody on tumor growth in vivo were assessed. Opaganib and anti-PD-1 antibody each slowed the growth of B16 tumors and improved mouse survival, while the combination of opaganib plus anti-PD-1 strongly suppressed tumor growth and improved survival (p < 0.0001). Individually, opaganib and anti-CTLA-4 antibody had modest effects on the growth of LLC tumors and mouse survival, whereas the combination of opaganib with anti-CTLA-4 substantially inhibited tumor growth and increased survival (p < 0.001). Finally, the survival of mice bearing B16 tumors was only marginally improved by opaganib or anti-PD-L1 antibody alone but was nearly doubled by the drugs in combination (p < 0.005). Overall, these studies demonstrate the ability of opaganib to induce ICD in tumor cells, which improves the antitumor activity of checkpoint antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charles D. Smith
- Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, 1214 Research Blvd, Suite 2015, Hummelstown, PA 17036, USA; (L.W.M.)
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4
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Daei Sorkhabi A, Komijani E, Sarkesh A, Ghaderi Shadbad P, Aghebati-Maleki A, Aghebati-Maleki L. Advances in immune checkpoint-based immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: rationale and practice. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:321. [PMID: 37946301 PMCID: PMC10634124 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond the encouraging results and broad clinical applicability of immune checkpoint (ICP) inhibitors in cancer therapy, ICP-based immunotherapies in the context of autoimmune disease, particularly multiple sclerosis (MS), have garnered considerable attention and hold great potential for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Given the well-established immunoregulatory role of ICPs in maintaining a balance between stimulatory and inhibitory signaling pathways to promote immune tolerance to self-antigens, a dysregulated expression pattern of ICPs has been observed in a significant proportion of patients with MS and its animal model called experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is associated with autoreactivity towards myelin and neurodegeneration. Consequently, there is a rationale for developing immunotherapeutic strategies to induce inhibitory ICPs while suppressing stimulatory ICPs, including engineering immune cells to overexpress ligands for inhibitory ICP receptors, such as program death-1 (PD-1), or designing fusion proteins, namely abatacept, to bind and inhibit the co-stimulatory pathways involved in overactivated T-cell mediated autoimmunity, and other strategies that will be discussed in-depth in the current review. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Daei Sorkhabi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Erfan Komijani
- Department of Veterinary, Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aila Sarkesh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pedram Ghaderi Shadbad
- Department of Veterinary, Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Aghebati-Maleki
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leili Aghebati-Maleki
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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5
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Zhang T, Yu-Jing L, Ma T. Role of regulation of PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in sepsis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1029438. [PMID: 36969168 PMCID: PMC10035551 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1029438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Long term immunosuppression is problematic during sepsis. The PD-1 and PD-L1 immune checkpoint proteins have potent immunosuppressive functions. Recent studies have revealed several features of PD-1 and PD-L1 and their roles in sepsis. Here, we summarize the overall findings of PD-1 and PD-L1 by first reviewing the biological features of PD-1 and PD-L1 and then discussing the mechanisms that control the expression of PD-1 and PD-L1. We then review the functions of PD-1 and PD-L1 in physiological settings and further discuss PD-1 and PD-L1 in sepsis, including their involvement in several sepsis-related processes and their potential therapeutic relevance in sepsis. In general, PD-1 and PD-L1 have critical roles in sepsis, indicating that their regulation may be a potential therapeutic target for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Yu-Jing
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Ma,
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6
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Reike M, Ingersoll M, Müller D, Zuiverloon T, Strandgaard T, Kamat A, Williams S, Seiler R, Todenhöfer T, Dyrskjøt L, Nawroth R, Goebell P, Schmitz-Dräger B, Sfakianos J, Meeks J, Horowitz A, Black P. Biology of BCG response in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer - 2021 IBCN Updates Part III. Urol Oncol 2022; 41:211-218. [PMID: 36266219 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) remains the only FDA-approved first-line therapy in patients with high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Recurrences, even after adequate BCG therapy, are common and the efficacy of second-line therapies remains modest. Therefore, early identification of patients likely to recur and treatment after recurrence remain critical unmet needs in the clinical care of bladder cancer patients. To address these deficits, a better understanding of the mechanisms of resistance to BCG-therapy is needed. The virtual update of the International Bladder Cancer Network (IBCN) on the biology of response to BCG focused on potential mechanisms and markers of resistance to intravesical BCG therapy. The insights from this meeting will be highlighted and put into context of previously reported mechanisms of resistance to BCG in this review.
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7
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Ben Nasr M, Robbins D, Parone P, Usuelli V, Tacke R, Seelam AJ, Driver E, Le T, Sabouri-Ghomi M, Guerrettaz L, Shoemaker D, Fiorina P. Pharmacologically Enhanced Regulatory Hematopoietic Stem Cells Revert Experimental Autoimmune Diabetes and Mitigate Other Autoimmune Disorders. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1554-1565. [PMID: 35321879 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by the loss of immune self-tolerance, resulting in an aberrant immune responses against self-tissue. A few therapeutics have been partially successful in reverting or slowing down T1D progression in patients, and the infusion of autologous hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is emerging as an option to be explored. In this study, we proposed to pharmacologically enhance by ex vivo modulation with small molecules the immunoregulatory and trafficking properties of HSCs to provide a safer and more efficacious treatment option for patients with T1D and other autoimmune disorders. A high-throughput targeted RNA sequencing screening strategy was used to identify a combination of small molecules (16,16-dimethyl PGE2 and dexamethasone), which significantly upregulate key genes involved in trafficking (e.g., CXCR4) and immunoregulation (e.g., programmed death ligand 1). The pharmacologically enhanced, ex vivo-modulated HSCs (regulatory HSCs [HSC.Regs]) have strong trafficking properties to sites of inflammation in a mouse model of T1D, reverted autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice, and delayed experimental multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis in preclinical models. Mechanistically, HSC.Regs reduced lymphocytic infiltration of pancreatic β cells and inhibited the activity of autoreactive T cells. Moreover, when tested in clinically relevant in vitro autoimmune assays, HSC.Regs abrogated the autoimmune response. Ex vivo pharmacological modulation enhances the immunoregulatory and trafficking properties of HSCs, thus generating HSC.Regs, which mitigated autoimmune diabetes and other autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moufida Ben Nasr
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Vera Usuelli
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andy-Joe Seelam
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Thuy Le
- Fate Therapeutics, San Diego, CA; and
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Fiorina
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; .,International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Division of Endocrinology, Fatebenefratelli-Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
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8
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Mi Y, Han J, Zhu J, Jin T. Role of the PD-1/PD-L1 Signaling in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Recent Insights and Future Directions. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6249-6271. [PMID: 34480337 PMCID: PMC8639577 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02495-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmunity-related chronic demyelination disease of the central nervous system (CNS), causing young disability. Currently, highly specific immunotherapies for MS are still lacking. Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is an immunosuppressive co-stimulatory molecule, which is expressed on activated T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and other immune cells. PD-L1, the ligand of PD-1, is expressed on T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages. PD-1/PD-L1 delivers negative regulatory signals to immune cells, maintaining immune tolerance and inhibiting autoimmunity. This review comprehensively summarizes current insights into the role of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling in MS and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The potentiality of PD-1/PD-L1 as biomarkers or therapeutic targets for MS will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Mi
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021 China
- Present Address: Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021 China
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021 China
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Zhao J, Roberts A, Wang Z, Savage J, Ji RR. Emerging Role of PD-1 in the Central Nervous System and Brain Diseases. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:1188-1202. [PMID: 33877518 PMCID: PMC8353059 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00683-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is an immune checkpoint modulator and a major target of immunotherapy as anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in cancer treatment. Accumulating evidence suggests an important role of PD-1 in the central nervous system (CNS). PD-1 has been implicated in CNS disorders such as brain tumors, Alzheimer's disease, ischemic stroke, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, cognitive function, and pain. PD-1 signaling suppresses the CNS immune response via resident microglia and infiltrating peripheral immune cells. Notably, PD-1 is also widely expressed in neurons and suppresses neuronal activity via downstream Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 and modulation of ion channel function. An improved understanding of PD-1 signaling in the cross-talk between glial cells, neurons, and peripheral immune cells in the CNS will shed light on immunomodulation, neuromodulation, and novel strategies for treating brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, USA.
| | - Alexus Roberts
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, USA
- Department of Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, USA
| | - Zilong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, USA
| | - Justin Savage
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, USA
| | - Ru-Rong Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, USA.
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10
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Chen M, Hu S, Li Y, Jiang TT, Jin H, Feng L. Targeting nuclear acid-mediated immunity in cancer immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:270. [PMID: 33214545 PMCID: PMC7677403 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy especially immune checkpoint inhibition has achieved unprecedented successes in cancer treatment. However, there are many patients who failed to benefit from these therapies, highlighting the need for new combinations to increase the clinical efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this review, we summarized the latest discoveries on the combination of nucleic acid-sensing immunity and immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy. Given the critical role of nuclear acid-mediated immunity in maintaining the activation of T cell function, it seems that harnessing the nuclear acid-mediated immunity opens up new strategies to enhance the effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors for tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoqin Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang Province, Cancer Institute of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Shiman Hu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang Province, Cancer Institute of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Yiling Li
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang Province, Cancer Institute of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Ting Ting Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Hongchuan Jin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang Province, Cancer Institute of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Lifeng Feng
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang Province, Cancer Institute of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
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11
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Le CT, Khuat LT, Caryotakis SE, Wang M, Dunai C, Nguyen AV, Vick LV, Stoffel KM, Blazar BR, Monjazeb AM, Murphy WJ, Soulika AM. PD-1 Blockade Reverses Obesity-Mediated T Cell Priming Impairment. Front Immunol 2020; 11:590568. [PMID: 33193426 PMCID: PMC7658608 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.590568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite obesity reaching pandemic proportions, its impact on antigen-specific T cell responses is still unclear. We have recently demonstrated that obesity results in increased expression of PD-1 on T cells, and checkpoint blockade targeting PD-1/PD-L1 surprisingly resulted in greater clinical efficacy in cancer therapy. Adverse events associated with this therapy center around autoimmune reactions. In this study, we examined the impact of obesity on T cell priming and on autoimmune pathogenesis using the mouse model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is mediated by autoreactive myelin-specific T cells generated after immunization. We observed that diet-induced obese (DIO) mice had a markedly delayed EAE onset and developed milder clinical symptoms compared to mice on control diet (CD). This delay was associated with impaired generation of myelin-specific T cell numbers and concurrently correlated with increased PD-L1 upregulation on antigen-presenting cells in secondary lymphoid organs. PD-1 blockade during the priming stage of EAE restored disease onset and severity and increased numbers of pathogenic CD4+ T cells in the central nervous system (CNS) of DIO mice to similar levels to those of CD mice. Administration of anti-PD-1 after onset of clinical symptoms did not increase EAE pathogenesis demonstrating that initial priming is the critical juncture affected by obesity. These findings demonstrate that obesity impairs antigen-specific T cell priming, but this can be reversed with PD-1 blockade. Our results further suggest that PD-1 blockade may increase the risk of autoimmune toxicities, particularly in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine T Le
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Lam T Khuat
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Sofia E Caryotakis
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Marilyn Wang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Cordelia Dunai
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Alan V Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Logan V Vick
- Department of Radiation-Oncology, School of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Kevin M Stoffel
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Masonic Cancer Center, and Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Arta M Monjazeb
- Department of Radiation-Oncology, School of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Athena M Soulika
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, United States
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12
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Sun Y, Jing Y, Huang M, Ma J, Peng X, Wang J, Li G, Cheng X. The PD-1/PD-Ls pathway is up-regulated during the suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis treated by Astragalus polysaccharides. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 332:78-90. [PMID: 30981049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of CNS. Astragalus polysaccharides (APS), the main active extract from astragalus membranaceus which is a kind of traditional Chinese medicinal herb, is associated with a variety of immunomodulatory activities. We have evaluated the therapeutic effects of APS in the animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). It was found that APS could effectively alleviate EAE through inhibiting MOG35-55-specific T cell proliferation and reducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, which is mediated by up-regulating the expression of PD-1/PD-Ls signaling pathway. Our results demonstrated that EAE could be suppressed significantly by APS administration. It indicated that APS might be a potential of developing innovative drug for the therapy of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Yue-yang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Yuanya Jing
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mengwen Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jinyun Ma
- Yue-yang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Xiaoyan Peng
- Yue-yang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Jinying Wang
- Yue-yang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Guoling Li
- Yue-yang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Yue-yang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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13
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Heynckes S, Daka K, Franco P, Gaebelein A, Frenking JH, Doria-Medina R, Mader I, Delev D, Schnell O, Heiland DH. Crosslink between Temozolomide and PD-L1 immune-checkpoint inhibition in glioblastoma multiforme. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:117. [PMID: 30709339 PMCID: PMC6359796 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5308-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors have improved cancer therapy in many tumor types, but no benefit of immune checkpoint therapy has been found in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Based on the results of our earlier work, which showed a reduction of PD-L1 expression in patients treated with temozolomide (TMZ), we aimed to investigate the link between TMZ therapy and the immune control point target PD-L1. METHODS RNA-sequencing data from de-novo and recurrent glioblastoma were analyzed by AutoPipe algorithm. Results were confirmed either in a cell model by two primary and one established GBM cell line and specimens of de-novo and recurrent GBM. PD-L1 and pathway activation of the JAK/STAT pathway was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot. RESULTS We found a significant downregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway and immune response in recurrent tumors. The cell model showed an upregulation of PD-L1 after IFNγ treatment, while additional TMZ treatment lead to a reduction of PD-L1 expression and JAK/STAT pathway activation. These findings were confirmed in specimens of de-novo and recurrent glioblastoma. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that TMZ therapy leads to a down-regulation of PD-L1 in primary GBM cells. These results support the clinical findings where PD-L1 is significantly reduced in recurrent GBMs. If the target is diminished, it may also lead to impaired efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors such as nivolumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Heynckes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 64, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karam Daka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 64, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pamela Franco
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 64, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annette Gaebelein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 64, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Hendrik Frenking
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 64, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roberto Doria-Medina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 64, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Irina Mader
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik, Vogtareuth, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Delev
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 64, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Schnell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 64, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Henrik Heiland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 64, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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14
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Kumar P, Bhattacharya P, Prabhakar BS. A comprehensive review on the role of co-signaling receptors and Treg homeostasis in autoimmunity and tumor immunity. J Autoimmun 2018; 95:77-99. [PMID: 30174217 PMCID: PMC6289740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The immune system ensures optimum T-effector (Teff) immune responses against invading microbes and tumor antigens while preventing inappropriate autoimmune responses against self-antigens with the help of T-regulatory (Treg) cells. Thus, Treg and Teff cells help maintain immune homeostasis through mutual regulation. While Tregs can contribute to tumor immune evasion by suppressing anti-tumor Teff response, loss of Treg function can result in Teff responses against self-antigens leading to autoimmune disease. Thus, loss of homeostatic balance between Teff/Treg cells is often associated with both cancer and autoimmunity. Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors, collectively known as co-signaling receptors, play an indispensable role in the regulation of Teff and Treg cell expansion and function and thus play critical roles in modulating autoimmune and anti-tumor immune responses. Over the past three decades, considerable efforts have been made to understand the biology of co-signaling receptors and their role in immune homeostasis. Mutations in co-inhibitory receptors such as CTLA4 and PD1 are associated with Treg dysfunction, and autoimmune diseases in mice and humans. On the other hand, growing tumors evade immune surveillance by exploiting co-inhibitory signaling through expression of CTLA4, PD1 and PDL-1. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) using anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1 has drawn considerable attention towards co-signaling receptors in tumor immunology and created renewed interest in studying other co-signaling receptors, which until recently have not been as well studied. In addition to co-inhibitory receptors, co-stimulatory receptors like OX40, GITR and 4-1BB have also been widely implicated in immune homeostasis and T-cell stimulation, and use of agonistic antibodies against OX40, GITR and 4-1BB has been effective in causing tumor regression. Although ICB has seen unprecedented success in cancer treatment, autoimmune adverse events arising from ICB due to loss of Treg homeostasis poses a major obstacle. Herein, we comprehensively review the role of various co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors in Treg biology and immune homeostasis, autoimmunity, and anti-tumor immunity. Furthermore, we discuss the autoimmune adverse events arising upon targeting these co-signaling receptors to augment anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Palash Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Associate Dean for Technological Innovation and Training, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Room E-705, (M/C 790), 835 S. Wolcott Ave, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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15
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Guinn ZP, Petro TM. IFN-γ synergism with poly I:C reduces growth of murine and human cancer cells with simultaneous changes in cell cycle and immune checkpoint proteins. Cancer Lett 2018; 438:1-9. [PMID: 30205169 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that IFN-γ and poly I:C, a TLR3 Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) agonist, reduces growth of and induces Cleaved-Caspase-3, ISG54 and p27Kip in B16 melanoma cells. Here, analysis of IFN-γ/PRR synergism was expanded with UM-SCC1 and UM-SCC38 human squamous carcinoma cells and other PRR agonists. As in B16 cells, poly I:C plus IFN-γ synergism reduced UM-SCC1 and UM-SCC38 growth, and no more than 24 h was needed for significant growth reduction. IFN-γ synergism to stem B16 growth also occurred with TLR7, TLR9, TLR4, and STING agonists, but not TLR2 agonist. IFN-γ synergized with TLR3 and TLR4 agonists reducing UM-SCC1 growth, and with TLR7 and TLR3 agonists reducing UM-SCC38 growth. IFN-γ plus poly I:C, which had the most pronounced effect, decreased cyclin-D1, increased G1 cell cycle arrest, and increased Cleaved caspase-3 in B16 cells, as well as RAW264.7, a virus-transformed murine macrophage cell line. Finally, IFN-γ plus poly I:C modulated total but not cell surface expression of immune checkpoint protein PD-L1, as well as cell cycle checkpoint proteins in B16 cells. Thus IFN-γ plus poly I:C, and other PRR agonists, may well be effective adjuvants to cancer immunotherapy against several tumor cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary P Guinn
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA
| | - Thomas M Petro
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA; Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, USA.
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16
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Chen KD, Huang YH, Ming-Huey Guo M, Lin TY, Weng WT, Yang HJ, Yang KD, Kuo HC. The human blood DNA methylome identifies crucial role of β-catenin in the pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease. Oncotarget 2018; 9:28337-28350. [PMID: 29983864 PMCID: PMC6033340 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is a type of acute febrile vasculitis syndrome and is the most frequent cause of cardiac illness in children under the age of five years old. Although the etiology of KD remains largely unknown, some recent genome-wide studies have indicated that epigenetic factors may be important in its pathogenesis. We enrolled 24 KD patients and 24 non-KD controls in this study to access their DNA methylation status using HumanMethylation450 BeadChips. Another 34 KD patients and 62 control subjects were enrolled for expression validation. Of the 3193 CpG methylation regions with a methylation difference ≥ 20% between KD and controls, 3096 CpG loci revealed hypomehtylation, with only 3% being hypermethylated. Pathway buildup identified 11 networked genes among the hypermethylated regions, including four transcription factors: nuclear factor of activated T-cells 1, v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1, runt related transcription factor 3, and retinoic acid receptor gamma, as well as the activator β-catenin. Ten of these network-selected genes demonstrated a significant decrease in mRNA in KD patients, whereas only CTNNB1 significantly decreased in correlation with coronary artery lesions in KD patients. Furthermore, CTNNB1-silenced THP-1 monocytic cells drastically increased the expression of CD40 and significantly increased the expression of both CD40 and CD40L in cocultured human coronary artery endothelial cells. This study is the first to identify network-based susceptible genes of hypermethylated CpG loci, their expression levels, and the functional impact of β-catenin, which may be involved in both the cause and the development of KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Den Chen
- Department of Pediatrics and Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Liver Transplantation Center and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsien Huang
- Department of Pediatrics and Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mindy Ming-Huey Guo
- Department of Pediatrics and Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yang Lin
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Liver Transplantation Center and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Teng Weng
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Liver Transplantation Center and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Jen Yang
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Liver Transplantation Center and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuender D. Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Chang Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics and Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Abstract
Sphingosine kinases (SK1 and SK2) are key, druggable targets within the sphingolipid metabolism pathway that promote tumor growth and pathologic inflammation. A variety of isozyme-selective and dual inhibitors of SK1 and SK2 have been described in the literature, and at least one compound has reached clinical testing in cancer patients. In this chapter, we will review the rationale for targeting SKs and summarize the preclinical and emerging clinical data for ABC294640 as the first-in-class selective inhibitor of SK2.
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19
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Ubil E, Caskey L, Holtzhausen A, Hunter D, Story C, Earp HS. Tumor-secreted Pros1 inhibits macrophage M1 polarization to reduce antitumor immune response. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2356-2369. [PMID: 29708510 DOI: 10.1172/jci97354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyro3, Axl, Mer (TAM) receptor tyrosine kinases reduce inflammatory, innate immune responses. We demonstrate that tumor-secreted protein S (Pros1), a Mer/Tyro3 ligand, decreased macrophage M1 cytokine expression in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, tumor cells with CRISPR-based deletion of Pros1 failed to inhibit M1 polarization. Tumor cell-associated Pros1 action was abrogated in macrophages from Mer- and Tyro3- but not Axl-KO mice. In addition, several other murine and human tumor cell lines suppressed macrophage M1 cytokine expression induced by IFN-γ and LPS. Investigation of the suppressive pathway demonstrated a role for PTP1b complexing with Mer. Substantiating the role of PTP1b, M1 cytokine suppression was also lost in macrophages from PTP1b-KO mice. Mice bearing Pros1-deficient tumors showed increased innate and adaptive immune infiltration, as well as increased median survival. TAM activation can also inhibit TLR-mediated M1 polarization. Treatment with resiquimod, a TLR7/8 agonist, did not improve survival in mice bearing Pros1-secreting tumors but doubled survival for Pros1-deleted tumors. The tumor-derived Pros1 immune suppressive system, like PD-L1, was cytokine responsive, with IFN-γ inducing Pros1 transcription and secretion. Inhibition of Pros1/TAM interaction represents a potential novel strategy to block tumor-derived immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ubil
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and
| | | | | | | | | | - H Shelton Earp
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and.,Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Renuka, Agnihotri N, Bhatnagar A. Differential ratios of fish/corn oil ameliorated the colon carcinoma in rat by altering intestinal intraepithelial CD8+ T lymphocytes, dendritic cells population and modulating the intracellular cytokines. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 98:600-608. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Sonar SA, Shaikh S, Joshi N, Atre AN, Lal G. IFN-γ promotes transendothelial migration of CD4 + T cells across the blood-brain barrier. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:843-853. [PMID: 28682305 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Transendothelial migration (TEM) of Th1 and Th17 cells across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has a critical role in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). How cytokines produced by inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cells damage the endothelial BBB and promote transendothelial migration of immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS) during autoimmunity is not understood. We therefore investigated the effect of various cytokines on brain endothelial cells. Among the various cytokines tested, such as Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-12), Th2 (IL-3, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-13), Th17 (IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, GM-CSF) and Treg-specific cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β), IFN-γ predominantly showed increased expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MAdCAM-1, H2-Kb and I-Ab molecules on brain endothelial cells. Furthermore, IFN-γ induced transendothelial migration of CD4+ T cells from the apical (luminal side) to the basal side (abluminal side) of the endothelial monolayer to chemokine CCL21 in a STAT-1-dependent manner. IFN-γ also favored the transcellular route of TEM of CD4+ T cells. Multicolor immunofluorescence and confocal microscopic analysis showed that IFN-γ induced relocalization of ICAM-1, PECAM-1, ZO-1 and VE-cadherin in the endothelial cells, which affected the migration of CD4+ T cells. These findings reveal that the IFN-γ produced during inflammation could contribute towards disrupting the BBB and promoting TEM of CD4+ T cells. Our findings also indicate that strategies that interfere with the activation of CNS endothelial cells may help in controlling neuroinflammation and autoimmunity.
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22
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Treatment with anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) antibody restored postoperative CD8+ T cell dysfunction by surgical stress. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:1235-1241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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23
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Pawlak-Adamska E, Nowak O, Karabon L, Pokryszko-Dragan A, Partyka A, Tomkiewicz A, Ptaszkowski J, Frydecka I, Podemski R, Dybko J, Bilinska M. PD-1 gene polymorphic variation is linked with first symptom of disease and severity of relapsing-remitting form of MS. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 305:115-127. [PMID: 28284331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), where inflammation, demyelination together with the axonopathy are the cardinal features on pathologic ground, with a combined genetic and environmental background. The associations of PD-1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): PD-1.3 (in intron 4), PD-1.5 and PD-1.9 (both in exon 5) with clinical manifestation of MS in 479 south Polish individuals including 203 MS patients were analyzed. Presence of PD-1.5T allele was linked with the first manifestations of disease: diplopia and pyramidal signs - favored pyramidal signs but protected against of diplopia development. Farther, PD-1.3G/PD-1.5C/PD-1.9C haplotype significantly favored whereas GTC protected against diplopia. Besides, GTT haplotype strongly favored non-severe RRMS outcome and ATC haplotype was specific only for these MS patients. Our population-based case-control study, investigating selected three PD-1 SNPs: PD-1.3, PD-1.5 and PD-1.9, revealed that polymorphic variation may be rather disease-modifying than MS risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Pawlak-Adamska
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigl 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Oskar Nowak
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Lidia Karabon
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigl 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Pokryszko-Dragan
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-566 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Partyka
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigl 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Tomkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigl 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Ptaszkowski
- Department of Clinical Biomechanics and Physiotherapy in Motor System Disorders, Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, Grunwaldzka 2, 50-355 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Irena Frydecka
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigl 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ryszard Podemski
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-566 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Dybko
- Department of Hematology, Blood Neoplastic Diseases, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University, Pasteura 4, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Bilinska
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-566 Wroclaw, Poland
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Jiang TT, Martinov T, Xin L, Kinder JM, Spanier JA, Fife BT, Way SS. Programmed Death-1 Culls Peripheral Accumulation of High-Affinity Autoreactive CD4 T Cells to Protect against Autoimmunity. Cell Rep 2016; 17:1783-1794. [PMID: 27829150 PMCID: PMC5108556 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-reactive CD4 T cells are incompletely deleted during thymic development, and their peripheral seeding highlights the need for additional safeguards to avert autoimmunity. Here, we show an essential role for the coinhibitory molecule programmed death-1 (PD-1) in silencing the activation of high-affinity autoreactive CD4 T cells. Each wave of self-reactive CD4 T cells that escapes thymic deletion autonomously upregulates PD-1 to maintain self-tolerance. By tracking the progeny derived from individual autoreactive CD4 T cell clones, we demonstrate that self-reactive cells with the greatest autoimmune threat and highest self-antigen affinity express the most PD-1. Reciprocally, PD-1 deprivation unleashes high-affinity self-reactive CD4 T cells in target tissues to exacerbate neuronal inflammation and autoimmune diabetes. Reliance on PD-1 to actively maintain self-tolerance may explain why exploiting this pathway by cancerous cells and invasive microbes efficiently subverts protective immunity, and why autoimmune side effects can develop after PD-1-neutralizing checkpoint therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony T Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Tijana Martinov
- Center for Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lijun Xin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jeremy M Kinder
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Justin A Spanier
- Center for Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brian T Fife
- Center for Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Torkaman M, Ghollasi M, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M, Salimi A, Amari A. The effect of transplanted human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells treated with IFN-γ on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. Cell Immunol 2016; 311:1-12. [PMID: 27697286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) increases the immunosuppressive property of human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ-MSCs). In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of IFN-γ primed WJ-MSCs in EAE mice. IFN-γ primed WJ-MSCs were injected on days 3 and 11 after EAE induction. 21 days after EAE induction, splenocytes and cervical lymph node cells were isolated and cell proliferation, secretion of inflammatory cytokines and frequency of regulatory T-cells was measured. On day 50 of the study, cell infiltration and gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in brain of mice were studied. Leukocyte infiltration and symptoms were significantly reduced in IFN-γ primed WJ-MSCs treated group compared to other groups. These cells showed significantly reduced proliferation and increased Treg cells as well as decreased secretion and gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in EAE mice. Our data suggest that IFN-γ may be used to stimulate the immunomodulatory property of WJ-MSCs in clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Torkaman
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Marzieh Ghollasi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Ali Salimi
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Afshin Amari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Xiong HY, Ma TT, Wu BT, Lin Y, Tu ZG. IL-12 regulates B7-H1 expression in ovarian cancer-associated macrophages by effects on NF-κB signalling. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:5767-72. [PMID: 25081699 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.14.5767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM B7-H1, a co-inhibitory molecule of the B7 family, is found aberrantly expressed in ovarian cancer cells and infiltrating macrophage/dendritic-like cells, and plays a critical role in immune evasion by ovarian cancer. IL-12, an inducer of Th1 cell development, exerts immunomodulatory effects on ovarian cancer. However, whether IL-12 regulates B7-H1 expression in human ovarian cancer associated-macrophages has not been clarified. Therefore, we investigated the effects of IL-12 on the expression of B7-H1 in ovarian cancer-associated macrophages and possible mechanisms. METHODS PMA induced THP-1-derived macrophages or human monocyte-derived macrophages were treated with recombinant IL-12 (rIL-12) or infected with adenovirus carrying human IL-12 gene (Ad-IL-12-GFP) for 24 h, then cocultured with the SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell line for another 24 h. Macrophages were collected for real-time PCR and Western blot to detect the expression of B7-H1, and activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Moreover, supernatants were collected to assay for IL-12, IFN-γ and IL-10 by ELISA. In addition, monocyte-derived macrophages treated with IFN-γ were cocultured with SKOV3 and determined for the expression of B7-H1. Furthermore, the expression of B7-H1 in monocyte-derived macrophages was also evaluated after blocking NF-κB signaling. RESULTS The expression of B7-H1 was significantly upregulated in monocyte-derived macrophages treated with rIL-12 or Ad-IL-12-GFP compared with the control groups (p<0.05), accompanied by a remarkable upregulation of IFN-γ (p<0.05), a marked downregulation of IL-10 (p<0.05) and activation of NF-κB signaling. However, the upregulation of B7- H1 was inhibited by blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway (p<0.05). Expression of B7-H1 was also increased (p<0.05) in monocyte-derived macrophages treated with IFN-γ and cocultured with SKOV3. By contrast, the expression of B7-H1 in THP-1-derived macrophages was significantly decreased when treated in the same way as monocyte-derived macrophages (p<0.05), and IL-10 was also significantly decreased but IFN-γ was almost absent. CONCLUSIONS IL-12 upregulates the expression of B7-H1 in monocyte-derived macrophages, which is possible though inducing the secretion of IFN-γ and further activating the NF-κB signal pathway. However, IL-12 downregulates the expression of B7-H1 in THP-1-derived macrophages, associated with a lack of IFN-γ and inhibition of expression of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yu Xiong
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics of Education Ministry, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China E-mail :
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Reuben A, Godin-Ethier J, Santos MM, Lapointe R. T lymphocyte-derived TNF and IFN-γ repress HFE expression in cancer cells. Mol Immunol 2015; 65:259-66. [PMID: 25700349 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The immune system and tumors are closely intertwined initially upon tumor development. During this period, tumors evolve to promote self-survival through immune escape, including by targeting crucial components involved in the presentation of antigens to the immune system in order to avoid recognition. Accordingly, components involved in MHC I presentation of tumor antigens are often mutated and down-regulated targets in tumors. On the other hand, the immune system has been shown to influence tumors through production of immunosuppressive cytokines, recruitment and polarization of cells favoring or impeding tumor escape or through production of anti-tumor cytokines promoting tumor rejection. We previously discovered that the hemochromatosis protein HFE, a negative regulator of iron absorption, dampens classical MHC I antigen presentation. In this study, we evaluated the impact of activated T lymphocytes purified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) on HFE expression in tumor cell lines. We co-cultured tumor cell lines from melanoma, lung, and kidney cancers with anti-CD3-activated PBMC and established that HFE expression is increased in tumor cell lines compared to healthy tissues, whilst being down-regulated significantly upon exposure to activated PBMC. HFE down-regulation was mediated by both CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes, through production of soluble mediators, namely TNF and IFN-γ. These results suggest that the immune system may modulate tumor HFE expression in inflammatory conditions in order to regulate MHC I antigen presentation and promote tumor clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Reuben
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Jessica Godin-Ethier
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Manuela M Santos
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7.
| | - Réjean Lapointe
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7.
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28
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McPherson RC, Konkel JE, Prendergast CT, Thomson JP, Ottaviano R, Leech MD, Kay O, Zandee SEJ, Sweenie CH, Wraith DC, Meehan RR, Drake AJ, Anderton SM. Epigenetic modification of the PD-1 (Pdcd1) promoter in effector CD4(+) T cells tolerized by peptide immunotherapy. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25546306 PMCID: PMC4297948 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically effective antigen-based immunotherapy must silence antigen-experienced effector T cells (Teff) driving ongoing immune pathology. Using CD4+ autoimmune Teff cells, we demonstrate that peptide immunotherapy (PIT) is strictly dependent upon sustained T cell expression of the co-inhibitory molecule PD-1. We found high levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) at the PD-1 (Pdcd1) promoter of non-tolerant T cells. 5hmC was lost in response to PIT, with DNA hypomethylation of the promoter. We identified dynamic changes in expression of the genes encoding the Ten-Eleven-Translocation (TET) proteins that are associated with the oxidative conversion 5-methylcytosine and 5hmC, during cytosine demethylation. We describe a model whereby promoter demethylation requires the co-incident expression of permissive histone modifications at the Pdcd1 promoter together with TET availability. This combination was only seen in tolerant Teff cells following PIT, but not in Teff that transiently express PD-1. Epigenetic changes at the Pdcd1 locus therefore determine the tolerizing potential of TCR-ligation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03416.001 The immune system protects the body from dangerous microbes and removes damaged cells. However, in some cases, the immune system can malfunction and attack healthy tissues, which can lead to type-1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and other autoimmune diseases. Many of the current treatments for these disorders suppress the immune system, which can make the individuals more susceptible to infections. It may be possible to treat autoimmune diseases using small pieces of protein—called peptides—that are based on proteins found on the cells that the immune system attacks by mistake. This strategy would target the specific immune cells that are malfunctioning, but allow the rest of the immune system to continue to work as normal. Peptide-based therapies for autoimmune diseases are currently being tested in clinical trials, and although the results look promising, it is not known precisely how they work. McPherson et al. used mice that develop a disease similar to multiple sclerosis because some of their immune cells, known as effector T cells, attack a protein found in the mouse brain called MBP. The mice were treated with a peptide based on part of MBP, which prevented them from developing the autoimmune disease. The success of the peptide therapy depended on the T cells producing large amounts of a protein called PD-1. This protein stops the T-cells from activating immune responses when they detect the MBP protein. The gene that makes PD-1 can have a methyl-tag—a chemical modification to DNA—which alters how much PD-1 is made in the T cells. When the gene has this methyl-tag, it can only be switched on for a short time to make a small amount of PD-1, which helps to control the immune responses activated by the T cell. However, when the methyl-tag was removed as a result of the peptide therapy the gene could be switched on for much longer, so that much more PD-1 was produced. This work helps us to understand how peptide therapy works and should improve the chances of using this therapy to successfully treat patients with autoimmune diseases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03416.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhoanne C McPherson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne E Konkel
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Catriona T Prendergast
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John P Thomson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Raffaele Ottaviano
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie D Leech
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Kay
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie E J Zandee
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Claire H Sweenie
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David C Wraith
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Richard R Meehan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J Drake
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Anderton
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Zhao S, Li F, Leak RK, Chen J, Hu X. Regulation of Neuroinflammation through Programed Death-1/Programed Death Ligand Signaling in Neurological Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:271. [PMID: 25232304 PMCID: PMC4153295 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune responses in the central nervous system (CNS), which involve both resident glial cells and infiltrating peripheral immune cells, play critical roles in the progress of brain injuries and neurodegeneration. To avoid inflammatory damage to the compromised brain, the immune cell activities in the CNS are controlled by a plethora of chemical mediators and signal transduction cascades, such as inhibitory signaling through programed death-1 (PD-1) and programed death ligand (PD-L) interactions. An increasing number of recent studies have highlighted the importance of PD-1/PD-L pathway in immune regulation in CNS disorders such as ischemic stroke, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. Here, we review the current knowledge of the impact of PD-1/PD-L signaling on brain injury and neurodegeneration. An improved understanding of the function of PD-1/PD-L in the cross-talk between peripheral immune cells, CNS glial cells, and non-immune CNS cells is expected to shed further light on immunomodulation and help develop effective and safe immunotherapies for CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA ; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Fengwu Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA ; Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
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30
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Li M, Jiang J, Fu B, Chen J, Xue Q, Dong W, Gu Y, Tang L, Xue L, Fang Q, Wang M, Zhang X. PD-L1 is increased in the spinal cord and infiltrating lymphocytes in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:3296-305. [PMID: 25206651 PMCID: PMC4145942 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.35.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is a mouse model of human multiple sclerosis with similar pathology and pathogenesis. Th1 cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. This study determined the potential effect of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 in the pathogenesis of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced by injecting myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, complete Freund's adjuvant and Bordetella pertussis toxin into C57BL/6J mice. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis mice developed disease and showed inflammatory changes in the central nervous system by hematoxylin-eosin staining of spinal cord pathological sections, demyelination by Luxol fast-blue staining and clinical manifestations. The expression of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 in mice was detected by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and western blot analysis. The expression of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 in the spinal cord and splenocytes of mice was significantly increased compared with normal mice. Our findings suggest the involvement of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 in the pathogenesis of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and suggest this should be studied in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Neurology, Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang 222006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang 222006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bing Fu
- Department of Neurology, Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang 222006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiechun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang 222006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qun Xue
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China ; Institute of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wanli Dong
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China ; Institute of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanzheng Gu
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lingtao Tang
- Department of Neurology, Third Hospital of Xingtai City, Xingtai 054000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Limin Xue
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qi Fang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mingyuan Wang
- Red-Cross Blood Center of Suzhou City, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xueguang Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
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Role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of CNS inflammatory demyelination. J Neurol Sci 2013; 333:76-87. [PMID: 23578791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The etiology of MS is not well understood, but it is believed that myelin-specific CD4(+) T cells play a central role in initiating and orchestrating CNS inflammation. In this scenario, CD4(+) T cells, activated in the periphery, infiltrate the CNS, where, by secreting cytokines and chemokines, they start an inflammatory cascade. Given the central role of CD4(+) T cells in CNS autoimmunity, they have been studied extensively, principally by using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. In the late 1980s, CD4(+) T cells, based on their cytokine production, were divided into two helper lineages, Th1 and Th2 cells. It was postulated that Th1 cells, which produce IFN-γ, mediate inflammation of the CNS in MS/EAE, while Th2 cells, which produce IL-4, have a beneficial effect in disease, because of their antagonistic effect on Th1 cells. The Th1/Th2 paradigm remained the prevailing view of MS/EAE pathogenesis until 2005, when a new lineage, Th17, was discovered. In a relatively short period of time it became apparent that Th17 cells, named after their hallmark cytokine, IL-17A, play a crucial role in many inflammatory diseases, including EAE, and likely in MS as well. The Th17 paradigm developed rapidly, initiating the debate of whether Th1 cells contribute to EAE/MS pathogenesis at all, or if they might even have a protective role due to their antagonistic effects on Th17 cells. Numerous findings support the view that Th17 cells play an essential role in autoimmune CNS inflammation, perhaps mainly in the initial phases of disease. Th1 cells likely contribute to pathogenesis, with their role possibly more pronounced later in disease. Hence, the current view on the role of Th cells in MS/EAE pathogenesis can be called the Th17/Th1 paradigm. It is certain that Th17 cells will continue to be the focus of intense investigation aimed at elucidating the pathogenesis of CNS autoimmunity.
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Leconet W, Petit P, Peraldi-Roux S, Bresson D. Nonviral delivery of small interfering RNA into pancreas-associated immune cells prevents autoimmune diabetes. Mol Ther 2012; 20:2315-25. [PMID: 22990670 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of small interfering RNA (siRNA) for the treatment of human disorders has been often hampered by their low transfection efficiency in vivo. In order to overcome this major drawback, various in vivo siRNA transfection methods have been developed. However, their capacity to transfect immune or insulin-producing β-cells within the pancreas for the treatment of autoimmune diabetes remains undetermined. We found that lipid- or polyethylenimine-based delivery agents were efficient to address siRNA molecules within pancreas-associated antigen-presenting cells (APCs) (but not β-cells) and particularly a CD11b(+) cell population comprising both CD11b(+)CD11c(neg) macrophages and CD11b(+)CD11c(+) dendritic cells. However, the route of administration and the carrier composition greatly affected the transfection efficacy. Therapeutically, we showed that early (starting at 6-week-old) short-course treatment with lipid/Alox15-specific siRNA complex promoted long-term protection from type 1 diabetes (T1D) in wild-type (WT) nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Alox15 downregulation in pancreas-associated CD11b(+) cells significantly upregulated a variety of costimulatory molecules and particularly the programmed death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway involved in tolerance induction. Concomitantly, we found that regulatory T cells were increased in the pancreas of lipid/Alox15 siRNA-treated NOD mice. Collectively, our data provide new insights into the development of siRNA-based therapeutics for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhem Leconet
- Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Erickson JJ, Gilchuk P, Hastings AK, Tollefson SJ, Johnson M, Downing MB, Boyd KL, Johnson JE, Kim AS, Joyce S, Williams JV. Viral acute lower respiratory infections impair CD8+ T cells through PD-1. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2967-82. [PMID: 22797302 DOI: 10.1172/jci62860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are leading causes of severe acute lower respiratory infections (LRIs). These infections evoke incomplete immunity, as individuals can be repeatedly reinfected throughout life. We report that acute viral LRI causes rapid pulmonary CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (TCD8) functional impairment via programmed death-1/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) signaling, a pathway previously associated with prolonged antigenic stimulation during chronic infections and cancer. PD-1-mediated TCD8 impairment occurred acutely in mice following infection with human metapneumovirus or influenza virus. Viral antigen was sufficient for PD-1 upregulation, but induction of PD-L1 was required for impairment. During secondary viral infection or epitope-only challenge, memory TCD8 rapidly reexpressed PD-1 and exhibited severe functional impairment. Inhibition of PD-1 signaling using monoclonal antibody blockade prevented TCD8 impairment, reduced viral titers during primary infection, and enhanced protection of immunized mice against challenge infection. Additionally, PD-1 and PD-L1 were upregulated in the lungs of patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, or parainfluenza virus infection. These results indicate that PD-1 mediates TCD8 functional impairment during acute viral infection and may contribute to recurrent viral LRIs. Therefore, the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway may represent a therapeutic target in the treatment of respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Erickson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Abstract
A number of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, are mediated by self-reactive T cells that have escaped the deletional mechanisms of central tolerance. Usually, these T cells are kept at bay through peripheral tolerance mechanisms, including regulation through coinhibitory receptors and suppression by regulatory T cells. However, if these mechanisms fail, self-reactive T cells are activated and autoimmune responses ensue. This review outlines how the coinhibitory receptors CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4), PD-1 (programed death-1), Tim-3 (T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin domain-containing molecule 3), and TIGIT (T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domains) act at different checkpoints to inhibit autoreactive T cells and suppress the development of central nervous system autoimmunity. Loss of each of these receptors predisposes to autoimmunity, indicating a non-redundant role in maintaining peripheral tolerance. At the same time, their functional patterns seem to overlap to a large degree. Therefore, we propose that only the concerted action of a combination of inhibitory receptors is able to maintain peripheral tolerance and prevent autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Joller
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Anneli Peters
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ana C. Anderson
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Vijay K. Kuchroo
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Chen J, Feng Y, Lu L, Wang H, Dai L, Li Y, Zhang P. Interferon-γ-induced PD-L1 surface expression on human oral squamous carcinoma via PKD2 signal pathway. Immunobiology 2011; 217:385-93. [PMID: 22204817 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Many cells located in the tumor microenvironment function to protect or promote the ability of tumor cells to escape immune destruction. Previous studies have shown that programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), a ligand of the B7 superfamily, is expressed on a series of human tumors and can inhibit anti-tumor immune responses. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a cytokine produced and secreted by inflammatory cells in the tumor microenvironment, is a main stimulator of PD-L1 expression in tumor cells. Making clear the mechanism of IFN-γ induced the expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells that is benefit to find a way to inhibit the function of PD-L1 and improve cancer cell-reactive immune responses. Herein, we have identified protein kinase D isoform 2 (PKD2) as an important regulator of PD-L1 expression on human oral squamous carcinoma cells induced by IFN-γ. IFN-γ induced the expression of PD-L1 and PKD2 in human oral squamous carcinoma Tca8113 in both time and dose dependent manner. The expression of PD-L1 was decreased significantly after PKD2 knockdown with shRNA/siRNA interference or PKD chemical inhibitor following induction with IFN-γ. The apoptosis of CD8(+) T cell which is induced by tumor cells via PD-1/PD-L1 pathway was significantly decreased, as a result, the anti-tumor effects of tumor antigen specific T cell were increased in vivo. Together, these data combined with our previous results, indicate PKD2 as an important target candidate for tumor biotherapy. Inhibition of PKD2 activation not only inhibits PD-L1 expression and promotes an anti-tumor effect, but also decreases drug resistance in chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, PR China.
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Rivas EI, Driver JP, Garabatos N, Presa M, Mora C, Rodriguez F, Serreze DV, Stratmann T. Targeting of a T cell agonist peptide to lysosomes by DNA vaccination induces tolerance in the nonobese diabetic mouse. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4078-87. [PMID: 21346228 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD4 T cells are crucial effectors in the pathology of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Successful therapeutic interventions for prevention and cure of T1D in humans are still elusive. Recent research efforts have focused on the manipulation of T cells by treatment with DNA. In this paper, we studied the effects of a DNA treatment strategy designed to target antigenic peptides to the lysosomal compartment on a monospecific T cell population termed 2.5mi(+) T cells that shares reactivity with the diabetogenic T cell clone BDC-2.5 in the NOD mouse. MHC class II tetramer analysis showed that repeated administrations were necessary to expand 2.5mi(+) T cells in vivo. This expansion was independent of Ag presentation by B cells. A single peptide epitope was sufficient to induce protection against T1D, which was not due to Ag-specific T cell anergy. Typical Th2 cytokines such as IL-10 or IL-4 were undetectable in 2.5mi(+) T cells, arguing against a mechanism of immune deviation. Instead, the expanded 2.5mi(+) T cell population produced IFN-γ similar to 2.5mi(+) T cells from naive mice. Protection against T1D by DNA treatment was completely lost in NOD.CD28(-/-) mice which are largely deficient of natural regulatory T cells (Treg). Although Ag-specific Foxp3(+) Treg did not expand in response to DNA treatment, diabetes onset was delayed in Treg-reconstituted and DNA-treated NOD.SCID mice. These observations provide evidence for a Treg-mediated protective mechanism that is independent of the expansion or de novo generation of Ag-specific Treg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa I Rivas
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Fife BT, Pauken KE. The role of the PD-1 pathway in autoimmunity and peripheral tolerance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1217:45-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Reyes JL, Espinoza-Jiménez AF, González MI, Verdin L, Terrazas LI. Taenia crassiceps infection abrogates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Cell Immunol 2010; 267:77-87. [PMID: 21185554 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Helminth infections induce strong immunoregulation that can modulate subsequent pathogenic challenges. Taenia crassiceps causes a chronic infection that induces a Th2-biased response and modulates the host cellular immune response, including reduced lymphoproliferation in response to mitogens, impaired antigen presentation and the recruitment of suppressive alternatively activated macrophages (AAMФ). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the ability of T. crassiceps to reduce the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Only 50% of T. crassiceps-infected mice displayed EAE symptoms, which were significantly less severe than uninfected mice. This effect was associated with both decreased MOG-specific splenocyte proliferation and IL-17 production and limited leukocyte infiltration into the spinal cord. Infection with T. crassiceps induced an anti-inflammatory cytokine microenvironment, including decreased TNF-α production and high MOG-specific production of IL-4 and IL-10. While the mRNA expression of TNF-α and iNOS was lower in the brain of T. crassiceps-infected mice with EAE, markers for AAMФ were highly expressed. Furthermore, in these mice, there was reduced entry of CD3(+)Foxp3(-) cells into the brain. The T. crassiceps-induced immune regulation decreased EAE severity by dampening T cell activation, proliferation and migration to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Reyes
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Edo, México 54090, Mexico
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Torres J, Tamimi F, Alkhraisat MH, Manchón A, Linares R, Prados-Frutos JC, Hernández G, López Cabarcos E. Platelet-rich plasma may prevent titanium-mesh exposure in alveolar ridge augmentation with anorganic bovine bone. J Clin Periodontol 2010. [PMID: 20796106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bone augmentation with the titanium-mesh (Ti-mesh) technique is susceptible to a large rate of complications such as morbidity of bone graft donor site, and mesh exposure to the oral cavity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of anorganic bovine bone (ABB) in alveolar bone augmentation with the Ti-mesh technique. In addition, we investigated the effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in preventing mesh exposure by using it to cover the Ti-mesh. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients included in the clinical trial were randomly allocated by a blinded assistant into two groups. The 30 patients recruited for this study underwent 43 alveolar bone augmentation with the Ti-mesh technique using ABB as graft material in all of them. In 15 patients, the Ti-meshes were covered with PRP (PRP group) whereas in the other 15 the Ti-meshes were not (control group). After 6 months, patients were called for clinical, radiographic, and histological evaluation, and implant placement surgery. A total of 97 implants were placed in the augmented bone and their evolution was followed up for a period of 24 months. RESULTS Significant differences were found between the two study groups in terms of complications and bone formation. In the control group, 28.5% of the cases suffered from mesh exposure, while in the PRP group, no exposures were registered. Radiographic analysis revealed that bone augmentation was higher in the PRP group than in the control group. Overall, 97.3% of implants placed in the control group and 100% of those placed in the PRP group were successful during the monitoring period. We suggest that the positive effect of PRP on the Ti-mesh technique is due to its capacity to improve soft tissue healing, thereby protecting the mesh and graft material secured beneath the gingival tissues. CONCLUSIONS Alveolar bone augmentation using ABB alone in the Ti-mesh technique is sufficient for implant rehabilitation. Besides, covering the Ti-meshes with PRP was a determining factor in avoiding mesh exposure. Ti-mesh exposure provoked significant bone loss, but in most cases it did not affect the subsequent placement of implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Torres
- Ciencias de la Salud III, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
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40
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Gran B, Yu S, Zhang GX, Rostami A. Accelerated thymocyte maturation in IL-12Rβ2-deficient mice contributes to increased susceptibility to autoimmune inflammatory demyelination. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 89:126-34. [PMID: 20599940 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
IL-12Rβ2(-/-) mice, which are unresponsive to IL-12, develop severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The mechanisms for enhanced autoimmunity are incompletely understood. We report that in IL-12Rβ2(-/-) mice, thymocytes undergo markedly accelerated maturation. This occurs at the transition from a double positive (DP) to a single positive (SP) phenotype, resulting in higher numbers of CD4 and CD8 SP cells, and to a lesser extent at the transition from double negative (DN) to DP cells. Accelerated maturation is observed in mice injected with anti-CD3 to mimic pre-T-cell receptor stimulation, and also in mice immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide to induce EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gran
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, 300 JHN Building, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the PD-1: PD-ligand (PD-L) pathway are both critical to terminating immune responses. Elimination of either can result in the breakdown of tolerance and the development of autoimmunity. The PD-1: PD-L pathway can thwart self-reactive T cells and protect against autoimmunity in many ways. In this review, we highlight how PD-1 and its ligands defend against potentially pathogenic self-reactive effector T cells by simultaneously harnessing two mechanisms of peripheral tolerance: (i) the promotion of Treg development and function and (ii) the direct inhibition of potentially pathogenic self-reactive T cells that have escaped into the periphery. Treg cells induced by the PD-1 pathway may also assist in maintaining immune homeostasis, keeping the threshold for T-cell activation high enough to safeguard against autoimmunity. PD-L1 expression on non-hematopoietic cells as well as hematopoietic cells endows PD-L1 with the capacity to promote Treg development and enhance Treg function in lymphoid organs and tissues that are targets of autoimmune attack. At sites where transforming growth factor-beta is present (e.g. sites of immune privilege or inflammation), PD-L1 may promote the de novo generation of Tregs. When considering the consequences of uncontrolled immunity, it would be therapeutically advantageous to manipulate Treg development and sustain Treg function. Thus, this review also discusses how the PD-1 pathway regulates a number of autoimmune diseases and the therapeutic potential of PD-1: PD-L modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loise M. Francisco
- Departments of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter T. Sage
- Departments of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arlene H. Sharpe
- Departments of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Dinesh RK, Hahn BH, Singh RP. PD-1, gender, and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2010; 9:583-7. [PMID: 20433954 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2) are responsible for inhibitory T cell signaling that helps mediate the mechanisms of tolerance and immune homeostasis. The PD-1:PD-L signaling pathway has been shown to play an important role in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune conditions, chronic infection, and cancer. Recently, investigators have explored the role of sex hormones in modulating the pathway in autoimmune conditions. Exploring the effects of sex hormones on the PD-1:PD-L pathway could shed light on the gender biased nature of many autoimmune conditions as well as aide in the development of therapeutics targeting the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K Dinesh
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine at the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1670, USA
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Bedke T, Pretsch L, Karakhanova S, Enk AH, Mahnke K. Endothelial cells augment the suppressive function of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells: involvement of programmed death-1 and IL-10. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:5562-70. [PMID: 20382886 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Blood endothelial cells (ECs) act as gatekeepers to coordinate the extravasation of different T cell subpopulations. ECs express defined panels of adhesion molecules, facilitating interaction with blood circulating T cells. In addition to the mere adhesion, this cellular interaction between ECs and transmigrating T cells may also provide signals that affect the phenotype and function of the T cells. To test the effects of ECs on regulatory T cells (T(reg)) we set up cocultures of freshly isolated murine T(reg) and primary ECs and assessed the phenotype and function of the T(reg). We show that T(reg) upregulate programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor expression, as well IL-10 and TGF-beta secretion after contact to ECs. These changes in phenotype were accompanied by an increased suppressive capacity of the T(reg). Blockade of the PD-1 and/or the IL-10 secretion in the in vitro suppression assays abrogated the enhanced suppressive capacity, indicating relevance of these molecules for the enhanced suppressive activity of T(reg). In aggregate, our data show, that ECs increase the immunosuppressive potential of activated T(reg) by upregulation of PD-1 and stimulation of the production of high levels of IL-10 and TGF-beta. Therefore, one can speculate that T(reg) during transendothelial transmigration become "armed" for their suppressive function(s) to be carried out in peripheral tissues sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Bedke
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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44
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Zozulya AL, Clarkson BD, Ortler S, Fabry Z, Wiendl H. The role of dendritic cells in CNS autoimmunity. J Mol Med (Berl) 2010; 88:535-44. [PMID: 20217033 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-010-0607-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated, central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease. Clinical and histopathological features suggest an inflammatory etiology involving resident CNS innate cells as well as invading adaptive immune cells. Encephalitogenic myelin-reactive T cells have been implicated in the initiation of an inflammatory cascade, eventually resulting in demyelination and axonal damage (the histological hallmarks of MS). Dendritic cells (DC) have recently emerged as key modulators of this immunopathological cascade, as supported by studies in humans and experimental disease models. In one such model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), CNS microvessel-associated DC have been shown to be essential for local antigen recognition by myelin-reactive T cells. Moreover, the functional state and compartmental distribution of DC derived from CNS and associated lymphatics seem to be limiting factors in both the induction and effector phases of EAE. Moreover, DC modulate and balance the recruitment of encephalitogenic and regulatory T cells into CNS tissue. This capacity is critically influenced by DC surface expression of co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory molecules. The fact that DC accumulate in the CNS before T cells and can direct T-cell responses suggests that they are key determinants of CNS autoimmune outcomes. Here we provide a comprehensive review of recent advances in our understanding of CNS-derived DC and their relevance to neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla L Zozulya
- Department of Immunology, University of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211, Genève, 14, Switzerland
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45
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Karakhanova S, Meisel S, Ring S, Mahnke K, Enk AH. ERK/p38 MAP-kinases and PI3K are involved in the differential regulation of B7-H1 expression in DC subsets. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:254-66. [PMID: 19830728 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory molecules of the B7-H-family expressed by DC are important for immune homeostasis, but their regulation is largely unknown. When investigating the pathways regulating B7-H1 expression in monocyte-derived DC (MoDC), freshly isolated myeloid DC (mDC) and plasmacytoid DC, respectively, we showed that in MoDC and mDC B7-H1 expression was upregulated by a standard cytokine cocktail, poly I:C or LPS. MoDC utilize ERK and PI3K pathways to upregulate B7-H1 in response to cytokines, whereas p38 kinase was predominantly utilized in response to poly I:C. In mDC, ERK and p38 pathways are involved in B7-H1 regulation, and similar to MoDC, mainly p38 signaling was required for poly I:C-induced expression of B7-H1. Plasmacytoid DC responded only to CpG with upregulation of B7-H1 and in addition to p38 also utilized the PI3K and ERK pathways to regulate B7-H1 expression. As a functional consequence of B7-H1 expression on DC, we demonstrate downmodulation of IFN-gamma production in T cells. Thus, the differential regulation of B7-H1 on DC subsets may suppress immune responses variably, depending on the target DC population. Further analysis of the regulatory mechanisms may facilitate the development of new immunosuppressive therapies, utilizing the regulation of B7-H1 expression on DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Karakhanova
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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46
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Liang M, Fu J. Triptolide inhibits interferon-γ-induced programmed death-1-ligand 1 surface expression in breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2008; 270:337-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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47
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Sheng H, Wang Y, Jin Y, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Wang L, Shen B, Yin S, Liu W, Cui L, Li N. A critical role of IFNgamma in priming MSC-mediated suppression of T cell proliferation through up-regulation of B7-H1. Cell Res 2008; 18:846-57. [PMID: 18607390 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2008.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to possess immunosuppressive properties, e.g., by inhibiting T cell proliferation. Activated T cells can also enhance the immunosuppression ability of MSCs. The precise mechanisms underlying MSC-mediated immunosuppression remain largely undefined, although both cell-cell contact and soluble factors have been implicated; nor is it clear how the immunosuppressive property of MSCs is modulated by T cells. Using MSCs isolated from mouse bone marrow, we show here that interferon gamma (IFNgamma), a well-known proinflammatory cytokine produced by activated T cells, plays an important role in priming the immunosuppressive property of MSCs. Mechanistically, IFNgamma acts directly on MSCs and leads to up-regulation of B7-H1, an inhibitory surface molecule in these stem cells. MSCs primed by activated T cells derived from IFNgamma-/- mouse exhibited dramatically reduced ability to suppress T cell proliferation, a defect that can be rescued by supplying exogenous IFNgamma. Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of B7-H1 in MSCs abolished immunosuppression by these cells. Taken together, our results suggest that IFNgamma plays a critical role in triggering the immunosuppresion by MSCs through up-regulating B7-H1 in these cells, and provide evidence supporting the cell-cell contact mechanism in MSC-mediated immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Sheng
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai 200025, China
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48
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Atochina O, Da'dara AA, Walker M, Harn DA. The immunomodulatory glycan LNFPIII initiates alternative activation of murine macrophages in vivo. Immunology 2008; 125:111-21. [PMID: 18373667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The early pathogen-macrophage interactions that help drive macrophage maturation towards classically or alternatively activated are largely unknown. To examine this question we utilized the immunomodulatory glycan Lacto-N-fucopentaose III (LNFPIII), which contains the Lewis X (LeX) trisaccharide, to activate murine peritoneal macrophages in vivo. Because LNFPIII is known to induce anti-inflammatory responses, we asked if LNFPIII stimulation of macrophages in vivo initiates alternative activation events such as upregulation of Arginase 1, Ym1, FIZZ-1, MGL-1 or macrophage mannose receptor (MMR). Examination of peritoneal exudate cells from mice 20 hr post-LNFPIII injection demonstrated increased Arginase 1 activity, at the mRNA and protein levels, coincident with undetectable inducible nitric oxide synthase expression or nitric oxide production. In addition to Arginase 1, Ym1 expression was also significantly upregulated at 20 and 48 hr after LNFPIII exposure in vivo. However, the expression of FIZZ-1, MGL-1, and MMR was not changed in these macrophages. In an attempt to determine activation requirements for functional activity, we adoptively transferred antigen-pulsed, in vivo LNFPIII activated macrophages into naïve recipients and found that they were capable of triggering recipient T cells to secrete elevated levels of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-13 compared to mice receiving control macrophages. Together, these data demonstrate that upregulation of expression of Arginase 1 and Ym1 occur very early in activation of macrophages, and can be independent of other alternatively activated (AA) macrophage markers. Importantly, these early events appear to be IL-4/IL-13-independent in our model. In the future we hope to determine if upregulation of these initial AA maturational events is sufficient for these macrophages to exert immunoregulatory activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Atochina
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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49
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Zhang P, Su DM, Liang M, Fu J. Chemopreventive agents induce programmed death-1-ligand 1 (PD-L1) surface expression in breast cancer cells and promote PD-L1-mediated T cell apoptosis. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:1470-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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50
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Differential regulation of central nervous system autoimmunity by T(H)1 and T(H)17 cells. Nat Med 2008; 14:337-42. [PMID: 18278054 DOI: 10.1038/nm1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by a wide range of clinical signs. The location of lesions in the CNS is variable and is a crucial determinant of clinical outcome. Multiple sclerosis is believed to be mediated by myelin-specific T cells, but the mechanisms that determine where T cells initiate inflammation are unknown. Differences in lesion distribution have been linked to the HLA complex, suggesting that T cell specificity influences sites of inflammation. We demonstrate that T cells that are specific for different myelin epitopes generate populations characterized by different T helper type 17 (T(H)17) to T helper type 1 (T(H)1) ratios depending on the functional avidity of interactions between TCR and peptide-MHC complexes. Notably, the T(H)17:T(H)1 ratio of infiltrating T cells determines where inflammation occurs in the CNS. Myelin-specific T cells infiltrate the meninges throughout the CNS, regardless of the T(H)17:T(H)1 ratio. However, T cell infiltration and inflammation in the brain parenchyma occurs only when T(H)17 cells outnumber T(H)1 cells and trigger a disproportionate increase in interleukin-17 expression in the brain. In contrast, T cells showing a wide range of T(H)17:T(H)1 ratios induce spinal cord parenchymal inflammation. These findings reveal critical differences in the regulation of inflammation in the brain and spinal cord.
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