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Cannabis-Based Medicinal Products in the Management of Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder (EUPD): A Narrative Review and Case Series. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12111467. [DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12111467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD) is a common mental health disorder, manifesting with a range of chronic and debilitating symptoms, including impaired social functioning, unstable mood, and risky impulsive or self-injurious behaviour. Whilst the exact aetiology has not been fully elucidated, implicated factors seem to include genetic factors, environmental causes such as trauma, and neurotransmitter deficits. The literature suggests that impaired functioning of the endocannabinoid system in key brain regions responsible for emotional processing and stress response may underlie the manifestation of EUPD symptoms. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) 2009 guidelines state that “no drugs have established efficacy in treating or managing EUPD”, and yet, patients are commonly prescribed medication which includes antipsychotics, antidepressants, and mood stabilisers. Here we present a case series of seven participants diagnosed with EUPD and treated with cannabis-based medicinal products (CBMPs). Participants were given an initial assessment and followed up one month after CBMPs prescription. Improvement in symptoms was assessed by the completion of ratified rating scales by the participant and psychiatrist. Our results indicate that CBMPs were effective and well tolerated, as six participants reported a noticeable improvement in their symptoms and functioning. Although promising, further research is needed to ascertain the long-term tolerability, efficacy, and dosing strategy for CBMPs in EUPD.
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Vasincu A, Rusu RN, Ababei DC, Larion M, Bild W, Stanciu GD, Solcan C, Bild V. Endocannabinoid Modulation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: In Pursuit of Certainty. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030440. [PMID: 35336814 PMCID: PMC8945712 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Neurodegenerative diseases represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Existing therapeutic options are limited and focus mostly on improving symptoms and reducing exacerbations. The endocannabinoid system is involved in the pathophysiology of such disorders, an idea which has been highlighted by recent scientific work. The current work focusses its attention on the importance and implications of this system and its synthetic and natural ligands in disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s and multiple sclerosis. Abstract Neurodegenerative diseases are an increasing cause of global morbidity and mortality. They occur in the central nervous system (CNS) and lead to functional and mental impairment due to loss of neurons. Recent evidence highlights the link between neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases of the CNS. These are typically associated with several neurological disorders. These diseases have fundamental differences regarding their underlying physiology and clinical manifestations, although there are aspects that overlap. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is comprised of receptors (type-1 (CB1R) and type-2 (CB2R) cannabinoid-receptors, as well as transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)), endogenous ligands and enzymes that synthesize and degrade endocannabinoids (ECBs). Recent studies revealed the involvement of the ECS in different pathological aspects of these neurodegenerative disorders. The present review will explore the roles of cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) and pharmacological agents that modulate CBRs or ECS activity with reference to Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Parkinson’s Disease (PD), Huntington’s Disease (HD) and multiple sclerosis (MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Vasincu
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.V.); (D.-C.A.); (V.B.)
| | - Răzvan-Nicolae Rusu
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.V.); (D.-C.A.); (V.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniela-Carmen Ababei
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.V.); (D.-C.A.); (V.B.)
| | - Mădălina Larion
- Department of Anaesthesiology Intensive Therapy, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology “Prof. Dr. Octavian Fodor”, 19 Croitorilor Street, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Anaesthetics, Midland Regional Hospital, Longford Road, Mullingar, N91 NA43 Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Walther Bild
- Department of Physiology, “Grigore T Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Center of Biomedical Research of the Romanian Academy, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gabriela Dumitrița Stanciu
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Carmen Solcan
- Preclinics Department, “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, 8 M. Sadoveanu Alley, 700489 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Veronica Bild
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.V.); (D.-C.A.); (V.B.)
- Center of Biomedical Research of the Romanian Academy, 700506 Iasi, Romania
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
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Hashiesh HM, Jha NK, Sharma C, Gupta PK, Jha SK, Patil CR, Goyal SN, Ojha SK. Pharmacological potential of JWH133, a cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonist in neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 909:174398. [PMID: 34332924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological activation of cannabinoid type 2 receptors (CB2R) gained attention due to its ability to mitigate neuroinflammatory events without eliciting psychotropic actions, a limiting factor for the drugs targeting cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1R). Therefore, ligands activating CB2R are receiving enormous importance for therapeutic targeting in numerous neurological diseases including neurodegenerative, neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders as well as traumatic injuries and neuropathic pain where neuroinflammation is a common accompaniment. Since the characterization of CB2R, many CB2R selective synthetic ligands have been developed with high selectivity and functional activity. Among numerous ligands, JWH133 has been found one of the compounds with high selectivity for CB2R. JWH133 has been reported to exhibit numerous pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, nephroprotective, and immunomodulatory. Recent studies have shown that JWH133 possesses potent neuroprotective properties in several neurological disorders, including neuropathic pain, anxiety, epilepsy, depression, alcoholism, psychosis, stroke, and neurodegeneration. Additionally, JWH133 showed to protect neurons from oxidative damage and inflammation, promote neuronal survival and neurogenesis, and serve as an immunomodulatory agent. The present review comprehensively examined neuropharmacological activities of JWH133 in neurological disorders including neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric using synoptic tables and elucidated pharmacological mechanisms based on reported observations. Considering the cumulative data, JWH133 appears to be a promising CB2R agonist molecule for further evaluation and it can be a prototype agent in drug discovery and development for a unique class of agents in neurotherapeutics. Further, regulatory toxicology and pharmacokinetic studies are required to determine safety and proceed for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebaallah Mamdouh Hashiesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box - 17666, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Charu Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box - 17666, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Piyush Kumar Gupta
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Chandragouda R Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research University, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Sameer N Goyal
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, 424001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shreesh K Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box - 17666, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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4
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Aguado T, Huerga-Gómez A, Sánchez-de la Torre A, Resel E, Chara JC, Matute C, Mato S, Galve-Roperh I, Guzman M, Palazuelos J. Δ 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol promotes functional remyelination in the mouse brain. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4176-4192. [PMID: 34216154 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Research on demyelinating disorders aims to find novel molecules that are able to induce oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation to promote central nervous system remyelination and functional recovery. Δ9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the most prominent active constituent of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa, confers neuroprotection in animal models of demyelination. However, the possible effect of THC on myelin repair has never been studied. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH By using oligodendroglia-specific reporter mouse lines in combination with two models of toxin-induced demyelination, we analysed the effect of THC on the processes of oligodendrocyte regeneration and functional remyelination. KEY RESULTS We show that THC administration enhanced oligodendrocyte regeneration, white matter remyelination and motor function recovery. THC also promoted axonal remyelination in organotypic cerebellar cultures. THC remyelinating action relied on the induction of oligodendrocyte precursor differentiation upon cell cycle exit and via CB1 cannabinoid receptor activation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Overall, our study identifies THC administration as a promising pharmacological strategy aimed to promote functional CNS remyelination in demyelinating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Aguado
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Huerga-Gómez
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aníbal Sánchez-de la Torre
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Resel
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Chara
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Biocruces, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Susana Mato
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Biocruces, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Ismael Galve-Roperh
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Guzman
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Palazuelos
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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Functional Fine-Tuning of Metabolic Pathways by the Endocannabinoid System-Implications for Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073661. [PMID: 33915889 PMCID: PMC8036872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) employs a huge network of molecules (receptors, ligands, and enzymatic machinery molecules) whose interactions with other cellular networks have still not been fully elucidated. Endogenous cannabinoids are molecules with the primary function of control of multiple metabolic pathways. Maintenance of tissue and cellular homeostasis by functional fine-tuning of essential metabolic pathways is one of the key characteristics of the ECS. It is implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological states and an attractive pharmacological target yet to reach its full potential. This review will focus on the involvement of ECS in glucose and lipid metabolism, food intake regulation, immune homeostasis, respiratory health, inflammation, cancer and other physiological and pathological states will be substantiated using freely available data from open-access databases, experimental data and literature review. Future directions should envision capturing its diversity and exploiting pharmacological options beyond the classical ECS suspects (exogenous cannabinoids and cannabinoid receptor monomers) as signaling through cannabinoid receptor heteromers offers new possibilities for different biochemical outcomes in the cell.
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6
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Vecchini Rodríguez CM, Escalona Meléndez Y, Flores-Otero J. Cannabinoid Receptors and Ligands: Lessons from CNS Disorders and the Quest for Novel Treatment Venues. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1297:43-64. [PMID: 33537936 PMCID: PMC8502072 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-61663-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The potential use of cannabinoids for therapeutic purposes is at the forefront of cannabinoid research which aims to develop innovative strategies to prevent, manage and treat a broad spectrum of human diseases. This chapter briefly reviews the pivotal role of the endocannabinoid system in modulating the central nervous system and its roles on neurodegenerative diseases and brain disorders. Ligand-induced modulation of cannabinoid 1 and 2 receptors to modulate immune response, decrease neurodegeneration and pain are aspects that are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara M Vecchini Rodríguez
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, PR, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | | | - Jacqueline Flores-Otero
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, PR, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA.
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7
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Henriquez JE, Bach AP, Matos-Fernandez KM, Crawford RB, Kaminski NE. Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Impairs CD8 + T Cell-Mediated Activation of Astrocytes. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:863-874. [PMID: 32215844 PMCID: PMC7529688 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09912-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells can contribute to neuroinflammation by secretion of inflammatory cytokines like interferon γ (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Astrocytes, a glial cell in the brain, can be stimulated by IFNγ and TNFα to secrete the inflammatory cytokines, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon-γ inducible protein 10 (IP-10). Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive cannabinoid in Cannabis sativa, possesses potent anti-inflammatory activity. The objective of this investigation was to assess the effects of THC treatment on CD8+ T cell-mediated activation of astrocytes. CD3/CD28/IFNα- stimulated CD8+ T cells were treated with vehicle (0.03% EtOH) or THC and cocultured with U251 astrocytes. IP-10+, MCP-1+, and IL-6+ astrocytes were quantified by flow cytometry. LegendPlex™ was used to measure cytokine secretion by CD8+ T cells and flow cytometry was employed to quantify IFNγ, TNFα, and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1) expression. Recombinant TNFα and IFNγ were used to stimulate MCP-1, IP-10, IL-6 responses in U251 astrocytes, which were measured by flow cytometry. Treatment with THC reduced CD8+ T cell-mediated induction of IP-10 and IL-6 responses in U251 astrocytes but had no effect on MCP-1. THC treatment differentially affected T cell effector functions such that IFNγ and degranulation responses were sensitive to THC-mediated ablation while TNFα was not. Lastly, THC treatment reduced the IFNγ-induced IP-10 response but had no effect on TNFα-induced MCP-1 response in U251 astrocytes. The results suggest that cannabinoid treatment can selectively reduce certain CD8+ T cell responses that contribute to stimulation of astrocytes. Graphical Abstract Treatment with THC can abate CD8+ T cell-dependent neuroinflammatory processes by inhibiting CD8+ cell differentiation into effector cells, suppressing CD8+ effector cell function, and reducing activation of astrocytes by CD8+ T cell-derived inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Henriquez
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, Rm 165G, Food Safety and Toxicology Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Anthony P Bach
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Center for Research on Ingredient Safety, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Robert B Crawford
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, Rm 165G, Food Safety and Toxicology Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Norbert E Kaminski
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, Rm 165G, Food Safety and Toxicology Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Center for Research on Ingredient Safety, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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8
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Maramai S, Brindisi M. Targeting Endocannabinoid Metabolism: an Arrow with Multiple Tips Against Multiple Sclerosis. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1985-2003. [PMID: 32762071 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system. At present, there is no definitive cure, and the few available disease-modifying options display either poor efficacy or life-threatening side effects. There is clear evidence that relapsing-remitting clinical attacks in MS are driven by inflammatory demyelination and that the subsequent disease steps, being irresponsive to immunotherapy, result from neurodegeneration. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) stands halfway between three key pathomechanisms underlying MS, namely inflammation, neurodegeneration and oxidative stress, thus representing a kingpin for the identification of novel therapeutic targets in MS. This review summarizes the current state of the art in the field of endocannabinoid metabolism modulators and their in vivo effects on relevant animal models. We also highlight key molecular underpinnings of their therapeutic efficacy as well as the potential to turn them into promising clinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Maramai
- Department of Excellence of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
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9
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Leuti A, Fazio D, Fava M, Piccoli A, Oddi S, Maccarrone M. Bioactive lipids, inflammation and chronic diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:133-169. [PMID: 32628989 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous bioactive lipids are part of a complex network that modulates a plethora of cellular and molecular processes involved in health and disease, of which inflammation represents one of the most prominent examples. Inflammation serves as a well-conserved defence mechanism, triggered in the event of chemical, mechanical or microbial damage, that is meant to eradicate the source of damage and restore tissue function. However, excessive inflammatory signals, or impairment of pro-resolving/anti-inflammatory pathways leads to chronic inflammation, which is a hallmark of chronic pathologies. All main classes of endogenous bioactive lipids - namely eicosanoids, specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators, lysoglycerophopsholipids and endocannabinoids - have been consistently involved in the chronic inflammation that characterises pathologies such as cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, asthma, as well as autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders and inflammatory bowel diseases. This review gathers the current knowledge concerning the involvement of endogenous bioactive lipids in the pathogenic processes of chronic inflammatory pathologies.
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10
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Ingallina C, Sobolev AP, Circi S, Spano M, Fraschetti C, Filippi A, Di Sotto A, Di Giacomo S, Mazzoccanti G, Gasparrini F, Quaglio D, Campiglia E, Carradori S, Locatelli M, Vinci G, Rapa M, Ciano S, Giusti AM, Botta B, Ghirga F, Capitani D, Mannina L. Cannabis sativa L. Inflorescences from Monoecious Cultivars Grown in Central Italy: An Untargeted Chemical Characterization from Early Flowering to Ripening. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081908. [PMID: 32326129 PMCID: PMC7221798 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition of the inflorescences from four Cannabis sativa L. monoecious cultivars (Ferimon, Uso-31, Felina 32 and Fedora 17), recently introduced in the Lazio Region, was monitored over the season from June to September giving indications on their sensorial, pharmaceutical/nutraceutical proprieties. Both untargeted (NMR) and targeted (GC/MS, UHPLC, HPLC-PDA/FD and spectrophotometry) analyses were carried out to identify and quantify compounds of different classes (sugars, organic acids, amino acids, cannabinoids, terpenoids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids and biogenic amines). All cultivars in each harvesting period showed a THC content below the Italian legal limit, although in general THC content increased over the season. Citric acid, malic acid and glucose showed the highest content in the late flowering period, whereas the content of proline drastically decreased after June in all cultivars. Neophytadiene, nerolidol and chlorogenic acid were quantified only in Felina 32 cultivar, characterized also by a very high content of flavonoids, whereas alloaromadendrene and trans-cinnamic acid were detected only in Uso-31 cultivar. Naringenin and naringin were present only in Fedora 17 and Ferimon cultivars, respectively. Moreover, Ferimon had the highest concentration of biogenic amines, especially in July and August. Cadaverine was present in all cultivars but only in September. These results suggest that the chemical composition of Cannabis sativa L. inflorescences depends on the cultivar and on the harvesting period. Producers can use this information as a guide to obtain inflorescences with peculiar chemical characteristics according to the specific use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Ingallina
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (S.C.); (M.S.); (C.F.); (A.F.); (G.M.); (F.G.); (D.Q.); (B.B.)
| | - Anatoly P. Sobolev
- Institute for Biological Systems, Magnetic Resonance Laboratory “Segre-Capitani”, CNR, Via Salaria Km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.P.S.); (L.M.); Tel.: +39-06-9067-2385 (A.P.S.); +39-064-991-3735 (L.M.)
| | - Simone Circi
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (S.C.); (M.S.); (C.F.); (A.F.); (G.M.); (F.G.); (D.Q.); (B.B.)
| | - Mattia Spano
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (S.C.); (M.S.); (C.F.); (A.F.); (G.M.); (F.G.); (D.Q.); (B.B.)
| | - Caterina Fraschetti
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (S.C.); (M.S.); (C.F.); (A.F.); (G.M.); (F.G.); (D.Q.); (B.B.)
| | - Antonello Filippi
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (S.C.); (M.S.); (C.F.); (A.F.); (G.M.); (F.G.); (D.Q.); (B.B.)
| | - Antonella Di Sotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Ersparmer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.D.S.); (S.D.G.)
| | - Silvia Di Giacomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Ersparmer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.D.S.); (S.D.G.)
| | - Giulia Mazzoccanti
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (S.C.); (M.S.); (C.F.); (A.F.); (G.M.); (F.G.); (D.Q.); (B.B.)
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (S.C.); (M.S.); (C.F.); (A.F.); (G.M.); (F.G.); (D.Q.); (B.B.)
| | - Deborah Quaglio
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (S.C.); (M.S.); (C.F.); (A.F.); (G.M.); (F.G.); (D.Q.); (B.B.)
| | - Enio Campiglia
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
| | - Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Marcello Locatelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Giuliana Vinci
- Department of Management, Sapienza University of Rome, via del Castro Laurenziano 9, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (M.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Mattia Rapa
- Department of Management, Sapienza University of Rome, via del Castro Laurenziano 9, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (M.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Salvatore Ciano
- Department of Management, Sapienza University of Rome, via del Castro Laurenziano 9, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (M.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Anna Maria Giusti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Bruno Botta
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (S.C.); (M.S.); (C.F.); (A.F.); (G.M.); (F.G.); (D.Q.); (B.B.)
| | - Francesca Ghirga
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Donatella Capitani
- Institute for Biological Systems, Magnetic Resonance Laboratory “Segre-Capitani”, CNR, Via Salaria Km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy;
| | - Luisa Mannina
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (S.C.); (M.S.); (C.F.); (A.F.); (G.M.); (F.G.); (D.Q.); (B.B.)
- Institute for Biological Systems, Magnetic Resonance Laboratory “Segre-Capitani”, CNR, Via Salaria Km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.P.S.); (L.M.); Tel.: +39-06-9067-2385 (A.P.S.); +39-064-991-3735 (L.M.)
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Dose-dependent effect of cannabinoid WIN-55,212-2 on myelin repair following a demyelinating insult. Sci Rep 2020; 10:590. [PMID: 31953431 PMCID: PMC6969154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctions in the endocannabinoid system have been associated with experimental animal models and multiple sclerosis patients. Interestingly, the endocannabinoid system has been reported to confer neuroprotection against demyelination. The present study aims to assess the effects of the cannabinoid agonist WIN-55,212-2 in cuprizone fed animals on myelin repair capacity. Animals exposed to cuprizone were simultaneously treated withWIN-55,212-2, behaviorally tested and finally the corpus callosum was exhaustively studied by Western blotting, qRT-PCR and a myelin staining procedure. We report that the long-term administration of WIN-55,212-2 reduced the global amount of CB1 protein. Histological analysis revealed clear demyelination after being fed cuprizone for three weeks. However, cuprizone-fed mice subjected to 0.5 mg/Kg of WIN-55,212-2 displayed no differences when compared to controls during demyelination, although there was a robust increase in the myelinated axons during the remyelination phase. These animals displayed better performance on contextual fear conditioning which was in turn non-attributable to an antinociceptive effect. In contrast, a 1 mg/Kg dosage caused a remarkable demyelination accompanied by limited potential for myelin repair. Upon drug administration while mice ongoing demyeliniation, the expression of Aif1 (microglia) and Gfap (astrocytes) followed a dose-dependent manner whereas the expression of both markers was apparently attenuated during remyelination. Treatment with vehicle or 0.5 mg/Kg of the drug during demyelination increased the expression of Pdgfra (oligodendrocyte precursor cells) but this did not occur when 1 mg/Kg was administered. In conclusion, the drug at 0.5 mg/Kg did not alter myelin architecture while 1 mg/Kg had a deleterious effect in this model.
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Baker D, Nutma E, O'Shea H, Cooke A, Orian JM, Amor S. Autoimmune encephalomyelitis in NOD mice is not initially a progressive multiple sclerosis model. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:1362-1372. [PMID: 31402611 PMCID: PMC6689692 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Despite progress in treating relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS), effective inhibition of nonrelapsing progressive MS is an urgent, unmet, clinical need. Animal models of MS, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), provide valuable tools to examine the mechanisms contributing to disease and may be important for developing rational therapeutic approaches for treatment of progressive MS. It has been suggested that myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide residues 35‐55 (MOG35‐55)‐induced EAE in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice resembles secondary progressive MS. The objective was to determine whether the published data merits such claims. Methods Induction and monitoring of EAE in NOD mice and literature review. Results It is evident that the NOD mouse model lacks validity as a progressive MS model as the individual course seems to be an asynchronous, relapsing‐remitting neurodegenerative disease, characterized by increasingly poor recovery from relapse. The seemingly progressive course seen in group means of clinical score is an artifact of data handling and interpretation. Interpretation Although MOG35‐55‐induced EAE in NOD mice may provide some clues about approaches to block neurodegeneration associated with the inflammatory penumbra as lesions form, it should not be used to justify trials in people with nonactive, progressive MS. This adds further support to the view that drug studies in animals should universally adopt transparent raw data deposition as part of the publication process, such that claims can adequately be interrogated. This transparency is important if animal‐based science is to remain a credible part of translational research in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baker
- BartsMS, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Nutma
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - Helen O'Shea
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Cooke
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline M Orian
- La Trobe Institute of Molecular Sciences La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Sandra Amor
- BartsMS, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom.,Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, 1081HV, The Netherlands
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13
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Gonçalves J, Rosado T, Soares S, Simão AY, Caramelo D, Luís Â, Fernández N, Barroso M, Gallardo E, Duarte AP. Cannabis and Its Secondary Metabolites: Their Use as Therapeutic Drugs, Toxicological Aspects, and Analytical Determination. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 6:E31. [PMID: 30813390 PMCID: PMC6473697 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the medicinal properties of Cannabis species have been known for centuries, the interest on its main active secondary metabolites as therapeutic alternatives for several pathologies has grown in recent years. This potential use has been a revolution worldwide concerning public health, production, use and sale of cannabis, and has led inclusively to legislation changes in some countries. The scientific advances and concerns of the scientific community have allowed a better understanding of cannabis derivatives as pharmacological options in several conditions, such as appetite stimulation, pain treatment, skin pathologies, anticonvulsant therapy, neurodegenerative diseases, and infectious diseases. However, there is some controversy regarding the legal and ethical implications of their use and routes of administration, also concerning the adverse health consequences and deaths attributed to marijuana consumption, and these represent some of the complexities associated with the use of these compounds as therapeutic drugs. This review comprehends the main secondary metabolites of Cannabis, approaching their therapeutic potential and applications, as well as their potential risks, in order to differentiate the consumption as recreational drugs. There will be also a focus on the analytical methodologies for their analysis, in order to aid health professionals and toxicologists in cases where these compounds are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gonçalves
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Tiago Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Sofia Soares
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Ana Y Simão
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Débora Caramelo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Ângelo Luís
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Nicolás Fernández
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Toxicología y Química Legal, Laboratorio de Asesoramiento Toxicológico Analítico (CENATOXA). Junín 956 7mo piso. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina.
| | - Mário Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses - Delegação do Sul, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Ana Paula Duarte
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
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Manterola A, Bernal-Chico A, Cipriani R, Ruiz A, Pérez-Samartín A, Moreno-Rodríguez M, Hsu KL, Cravatt BF, Brown JM, Rodríguez-Puertas R, Matute C, Mato S. Re-examining the potential of targeting ABHD6 in multiple sclerosis: Efficacy of systemic and peripherally restricted inhibitors in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neuropharmacology 2018; 141:181-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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The ameliorative effect of hemp seed hexane extracts on the Propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammation and lipogenesis in sebocytes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202933. [PMID: 30148860 PMCID: PMC6110517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-lipogenic effects of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed hexane extracts, focusing on the Propionibacterium acnes-triggered inflammation and lipogenesis. Hemp seed hexane extracts (HSHE) showed anti-microbial activity against P. acnes. The expression of iNOS, COX-2, and the subsequent production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin increased after infection of P. acnes in HaCaT cells, however, upon treating with HSHE, their expressions were reduced. P. acnes-induced expressions of IL-1β and IL-8 were also reduced. HSHE exerted anti-inflammatory effects by regulating NF-κB and MAPKs signaling and blunting the translocation of p-NF-κB to the nucleus in P. acnes-stimulated HaCaT cells. Moreover, P. acnes-induced phosphorylation of ERK and JNK, and their downstream targets c-Fos and c-Jun, was also inhibited by HSHE. In addition, the transactivation of AP-1 induced by P. acnes infection was also downregulated by HSHE. Notably, HSHE regulated inflammation and lipid biosynthesis via regulating AMPK and AKT/FoxO1 signaling in IGF-1-induced inflammation and lipogenesis of sebocytes. In addition, HSHE inhibited 5-lipoxygenase level and P. acnes-induced MMP-9 activity, and promoted collagen biosynthesis in vitro. Thus, HSHE could be utilized to treat acne vulgaris, through its anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-lipogenic, and collagen-promoting properties.
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16
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Paloczi J, Varga ZV, Hasko G, Pacher P. Neuroprotection in Oxidative Stress-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases: Role of Endocannabinoid System Modulation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:75-108. [PMID: 28497982 PMCID: PMC5984569 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Redox imbalance may lead to overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and subsequent oxidative tissue damage, which is a critical event in the course of neurodegenerative diseases. It is still not fully elucidated, however, whether oxidative stress is the primary trigger or a consequence in the process of neurodegeneration. Recent Advances: Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress is involved in the propagation of neuronal injury and consequent inflammatory response, which in concert promote development of pathological alterations characteristic of most common neurodegenerative diseases. CRITICAL ISSUES Accumulating recent evidence also suggests that there is an important interplay between the lipid endocannabinoid system [ECS; comprising the main cannabinoid 1 and 2 receptors (CB1 and CB2), endocannabinoids, and their synthetic and metabolizing enzymes] and various key inflammatory and redox-dependent processes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Targeting the ECS to modulate redox state-dependent cell death and to decrease consequent or preceding inflammatory response holds therapeutic potential in a multitude of oxidative stress-related acute or chronic neurodegenerative disorders from stroke and traumatic brain injury to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and multiple sclerosis, just to name a few, which will be discussed in this overview. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 75-108.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Paloczi
- 1 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury (LCPTI), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zoltan V Varga
- 1 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury (LCPTI), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - George Hasko
- 2 Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey
| | - Pal Pacher
- 1 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury (LCPTI), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland
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17
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Pryce G, Baker D. Antidote to cannabinoid intoxication: the CB 1 receptor inverse agonist, AM251, reverses hypothermic effects of the CB 1 receptor agonist, CB-13, in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3790-3794. [PMID: 28800377 PMCID: PMC5647190 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabis is a recreational drug leading to intoxication, following stimulation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors. However, more recently, herbs mixed with synthetic cannabinoids sometimes known as 'Spice' and 'Black Mamba' have been increasingly used, and their high CB1 receptor affinity has led not only to marked intoxication but also life-threatening complications and an increasing number of deaths. Although many studies have indicated that prophylactic treatment with CB1 receptor antagonists can block cannabimimetic effects in animals and humans, the aim of this study was to determine whether CB1 receptor antagonism could reverse physical cannabimimetic effects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cannabimimetic effects, measured by the hypothermic response following sedation and hypomotility, were induced by the synthetic CB1 receptor agonist CB-13 (1-naphthalenyl[4-(pentyloxy)-1-naphthalenyl]methanone) in Biozzi Antibody High mice. The CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist AM251 (N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2, 4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide) was administered 20 min after the injection of CB-13 and its effects on the cannabimimetic responses were assessed. KEY RESULTS In this study, the CNS-related cannabimimetic effects, as measured by the hypothermic effect, induced by the CB1 receptor agonist were therapeutically treated and were rapidly reversed by the CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist. There was also a subjective reversal of visually evident sedation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Cannabinoid receptor antagonists have been widely used and so may provide an acceptable single-dose antidote to cannabinoid intoxication. This use may save human life, where the life-threatening effects are mediated by cannabinoid receptors and not off-target influences of the synthetic cannabinoids or non-cannabinoids within the recreational drug mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Pryce
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - David Baker
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
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18
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Suryadevara U, Bruijnzeel DM, Nuthi M, Jagnarine DA, Tandon R, Bruijnzeel AW. Pros and Cons of Medical Cannabis use by People with Chronic Brain Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:800-814. [PMID: 27804883 PMCID: PMC5652027 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666161101095325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in the world and there is growing concern about the mental health effects of cannabis use. These concerns are at least partly due to the strong increase in recreational and medical cannabis use and the rise in tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) levels. Cannabis is widely used to self-medicate by older people and people with brain disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE This review provides an overview of the perceived benefits and adverse mental health effects of cannabis use in people with ALS, MS, AD, PD, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. RESULTS The reviewed studies indicate that cannabis use diminishes some symptoms associated with these disorders. Cannabis use decreases pain and spasticity in people with MS, decreases tremor, rigidity, and pain in people with PD, and improves the quality of life of ALS patients by improving appetite, and decreasing pain and spasticity. Cannabis use is more common among people with schizophrenia than healthy controls. Cannabis use is a risk factor for schizophrenia which increases positive symptoms in schizophrenia patients and diminishes negative symptoms. Cannabis use worsens bipolar disorder and there is no evidence that bipolar patients derive any benefit from cannabis. In late stage Alzheimer's patients, cannabis products may improve food intake, sleep quality, and diminish agitation. CONCLUSION Cannabis use diminishes some of the adverse effects of neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, chronic cannabis use may lead to cognitive impairments and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Suryadevara
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Meena Nuthi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Rajiv Tandon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Adriaan W. Bruijnzeel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Tomas-Roig J, Wirths O, Salinas-Riester G, Havemann-Reinecke U. The Cannabinoid CB1/CB2 Agonist WIN55212.2 Promotes Oligodendrocyte Differentiation In Vitro and Neuroprotection During the Cuprizone-Induced Central Nervous System Demyelination. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:387-95. [PMID: 26842941 PMCID: PMC5067581 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim and methods Different types of insults to the CNS lead to axon demyelination. Remyelination occurs when the CNS attempts to recover from myelin loss and requires the activation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. With the rationale that CB1 receptor is expressed in oligodendrocytes and marijuana consumption alters CNS myelination, we study the effects of the cannabinoid agonist WIN55212.2 in (1) an in vitro model of oligodendrocyte differentiation and (2) the cuprizone model for demyelination. Results The synthetic cannabinoid agonist WIN55212.2 at 1 μM increased the myelin basic protein mRNA and protein expression in vitro. During cuprizone‐induced acute demyelination, the administration of 0.5 mg/kg WIN55212.2 confers more myelinated axons, increased the expression of retinoid X receptor alpha, and declined nogo receptor expression. Controversially, 1 mg/kg of the drug increased the number of demyelinated axons and reduced the expression of nerve growth factor inducible, calreticulin and myelin‐related genes coupling specifically with a decrease in 2′,3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′ phosphodiesterase expression. Conclusion The cannabinoid agonist WIN55212.2 promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation in vitro. Moreover, 0.5 mg/kg of the drug confers neuroprotection during cuprizone‐induced demyelination, while 1 mg/kg aggravates the demyelination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Tomas-Roig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas-Riester
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ursula Havemann-Reinecke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
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Moreno-Martet M, Feliú A, Espejo-Porras F, Mecha M, Carrillo-Salinas FJ, Fernández-Ruiz J, Guaza C, de Lago E. The disease-modifying effects of a Sativex-like combination of phytocannabinoids in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis are preferentially due to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol acting through CB1 receptors. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2015; 4:505-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Kozela E, Haj C, Hanuš L, Chourasia M, Shurki A, Juknat A, Kaushansky N, Mechoulam R, Vogel Z. HU-446 and HU-465, Derivatives of the Non-psychoactive Cannabinoid Cannabidiol, Decrease the Activation of Encephalitogenic T Cells. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 87:143-53. [PMID: 26259697 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), the non-psychoactive cannabinoid, has been previously shown by us to decrease peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation in mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Here we have studied the anti-inflammatory effects of newly synthesized derivatives of natural (-)-CBD ((-)-8,9-dihydro-7-hydroxy-CBD; HU-446) and of synthetic (+)-CBD ((+)-8,9-dihydro-7-hydroxy-CBD; HU-465) on activated myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55-specific mouse encephalitogenic T cells (T(MOG) ) driving EAE/MS-like pathologies. Binding assays followed by molecular modeling revealed that HU-446 has negligible affinity toward the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors while HU-465 binds to both CB1 and CB2 receptors at the high nanomolar concentrations (Ki = 76.7 ± 5.8 nm and 12.1 ± 2.3 nm, respectively). Both, HU-446 and HU-465, at 5 and 10 μm (but not at 0.1 and 1 μm), inhibited the MOG35-55-induced proliferation of autoreactive T(MOG) cells via CB1/CB2 receptor independent mechanisms. Moreover, both HU-446 and HU-465, at 5 and 10 μm, inhibited the release of IL-17, a key autoimmune cytokine, from MOG35-55-stimulated T(MOG) cells. These results suggest that HU-446 and HU-465 have anti-inflammatory potential in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kozela
- The Dr Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Christeene Haj
- Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Lumir Hanuš
- Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Mukesh Chourasia
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, 844102, Bihar 844102, India
| | - Avital Shurki
- Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Ana Juknat
- The Dr Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Nathali Kaushansky
- Neurobiology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Zvi Vogel
- The Dr Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.,Neurobiology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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22
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Neural Plasticity in Multiple Sclerosis: The Functional and Molecular Background. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:307175. [PMID: 26229689 PMCID: PMC4503575 DOI: 10.1155/2015/307175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disorder resulting in motor dysfunction and cognitive decline. The inflammatory and neurodegenerative changes seen in the brains of MS patients lead to progressive disability and increasing brain atrophy. The most common type of MS is characterized by episodes of clinical exacerbations and remissions. This suggests the presence of compensating mechanisms for accumulating damage. Apart from the widely known repair mechanisms like remyelination, another important phenomenon is neuronal plasticity. Initially, neuroplasticity was connected with the developmental stages of life; however, there is now growing evidence confirming that structural and functional reorganization occurs throughout our lifetime. Several functional studies, utilizing such techniques as fMRI, TBS, or MRS, have provided valuable data about the presence of neuronal plasticity in MS patients. CNS ability to compensate for neuronal damage is most evident in RR-MS; however it has been shown that brain plasticity is also preserved in patients with substantial brain damage. Regardless of the numerous studies, the molecular background of neuronal plasticity in MS is still not well understood. Several factors, like IL-1β, BDNF, PDGF, or CB1Rs, have been implicated in functional recovery from the acute phase of MS and are thus considered as potential therapeutic targets.
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Baron EP. Comprehensive Review of Medicinal Marijuana, Cannabinoids, and Therapeutic Implications in Medicine and Headache: What a Long Strange Trip It's Been …. Headache 2015; 55:885-916. [PMID: 26015168 DOI: 10.1111/head.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of cannabis, or marijuana, for medicinal purposes is deeply rooted though history, dating back to ancient times. It once held a prominent position in the history of medicine, recommended by many eminent physicians for numerous diseases, particularly headache and migraine. Through the decades, this plant has taken a fascinating journey from a legal and frequently prescribed status to illegal, driven by political and social factors rather than by science. However, with an abundance of growing support for its multitude of medicinal uses, the misguided stigma of cannabis is fading, and there has been a dramatic push for legalizing medicinal cannabis and research. Almost half of the United States has now legalized medicinal cannabis, several states have legalized recreational use, and others have legalized cannabidiol-only use, which is one of many therapeutic cannabinoids extracted from cannabis. Physicians need to be educated on the history, pharmacology, clinical indications, and proper clinical use of cannabis, as patients will inevitably inquire about it for many diseases, including chronic pain and headache disorders for which there is some intriguing supportive evidence. OBJECTIVE To review the history of medicinal cannabis use, discuss the pharmacology and physiology of the endocannabinoid system and cannabis-derived cannabinoids, perform a comprehensive literature review of the clinical uses of medicinal cannabis and cannabinoids with a focus on migraine and other headache disorders, and outline general clinical practice guidelines. CONCLUSION The literature suggests that the medicinal use of cannabis may have a therapeutic role for a multitude of diseases, particularly chronic pain disorders including headache. Supporting literature suggests a role for medicinal cannabis and cannabinoids in several types of headache disorders including migraine and cluster headache, although it is primarily limited to case based, anecdotal, or laboratory-based scientific research. Cannabis contains an extensive number of pharmacological and biochemical compounds, of which only a minority are understood, so many potential therapeutic uses likely remain undiscovered. Cannabinoids appear to modulate and interact at many pathways inherent to migraine, triptan mechanisms ofaction, and opiate pathways, suggesting potential synergistic or similar benefits. Modulation of the endocannabinoid system through agonism or antagonism of its receptors, targeting its metabolic pathways, or combining cannabinoids with other analgesics for synergistic effects, may provide the foundation for many new classes of medications. Despite the limited evidence and research suggesting a role for cannabis and cannabinoids in some headache disorders, randomized clinical trials are lacking and necessary for confirmation and further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Baron
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Pryce G, Baker D. Endocannabinoids in Multiple Sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 231:213-31. [PMID: 26408162 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20825-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous reports that people with multiple sclerosis (MS) have for many years been self-medicating with illegal street cannabis or more recently medicinal cannabis to alleviate the symptoms associated with MS and also amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These anecdotal reports have been confirmed by data from animal models and more recently clinical trials on the ability of cannabinoids to alleviate limb spasticity, a common feature of progressive MS (and also ALS) and neurodegeneration. Experimental studies into the biology of the endocannabinoid system have revealed that cannabinoids have efficacy, not only in symptom relief but also as neuroprotective agents which may slow disease progression and thus delay the onset of symptoms. This review discusses what we now know about the endocannabinoid system as it relates to MS and ALS and also the therapeutic potential of cannabinoid therapeutics as disease-modifying or symptom control agents, as well as future therapeutic strategies including the potential for slowing disease progression in MS and ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Pryce
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience and Trauma Centre, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK.
| | - David Baker
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience and Trauma Centre, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK.
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Neuroprotection in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Progressive Multiple Sclerosis by Cannabis-Based Cannabinoids. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 10:281-92. [PMID: 25537576 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the major immune-mediated, demyelinating, neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. Compounds within cannabis, notably Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) can limit the inappropriate neurotransmissions that cause MS-related problems and medicinal cannabis is now licenced for the treatment of MS symptoms. However, the biology indicates that the endocannabinoid system may offer the potential to control other aspects of disease. Although there is limited evidence that the cannabinoids from cannabis are having significant immunosuppressive activities that will influence relapsing autoimmunity, we and others can experimentally demonstrate that they may limit neurodegeneration that drives progressive disability. Here we show that synthetic cannabidiol can slow down the accumulation of disability from the inflammatory penumbra during relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in ABH mice, possibly via blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels. In addition, whilst non-sedating doses of Δ9-THC do not inhibit relapsing autoimmunity, they dose-dependently inhibit the accumulation of disability during EAE. They also appear to slow down clinical progression during MS in humans. Although a 3 year, phase III clinical trial did not detect a beneficial effect of oral Δ9-THC in progressive MS, a planned subgroup analysis of people with less disability who progressed more rapidly, demonstrated a significant slowing of progression by oral Δ9-THC compared to placebo. Whilst this may support the experimental and biological evidence for a neuroprotective effect by the endocannabinoid system in MS, it remains to be established whether this will be formally demonstrated in further trials of Δ9-THC/cannabis in progressive MS.
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26
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Bernal-Chico A, Canedo M, Manterola A, Victoria Sánchez-Gómez M, Pérez-Samartín A, Rodríguez-Puertas R, Matute C, Mato S. Blockade of monoacylglycerol lipase inhibits oligodendrocyte excitotoxicity and prevents demyelinationin vivo. Glia 2014; 63:163-76. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bernal-Chico
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Zamudio Spain
| | - Manuel Canedo
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Zamudio Spain
| | - Andrea Manterola
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
| | - María Victoria Sánchez-Gómez
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Zamudio Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Barcelona Spain
| | - Alberto Pérez-Samartín
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Zamudio Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Barcelona Spain
| | - Rafael Rodríguez-Puertas
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Zamudio Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Barcelona Spain
| | - Susana Mato
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Zamudio Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Barcelona Spain
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Baker D, Amor S. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is a good model of multiple sclerosis if used wisely. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2014; 3:555-64. [PMID: 26265267 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although multiple sclerosis is a uniquely human disease, many pathological features can be induced in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models following induction of central nervous system-directed autoimmunity. Whilst it is an imperfect set of models, EAE can be used to identify pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutics. However, the failure to translate many treatments from EAE into human benefit has led some to question the validity of the EAE model. Whilst differences in biology between humans and other species may account for this, it is suggested here that the failure to translate may be considerably influenced by human activity. Basic science contributes to failings in aspects of experimental design and over-interpretation of results and lack of transparency and reproducibility of the studies. Importantly issues in trial design by neurologists and other actions of the pharmaceutical industry destine therapeutics to failure and terminate basic science projects. However animal, particularly mechanism-orientated, studies have increasingly identified useful treatments and provided mechanistic ideas on which most hypothesis-led clinical research is based. Without EAE and other animal studies, clinical investigations will continue to be "look-see" exercises, which will most likely provide more misses than hits and will fail the people with MS that they aim to serve.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baker
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom.
| | - Sandra Amor
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom; Pathology Department, VU Medical Centre, Free University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Musella A, Sepman H, Mandolesi G, Gentile A, Fresegna D, Haji N, Conrad A, Lutz B, Maccarrone M, Centonze D. Pre- and postsynaptic type-1 cannabinoid receptors control the alterations of glutamate transmission in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neuropharmacology 2014; 79:567-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most frequent chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS, and imposes major burdens on young lives. Great progress has been made in understanding and moderating the acute inflammatory components of MS, but the pathophysiological mechanisms of the concomitant neurodegeneration--which causes irreversible disability--are still not understood. Chronic inflammatory processes that continuously disturb neuroaxonal homeostasis drive neurodegeneration, so the clinical outcome probably depends on the balance of stressor load (inflammation) and any remaining capacity for neuronal self-protection. Hence, suitable drugs that promote the latter state are sorely needed. With the aim of identifying potential novel therapeutic targets in MS, we review research on the pathological mechanisms of neuroaxonal dysfunction and injury, such as altered ion channel activity, and the endogenous neuroprotective pathways that counteract oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. We focus on mechanisms inherent to neurons and their axons, which are separable from those acting on inflammatory responses and might, therefore, represent bona fide neuroprotective drug targets with the capability to halt MS progression.
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30
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Lo A. Advancement of therapies for neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 8:1355-66. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.8.9.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Baker D, Lidster K, Sottomayor A, Amor S. Two years later: journals are not yet enforcing the ARRIVE guidelines on reporting standards for pre-clinical animal studies. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001756. [PMID: 24409096 PMCID: PMC3883646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing concern that poor experimental design and lack of transparent reporting contribute to the frequent failure of pre-clinical animal studies to translate into treatments for human disease. In 2010, the Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines were introduced to help improve reporting standards. They were published in PLOS Biology and endorsed by funding agencies and publishers and their journals, including PLOS, Nature research journals, and other top-tier journals. Yet our analysis of papers published in PLOS and Nature journals indicates that there has been very little improvement in reporting standards since then. This suggests that authors, referees, and editors generally are ignoring guidelines, and the editorial endorsement is yet to be effectively implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baker
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Lidster
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ana Sottomayor
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sandra Amor
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Pathology Department, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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32
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Sisay S, Pryce G, Jackson SJ, Tanner C, Ross RA, Michael GJ, Selwood DL, Giovannoni G, Baker D. Genetic background can result in a marked or minimal effect of gene knockout (GPR55 and CB2 receptor) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models of multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76907. [PMID: 24130809 PMCID: PMC3793915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids and some phytocannabinoids bind to CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, transient receptor potential vanilloid one (TRPV1) receptor and the orphan G protein receptor fifty-five (GPR55). Studies using C57BL/10 and C57BL/6 (Cnr2tm1Zim) CB2 cannabinoid receptor knockout mice have demonstrated an immune-augmenting effect in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models of multiple sclerosis. However, other EAE studies in Biozzi ABH mice often failed to show any treatment effect of either CB2 receptor agonism or antagonism on inhibition of T cell autoimmunity. The influence of genetic background on the induction of EAE in endocannabinoid system-related gene knockout mice was examined. It was found that C57BL/6.GPR55 knockout mice developed less severe disease, notably in female mice, following active induction with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 peptide. In contrast C57BL/6.CB2 (Cnr2Dgen) receptor knockout mice developed augmented severity of disease consistent with the genetically and pharmacologically-distinct, Cnr2tm1Zim mice. However, when the knockout gene was bred into the ABH mouse background and EAE induced with spinal cord autoantigens the immune-enhancing effect of CB2 receptor deletion was lost. Likewise CB1 receptor and transient receptor potential vanilloid one knockout mice on the ABH background demonstrated no alteration in immune-susceptibility, in terms of disease incidence and severity of EAE, in contrast to that reported in some C57BL/6 mouse studies. Furthermore the immune-modulating influence of GPR55 was marginal on the ABH mouse background. Whilst sedative doses of tetrahydrocannabinol could induce immunosuppression, this was associated with a CB1 receptor rather than a CB2 receptor-mediated effect. These data support the fact that non-psychoactive doses of medicinal cannabis have a marginal influence on the immune response in MS. Importantly, it adds a note of caution for the translational value of some transgenic/gene knockout and other studies on low-EAE susceptibility backgrounds with inconsistent disease course and susceptibility.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Knockout Techniques
- Immunomodulation/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Phenotype
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/deficiency
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptors, Cannabinoid/deficiency
- Receptors, Cannabinoid/genetics
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Sisay
- Neuroimmunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Pryce
- Neuroimmunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel J. Jackson
- Neuroimmunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn Tanner
- School of Medical Science, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth A. Ross
- School of Medical Science, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory J. Michael
- Neuroimmunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David L. Selwood
- Biological and Medical Chemistry, the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Neuroimmunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Baker
- Neuroimmunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Pinar-Sueiro S, Zorrilla Hurtado JÁ, Veiga-Crespo P, Sharma SC, Vecino E. Neuroprotective effects of topical CB1 agonist WIN 55212-2 on retinal ganglion cells after acute rise in intraocular pressure induced ischemia in rat. Exp Eye Res 2013; 110:55-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pryce G, Cabranes A, Fernández-Ruiz J, Bisogno T, Di Marzo V, Long JZ, Cravatt BF, Giovannoni G, Baker D. Control of experimental spasticity by targeting the degradation of endocannabinoids using selective fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. Mult Scler 2013; 19:1896-904. [PMID: 23625705 DOI: 10.1177/1352458513485982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been previously shown that CB1 cannabinoid receptor agonism using cannabis extracts alleviates spasticity in both a mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model and multiple sclerosis (MS) in humans. However, this action can be associated with dose-limiting side effects. OBJECTIVE We hypothesised that blockade of anandamide (endocannabinoid) degradation would inhibit spasticity, whilst avoiding overt cannabimimetic effects. METHODS Spasticity eventually developed following the induction of EAE in either wild-type or congenic fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)-deficient Biozzi ABH mice. These animals were treated with a variety of different FAAH inhibitors and the effect on the degree of limb stiffness was assessed using a strain gauge. RESULTS Control of spasticity was achieved using FAAH inhibitors CAY100400, CAY100402 and URB597, which was sustained following repeated administrations. Therapeutic activity occurred in the absence of overt cannabimimetic effects. Importantly, the therapeutic value of the target could be definitively validated as the treatment activity was lost in FAAH-deficient mice. Spasticity was also controlled by a selective monoacyl glycerol lipase inhibitor, JZL184. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates definitively that FAAH inhibitors provide a new class of anti-spastic agents that may have utility in treating spasticity in MS and avoid the dose-limiting side effects associated with cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pryce
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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35
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Decreased frontal N-acetylaspartate levels in adolescents concurrently using both methamphetamine and marijuana. Behav Brain Res 2013; 246:154-61. [PMID: 23466689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The potential neurochemical toxicity associated with methamphetamine (MA) or marijuana (MJ) use on the developing adolescent brain is unclear, particularly with regard to individuals with concomitant use of MA and MJ (MA+MJ). In this study, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was utilized to measure in vivo brain N-acetylaspartate plus N-acetylaspartyl glutamate (tNAA, an indicator of intact neuronal integrity) levels. METHODS Three adolescent groups from Cape Town, South Africa completed MRS scans as well as clinical measures including a drug use history. Subjects included (1) nine MA (age=15.7±1.37), (2) eight MA+MJ (age=16.2±1.16) using adolescents and (3) ten healthy controls (age=16.8±0.62). Single voxel spectra were acquired from midfrontal gray matter using a point-resolved spectroscopy sequence (PRESS). The MRS data were post-processed in the fully automated approach for quantitation of metabolite ratios to phosphocreatine plus creatine (PCr+Cr). RESULTS A significant reduction in frontal tNAA/PCr+Cr ratios was seen in the MA+MJ group compared to the healthy controls (p=0.01, by 7.2%) and to the MA group (p=0.04, by 6.9%). Significant relationships were also observed between decreased tNAA/PCr+Cr ratios and drug use history of MA or MJ (total cumulative lifetime dose, age of onset, and duration of MA and MJ exposure) only in the MA+MJ group (all p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that in adolescents, concomitant heavy MA+MJ use may contribute to altered brain metabolites in frontal gray matter. The significant associations between the abnormal tNAA/PCr+Cr ratios and the drug use history suggest that MA+MJ abuse may induce neurotoxicity in a dose-responsive manner in adolescent brain.
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Kaplan BLF. The role of CB1 in immune modulation by cannabinoids. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 137:365-74. [PMID: 23261520 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is clear evidence that CB(2), historically referred to as the peripheral cannabinoid receptor, mediates many of the immune modulatory effects of cannabinoids. However, cannabinoid receptors cannot be classified simply as central or peripheral since CB(2) has been shown to play a role in the central nervous system (CNS) and CB(1) mediates many immune system effects. Although Cnr1 mRNA and CB(1) protein expression is lower than Cnr2 mRNA or CB(2) protein expression in cells of the immune system, several studies have shown direct modulation of immune function via CB(1) by endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids in T cells, innate cells, and to a lesser extent, B cells. In addition, indirect, but CB(1)-dependent, mechanisms of immune modulation exist. In fact, the mechanism by which cannabinoids attenuate neuroinflammation via CB(1) is likely a combination of immune suppression and neuroprotection. Although many studies demonstrate that agonists for CB(1) are immune suppressive and anti-inflammatory, CB(1) antagonists also exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. Overall, the data demonstrate that many of the immune modulatory effects of cannabinoids are mediated via CB(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L F Kaplan
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, Room 313, East Lansing, MI 48824-1630, United States.
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de Lago E, Gómez-Ruiz M, Moreno-Martet M, Fernández-Ruiz J. Cannabinoids, multiple sclerosis and neuroprotection. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 2:645-60. [PMID: 22112258 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.09.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The cannabinoid signaling system participates in the control of cell homeostasis in the CNS, which explains why, in different neurodegenerative diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), alterations in this system have been found to serve both as a pathogenic factor (malfunctioning of this system has been found at early phases of these diseases) and as a therapeutic target (the management of this system has beneficial effects). MS is an autoimmune disease that affects the CNS and it is characterized by inflammation, demyelination, remyelination, gliosis and axonal damage. Although it has been considered mainly as an inflammatory disorder, recent studies have recognized the importance of axonal loss both in the progression of the disorder and in the appearance of neurological disability, even in early stages of the disease. In recent years, several laboratories have addressed the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in MS, given the experience reported by some MS patients who self-medicated with marijuana. Most of these studies focused on the alleviation of symptoms (spasticity, tremor, anxiety and pain) or on the inflammatory component of the disease. However, recent data also revealed the important neuroprotective action that could be exerted by cannabinoids in this disorder. The present review will be precisely centered on this neuroprotective potential, which is based mainly on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-excitotoxic properties, exerted through the activation of CB1 or CB2 receptors or other unknown mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva de Lago
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Butti E, Bacigaluppi M, Rossi S, Cambiaghi M, Bari M, Cebrian Silla A, Brambilla E, Musella A, De Ceglia R, Teneud L, De Chiara V, D'Adamo P, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Comi G, Muzio L, Quattrini A, Leocani L, Maccarrone M, Centonze D, Martino G. Subventricular zone neural progenitors protect striatal neurons from glutamatergic excitotoxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 135:3320-35. [PMID: 23008234 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The functional significance of adult neural stem and progenitor cells in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory has been well documented. Although adult neural stem and progenitor cells in the subventricular zone are known to migrate to, maintain and reorganize the olfactory bulb, it is less clear whether they are functionally required for other processes. Using a conditional transgenic mouse model, selective ablation of adult neural stem and progenitor cells in the subventricular zone induced a dramatic increase in morbidity and mortality of central nervous system disorders characterized by excitotoxicity-induced cell death accompanied by reactive inflammation, such as 4-aminopyridine-induced epilepsy and ischaemic stroke. To test the role of subventricular zone adult neural stem and progenitor cells in protecting central nervous system tissue from glutamatergic excitotoxicity, neurophysiological recordings of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents from single medium spiny striatal neurons were measured on acute brain slices. Indeed, lipopolysaccharide-stimulated, but not unstimulated, subventricular zone adult neural stem and progenitor cells reverted the increased frequency and duration of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents by secreting the endocannabinod arachidonoyl ethanolamide, a molecule that regulates glutamatergic tone through type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB(1)) binding. In vivo restoration of cannabinoid levels, either by administration of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor agonist HU210 or the inhibitor of the principal catabolic enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase, URB597, completely reverted the increased morbidity and mortality of adult neural stem and progenitor cell-ablated mice suffering from epilepsy and ischaemic stroke. Our results provide the first evidence that adult neural stem and progenitor cells located within the subventricular zone exert an 'innate' homeostatic regulatory role by protecting striatal neurons from glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Butti
- Neuroimmunology Unit, INSPE, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Hou SW, Liu CY, Li YH, Yu JZ, Feng L, Liu YT, Guo MF, Xie Y, Meng J, Zhang HF, Xiao BG, Ma CG. Fasudil ameliorates disease progression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, acting possibly through antiinflammatory effect. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 18:909-17. [PMID: 22994384 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this investigation was to further explore the mechanism(s) underlying the amelioration in EAE caused by Fasudil, particularly focusing on anti-inflammatory effect. METHODS We induced a chronic-progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in B6 mice immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein(35-55) and performed Fasudil intervention in early and late stages of the disease. RESULTS The administration of Fasudil (40 mg/kg, i.p) had a therapeutic effect in delaying the onset and ameliorating the severity of EAE, accompanied by the improvement in myelination and the decrease in inflammatory cells in spinal cords. Fasudil inhibited TLR-4, p-NF-kB/p65, and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and enhanced IL-10 production in spinal cords. The ratio of arginase/iNOS was enhanced mainly in the spinal cords of EAE mice treated with Fasudil, reflecting a shift toward the M2 (antiinflammation) macrophage/microglia phenotype. The administration of Fasudil also induced the upregulation of CB2 receptor in spinal cords, but did not significantly trigger CB1 receptor. Levels of neurotrophic factors NGF, BDNF, and GDNF in the CNS were not altered by Fasudil. CONCLUSION Fasudil ameliorates disease progression in EAE, acting possibly through antiinflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Wei Hou
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
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Arevalo-Martin A, Molina-Holgado E, Guaza C. A CB₁/CB₂ receptor agonist, WIN 55,212-2, exerts its therapeutic effect in a viral autoimmune model of multiple sclerosis by restoring self-tolerance to myelin. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:385-93. [PMID: 22561283 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Infection of mice with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) leads to the development of TMEV-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD), an autoimmune, demyelinating and neurodegenerative pathology that serves as a model of multiple sclerosis. Activation of endogenous CB₁/CB₂ cannabinoid receptors inhibits inflammation and improves the clinical status of TMEV-IDD animals. In the present study, mice with established TMEV-IDD were treated with the CB₁/CB₂ receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN), which restored self-tolerance to a myelin self-antigen while ameliorating the disease in a long-term manner. Accordingly, disruption of self-tolerance with cyclophosphamide provoked chronic relapse. Furthermore, transfer of splenocytes from WIN-treated TMEV-IDD mice to TMEV-infected mice at disease onset prevented the autoimmune inflammatory response and motor impairment. The therapeutic effect of WIN correlated with a decrease in the activation of CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁻ T cells and an increase in regulatory CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ T cells in the CNS, along with alterations in the cytokine and chemokine milieu. These findings demonstrate for the first time that the suppression of autoimmune responses to myelin antigens underlies the therapeutic effect of CB₁/CB₂ cannabinoid agonists in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Arevalo-Martin
- Laboratorio de Neuroinflamación, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, SESCAM, Finca la Peraleda s/n., Toledo 45071, Spain.
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The endocannabinoid system: a revolving plate in neuro-immune interaction in health and disease. Amino Acids 2012; 45:95-112. [PMID: 22367605 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the last 40 years have brought to light an important physiological network, the endocannabinoid system. Endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids mediate their effects through activation of specific cannabinoid receptors. This modulatory homoeostatic system operates in the regulation of brain function and also in the periphery. The cannabinoid system has been shown to be involved in regulating the immune system. Studies examining the effect of cannabinoid-based drugs on immunity have shown that many cellular and cytokine mechanisms are modulated by these agents, thus raising the hypothesis that these compounds may be of value in the management of chronic inflammatory diseases. The special properties of endocannabinoids as neurotransmitters, their pleiotropic effects and the impact on immune function show that the endocannabinoid system represents a revolving plate of neural and immune interactions. In this paper, we outline current information on immune effects of cannabinoids in health and disease.
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de Lago E, Moreno-Martet M, Cabranes A, Ramos JA, Fernández-Ruiz J. Cannabinoids ameliorate disease progression in a model of multiple sclerosis in mice, acting preferentially through CB1 receptor-mediated anti-inflammatory effects. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:2299-308. [PMID: 22342378 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that affects the CNS and it is characterized by inflammation, demyelination, remyelination, gliosis and axonal damage that occur mainly in the spinal cord. Cannabinoids have been proposed as promising therapeutic agents in MS given their capability to alleviate specific MS symptoms (e.g., spasticity, pain). Although MS has been considered mainly an inflammatory disorder, recent evidence, however, revealed the importance of neurodegenerative events, opening the possibility that cannabinoid agonists, given their cytoprotective properties, may also serve to reduce oligodendrocyte death and axonal damage in MS. Thus, the treatment with WIN55,512-2, a potent CB(1) and CB(2) agonist, was reported to be effective to ameliorate tremor and spasticity in mice with chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a murine model of MS, but also to delay disease progression in this and other murine models of MS. The purpose of this investigation was to further explore the mechanism(s) underlying the amelioration in disease progression caused by WIN55,212-2. We have particularly focused on anti-glutamatergic and anti-inflammatory effects of this cannabinoid agonist. In this study, we used mice treated with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) that induces a progressive pattern of EAE and conducted the pharmacological experiments in early stages of the disease. As expected, the administration of WIN55,512-2 (5 mg/kg, i.p) had a positive effect in reducing neurological disability and improving motor coordination of EAE mice. Levels of glutamate and GABA in the spinal cord and also in the brainstem of EAE mice were similar to control animals, and, accordingly, they were not altered by the treatment with WIN55,212-2. However, EAE mice showed some subtle alterations in mRNA levels for the glutamate transporter GLT1 and, to a lesser extent, GLAST too, changes that were altered by the treatment with WIN55,212-2 in the spinal cord, but not in the brainstem. Regarding to inflammatory responses, EAE mice showed a marked up-regulation in mRNA levels for COX-2, inducible NOS and TNF-α in the spinal cord and the brainstem, these responses being attenuated after the treatment with WIN55,212-2. We also observed the presence of cell aggregates in the spinal cord of EAE mice that were significantly attenuated by the treatment with WIN55,212-2. Immunohistochemical analysis (with Iba-1 and Cd11b) of these aggregates indicated that they corresponded to microglia (resident macrophages) and peripheral macrophages. Lastly, experiments conducted with selective antagonists for the CB(1) (e.g. rimonabant) or CB(2) (e.g. AM-630) receptors revealed that WIN55,212-2 effects in EAE mice were mediated by the activation of CB(1) but not CB(2) receptors, as reflected the reversion of positive effects of this cannabinoid on neurological decline, TNF-α generation and accumulation of cell aggregates in the spinal cord with rimonabant, but not with AM-630. This was concordant with the lack of positive effects on neurological decline observed in EAE mice when they received HU-308, a selective CB(2) receptor agonist, instead WIN55,212-2. In summary, the treatment of EAE mice with the cannabinoid agonist WIN55,512-2 reduced their neurological disability and the progression of the disease. This effect was exerted through the activation of CB(1) receptors, which would exert a positive influence in the reduction of inflammatory events linked to the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva de Lago
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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The biology that underpins the therapeutic potential of cannabis-based medicines for the control of spasticity in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2012; 1:64-75. [PMID: 25876933 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis-based medicines have recently been approved for the treatment of pain and spasticity in multiple sclerosis (MS). This supports the original perceptions of people with MS, who were using illegal street cannabis for symptom control and pre-clinical testing in animal models of MS. This activity is supported both by the biology of the disease and the biology of the cannabis plant and the endocannabinoid system. MS results from disease that impairs neurotransmission and this is controlled by cannabinoid receptors and endogenous cannabinoid ligands. This can limit spasticity and may also influence the processes that drive the accumulation of progressive disability.
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Sánchez A, García-Merino A. Neuroprotective agents: Cannabinoids. Clin Immunol 2012; 142:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Baker D, Amor S. Publication guidelines for refereeing and reporting on animal use in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 242:78-83. [PMID: 22119102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is one of the major pre-clinical models of multiple sclerosis. Use of this model has led to some important observations that has benefited human health, but it must also be said that there are many poor-quality studies using EAE that add little to knowledge or understanding. The lack of quality of clinical trials in humans led to the introduction of publication guidelines that aimed to improve the quality and transparency of studies. Therefore, with a view of doing the same, the ARRIVE (Animals in research: Reporting in vivo experiments) guidelines were developed as a checklist of information required for publication of animal studies. Based on the ARRIVE guidelines, we provide guidance on acceptable data handling and indicate the minimal acceptable standard that should be adhered to when reporting and importantly refereeing all publications relating to EAE. This is designed to constructively improve the quality of published work and reduce the futile use of animals in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baker
- Neuroimmmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom.
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Mestre L, Iñigo PM, Mecha M, Correa FG, Hernangómez-Herrero M, Loría F, Docagne F, Borrell J, Guaza C. Anandamide inhibits Theiler's virus induced VCAM-1 in brain endothelial cells and reduces leukocyte transmigration in a model of blood brain barrier by activation of CB(1) receptors. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:102. [PMID: 21851608 PMCID: PMC3173342 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background VCAM-1 represents one of the most important adhesion molecule involved in the transmigration of blood leukocytes across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that is an essential step in the pathogenesis of MS. Several evidences have suggested the potential therapeutic value of cannabinoids (CBs) in the treatment of MS and their experimental models. However, the effects of endocannabinoids on VCAM-1 regulation are poorly understood. In the present study we investigated the effects of anandamide (AEA) in the regulation of VCAM-1 expression induced by Theiler's virus (TMEV) infection of brain endothelial cells using in vitro and in vivo approaches. Methods i) in vitro: VCAM-1 was measured by ELISA in supernatants of brain endothelial cells infected with TMEV and subjected to AEA and/or cannabinoid receptors antagonist treatment. To evaluate the functional effect of VCAM-1 modulation we developed a blood brain barrier model based on a system of astrocytes and brain endothelial cells co-culture. ii) in vivo: CB1 receptor deficient mice (Cnr1-/-) infected with TMEV were treated with the AEA uptake inhibitor UCM-707 for three days. VCAM-1 expression and microglial reactivity were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Results Anandamide-induced inhibition of VCAM-1 expression in brain endothelial cell cultures was mediated by activation of CB1 receptors. The study of leukocyte transmigration confirmed the functional relevance of VCAM-1 inhibition by AEA. In vivo approaches also showed that the inhibition of AEA uptake reduced the expression of brain VCAM-1 in response to TMEV infection. Although a decreased expression of VCAM-1 by UCM-707 was observed in both, wild type and CB1 receptor deficient mice (Cnr1-/-), the magnitude of VCAM-1 inhibition was significantly higher in the wild type mice. Interestingly, Cnr1-/- mice showed enhanced microglial reactivity and VCAM-1 expression following TMEV infection, indicating that the lack of CB1 receptor exacerbated neuroinflammation. Conclusions Our results suggest that CB1 receptor dependent VCAM-1 inhibition is a novel mechanism for AEA-reduced leukocyte transmigration and contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the beneficial role of endocannabinoid system in the Theiler's virus model of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Mestre
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Cajal Institute, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain
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Kozela E, Lev N, Kaushansky N, Eilam R, Rimmerman N, Levy R, Ben-Nun A, Juknat A, Vogel Z. Cannabidiol inhibits pathogenic T cells, decreases spinal microglial activation and ameliorates multiple sclerosis-like disease in C57BL/6 mice. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:1507-19. [PMID: 21449980 PMCID: PMC3165959 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabis extracts and several cannabinoids have been shown to exert broad anti-inflammatory activities in experimental models of inflammatory CNS degenerative diseases. Clinical use of many cannabinoids is limited by their psychotropic effects. However, phytocannabinoids like cannabidiol (CBD), devoid of psychoactive activity, are, potentially, safe and effective alternatives for alleviating neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in C57BL/6 mice, as a model of multiple sclerosis. Using immunocytochemistry and cell proliferation assays we evaluated the effects of CBD on microglial activation in MOG-immunized animals and on MOG-specific T-cell proliferation. KEY RESULTS Treatment with CBD during disease onset ameliorated the severity of the clinical signs of EAE. This effect of CBD was accompanied by diminished axonal damage and inflammation as well as microglial activation and T-cell recruitment in the spinal cord of MOG-injected mice. Moreover, CBD inhibited MOG-induced T-cell proliferation in vitro at both low and high concentrations of the myelin antigen. This effect was not mediated via the known cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CBD, a non-psychoactive cannabinoid, ameliorates clinical signs of EAE in mice, immunized against MOG. Suppression of microglial activity and T-cell proliferation by CBD appeared to contribute to these beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kozela
- The Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nirit Lev
- Neurology Department, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Raya Eilam
- Histology Department, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
| | - Neta Rimmerman
- Neurobiology Department, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
| | - Rivka Levy
- Neurobiology Department, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
| | - Avraham Ben-Nun
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
| | - Ana Juknat
- The Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zvi Vogel
- The Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
- Neurobiology Department, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
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Rossi S, Furlan R, De Chiara V, Muzio L, Musella A, Motta C, Studer V, Cavasinni F, Bernardi G, Martino G, Cravatt BF, Lutz B, Maccarrone M, Centonze D. Cannabinoid CB1 receptors regulate neuronal TNF-α effects in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:1242-8. [PMID: 21473912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1Rs) regulate the neurodegenerative damage of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and of multiple sclerosis (MS). The mechanism by which CB1R stimulation exerts protective effects is still unclear. Here we show that pharmacological activation of CB1Rs dampens the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-mediated potentiation of striatal spontaneous glutamate-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), which is believed to cogently contribute to the inflammation-induced neurodegenerative damage observed in EAE mice. Furthermore, mice lacking CB1Rs showed a more severe clinical course and, in parallel, exacerbated alterations of sEPSC duration after induction of EAE, indicating that endogenous cannabinoids activate CB1Rs and mitigate the synaptotoxic action of TNFα in EAE. Consistently, we found that mice lacking the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and thus expressing abnormally high brain levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide, developed a less severe EAE associated with preserved TNFα-induced sEPSC alterations. CB1Rs are important modulators of EAE pathophysiology, and might play a mechanistic role in the neurodegenerative damage of MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rossi
- Neurologic Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Cannabinoids are a group of compounds that mediate their effects through cannabinoid receptors. The discovery of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as the major psychoactive principle in marijuana, as well as the identification of cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands, has led to a significant growth in research aimed at understanding the physiological functions of cannabinoids. Cannabinoid receptors include CB1, which is predominantly expressed in the brain, and CB2, which is primarily found on the cells of the immune system. The fact that both CB1 and CB2 receptors have been found on immune cells suggests that cannabinoids play an important role in the regulation of the immune system. Recent studies demonstrated that administration of THC into mice triggered marked apoptosis in T cells and dendritic cells, resulting in immunosuppression. In addition, several studies showed that cannabinoids downregulate cytokine and chemokine production and, in some models, upregulate T-regulatory cells (Tregs) as a mechanism to suppress inflammatory responses. The endocannabinoid system is also involved in immunoregulation. For example, administration of endocannabinoids or use of inhibitors of enzymes that break down the endocannabinoids, led to immunosuppression and recovery from immune-mediated injury to organs such as the liver. Manipulation of endocannabinoids and/or use of exogenous cannabinoids in vivo can constitute a potent treatment modality against inflammatory disorders. This review will focus on the potential use of cannabinoids as a new class of anti-inflammatory agents against a number of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases that are primarily triggered by activated T cells or other cellular immune components.
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Hasseldam H, Fryd Johansen F. Cannabinoid Treatment Renders Neurons Less Vulnerable Than Oligodendrocytes in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Int J Neurosci 2011; 121:510-20. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2011.582237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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