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Soni UK, Tripathi R, Jha RK. MCP-1 exerts the inflammatory response via ILK activation during endometriosis pathogenesis. Life Sci 2024:122902. [PMID: 39004271 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
AIMS MCP-1 has been shown to be elevated in endometriosis. ILK functions in several cellular events and interacts with MCP-1-signaling. In the current study, we evaluated the role of MCP-1-ILK signaling in human endometriotic cell's (Hs832(C).TCs) potential for colonization, invasion, adhesion, etc. and differentiation of macrophage along with inflammation in an endometriosis mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS A mouse model of endometriosis with elevated levels of MCP-1 was developed by injecting MCP-1. We examined the migration, adhesion, colonization and invasion of Hs832(C).TCs in response to MCP-1-ILK signaling. We also examined the differentiation of THP-1 cells to macrophage in response to MCP-1-ILK signaling. KEY FINDINGS We observed that MCP-1 increased Ser246 phosphorylation of ILK in Hs832(C).TCs and enhanced the migration, adhesion, colonization, and invasion of Hs832(C).TCs. In the mouse model of endometriosis, we found elevated chemokines (CCL-11, CCL-22 and CXCL13) levels. An increased level of MCP-1 mediated ILK activation, leading to increased inflammatory reaction and infiltration of residential and circulatory macrophages, and monocyte differentiation, but suppressed the anti-inflammatory reaction. The inhibitor (CPD22) of ILK reversed the MCP-1-mediated action by restoring Hs832(C).TCs and THP-1 phenotype. ILK inhibition in a mouse model of endometriosis reduced the effects of MCP-1 mediated pro-inflammatory cytokines, but increased anti-inflammatory response along with T-regulatory and T-helper cell restoration. SIGNIFICANCE Targeting ILK restores MCP-1 milieu in the peritoneal cavity and endometrial tissues, reduces the inflammatory response, improves the T-regulatory and T-helper cells in the endometriosis mouse model and decreases the migration, adhesion, colonization and invasion of endometriotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra Kumar Soni
- Female Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Rupal Tripathi
- Female Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Jha
- Female Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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2
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Verberk SGS, van der Zande HJP, Baardman J, de Goede KE, Harber KJ, Keuning ED, Lambooij JM, Otto F, Zawistowska-Deniziak A, de Vries HE, de Winther MPJ, Guigas B, Van den Bossche J. Myeloid ATP Citrate Lyase Regulates Macrophage Inflammatory Responses In Vitro Without Altering Inflammatory Disease Outcomes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669920. [PMID: 33981315 PMCID: PMC8107722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are highly plastic, key regulators of inflammation. Deregulation of macrophage activation can lead to excessive inflammation as seen in inflammatory disorders like atherosclerosis, obesity, multiple sclerosis and sepsis. Targeting intracellular metabolism is considered as an approach to reshape deranged macrophage activation and to dampen the progression of inflammatory disorders. ATP citrate lyase (Acly) is a key metabolic enzyme and an important regulator of macrophage activation. Using a macrophage-specific Acly-deficient mouse model, we investigated the role of Acly in macrophages during acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. First, we performed RNA sequencing to demonstrate that Acly-deficient macrophages showed hyperinflammatory gene signatures in response to acute LPS stimulation in vitro. Next, we assessed endotoxin-induced peritonitis in myeloid-specific Acly-deficient mice and show that, apart from increased splenic Il6 expression, systemic and local inflammation were not affected by Acly deficiency. Also during obesity, both chronic low-grade inflammation and whole-body metabolic homeostasis remained largely unaltered in mice with Acly-deficient myeloid cells. Lastly, we show that macrophage-specific Acly deletion did not affect the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an experimental model of multiple sclerosis. These results indicate that, despite increasing inflammatory responses in vitro, macrophage Acly deficiency does not worsen acute and chronic inflammatory responses in vivo. Collectively, our results indicate that caution is warranted in prospective long-term treatments of inflammatory disorders with macrophage-specific Acly inhibitors. Together with our earlier observation that myeloid Acly deletion stabilizes atherosclerotic lesions, our findings highlight that therapeutic targeting of macrophage Acly can be beneficial in some, but not all, inflammatory disorders.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase/genetics
- ATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase/metabolism
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/enzymology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Inflammation/enzymology
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides
- Macrophages/enzymology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Obesity/complications
- Peptide Fragments
- Peritonitis/chemically induced
- Peritonitis/enzymology
- Peritonitis/genetics
- Peritonitis/immunology
- Phenotype
- Signal Transduction
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne G. S. Verberk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen Baardman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kyra E. de Goede
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karl J. Harber
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eelco D. Keuning
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joost M. Lambooij
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Frank Otto
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anna Zawistowska-Deniziak
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Helga E. de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Menno P. J. de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jan Van den Bossche
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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3
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Dalla Costa G, Croese T, Pisa M, Finardi A, Fabbella L, Martinelli V, Leocani L, Filippi M, Comi G, Furlan R. CSF extracellular vesicles and risk of disease activity after a first demyelinating event. Mult Scler 2021; 27:1606-1610. [PMID: 33464186 DOI: 10.1177/1352458520987542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a recently described mechanism of cell communication, are released from activated microglial cells and macrophages and are a candidate biomarker in diseases characterized by chronic inflammatory process such as multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS We explored cerebrospinal fluid extracellular vesicle (CSF EV) of myeloid origin (MEVs), cytokine and chemokine levels in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). RESULTS We found that CSF MEVs were significantly higher in CIS patients than in controls and were inversely correlated to CSF CCL2 levels. MEVs level were significantly associated with an shorter time to evidence of disease activity (hazard ratio: 1.01, 95% confidence interval: 1.00-1.02, p < 0.01) independently from other known prognostic markers. CONCLUSION After a first demyelinating event, CSF EVs may improve risk stratification of these patients and allow more targeted intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Dalla Costa
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Croese
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Pisa
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorena Fabbella
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Letizia Leocani
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
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4
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Auvynet C, Baudesson de Chanville C, Hermand P, Dorgham K, Piesse C, Pouchy C, Carlier L, Poupel L, Barthélémy S, Felouzis V, Lacombe C, Sagan S, Chemtob S, Quiniou C, Salomon B, Deterre P, Sennlaub F, Combadière C. ECL1i, d(LGTFLKC), a novel, small peptide that specifically inhibits CCL2-dependent migration. FASEB J 2016; 30:2370-81. [PMID: 26979087 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
CC chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) is a key molecule in inflammatory diseases and is an obvious drug target for the treatment of inflammation. A number of nonpeptidic, competitive CCR2 antagonists have been developed, but none has yet been approved for clinical use. Our aim was to identify a short peptide that showed allosteric antagonism against human and mouse CCR2. On the basis of sequence analysis and 3-dimensional modeling, we identified an original 7-d-amino acid peptidic CCR2 inhibitor that we have called extracellular loop 1 inverso (ECL1i), d(LGTFLKC). In vitro, ECL1i selectively and potently inhibits CC chemokine ligand type 2 (CCL2)-triggered chemotaxis (IC50, 2 µM) but no other conventional CCL2-associated events. We used the classic competitive CCR2 antagonist, BMS22 {2-[(isopropylaminocarbonyl)amino]-N-[2-[[cis-2-[[4-(methylthio)benzoyl]amino]cyclohexyl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide}, as positive control and inhibited CCL2-dependent chemotaxis with an IC50 of 18 nM. As negative control, we used a peptide with the same composition as ECL1i, but in a different sequence, d(FKLTLCG). In vivo, ECL1i (4 mg/kg) interfered with CCR2-positive cell recruitment and attenuated disease progression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. This study establishes ECL1i as the first allosteric inhibitor of CCR2 with functional selectivity. ECL1i is a promising new agent in therapeutic development, and it may, by its selective effect, increase our understanding of CCR2 signaling pathways and functions.-Auvynet, C., Baudesson de Chanville, C., Hermand, P., Dorgham, K., Piesse, C., Pouchy, C., Carlier, L., Poupel, L., Barthélémy, S., Felouzis, V., Lacombe, C., Sagan, S., Salomon, B., Deterre, P., Sennlaub, F., Combadière, C. ECL1i, d(LGTFLKC), a novel, small peptide that specifically inhibits CCL2-dependent migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Auvynet
- *Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC)/Univ Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1135, INSERM Unité 1135, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Equipe de Recherche Labellisée (ERL) 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
| | - Camille Baudesson de Chanville
- *Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC)/Univ Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1135, INSERM Unité 1135, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Equipe de Recherche Labellisée (ERL) 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Hermand
- *Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC)/Univ Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1135, INSERM Unité 1135, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Equipe de Recherche Labellisée (ERL) 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
| | - Karim Dorgham
- *Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC)/Univ Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1135, INSERM Unité 1135, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Equipe de Recherche Labellisée (ERL) 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Piesse
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC/Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) 3631, CNRS, Service de Synthése Peptidique, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Pouchy
- *Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC)/Univ Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1135, INSERM Unité 1135, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Equipe de Recherche Labellisée (ERL) 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Carlier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC/Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Poupel
- *Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC)/Univ Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1135, INSERM Unité 1135, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Equipe de Recherche Labellisée (ERL) 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Barthélémy
- *Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC)/Univ Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1135, INSERM Unité 1135, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Equipe de Recherche Labellisée (ERL) 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Felouzis
- *Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC)/Univ Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1135, INSERM Unité 1135, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Equipe de Recherche Labellisée (ERL) 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
| | - Claire Lacombe
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC/Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Paris, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure-Université de Recherche Paris Sciences et Lettres, Département de Chimie, Paris, France; Faculté des Sciences et Technologie, Université Paris Est Créteil-Val de Marne, Créteil, France
| | - Sandrine Sagan
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC/Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Benoit Salomon
- *Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC)/Univ Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1135, INSERM Unité 1135, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Equipe de Recherche Labellisée (ERL) 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Deterre
- *Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC)/Univ Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1135, INSERM Unité 1135, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Equipe de Recherche Labellisée (ERL) 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
| | - Florian Sennlaub
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC/ Univ Paris 06, UMRS 968, INSERM, U968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-Direction des Hôpitaux et de l'Offre de Soins (DHOS), Centre d'Investigation Clinique 503, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Combadière
- *Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC)/Univ Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1135, INSERM Unité 1135, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Equipe de Recherche Labellisée (ERL) 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France;
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5
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Ummenthum K, Peferoen LAN, Finardi A, Baker D, Pryce G, Mantovani A, Bsibsi M, Bottazzi B, Peferoen-Baert R, van der Valk P, Garlanda C, Kipp M, Furlan R, van Noort JM, Amor S. Pentraxin-3 is upregulated in the central nervous system during MS and EAE, but does not modulate experimental neurological disease. Eur J Immunol 2015; 46:701-11. [PMID: 26576501 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pentraxin-3 (PTX3), an acute-phase protein released during inflammation, aids phagocytic clearance of pathogens and apoptotic cells, and plays diverse immunoregulatory roles in tissue injury. In neuroinflammatory diseases, like MS, resident microglia could become activated by endogenous agonists for Toll like receptors (TLRs). Previously we showed a strong TLR2-mediated induction of PTX3 in cultured human microglia and macrophages by HspB5, which accumulates in glia during MS. Given the anti-inflammatory effects of HspB5, we examined the contribution of PTX3 to these effects in MS and its animal model EAE. Our data indicate that TLR engagement effectively induces PTX3 expression in human microglia, and that such expression is readily detectable in MS lesions. Enhanced PTX3 expression is prominently expressed in microglia in preactive MS lesions, and in microglia/macrophages engaged in myelin phagocytosis in actively demyelinating lesions. Yet, we did not detect PTX3 in cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients. PTX3 expression is also elevated in spinal cords during chronic relapsing EAE in Biozzi ABH mice, but the EAE severity and time course in PTX3-deficient mice did not differ from WT mice. Moreover, systemic PTX3 administration did not alter the disease onset or severity. Our findings reveal local functions of PTX3 during neuroinflammation in facilitating myelin phagocytosis, but do not point to a role for PTX3 in controlling the development of autoimmune neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Ummenthum
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura A N Peferoen
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Dept. of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - David Baker
- Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry
| | - Gareth Pryce
- Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center and Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Bottazzi
- IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center and Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paul van der Valk
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center and Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Markus Kipp
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Dept. of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry
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6
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Kan QC, Pan QX, Zhang XJ, Chu YJ, Liu N, Lv P, Zhang GX, Zhu L. Matrine ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by modulating chemokines and their receptors. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:212-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Purohit S, Sharma A, Hopkins D, Steed L, Bode B, Anderson SW, Reed JC, Steed RD, Yang T, She JX. Large-Scale Discovery and Validation Studies Demonstrate Significant Reductions in Circulating Levels of IL8, IL-1Ra, MCP-1, and MIP-1β in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:E1179-87. [PMID: 26158606 PMCID: PMC4570171 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-1388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Previous studies have attempted to elucidate the potential role of various cytokines and chemokines in human type 1 diabetes (T1D); however, the precise role of these serum proteins in T1D is still controversial and undetermined primarily due to the small sample sizes of the previous studies. We profiled a panel of serum cytokines and chemokines using a large-scale, two-stage study design for the discovery and validation of the serum proteins associated with T1D. PARTICIPANTS The participants were patients with T1D and islet autoantibody-negative control subjects from the Phenome and Genome of Diabetes Autoimmunity study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Thirteen cytokines and chemokines were measured in serum of 4424 subjects using multiplex immunoassays. RESULTS Using 1378 samples in Stage 1, we found that four of the 13 proteins are significantly lower in patients with T1D than controls (IL8: odds ratio [OR] = 0.40; P = 5.7 × 10(-19); IL-1Ra: OR = 0.42; P = 1.1 × 10(-13); MCP-1: OR = 0.60; P = 6.7 × 10(-9); and MIP-1β: OR = 0.63; P = 4.2 × 10(-7)). Our confirmation data with 3046 samples in Stage 2 further confirmed the significant negative associations of these four proteins with T1D (IL8: OR = 0.43; P = 8.9 × 10(-32); IL-1Ra: OR = 0.56, P = 3.7 × 10(-27); MCP-1: OR = 0.61, P = 4.3 × 10(-17); and MIP-1β: OR = 0.69, P = 2.4 × 10(-13)). Quartile analyses also suggested that significantly more T1D cases have protein levels in the bottom quartile than in the top quartile for all four proteins: IL8 (OR = 0.09), IL-1Ra (OR = 0.18), MCP-1 (OR = 0.38), and MIP-1β (OR = 0.44). Furthermore, the negative associations between T1D and serum levels of all four proteins are stronger in genetically high-risk groups compared with the moderate and low-risk groups. CONCLUSIONS IL8, IL-1Ra, MCP-1, and MIP-1β are significantly lower in patients with T1D than controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Purohit
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine (S.P., A.S., D.H., L.S., J-X.S.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Atlanta Diabetes Associates (B.B.), Atlanta, Georgia 30318; Pediatric Endocrine Associates (S.W.A.), Atlanta, Georgia 30342; Southeastern Endocrine and Diabetes (J.C.R., R.D.S.), Atlanta, Georgia 30076; and Department of Endocrinology (T.Y.), First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 210029
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine (S.P., A.S., D.H., L.S., J-X.S.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Atlanta Diabetes Associates (B.B.), Atlanta, Georgia 30318; Pediatric Endocrine Associates (S.W.A.), Atlanta, Georgia 30342; Southeastern Endocrine and Diabetes (J.C.R., R.D.S.), Atlanta, Georgia 30076; and Department of Endocrinology (T.Y.), First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 210029
| | - Diane Hopkins
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine (S.P., A.S., D.H., L.S., J-X.S.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Atlanta Diabetes Associates (B.B.), Atlanta, Georgia 30318; Pediatric Endocrine Associates (S.W.A.), Atlanta, Georgia 30342; Southeastern Endocrine and Diabetes (J.C.R., R.D.S.), Atlanta, Georgia 30076; and Department of Endocrinology (T.Y.), First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 210029
| | - Leigh Steed
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine (S.P., A.S., D.H., L.S., J-X.S.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Atlanta Diabetes Associates (B.B.), Atlanta, Georgia 30318; Pediatric Endocrine Associates (S.W.A.), Atlanta, Georgia 30342; Southeastern Endocrine and Diabetes (J.C.R., R.D.S.), Atlanta, Georgia 30076; and Department of Endocrinology (T.Y.), First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 210029
| | - Bruce Bode
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine (S.P., A.S., D.H., L.S., J-X.S.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Atlanta Diabetes Associates (B.B.), Atlanta, Georgia 30318; Pediatric Endocrine Associates (S.W.A.), Atlanta, Georgia 30342; Southeastern Endocrine and Diabetes (J.C.R., R.D.S.), Atlanta, Georgia 30076; and Department of Endocrinology (T.Y.), First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 210029
| | - Stephen W Anderson
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine (S.P., A.S., D.H., L.S., J-X.S.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Atlanta Diabetes Associates (B.B.), Atlanta, Georgia 30318; Pediatric Endocrine Associates (S.W.A.), Atlanta, Georgia 30342; Southeastern Endocrine and Diabetes (J.C.R., R.D.S.), Atlanta, Georgia 30076; and Department of Endocrinology (T.Y.), First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 210029
| | - John Chip Reed
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine (S.P., A.S., D.H., L.S., J-X.S.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Atlanta Diabetes Associates (B.B.), Atlanta, Georgia 30318; Pediatric Endocrine Associates (S.W.A.), Atlanta, Georgia 30342; Southeastern Endocrine and Diabetes (J.C.R., R.D.S.), Atlanta, Georgia 30076; and Department of Endocrinology (T.Y.), First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 210029
| | - R Dennis Steed
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine (S.P., A.S., D.H., L.S., J-X.S.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Atlanta Diabetes Associates (B.B.), Atlanta, Georgia 30318; Pediatric Endocrine Associates (S.W.A.), Atlanta, Georgia 30342; Southeastern Endocrine and Diabetes (J.C.R., R.D.S.), Atlanta, Georgia 30076; and Department of Endocrinology (T.Y.), First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 210029
| | - Tao Yang
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine (S.P., A.S., D.H., L.S., J-X.S.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Atlanta Diabetes Associates (B.B.), Atlanta, Georgia 30318; Pediatric Endocrine Associates (S.W.A.), Atlanta, Georgia 30342; Southeastern Endocrine and Diabetes (J.C.R., R.D.S.), Atlanta, Georgia 30076; and Department of Endocrinology (T.Y.), First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 210029
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine (S.P., A.S., D.H., L.S., J-X.S.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Atlanta Diabetes Associates (B.B.), Atlanta, Georgia 30318; Pediatric Endocrine Associates (S.W.A.), Atlanta, Georgia 30342; Southeastern Endocrine and Diabetes (J.C.R., R.D.S.), Atlanta, Georgia 30076; and Department of Endocrinology (T.Y.), First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 210029
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8
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Jurewicz A, Zaleski K, Domowicz M, Selmaj K. High CD6 and low chemokine receptor expression on peripheral blood lymphocytes correlates with MRI gadolinium enhancement in MS. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 276:187-94. [PMID: 25242631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.08.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Correlation between gadolinium-enhancing [Gd(+)] lesions on MRI and expression of CD6 molecules and a group of chemokine receptors on peripheral blood (PB) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immune cells was measured in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Twenty remitting-relapsing MS patients with (n=10) and without (n=10) Gd(+) lesions entered the study. mRNA and surface expression of CD6 and CCR1, CCR2, CCR3 and CCR5 was measured by immunostaining and flow cytometry. Expression of mRNA and surface staining for CD6 in PB T lymphocytes was increased in Gd(+) compared to Gd(-) patients (p<0.01; p<0.05, respectively). CD6 mRNA correlated with the number and size of Gd(+) lesions (r=0.67, and r=0.65 respectively). mRNA and surface expression for CCR1, CCR2, and CCR3 in PB cells was lower in Gd(+) compared to Gd(-) MS patients (p<0.05, p<0.05). The frequency of cells co-expressing CD6 with CCR1 and CCR5 was low in PB T lymphocytes and high in CSF (p<0.05, p<0.05). These results suggest that Gd(+) correlates with increased expression of CD6 and decreased expression of chemokine receptors on PB T lymphocytes. Co-expression of CD6 with CCR1 and CCR5 predisposes cells for transmigration into CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jurewicz
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | | | - Krzysztof Selmaj
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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9
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Prins M, Dutta R, Baselmans B, Brevé JJP, Bol JGJM, Deckard SA, van der Valk P, Amor S, Trapp BD, de Vries HE, Drukarch B, van Dam AM. Discrepancy in CCL2 and CCR2 expression in white versus grey matter hippocampal lesions of Multiple Sclerosis patients. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:98. [PMID: 25149422 PMCID: PMC4158064 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-014-0098-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A remarkable pathological difference between grey matter lesions (GML) and white matter lesions (WML) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients is the paucity of infiltrating leukocytes in GML. To better understand these pathological differences, we hypothesize that the chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1 or CCL2), of importance for leukocyte migration, and its receptor CCR2 are more abundantly expressed in WML than in GML of MS patients. To this end, we analyzed CCL2 and CCR2 expression in the hippocampus, comprising WML and GML,of post-mortem MS patients, and of control subjects. CCL2 and CCR2 mRNA were significantly increased in demyelinated MS hippocampus. Semi-quantification of CCL2 and CCR2 immunoreactivity showed that CCL2 is present in astrocytes only in active WML. CCR2 is upregulated in monocytes/macrophages or amoeboid microglia in active WML, and in ramified microglia in active GML, although to a lesser extent. As a follow-up, we observed a significantly increased CCL2 production by WM-, but not GM-derived astrocytes upon stimulation with bz-ATP in vitro. Finally, upon CCL2 stimulation, GM-derived microglia significantly increased their proliferation rate. We conclude that within hippocampal lesions, CCL2 expression is mainly restricted to WML, whereas the receptor CCR2 is upregulated in both WML and GML. The relative absence of CCL2 in GML may explain the lack of infiltrating immune cells in this type of lesions. We propose that the divergent expression of CCL2 and CCR2 in WML and GML explains or contributes to the differences in WML and GML formation in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes Prins
- />Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 Amsterdam, BT The Netherlands
| | - Ranjan Dutta
- />Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Bart Baselmans
- />Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 Amsterdam, BT The Netherlands
| | - John J P Brevé
- />Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 Amsterdam, BT The Netherlands
| | - John G J M Bol
- />Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 Amsterdam, BT The Netherlands
| | - Sadie A Deckard
- />Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Paul van der Valk
- />Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Amor
- />Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- />Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, VU University Medical Center, London, UK
| | - Bruce D Trapp
- />Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Helga E de Vries
- />Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- />Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 Amsterdam, BT The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie van Dam
- />Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 Amsterdam, BT The Netherlands
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10
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Macrophages: a double-edged sword in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Immunol Lett 2014; 160:17-22. [PMID: 24698730 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating neurological disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by activation and infiltration of leukocytes and dendritic cells into the CNS. In the initial phase of MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), peripheral macrophages infiltrate into the CNS, where, together with residential microglia, they participate in the induction and development of disease. During the early phase, microglia/macrophages are immediately activated to become classically activated macrophages (M1 cells), release pro-inflammatory cytokines and damage CNS tissue. During the later phase, microglia/macrophages in the inflamed CNS are less activated, present as alternatively activated macrophage phenotype (M2 cells), releasing anti-inflammatory cytokines, accompanied by inflammation resolution and tissue repair. The balance between activation and polarization of M1 cells and M2 cells in the CNS is important for disease progression. Pro-inflammatory IFN-γ and IL-12 drive M1 cell polarization, while IL-4 and IL-13 drive M2 cell polarization. Given that polarized macrophages are reversible in a well-defined cytokine environment, macrophage phenotypes in the CNS can be modulated by molecular intervention. This review summarizes the detrimental and beneficial roles of microglia and macrophages in the CNS, with an emphasis on the role of M2 cells in EAE and MS patients.
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11
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Cytokine production profiles in chronic relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: IFN-γ and TNF-α are important participants in the first attack but not in the relapse. J Neurol Sci 2014; 340:117-22. [PMID: 24655735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease often displaying a relapsing-remitting course of neurological manifestations that is mimicked by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in animal models of MS. In particular, NOD mice immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35-55 develop chronic relapsing-remitting EAE (CREAE). To elucidate the mechanisms that cause MS relapse, we investigated the histopathology and cytokine production of spleen cells and mRNA expression levels in the central nervous system (CNS) of CREAE mice. During the first attack, inflammatory cell infiltration around small vessels and in the subarachnoid space was observed in the spinal cord. Spleen cell production and mRNA expression in the CNS of several cytokines, including IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, and CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), were higher in CREAE mice than in controls. Afterwards, parenchymal infiltration and demyelination were observed histologically in the spinal cord and corresponded with the more severe clinical symptoms of the first and second relapses. IL-17 and CCL2, but not IFN-γ, TNF-α, or IL-6, were also produced by spleen cells during recurrences. Our results suggested that the immune mechanisms in relapses were different from those in the first attack for CREAE. Further investigation of CREAE mechanisms may provide important insights into successful therapies for human relapsing-remitting MS.
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12
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Eitas TK, Chou WC, Wen H, Gris D, Robbins GR, Brickey J, Oyama Y, Ting JPY. The nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) family member NLRX1 mediates protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and represses macrophage/microglia-induced inflammation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:4173-9. [PMID: 24366868 PMCID: PMC3924282 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.533034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing (NLR) family of proteins is known to activate innate immunity, and the inflammasome-associated NLRs are prime examples. In contrast, the concept that NLRs can inhibit innate immunity is still debated, and the impact of such inhibitory NLRs in diseases shaped by adaptive immune responses is entirely unexplored. This study demonstrates that, in contrast to other NLRs that activate immunity, NLRX1 plays a protective role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model for multiple sclerosis. When compared with wild-type controls, Nlrx1(-/-) mice have significantly worsened clinical scores and heightened CNS tissue damage during EAE. NLRX1 does not alter the production of encephalitogenic T cells in the peripheral lymphatic tissue, but Nlrx1(-/-) mice are more susceptible to adoptively transferred myelin-reactive T cells. Analysis of the macrophage and microglial populations indicates that NLRX1 reduces activation during both active and passive EAE models. This work represents the first case of an NLR that attenuates microglia inflammatory activities and protects against a neurodegenerative disease model caused by autoreactive T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Inflammation
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Microglia/immunology
- Microglia/metabolism
- Microglia/pathology
- Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics
- Mitochondrial Proteins/immunology
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei-Chun Chou
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Haitao Wen
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Denis Gris
- the University of Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel, Sherbrooke, Quebec JIH 5N4, Canada
| | | | - June Brickey
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | | | - Jenny P.-Y. Ting
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Cancer Research Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and
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13
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Sagar D, Lamontagne A, Foss CA, Khan ZK, Pomper MG, Jain P. Dendritic cell CNS recruitment correlates with disease severity in EAE via CCL2 chemotaxis at the blood-brain barrier through paracellular transmigration and ERK activation. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:245. [PMID: 23102113 PMCID: PMC3533869 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transmigration of circulating dendritic cells (DCs) into the central nervous system (CNS) across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has not thus far been investigated. An increase in immune cell infiltration across the BBB, uncontrolled activation and antigen presentation are influenced by chemokines. Chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is a potent chemoattractant known to be secreted by the BBB but has not been implicated in the recruitment of DCs specifically at the BBB. METHODS Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in C57BL/6 mice by injection of MOG35-55 peptide and pertussis toxin intraperitoneally. Animals with increasing degree of EAE score were sacrificed and subjected to near-infrared and fluorescence imaging analysis to detect and localize the accumulation of CD11c+-labeled DCs with respect to CCL2 expression. To further characterize the direct effect of CCL2 in DC trafficking at the BBB, we utilized an in vitro BBB model consisting of human brain microvascular endothelial cells to compare migratory patterns of monocyte-derived dendritic cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Further, this model was used to image transmigration using fluorescence microcopy and to assess specific molecular signaling pathways involved in transmigration. RESULTS Near-infrared imaging of DC transmigration correlated with the severity of inflammation during EAE. Ex vivo histology confirmed the presence of CCL2 in EAE lesions, with DCs emerging from perivascular spaces. DCs exhibited more efficient transmigration than T cells in BBB model studies. These observations correlated with transwell imaging, which indicated a paracellular versus transcellular pattern of migration by DCs and T cells. Moreover, at the molecular level, CCL2 seems to facilitate DC transmigration in an ERK1/2-dependent manner. CONCLUSION CNS recruitment of DCs correlates with disease severity in EAE via CCL2 chemotaxis and paracellular transmigration across the BBB, which is facilitated by ERK activation. Overall, these comprehensive studies provide a state-of-the-art view of DCs within the CNS, elucidate their path across the BBB, and highlight potential mechanisms involved in CCL2-mediated DC trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sagar
- Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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14
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The CCL2 synthesis inhibitor bindarit targets cells of the neurovascular unit, and suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:171. [PMID: 22788993 PMCID: PMC3488971 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Production of the chemokine CCL2 by cells of the neurovascular unit (NVU) drives critical aspects of neuroinflammation. Suppression of CCL2 therefore holds promise in treating neuroinflammatory disease. Accordingly, we sought to determine if the compound bindarit, which inhibits CCL2 synthesis, could repress the three NVU sources of CCL2 most commonly reported in neuroinflammation--astrocytes, microglia and brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC)--as well as modify the clinical course of neuroinflammatory disease. METHODS The effect of bindarit on CCL2 expression by cultured murine astrocytes, microglia and BMEC was examined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Bindarit action on mouse brain and spinal cord in vivo was similarly investigated by qRT-PCR following LPS injection in mice. And to further gauge the potential remedial effects of bindarit on neuroinflammatory disease, its impact on the clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice was also explored. RESULTS Bindarit repressed CCL2 expression by all three cultured cells, and antagonized upregulated expression of CCL2 in both brain and spinal cord in vivo following LPS administration. Bindarit also significantly modified the course and severity of clinical EAE, diminished the incidence and onset of disease, and evidenced signs of disease reversal. CONCLUSION Bindarit was effective in suppressing CCL2 expression by cultured NVU cells as well as brain and spinal cord tissue in vivo. It further modulated the course of clinical EAE in both preventative and therapeutic ways. Collectively, these results suggest that bindarit might prove an effective treatment for neuroinflammatory disease.
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15
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Ramesh G, Benge S, Pahar B, Philipp MT. A possible role for inflammation in mediating apoptosis of oligodendrocytes as induced by the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:72. [PMID: 22524232 PMCID: PMC3416675 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation caused by the Lyme disease spirochete B. burgdorferi is an important factor in the pathogenesis of Lyme neuroborreliosis. Our central hypothesis is that B. burgdorferi can cause disease via the induction of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines in glial and neuronal cells. Earlier we demonstrated that interaction of B. burgdorferi with brain parenchyma induces inflammatory mediators in glial cells as well as glial (oligodendrocyte) and neuronal apoptosis using ex vivo and in vivo models of experimentation. Methods In this study we evaluated the ability of live B. burgdorferi to elicit inflammation in vitro in differentiated human MO3.13 oligodendrocytes and in differentiated primary human oligodendrocytes, by measuring the concentration of immune mediators in culture supernatants using Multiplex ELISA assays. Concomitant apoptosis was quantified in these cultures by the in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and by quantifying active caspase-3 by flow cytometry. The above phenomena were also evaluated after 48 h of stimulation with B. burgdorferi in the presence and absence of various concentrations of the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone. Results B. burgdorferi induced enhanced levels of the cytokine IL-6 and the chemokines IL-8 and CCL2 in MO3.13 cells as compared to basal levels, and IL-8 and CCL2 in primary human oligodendrocytes, in a dose-dependent manner. These cultures also showed significantly elevated levels of apoptosis when compared with medium controls. Dexamethasone reduced both the levels of immune mediators and apoptosis, also in a manner that was dose dependent. Conclusions This finding supports our hypothesis that the inflammatory response elicited by the Lyme disease spirochete in glial cells contributes to neural cell damage. As oligodendrocytes are vital for the functioning and survival of neurons, the inflammation and subsequent apoptosis of oligodendrocytes induced by B. burgdorferi could contribute to the pathogenesis of Lyme neuroborreliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Ramesh
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
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16
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Wang J, Chen F, Zheng P, Deng W, Yuan J, Peng B, Wang R, Liu W, Zhao H, Wang Y, Wu G. Huperzine A ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via the suppression of T cell-mediated neuronal inflammation in mice. Exp Neurol 2012; 236:79-87. [PMID: 22524989 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Huperzine A (HupA), a sesquiterpene alkaloid and a potent and reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, possesses potential anti-inflammatory properties and is used for the treatment of certain neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. However, it is still unknown whether this chemical is beneficial in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, a progressive inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. In this study, we examined the immunomodulatory properties of HupA in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a T-cell mediated murine model of multiple sclerosis. The following results were obtained: (1) intraperitoneal injections of HupA significantly attenuate the neurological severity of EAE in mice. (2) HupA decreases the accumulation of inflammatory cells, autoimmune-related demyelination and axonal injury in the spinal cords of EAE mice. (3) HupA down-regulates mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-17) and chemokines (MCP-1, RANTES, and TWEAK) while enhancing levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) in the spinal cords of EAE mice. (4) HupA inhibits MOG(35-55) stimulation-induced T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ and IL-17 secretion in cultured splenocytes. (5) HupA inhibition of T-cell proliferation is reversed by the nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptor antagonist mecamylamine. We conclude that HupA can ameliorate EAE by suppressing autoimmune responses, inflammatory reactions, subsequent demyelination and axonal injury in the spinal cord. Therefore, HupA may have a potential therapeutic value for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and as a neuroimmunomodulatory drug to control human CNS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Acupuncture Research, WHO Collaborating Center for Traditional Medicine, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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17
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Huang XN, Fu J, Wang WZ. The effects of fasudil on the permeability of the rat blood-brain barrier and blood-spinal cord barrier following experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 239:61-7. [PMID: 21978848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) is a primary characteristic of multiple sclerosis (MS). We evaluated the protective effects of fasudil, a selective ROCK inhibitor, in a model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) that was induced by guinea-pig spinal cord. In addition, we studied the effects of fasudil on BBB and BSCB permeability. We found that fasudil partly alleviated EAE-dependent damage by decreasing BBB and BSCB permeability. These results provide rationale for the development of selective inhibitors of Rho kinase as a novel therapy for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- X N Huang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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18
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Phytosterols ameliorate clinical manifestations and inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Inflamm Res 2010; 60:457-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0288-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Wilson EH, Weninger W, Hunter CA. Trafficking of immune cells in the central nervous system. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:1368-79. [PMID: 20440079 DOI: 10.1172/jci41911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The CNS is an immune-privileged environment, yet the local control of multiple pathogens is dependent on the ability of immune cells to access and operate within this site. However, inflammation of the distinct anatomical sites (i.e., meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and parenchyma) associated with the CNS can also be deleterious. Therefore, control of lymphocyte entry and migration within the brain is vital to regulate protective and pathological responses. In this review, several recent advances are highlighted that provide new insights into the processes that regulate leukocyte access to, and movement within, the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma H Wilson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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20
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Jansma AL, Kirkpatrick JP, Hsu AR, Handel TM, Nietlispach D. NMR analysis of the structure, dynamics, and unique oligomerization properties of the chemokine CCL27. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:14424-37. [PMID: 20200157 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.091108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines have two essential interactions in vivo, with G protein-coupled receptors, which activate intracellular signaling pathways, and with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which are involved in cell surface localization and transport. Although it has been shown that chemokines bind and activate their respective G protein-coupled receptors as monomers, many chemokines oligomerize upon GAG binding, and the ability to oligomerize and bind GAGs is required for in vivo function. In this study, we investigated the structure, dynamics, and oligomerization behavior of cutaneous T-cell-attracting chemokine (CTACK, also known as CCL27) by NMR. (15)N relaxation and translational self-diffusion rates indicate that CCL27 oligomerizes, but in contrast to many other chemokines that form relatively discrete oligomers, CCL27 transitions between monomer, dimer, and tetramer species over a relatively narrow concentration range. A three-dimensional structure determination was pursued under conditions where CCL27 is primarily dimeric, revealing the standard motif for a chemokine monomer. Analysis of chemical shift perturbations of (1)H-(15)N HSQC spectra, relaxation-dispersion experiments, and filtered nuclear Overhauser effects suggest that CCL27 does not adopt a discrete CXC or CC dimer motif. Instead, CCL27 has uncommon oligomerization behavior, where several equilibria involving relatively low affinity interactions between different interfaces seem to be simultaneously at work. However, interaction with heparin avidly promotes oligomerization under conditions where CCL27 is monomeric by itself. We hypothesize that the plasticity in the oligomerization state may enable CCL27 to adopt different oligomeric structures, depending on the nature of the GAG binding partner, thereby providing a mechanism for increased diversity and specificity in GAG-binding and GAG-related functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane L Jansma
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA
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