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Alakhras NS, Zhang W, Barros N, Sharma A, Ropa J, Priya R, Yang XF, Kaplan MH. An IL-23-STAT4 pathway is required for the proinflammatory function of classical dendritic cells during CNS inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2400153121. [PMID: 39088391 PMCID: PMC11317592 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2400153121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Although many cytokine pathways are important for dendritic cell (DC) development, it is less clear what cytokine signals promote the function of mature dendritic cells. The signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) promotes protective immunity and autoimmunity downstream of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-12 and IL-23. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), Stat4-/- mice are resistant to the development of inflammation and paralysis. To define whether STAT4 is required for intrinsic signaling in mature DC function, we used conditional mutant mice in the EAE model. Deficiency of STAT4 in CD11c-expressing cells resulted in decreased T cell priming and inflammation in the central nervous system. EAE susceptibility was recovered following adoptive transfer of wild-type bone marrow-derived DCs to mice with STAT4-deficient DCs, but not adoptive transfer of STAT4- or IL-23R-deficient DCs. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) identified STAT4-dependent genes in DC subsets that paralleled a signature in MS patient DCs. Together, these data define an IL-23-STAT4 pathway in DCs that is key to DC function during inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada S. Alakhras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN46202
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN46202
| | - Wenwu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN46202
| | - Nicolas Barros
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN46202
| | - Anchal Sharma
- Advanced Analytics and Data Science, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY10016
| | - James Ropa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN46202
| | - Raj Priya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN46202
| | - X. Frank Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN46202
| | - Mark H. Kaplan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN46202
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN46202
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2
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Saadh MJ, Ahmed HM, Alani ZK, Al Zuhairi RAH, Almarhoon ZM, Ahmad H, Ubaid M, Alwan NH. The Role of Gut-derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Multiple Sclerosis. Neuromolecular Med 2024; 26:14. [PMID: 38630350 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-024-08783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic condition affecting the central nervous system (CNS), where the interplay of genetic and environmental factors influences its pathophysiology, triggering immune responses and instigating inflammation. Contemporary research has been notably dedicated to investigating the contributions of gut microbiota and their metabolites in modulating inflammatory reactions within the CNS. Recent recognition of the gut microbiome and dietary patterns as environmental elements impacting MS development emphasizes the potential influence of small, ubiquitous molecules from microbiota, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These molecules may serve as vital molecular signals or metabolic substances regulating host cellular metabolism in the intricate interplay between microbiota and the host. A current emphasis lies on optimizing the health-promoting attributes of colonic bacteria to mitigate urinary tract issues through dietary management. This review aims to spotlight recent investigations on the impact of SCFAs on immune cells pivotal in MS, the involvement of gut microbiota and SCFAs in MS development, and the considerable influence of probiotics on gastrointestinal disruptions in MS. Comprehending the gut-CNS connection holds promise for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches, particularly probiotic-based supplements, for managing MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, 11831, Jordan
| | - Hani Moslem Ahmed
- Department of Dental Industry Techniques, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq
| | - Zaid Khalid Alani
- College of Health and Medical Technical, Al-Bayan University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Zainab M Almarhoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hijaz Ahmad
- Section of Mathematics, International Telematic University Uninettuno, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II, 39, 00186, Rome, Italy.
- Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Mubarak Al-Abdullah, Kuwait.
- Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Mohammed Ubaid
- Medical Technical College, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
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3
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Clarkson BD, Grund EM, Standiford MM, Mirchia K, Westphal MS, Muschler LS, Howe CL. CD8+ T cells recognizing a neuron-restricted antigen injure axons in a model of multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e162788. [PMID: 37676734 PMCID: PMC10617772 DOI: 10.1172/jci162788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells outnumber CD4+ cells in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions associated with disease progression, but the pathogenic role and antigenic targets of these clonally expanded effectors are unknown. Based on evidence that demyelination is necessary but not sufficient for disease progression in MS, we previously hypothesized that CNS-infiltrating CD8+ T cells specific for neuronal antigens directly drive the axonal and neuronal injury that leads to cumulative neurologic disability in patients with MS. We now show that demyelination induced expression of MHC class I on neurons and axons and resulted in presentation of a neuron-specific neoantigen (synapsin promoter-driven chicken ovalbumin) to antigen-specific CD8+ T cells (anti-ovalbumin OT-I TCR-transgenic T cells). These neuroantigen-specific effectors surveilled the CNS in the absence of demyelination but were not retained. However, upon induction of demyelination via cuprizone intoxication, neuroantigen-specific CD8+ T cells proliferated, accumulated in the CNS, and damaged neoantigen-expressing neurons and axons. We further report elevated neuronal expression of MHC class I and β2-microglobulin transcripts and protein in gray matter and white matter tracts in tissue from patients with MS. These findings support a pathogenic role for autoreactive anti-axonal and anti-neuronal CD8+ T cells in MS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D.S. Clarkson
- Department of Neurology
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles L. Howe
- Department of Neurology
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology
- Division of Experimental Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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4
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Laaker C, Baenen C, Kovács KG, Sandor M, Fabry Z. Immune cells as messengers from the CNS to the periphery: the role of the meningeal lymphatic system in immune cell migration from the CNS. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1233908. [PMID: 37662908 PMCID: PMC10471710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1233908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades there has been a large focus on understanding the mechanisms of peripheral immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) in neuroinflammatory diseases. This intense research led to several immunomodulatory therapies to attempt to regulate immune cell infiltration at the blood brain barrier (BBB), the choroid plexus (ChP) epithelium, and the glial barrier. The fate of these infiltrating immune cells depends on both the neuroinflammatory environment and their type-specific interactions with innate cells of the CNS. Although the fate of the majority of tissue infiltrating immune cells is death, a percentage of these cells could become tissue resident immune cells. Additionally, key populations of immune cells can possess the ability to "drain" out of the CNS and act as messengers reporting signals from the CNS toward peripheral lymphatics. Recent data supports that the meningeal lymphatic system is involved not just in fluid homeostatic functions in the CNS but also in facilitating immune cell migration, most notably dendritic cell migration from the CNS to the meningeal borders and to the draining cervical lymph nodes. Similar to the peripheral sites, draining immune cells from the CNS during neuroinflammation have the potential to coordinate immunity in the lymph nodes and thus influence disease. Here in this review, we will evaluate evidence of immune cell drainage from the brain via the meningeal lymphatics and establish the importance of this in animal models and humans. We will discuss how targeting immune cells at sites like the meningeal lymphatics could provide a new mechanism to better provide treatment for a variety of neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Laaker
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Cameron Baenen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kristóf G. Kovács
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Matyas Sandor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Zsuzsanna Fabry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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5
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Alakhras NS, Kaplan MH. Dendritic Cells as a Nexus for the Development of Multiple Sclerosis and Models of Disease. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023:e2300073. [PMID: 37133870 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) results from an autoimmune attack on the central nervous system (CNS). Dysregulated immune cells invade the CNS, causing demyelination, neuronal and axonal damage, and subsequent neurological disorders. Although antigen-specific T cells mediate the immunopathology of MS, innate myeloid cells have essential contributions to CNS tissue damage. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that promote inflammation and modulate adaptive immune responses. This review focuses on DCs as critical components of CNS inflammation. Here, evidence from studies is summarized with animal models of MS and MS patients that support the critical role of DCs in orchestrating CNS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada S Alakhras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr, MS420, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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6
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Role of DAMPs and cell death in autoimmune diseases: the example of multiple sclerosis. Genes Immun 2023; 24:57-70. [PMID: 36750753 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-023-00198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) of unknown etiology and still incompletely clarified pathogenesis. The disease is generally considered a disorder resulting from a complex interplay between environmental risk factors and predisposing causal genetic variants. To examine the etiopathogenesis of the disease, two complementary pre-clinical models are currently discussed: the "outside-in" model proposing a peripherally elicited inflammatory/autoimmune attack against degraded myelin as the cause of the disease, and the "inside-out" paradigm implying a primary cytodegenerative process of cells in the CNS that triggers secondary reactive inflammatory/autoimmune responses against myelin debris. In this review, the integrating pathogenetic role of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in these two scenario models is examined by focusing on the origin and sources of these molecules, which are known to promote neuroinflammation and, via activation of pattern recognition receptor-bearing antigen-presenting cells, drive and shape autoimmune responses. In particular, environmental factors are discussed that are conceptually defined as agents which produce endogenous DAMPs via induction of regulated cell death (RCD) or act themselves as exogenous DAMPs. Indeed, in the field of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, recent research has focused on environmental triggers that cause secondary events in terms of subroutines of RCD, which have been identified as prolific sources of DAMPs. Finally, a model of a DAMP-driven positive feed-forward loop of chronic inflammatory demyelinating processes is proposed, aimed at reconciling the competing "inside-out" and "outside-in" paradigms.
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Ramos GP, Bamidele AO, Klatt EE, Sagstetter MR, Kurdi AT, Hamdan FH, Kosinsky RL, Gaballa JM, Nair A, Sun Z, Dasari S, Lanza IR, Rozeveld CN, Schott MB, Urrutia G, Westphal MS, Clarkson BD, Howe CL, Marietta EV, Luckey DH, Murray JA, Gonzalez M, Braga Neto MB, Gibbons HR, Smyrk TC, Johnsen S, Lomberk G, Faubion WA. G9a Modulates Lipid Metabolism in CD4 T Cells to Regulate Intestinal Inflammation. Gastroenterology 2023; 164:256-271.e10. [PMID: 36272457 PMCID: PMC9892272 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Although T-cell intrinsic expression of G9a has been associated with murine intestinal inflammation, mechanistic insight into the role of this methyltransferase in human T-cell differentiation is ill defined, and manipulation of G9a function for therapeutic use against inflammatory disorders is unexplored. METHODS Human naive T cells were isolated from peripheral blood and differentiated in vitro in the presence of a G9a inhibitor (UNC0642) before being characterized via the transcriptome (RNA sequencing), chromatin accessibility (assay for transposase-accessible chromatin by sequencing), protein expression (cytometry by time of flight, flow cytometry), metabolism (mitochondrial stress test, ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mas spectroscopy) and function (T-cell suppression assay). The in vivo role of G9a was assessed using 3 murine models. RESULTS We discovered that pharmacologic inhibition of G9a enzymatic function in human CD4 T cells led to spontaneous generation of FOXP3+ T cells (G9a-inibitors-T regulatory cells [Tregs]) in vitro that faithfully reproduce human Tregs, functionally and phenotypically. Mechanistically, G9a inhibition altered the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in lipid biosynthesis in T cells, resulting in increased intracellular cholesterol. Metabolomic profiling of G9a-inibitors-Tregs confirmed elevated lipid pathways that support Treg development through oxidative phosphorylation and enhanced lipid membrane composition. Pharmacologic G9a inhibition promoted Treg expansion in vivo upon antigen (gliadin) stimulation and ameliorated acute trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis secondary to tissue-specific Treg development. Finally, Tregs lacking G9a expression (G9a-knockout Tregs) remain functional chronically and can rescue T-cell transfer-induced colitis. CONCLUSION G9a inhibition promotes cholesterol metabolism in T cells, favoring a metabolic profile that facilitates Treg development in vitro and in vivo. Our data support the potential use of G9a inhibitors in the treatment of immune-mediated conditions including inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Piovezani Ramos
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Adebowale O Bamidele
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Emily E Klatt
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mary R Sagstetter
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ahmed T Kurdi
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Feda H Hamdan
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robyn Laura Kosinsky
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Joseph M Gaballa
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Asha Nair
- Division of Computational Biology, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Zhifu Sun
- Division of Computational Biology, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Ian R Lanza
- Metabolomics Core, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Cody N Rozeveld
- Department of Biology, Northwestern College, Orange City, Iowa
| | - Micah B Schott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Guillermo Urrutia
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Division of Research Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Maria S Westphal
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Charles L Howe
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eric V Marietta
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - David H Luckey
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Joseph A Murray
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michelle Gonzalez
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Manuel B Braga Neto
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Hunter R Gibbons
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Thomas C Smyrk
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Steven Johnsen
- Robert Bosch Center for Tumor Diseases, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gwen Lomberk
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Division of Research Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - William A Faubion
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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Clarkson BDS, Grund E, David K, Johnson RK, Howe CL. ISGylation is induced in neurons by demyelination driving ISG15-dependent microglial activation. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:258. [PMID: 36261842 PMCID: PMC9583544 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes of grey matter pathology and diffuse neuron injury in MS remain incompletely understood. Axonal stress signals arising from white matter lesions has been suggested to play a role in initiating this diffuse grey matter pathology. Therefore, to identify the most upstream transcriptional responses in neurons arising from demyelinated axons, we analyzed the transcriptome of actively translating neuronal transcripts in mouse models of demyelinating disease. Among the most upregulated genes, we identified transcripts associated with the ISGylation pathway. ISGylation refers to the covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like molecule interferon stimulated gene (ISG) 15 to lysine residues on substrates targeted by E1 ISG15-activating enzyme, E2 ISG15-conjugating enzymes and E3 ISG15-protein ligases. We further confirmed that ISG15 expression is increased in MS cortical and deep gray matter. Upon investigating the functional impact of neuronal ISG15 upregulation, we noted that ISG15 expression was associated changes in neuronal extracellular vesicle protein and miRNA cargo. Specifically, extracellular vesicle-associated miRNAs were skewed toward increased frequency of proinflammatory and neurotoxic miRNAs and decreased frequency of anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective miRNAs. Furthermore, we found that ISG15 directly activated microglia in a CD11b-dependent manner and that microglial activation was potentiated by treatment with EVs from neurons expressing ISG15. Further study of the role of ISG15 and ISGylation in neurons in MS and neurodegenerative diseases is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. S. Clarkson
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 1521C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Ethan Grund
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine and Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, MN 55905 Rochester, USA
| | - Kenneth David
- grid.418935.20000 0004 0436 053XConcordia College, Moorhead, MN USA
| | - Renee K. Johnson
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Charles L. Howe
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDivision of Experimental Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XCenter for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
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9
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Olate-Briones A, Escalona E, Salazar C, Herrada MJ, Liu C, Herrada AA, Escobedo N. The meningeal lymphatic vasculature in neuroinflammation. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22276. [PMID: 35344212 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101574rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is a unidirectional network of lymphatic endothelial cells, whose main role is to maintain fluid homeostasis along with the absorption of dietary fat in the gastrointestinal organs and management and coordination of immune cell trafficking into lymph nodes during homeostasis and under inflammatory conditions. In homeostatic conditions, immune cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, or T cells can enter into the lymphatic vasculature and move easily through the lymph reaching secondary lymph nodes where immune cell activation or peripheral tolerance can be modulated. However, under inflammatory conditions such as pathogen infection, increased permeabilization of lymphatic vessels allows faster immune cell migration into inflamed tissues following a chemokine gradient, facilitating pathogen clearance and the resolution of inflammation. Interestingly, since the re-discovery of lymphatic vasculature in the central nervous system, known as the meningeal lymphatic vasculature, the role of these lymphatics as a key player in several neurological disorders has been described, with emphasis on the neurodegenerative process. Alternatively, less has been discussed about meningeal lymphatics and its role in neuroinflammation. In this review, we discuss current knowledge about the anatomy and function of the meningeal lymphatic vasculature and specifically analyze its contribution to different neuroinflammatory processes, highlighting the potential therapeutic target of meningeal lymphatic vasculature in these pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Olate-Briones
- Lymphatic Vasculature and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Emilia Escalona
- Lymphatic Vasculature and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Celia Salazar
- Lymphatic Vasculature and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | | | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Andrés A Herrada
- Lymphatic Vasculature and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Noelia Escobedo
- Lymphatic Vasculature and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
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Hussain A, Rafeeq H, Munir N, Jabeen Z, Afsheen N, Rehman KU, Bilal M, Iqbal HMN. Dendritic Cell-Targeted Therapies to Treat Neurological Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:603-619. [PMID: 34743292 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the immune system's highly specialized antigen-presenting cells. When DCs are sluggish and mature, self-antigen presentation results in tolerance; however, when pathogen-associated molecular patterns stimulate mature DCs, antigen presentation results in the development of antigen-specific immunity. DCs have been identified in various vital organs of mammals (e.g., the skin, heart, lungs, intestines, and spleen), but the brain has long been thought to be devoid of DCs in the absence of neuroinflammation. However, neuroinflammation is becoming more recognized as a factor in a variety of brain illnesses. DCs are present in the brain parenchyma in trace amounts under healthy circumstances, but their numbers rise during neuroinflammation. New therapeutics are being developed that can reduce dendritic cell immunogenicity by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine production and T cell co-stimulatory pathways. Additionally, innovative ways of regulating dendritic cell growth and differentiation and harnessing their tolerogenic capability are being explored. Herein, we described the function of dendritic cells in neurological disorders and discussed the potential for future therapeutic techniques that target dendritic cells and dendritic cell-related targets in the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Hamza Rafeeq
- Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Nimra Munir
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Zara Jabeen
- Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Afsheen
- Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Khalil Ur Rehman
- Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China.
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, 64849, Monterrey, Mexico.
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11
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Pinto MV, Santos FMF, Barros C, Ribeiro AR, Pischel U, Gois PMP, Fernandes A. BASHY Dye Platform Enables the Fluorescence Bioimaging of Myelin Debris Phagocytosis by Microglia during Demyelination. Cells 2021; 10:3163. [PMID: 34831386 PMCID: PMC8620345 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is characterized by the presence of demyelinated regions with accumulated myelin lipid debris. Importantly, to allow effective remyelination, such debris must be cleared by microglia. Therefore, the study of microglial activity with sensitive tools is of great interest to better monitor the MS clinical course. Using a boronic acid-based (BASHY) fluorophore, specific for nonpolar lipid aggregates, we aimed to address BASHY's ability to label nonpolar myelin debris and image myelin clearance in the context of demyelination. Demyelinated ex vivo organotypic cultures (OCSCs) and primary microglia cells were immunostained to evaluate BASHY's co-localization with myelin debris and also to evaluate BASHY's specificity for phagocytosing cells. Additionally, mice induced with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) were injected with BASHY and posteriorly analyzed to evaluate BASHY+ microglia within demyelinated lesions. Indeed, in our in vitro and ex vivo studies, we showed a significant increase in BASHY labeling in demyelinated OCSCs, mostly co-localized with Iba1-expressing amoeboid/phagocytic microglia. Most importantly, BASHY's presence was also found within demyelinated areas of EAE mice, essentially co-localizing with lesion-associated Iba1+ cells, evidencing BASHY's potential for the in vivo bioimaging of myelin clearance and myelin-carrying microglia in regions of active demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Pinto
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.V.P.); (F.M.F.S.); (C.B.); (A.R.R.)
| | - Fábio M. F. Santos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.V.P.); (F.M.F.S.); (C.B.); (A.R.R.)
| | - Catarina Barros
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.V.P.); (F.M.F.S.); (C.B.); (A.R.R.)
| | - Ana Rita Ribeiro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.V.P.); (F.M.F.S.); (C.B.); (A.R.R.)
| | - Uwe Pischel
- CIQSO (Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible)—Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain;
| | - Pedro M. P. Gois
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.V.P.); (F.M.F.S.); (C.B.); (A.R.R.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Fernandes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.V.P.); (F.M.F.S.); (C.B.); (A.R.R.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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12
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Tan KT, Li S, Panny L, Lin CC, Lin SC. Galangin ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice via modulation of cellular immunity. J Immunotoxicol 2021; 18:50-60. [PMID: 33770444 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2021.1890863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) causes neurologic disabilities that effect musculature, sensory systems, and vision. This is largely due to demyelination of nerve fibers caused by chronic inflammation. Corticosteroid treatments ameliorate symptoms of MS, but do not successfully cure the disease itself. In the current study, the application of galangin, a phytochemical flavonoid extracted from the ginger family of Alpinis officinarum, on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE; mouse model for MS) was explored. This study investigated prophylactic and therapeutic activity of the drug and mechanisms by which it acts. The results revealed that galangin at 40 and 80 mg/kg could lower the incidence rate of MS, and alleviate clinical/pathological manifestations. Mice administered galangin presented with less limb paralysis, lower levels of inflammatory cell infiltrates, and decreased demyelination compared to vehicle controls. Levels of CD4+IFNγ+ (TH1) and CD4+IL-17A+ (TH17) cells in the spinal cords of EAE mice administered galangin were reduced and both cell types were not capable of expansion. More surprisingly, galangin inhibited antigen presentation and cytokine production by dendritic cells (DC). Formation of cytokines like IL-6, IL-12, and IL-23 were significantly decreased due to galangin in co-culture models of DC and T-cells. Taken together, the data lead one to conclude that galangin could potentially be used as a potent immunoregulatory agent to alleviate clinical symptoms and reduce the prevalence of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Tong Tan
- Department of Surgery, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shiming Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Huangang Normal University, Hubei, China
| | - Lauren Panny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Chi-Chien Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chao Lin
- Bachelor Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
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13
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Tritz ZP, Orozco RC, Malo CS, Ayasoufi K, Fain CE, Khadka RH, Goddery EN, Yokanovich LT, Settell ML, Hansen MJ, Jin F, Pavelko KD, Pease LR, Johnson AJ. Conditional Silencing of H-2D b Class I Molecule Expression Modulates the Protective and Pathogenic Kinetics of Virus-Antigen-Specific CD8 T Cell Responses during Theiler's Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1228-1238. [PMID: 32737149 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection of the CNS is cleared in C57BL/6 mice by a CD8 T cell response restricted by the MHC class I molecule H-2Db The identity and function of the APC(s) involved in the priming of this T cell response is (are) poorly defined. To address this gap in knowledge, we developed an H-2Db LoxP-transgenic mouse system using otherwise MHC class I-deficient C57BL/6 mice, thereby conditionally ablating MHC class I-restricted Ag presentation in targeted APC subpopulations. We observed that CD11c+ APCs are critical for early priming of CD8 T cells against the immunodominant TMEV peptide VP2121-130 Loss of H-2Db on CD11c+ APCs mitigates the CD8 T cell response, preventing early viral clearance and immunopathology associated with CD8 T cell activity in the CNS. In contrast, animals with H-2Db-deficient LysM+ APCs retained early priming of Db:VP2121-130 epitope-specific CD8 T cells, although a modest reduction in immune cell entry into the CNS was observed. This work establishes a model enabling the critical dissection of H-2Db-restricted Ag presentation to CD8 T cells, revealing cell-specific and temporal features involved in the generation of CD8 T cell responses. Employing this novel system, we establish CD11c+ cells as pivotal to the establishment of acute antiviral CD8 T cell responses against the TMEV immunodominant epitope VP2121-130, with functional implications both for T cell-mediated viral control and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah P Tritz
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905.,Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Robin C Orozco
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905.,Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Courtney S Malo
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905.,Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - Cori E Fain
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905.,Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Roman H Khadka
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905.,Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Emma N Goddery
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905.,Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Lila T Yokanovich
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905.,Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Megan L Settell
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - Fang Jin
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - Larry R Pease
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN 55905.,Mayo Clinic Department of Biochemistry, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN 55905; .,Mayo Clinic Department of Molecular Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905; and.,Mayo Clinic Department of Neurology, Rochester, MN 55905
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14
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent primary brain tumor. In spite of the rigorous multimodal treatment involving surgery and radiochemotherapy, GBM has a dismal prognosis and rapid relapsing potential. Hence, search for novel therapeutic agents still continues. Neoantigens are the tumor-specific antigens which arise due to somatic mutations in the tumor genome. In recent years, personalized vaccine approach targeting neoantigens has been explored widely in cancer immunotherapy and several efforts have also been made to revolutionize the immunotherapy of cold tumors such as GBM using neoantigen targeted vaccines. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss the clinical application of personalized neoantigen targeted vaccine strategy in GBM immunotherapy. While discussing this strategy, we brief about the current challenges faced in GBM treatment by the novel immunotherapeutics. EXPERT OPINION To date, very few vaccines developed for GBM have reached till phase III clinical development. Early-phase clinical trials of GBM neoantigen vaccines have shown promising clinical outcomes and therefore, its rapid clinical development is warranted. Advent of newer and faster techniques such as next-generation sequencing will drive the faster clinical development of multiplex neoantigen vaccines and hence, increase in the clinical trials is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Y Londhe
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy &, Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS University , Mumbai, India
| | - Varada Date
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy &, Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS University , Mumbai, India
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15
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De Laere M, Berneman ZN, Cools N. To the Brain and Back: Migratory Paths of Dendritic Cells in Multiple Sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 77:178-192. [PMID: 29342287 PMCID: PMC5901086 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration of dendritic cells (DC) to the central nervous system (CNS) is a critical event in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). While up until now, research has mainly focused on the transmigration of DC through the blood-brain barrier, experimental evidence points out that also the choroid plexus and meningeal vessels represent important gateways to the CNS, especially in early disease stages. On the other hand, DC can exit the CNS to maintain immunological tolerance to patterns expressed in the CNS, a process that is perturbed in MS. Targeting trafficking of immune cells, including DC, to the CNS has demonstrated to be a successful strategy to treat MS. However, this approach is known to compromise protective immune surveillance of the brain. Unravelling the migratory paths of regulatory and pathogenic DC within the CNS may ultimately lead to the design of new therapeutic strategies able to selectively interfere with the recruitment of pathogenic DC to the CNS, while leaving host protective mechanisms intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime De Laere
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp
| | - Zwi N Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Edegem, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp
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16
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Central nervous system targeted autoimmunity causes regional atrophy: a 9.4T MRI study of the EAE mouse model of Multiple Sclerosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8488. [PMID: 31186441 PMCID: PMC6560061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44682-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrophy has become a clinically relevant marker of progressive neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS). To better understand atrophy, mouse models that feature atrophy along with other aspects of MS are needed. The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS was used to determine the extent of atrophy in a model of inflammation-associated central nervous system pathology. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and atlas-based volumetric analysis were performed to measure brain regional volumes in EAE mice. EAE brains were larger at peak clinical disease (days 14–16) compared to controls, with affected regions including the cerebellum, hippocampus, and corpus callosum. Following peak clinical disease, EAE mice exhibited significant loss of volume at chronic long-term disease duration (day 66+). Atrophy was identified in both white and grey matter regions including the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, corpus callosum, basal forebrain, midbrain, optic tract, and colliculus. Histological analysis of the atrophied cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus showed demyelination, and axonal/neuronal loss. We hypothesize this atrophy could be a result of inflammatory associated neurodegenerative processes, which may also be involved in MS. Using MRI and atlas-based volumetrics, EAE has the potential to be a test bed for treatments aimed at reducing progressive neurological deterioration in MS.
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17
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Hsu M, Rayasam A, Kijak JA, Choi YH, Harding JS, Marcus SA, Karpus WJ, Sandor M, Fabry Z. Neuroinflammation-induced lymphangiogenesis near the cribriform plate contributes to drainage of CNS-derived antigens and immune cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:229. [PMID: 30651548 PMCID: PMC6335416 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08163-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There are no conventional lymphatic vessels within the CNS parenchyma, although it has been hypothesized that lymphatics near the cribriform plate or dura maintain fluid homeostasis and immune surveillance during steady-state conditions. However, the role of these lymphatic vessels during neuroinflammation is not well understood. We report that lymphatic vessels near the cribriform plate undergo lymphangiogenesis in a VEGFC – VEGFR3 dependent manner during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and drain both CSF and cells that were once in the CNS parenchyma. Lymphangiogenesis also contributes to the drainage of CNS derived antigens that leads to antigen specific T cell proliferation in the draining lymph nodes during EAE. In contrast, meningeal lymphatics do not undergo lymphangiogenesis during EAE, suggesting heterogeneity in CNS lymphatics. We conclude that increased lymphangiogenesis near the cribriform plate can contribute to the management of neuroinflammation-induced fluid accumulation and immune surveillance. Lymphangiogenesis occurs in the context of systemic inflammation and development but has not been reported for the lymphatics that surround the CNS. Here the authors show that in the context of experimental autoimmune encephatlitis, lymphangiogenesis occurs at the cribriform plate, but not the meninges, and contributes to immune cell and antigen drainage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hsu
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Aditya Rayasam
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Julie A Kijak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Yun Hwa Choi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Harding
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Sarah A Marcus
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - William J Karpus
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Matyas Sandor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Zsuzsanna Fabry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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18
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Gharagozloo M, Gris KV, Mahvelati T, Amrani A, Lukens JR, Gris D. NLR-Dependent Regulation of Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2018; 8:2012. [PMID: 29403486 PMCID: PMC5778124 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.02012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) associated with inappropriate activation of lymphocytes, hyperinflammatory responses, demyelination, and neuronal damage. In the past decade, a number of biological immunomodulators have been developed that suppress the peripheral immune responses and slow down the progression of the disease. However, once the inflammation of the CNS has commenced, it can cause serious permanent neuronal damage. Therefore, there is a need for developing novel therapeutic approaches that control and regulate inflammatory responses within the CNS. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are intracellular regulators of inflammation expressed by many cell types within the CNS. They redirect multiple signaling pathways initiated by pathogens and molecules released by injured tissues. NLR family members include positive regulators of inflammation, such as NLRP3 and NLRC4 and anti-inflammatory NLRs, such as NLRX1 and NLRP12. They exert immunomodulatory effect at the level of peripheral immune responses, including antigen recognition and lymphocyte activation and differentiation. Also, NLRs regulate tissue inflammatory responses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that are placed at the crossroad of innate and adaptive immune responses, such as NLR-dependent pathways, could lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets. In this review, we provide a summary of the role of NLRs in the pathogenesis of MS. We also summarize how anti-inflammatory NLRs regulate the immune response within the CNS. Finally, we speculate the therapeutic potential of targeting NLRs in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Gharagozloo
- Program of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, CR-CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Katsiaryna V. Gris
- Program of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, CR-CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Tara Mahvelati
- Program of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, CR-CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Abdelaziz Amrani
- Program of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, CR-CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - John R. Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Denis Gris
- Program of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, CR-CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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19
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Shrestha B, Jiang X, Ge S, Paul D, Chianchiano P, Pachter JS. Spatiotemporal resolution of spinal meningeal and parenchymal inflammation during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 108:159-172. [PMID: 28844788 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by active immunization of C57BL/6 mice with peptide from myelin oligodendrocyte protein (MOG35-55), is a neuroinflammatory, demyelinating disease widely recognized as an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Typically, EAE presents with an ascending course of paralysis, and inflammation that is predominantly localized to the spinal cord. Recent studies have further indicated that inflammation - in both MS and EAE - might initiate within the meninges and propagate from there to the underlying parenchyma. However, the patterns of inflammation within the respective meningeal and parenchymal compartments along the length of the spinal cord, and the progression with which these patterns develop during EAE, have yet to be detailed. Such analysis could hold key to identifying factors critical for spreading, as well as constraining, inflammation along the neuraxis. To address this issue, high-resolution 3-dimensional (3D) confocal microscopy was performed to visualize, in detail, the sequence of leukocyte infiltration at distinct regions of the spinal cord. High quality virtual slide scanning for imaging the entire spinal cord using epifluorescence was further conducted to highlight the directionality and relative degree of inflammation. Meningeal inflammation was found to precede parenchymal inflammation at all levels of the spinal cord, but did not develop equally or simultaneously throughout the subarachnoid space (SAS) of the meninges. Instead, meningeal inflammation was initially most obvious in the caudal SAS, from which it progressed to the immediate underlying parenchyma, paralleling the first signs of clinical disease in the tail and hind limbs. Meningeal inflammation could then be seen to extend in the caudal-to-rostral direction, followed by a similar, but delayed, trajectory of parenchymal inflammation. To additionally determine whether the course of ascending paralysis and leukocyte infiltration during EAE is reflected in differences in inflammatory gene expression by meningeal and parenchymal microvessels along the spinal cord, laser capture microdissection (LCM) coupled with gene expression profiling was performed. Expression profiles varied between these respective vessel populations at both the cervical and caudal levels of the spinal cord during disease progression, and within each vessel population at different levels of the cord at a given time during disease. These results reinforce a significant role for the meninges in the development and propagation of central nervous system inflammation associated with MS and EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Shrestha
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Dept. of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, United States.
| | - Xi Jiang
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Dept. of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, United States.
| | - Shujun Ge
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Dept. of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, United States.
| | - Debayon Paul
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Dept. of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, United States.
| | - Peter Chianchiano
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Dept. of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, United States.
| | - Joel S Pachter
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Dept. of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, United States.
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20
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Sagar D, Singh NP, Ginwala R, Huang X, Philip R, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P, Neumann K, Ruland J, Andrews AM, Ramirez SH, Khan ZK, Jain P. Antibody blockade of CLEC12A delays EAE onset and attenuates disease severity by impairing myeloid cell CNS infiltration and restoring positive immunity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2707. [PMID: 28578388 PMCID: PMC5457463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of dendritic cells (DCs) recruitment across the blood brain barrier (BBB) during neuroinflammation has been the least explored amongst all leukocytes. For cells of myeloid origin, while integrins function at the level of adhesion, the importance of lectins remains unknown. Here, we identified functions of one C-type lectin receptor, CLEC12A, in facilitating DC binding and transmigration across the BBB in response to CCL2 chemotaxis. To test function of CLEC12A in an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), we administered blocking antibody to CLEC12A that significantly ameliorated disease scores in MOG35–55-induced progressive, as well as PLP138–151-induced relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. The decline in both progression and relapse of EAE occurred as a result of reduced demyelination and myeloid cell infiltration into the CNS tissue. DC numbers were restored in the spleen of C57BL/6 and peripheral blood of SJL/J mice along with a decreased TH17 phenotype within CD4+ T-cells. The effects of CLEC12A blocking were further validated using CLEC12A knockout (KO) animals wherein EAE disease induction was delayed and reduced disease severity was observed. These studies reveal the utility of a DC-specific mechanism in designing new therapeutics for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sagar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Narendra P Singh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Rashida Ginwala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaofang Huang
- Immunotope Inc., Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Ramila Philip
- Immunotope Inc., Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,William Jennings Bryan Dorn VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Konstantin Neumann
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Allison M Andrews
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Servio H Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zafar K Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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21
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CCR7 deficient inflammatory Dendritic Cells are retained in the Central Nervous System. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42856. [PMID: 28216674 PMCID: PMC5316931 DOI: 10.1038/srep42856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) accumulate in the CNS during neuroinflammation, yet, how these cells contribute to CNS antigen drainage is still unknown. We have previously shown that after intracerebral injection, antigen-loaded bone marrow DC migrate to deep cervical lymph nodes where they prime antigen-specific T cells and exacerbate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. Here, we report that DC migration from brain parenchyma is dependent upon the chemokine receptor CCR7. During EAE, both wild type and CCR7−/− CD11c-eYFP cells infiltrated into the CNS but cells that lacked CCR7 were retained in brain and spinal cord while wild type DC migrated to cervical lymph nodes. Retention of CCR7-deficient CD11c-eYFP cells in the CNS exacerbated EAE. These data are the first to show that CD11chigh DC use CCR7 for migration out of the CNS, and in the absence of this receptor they remain in the CNS in situ and exacerbate EAE.
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Ferrara G, Errede M, Girolamo F, Morando S, Ivaldi F, Panini N, Bendotti C, Perris R, Furlan R, Virgintino D, Kerlero de Rosbo N, Uccelli A. NG2, a common denominator for neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier alteration, and oligodendrocyte precursor response in EAE, plays a role in dendritic cell activation. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:23-42. [PMID: 27026411 PMCID: PMC4911384 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In adult CNS, nerve/glial-antigen 2 (NG2) is expressed by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and is an early marker of pericyte activation in pathological conditions. NG2 could, therefore, play a role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a disease associated with increased blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, inflammatory infiltrates, and CNS damage. We induced EAE in NG2 knock-out (NG2KO) mice and used laser confocal microscopy immunofluorescence and morphometry to dissect the effect of NG2 KO on CNS pathology. NG2KO mice developed milder EAE than their wild-type (WT) counterparts, with less intense neuropathology associated with a significant improvement in BBB stability. In contrast to WT mice, OPC numbers did not change in NG2KO mice during EAE. Through FACS and confocal microscopy, we found that NG2 was also expressed by immune cells, including T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs). Assessment of recall T cell responses to the encephalitogen by proliferation assays and ELISA showed that, while WT and NG2KO T cells proliferated equally to the encephalitogenic peptide MOG35-55, NG2KO T cells were skewed towards a Th2-type response. Because DCs could be responsible for this effect, we assessed their expression of IL-12 by PCR and intracellular FACS. IL-12-expressing CD11c+ cells were significantly decreased in MOG35-55-primed NG2KO lymph node cells. Importantly, in WT mice, the proportion of IL-12-expressing cells was significantly lower in CD11c+ NG2- cells than in CD11c+ NG2+ cells. To assess the relevance of NG2 at immune system and CNS levels, we induced EAE in bone-marrow chimeric mice, generated with WT recipients of NG2KO bone-marrow cells and vice versa. Regardless of their original phenotype, mice receiving NG2KO bone marrow developed milder EAE than those receiving WT bone marrow. Our data suggest that NG2 plays a role in EAE not only at CNS/BBB level, but also at immune response level, impacting on DC activation and thereby their stimulation of reactive T cells, through controlling IL-12 expression.
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Do not judge a cell by its cover--diversity of CNS resident, adjoining and infiltrating myeloid cells in inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:591-605. [PMID: 26251238 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Specialized populations of tissue-resident myeloid cells inhabit every organ of the body. While many of these populations appear similar morphologically and phenotypically, they exhibit great functional diversity. The central nervous system (CNS), as an immune privileged organ, possesses a unique tissue-resident macrophage population, the microglia, as well as numerous myeloid cell subsets at its boarders and barriers in CNS-adjoining tissues, namely the meninges, the perivascular space, and the choroid plexus. Recent research has added much to our knowledge about microglia, whereas the populations of CNS-surrounding phagocytes are just starting to be appreciated. As guardians of CNS homeostasis, these myeloid cells perform immune surveillance and immune modulatory tasks in health and disease. As such, microglia and CNS-surrounding antigen-presenting cells have been shown to be crucially involved not only in the initiation and progression but also resolution of multiple sclerosis (MS). MS and its rodent model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, are autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating CNS pathologies. While some crucial aspects of the disease pathogenesis have been solved, much of the complex involvement and interplay of the innate immune compartment remains yet to be clarified. Here, we will discuss the current understanding of the scope of phenotypes and functions of myeloid cells involved in CNS neuroinflammation.
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