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Li J, Li J, Li X, Wang W, Ding Y, Zhou J, Wang W, Xi Y, Gou R, Liu S, Zhou Z, Gao M. Identification of coagulation diagnostic biomarkers related to the severity of spinal cord injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 137:112505. [PMID: 38908081 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood always shows coagulation changes after spinal cord injury (SCI), and identifying these blood changes may be helpful for diagnosis and treatment of SCI. Nevertheless, studies to date on blood coagulation changes after SCI in humans are not comprehensive. Therefore, this study aims to identify blood coagulation diagnostic biomarkers and immune changes related to SCI and its severity levels. METHODS Human blood sequencing datasets were obtained from public databases. Differentially expressed coagulation-related genes were analyzed (DECRGs). Enrichment analysis and assessment of immune changes were conducted. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator logistic regression were used to identify biomarkers. Validation for these biomarkers was performed. The correlation between biomarkers and immune cells was evaluated. Transcription factors, miRNA, lncRNA, and drugs that can regulate biomarkers were analyzed. RESULTS DECRGs associated with SCI and its different grades were identified, showing enrichment in altered coagulation and immune-related signaling pathways. ADAM9, CD55, and STAT4 were identified as coagulation diagnostic biomarkers for SCI. IRF4 and PABPC4 were identified as coagulation diagnostic biomarkers for American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) A grade of SCI. GP9 was designated as a diagnostic biomarker for AIS D grade of SCI. Immune changes in blood of SCI and its different grades were observed. Correlation between diagnostic biomarkers and immune cells were identified. Transcription factors, miRNA, lncRNA, and drugs that can regulate diagnostic biomarker expression were discovered. CONCLUSION Therefore, detecting the expression of these putative diagnostic biomarkers and related immune changes may be helpful for predicting the severity of SCI. Uncovering potential regulatory mechanisms for biomarkers may be beneficial for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Li
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, 518107; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Orthopedic Research Institute/Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510080
| | - Junhong Li
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, 518107; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Orthopedic Research Institute/Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510080
| | - Xianlong Li
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, 518107; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Orthopedic Research Institute/Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510080
| | - Wei Wang
- Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China, 276000
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China, 341000
| | - Jiaxiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China, 266000
| | - Wentao Wang
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, 518107; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Orthopedic Research Institute/Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510080
| | - Yongming Xi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China, 266000
| | - Ruijie Gou
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China, 650091
| | - Shaoyu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Orthopedic Research Institute/Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510080
| | - Zhiyu Zhou
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, 518107; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Orthopedic Research Institute/Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510080.
| | - Manman Gao
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Fuzhou Second Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China, 350007.
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Wang R, Bai J. Pharmacological interventions targeting the microcirculation following traumatic spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:35-42. [PMID: 37488841 PMCID: PMC10479866 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.375304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury is a devastating disorder characterized by sensory, motor, and autonomic dysfunction that severely compromises an individual's ability to perform activities of daily living. These adverse outcomes are closely related to the complex mechanism of spinal cord injury, the limited regenerative capacity of central neurons, and the inhibitory environment formed by traumatic injury. Disruption to the microcirculation is an important pathophysiological mechanism of spinal cord injury. A number of therapeutic agents have been shown to improve the injury environment, mitigate secondary damage, and/or promote regeneration and repair. Among them, the spinal cord microcirculation has become an important target for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Drug interventions targeting the microcirculation can improve the microenvironment and promote recovery following spinal cord injury. These drugs target the structure and function of the spinal cord microcirculation and are essential for maintaining the normal function of spinal neurons, axons, and glial cells. This review discusses the pathophysiological role of spinal cord microcirculation in spinal cord injury, including its structure and histopathological changes. Further, it summarizes the progress of drug therapies targeting the spinal cord microcirculation after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Wang
- Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Surgery, Beijing Bo’ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinzhu Bai
- Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Surgery, Beijing Bo’ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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St-Pierre MK, González Ibáñez F, Kroner A, Tremblay MÈ. Microglia/macrophages are ultrastructurally altered by their proximity to spinal cord injury in adult female mice. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:273. [PMID: 37990235 PMCID: PMC10664529 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02953-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury can cause immediate physical damage to the spinal cord and result in severe neurological deficits. The primary, mechanical tissue damage triggers a variety of secondary damage mechanisms at the injury site which significantly contribute to a larger lesion size and increased functional damage. Inflammatory mechanisms which directly involve both microglia (MG) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) play important roles in the post-injury processes, including inflammation and debris clearing. In the current study, we investigated changes in the structure and function of MG/MDM in the injured spinal cord of adult female mice, 7 days after a thoracic contusion SCI. With the use of chip mapping scanning electron microscopy, which allows to image large samples at the nanoscale, we performed an ultrastructural comparison of MG/MDM located near the lesion vs adjacent regions to provide novel insights into the mechanisms at play post-injury. We found that MG/MDM located near the lesion had more mitochondria overall, including mitochondria with and without morphological alterations, and had a higher proportion of altered mitochondria. MG/MDM near the lesion also showed an increased number of phagosomes, including phagosomes containing myelin and partiallydigested materials. MG/MDM near the injury interacted differently with the spinal cord parenchyma, as shown by their reduced number of direct contacts with synaptic elements, axon terminals and dendritic spines. In this study, we characterized the ultrastructural changes of MG/MDM in response to spinal cord tissue damage in mice, uncovering changes in phagocytic activity, mitochondrial ultrastructure, and inter-cellular interactions within the spinal cord parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Fernando González Ibáñez
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Antje Kroner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 5000 W. National Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53295, USA.
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC) and Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health (IALH), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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Walsh CM, Wychowaniec JK, Costello L, Brougham DF, Dooley D. An In Vitro and Ex Vivo Analysis of the Potential of GelMA Hydrogels as a Therapeutic Platform for Preclinical Spinal Cord Injury. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300951. [PMID: 37114899 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition with no curative therapy currently available. Immunomodulation can be applied as a therapeutic strategy to drive alternative immune cell activation and promote a proregenerative injury microenvironment. Locally injected hydrogels carrying immunotherapeutic cargo directly to injured tissue offer an encouraging treatment approach from an immunopharmacological perspective. Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels are promising in this regard, however, detailed analysis on the immunogenicity of GelMA in the specific context of the SCI microenvironment is lacking. Here, the immunogenicity of GelMA hydrogels formulated with a translationally relevant photoinitiator is analyzed in vitro and ex vivo. 3% (w/v) GelMA, synthesized from gelatin type-A, is first identified as the optimal hydrogel formulation based on mechanical properties and cytocompatibility. Additionally, 3% GelMA-A does not alter the expression profile of key polarization markers in BV2 microglia or RAW264.7 macrophages after 48 h. Finally, it is shown for the first time that 3% GelMA-A can support the ex vivo culture of primary murine organotypic spinal cord slices for 14 days with no direct effect on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP+ ) astrocyte or ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1+ ) microglia reactivity. This provides evidence that GelMA hydrogels can act as an immunotherapeutic hydrogel-based platform for preclinical SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara M Walsh
- School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Jacek K Wychowaniec
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, Davos, 7270, Switzerland
| | - Louise Costello
- School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Dermot F Brougham
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Dearbhaile Dooley
- School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
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Patil V, Bohara R, Krishna Kanala V, McMahon S, Pandit A. Models and approaches to comprehend and address glial inflammation following spinal cord injury. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103722. [PMID: 37482236 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) culminates in chronic inflammation and glial scar formation driven by the activation of microglia and astrocytes. Current anti-inflammatory strategies to treat glial activation associated with SCI have several limitations. Existing in vitro and ex vivo models studying molecular mechanisms associated with inflammation focus only on the acute phase. However, the progression of glial cell-derived inflammation over the acute-to-chronic phases has not been assessed. Understanding this progression will help establish a framework for evaluating therapeutic strategies. Additionally, new models could be useful as high-throughput screening (HTS) platforms. This review aims to highlight currently available models and future methods that could facilitate screening of novel therapeutics for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Patil
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Raghvendra Bohara
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Vijaya Krishna Kanala
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Siobhan McMahon
- Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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Hu X, Xu W, Ren Y, Wang Z, He X, Huang R, Ma B, Zhao J, Zhu R, Cheng L. Spinal cord injury: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:245. [PMID: 37357239 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a severe condition with an extremely high disability rate. The challenges of SCI repair include its complex pathological mechanisms and the difficulties of neural regeneration in the central nervous system. In the past few decades, researchers have attempted to completely elucidate the pathological mechanism of SCI and identify effective strategies to promote axon regeneration and neural circuit remodeling, but the results have not been ideal. Recently, new pathological mechanisms of SCI, especially the interactions between immune and neural cell responses, have been revealed by single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptome analysis. With the development of bioactive materials and stem cells, more attention has been focused on forming intermediate neural networks to promote neural regeneration and neural circuit reconstruction than on promoting axonal regeneration in the corticospinal tract. Furthermore, technologies to control physical parameters such as electricity, magnetism and ultrasound have been constantly innovated and applied in neural cell fate regulation. Among these advanced novel strategies and technologies, stem cell therapy, biomaterial transplantation, and electromagnetic stimulation have entered into the stage of clinical trials, and some of them have already been applied in clinical treatment. In this review, we outline the overall epidemiology and pathophysiology of SCI, expound on the latest research progress related to neural regeneration and circuit reconstruction in detail, and propose future directions for SCI repair and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hu
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Center For Brain And Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Center For Brain And Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilong Ren
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Center For Brain And Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaojie Wang
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Center For Brain And Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolie He
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Center For Brain And Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Runzhi Huang
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Center For Brain And Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Ma
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Center For Brain And Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwei Zhao
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Center For Brain And Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200065, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, 200065, Shanghai, China.
- Clinical Center For Brain And Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liming Cheng
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200065, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, 200065, Shanghai, China.
- Clinical Center For Brain And Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China.
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Shafqat A, Albalkhi I, Magableh HM, Saleh T, Alkattan K, Yaqinuddin A. Tackling the glial scar in spinal cord regeneration: new discoveries and future directions. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1180825. [PMID: 37293626 PMCID: PMC10244598 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1180825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal regeneration and functional recovery are poor after spinal cord injury (SCI), typified by the formation of an injury scar. While this scar was traditionally believed to be primarily responsible for axonal regeneration failure, current knowledge takes a more holistic approach that considers the intrinsic growth capacity of axons. Targeting the SCI scar has also not reproducibly yielded nearly the same efficacy in animal models compared to these neuron-directed approaches. These results suggest that the major reason behind central nervous system (CNS) regeneration failure is not the injury scar but a failure to stimulate axon growth adequately. These findings raise questions about whether targeting neuroinflammation and glial scarring still constitute viable translational avenues. We provide a comprehensive review of the dual role of neuroinflammation and scarring after SCI and how future research can produce therapeutic strategies targeting the hurdles to axonal regeneration posed by these processes without compromising neuroprotection.
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Zhou R, Li J, Chen Z, Wang R, Shen Y, Zhang R, Zhou F, Zhang Y. Pathological hemodynamic changes and leukocyte transmigration disrupt the blood-spinal cord barrier after spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:118. [PMID: 37210532 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02787-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption is a key event after spinal cord injury (SCI), which permits unfavorable blood-derived substances to enter the neural tissue and exacerbates secondary injury. However, limited mechanical impact is usually followed by a large-scale BSCB disruption in SCI. How the BSCB disruption is propagated along the spinal cord in the acute period of SCI remains unclear. Thus, strategies for appropriate clinical treatment are lacking. METHODS A SCI contusion mouse model was established in wild-type and LysM-YFP transgenic mice. In vivo two-photon imaging and complementary studies, including immunostaining, capillary western blotting, and whole-tissue clearing, were performed to monitor BSCB disruption and verify relevant injury mechanisms. Clinically applied target temperature management (TTM) to reduce the core body temperature was tested for the efficacy of attenuating BSCB disruption. RESULTS Barrier leakage was detected in the contusion epicenter within several minutes and then gradually spread to more distant regions. Membrane expression of the main tight junction proteins remained unaltered at four hours post-injury. Many junctional gaps emerged in paracellular tight junctions at the small vessels from multiple spinal cord segments at 15 min post-injury. A previously unnoticed pathological hemodynamic change was observed in the venous system, which likely facilitated gap formation and barrier leakage by exerting abnormal physical force on the BSCB. Leukocytes were quickly initiated to transverse through the BSCB within 30 min post-SCI, actively facilitating gap formation and barrier leakage. Inducing leukocyte transmigration generated gap formation and barrier leakage. Furthermore, pharmacological alleviation of pathological hemodynamic changes or leukocyte transmigration reduced gap formation and barrier leakage. TTM had very little protective effects on the BSCB in the early period of SCI other than partially alleviating leukocyte infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that BSCB disruption in the early period of SCI is a secondary change, which is indicated by widespread gap formation in tight junctions. Pathological hemodynamic changes and leukocyte transmigration contribute to gap formation, which could advance our understanding of BSCB disruption and provide new clues for potential treatment strategies. Ultimately, TTM is inadequate to protect the BSCB in early SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubing Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Health Commission of P.R. China, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Junzhao Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Health Commission of P.R. China, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruideng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Shen
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Health Commission of P.R. China, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Health Commission of P.R. China, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Wang C, Yu X, Wang T, Ding M, Ran L, Wang L, Sun X, Wei Q, He C. Association between neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio and pneumonia in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2023; 61:106-110. [PMID: 35945428 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-022-00844-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio (NPAR) and pneumonia in patients with SCI. SETTING Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University. METHODS SCI patients admitted to West China Hospital within 24 h of injury were consecutively enrolled. Blood samples were collected on admission. Pneumonia was diagnosed based on chest radiography and clinician records of patient symptoms and laboratory tests. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between NPAR and pneumonia. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to assess the predictive value of NPAR. RESULTS A total of 264 SCI patients were included, of whom 65 (24.6%) developed pneumonia. NPAR was positively correlated with pneumonia (OR 2.66, 95% CI, 1.06-6.71, p = 0.038). Patients in the upper NPAR tertile (2.35-3.71) had a higher risk of pneumonia than patients in the lower tertile (1.66-2.12) after adjustment for potential confounders (OR 2.55, 95% CI, 1.05-6.19, p = 0.039). The risk of pneumonia increased stepwise across NPAR tertiles (p for trend = 0.031). The optimal cutoff value of NPAR for predicting pneumonia was 2.17 with a sensitivity of 0.82 and a specificity of 0.50. There was a significant interaction between NPAR and neurological level of injury (p for interaction = 0.034), with no significant association between NPAR and pneumonia in patients with cervical SCI. CONCLUSIONS A higher NPAR was independently associated with higher risk of pneumonia in a dose-dependent manner in patients with non-cervical SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyi Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingfu Ding
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liyu Ran
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Quan Wei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengqi He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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10
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Ayala C, Fishman M, Noyelle M, Bassiri H, Young W. Species Differences in Blood Lymphocyte Responses After Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:807-819. [PMID: 36367185 PMCID: PMC10150731 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
People with spinal cord injury (SCI) get recurrent infections, such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) and pneumonias, that cause mortality and worsen neurological recovery. Over the past decades, researchers have proposed that post-SCI lymphopenia and decreased lymphocyte function increase susceptibility to infections and worsen neurological outcome in humans, leading to a condition called SCI-induced immune depression syndrome (SCI-IDS). In this review, we explore how SCI affects blood lymphocyte homeostasis and function in humans and rodents. Understanding how SCI affects blood lymphocytes will help the management of recurrent infections in spinal cord injured people and shed light on the clinical translation of findings in animal models to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ayala
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Morgan Fishman
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Margot Noyelle
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hamid Bassiri
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wise Young
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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11
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Rosas Almanza J, Stehlik KE, Page JJ, Xiong SH, Tabor EG, Aperi B, Patel K, Kodali R, Kurpad S, Budde MD, Tarima S, Swartz K, Kroner A. IL-12p40 promotes secondary damage and functional impairment after spinal cord contusional injury. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:2213-2231. [PMID: 36089917 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Secondary damage obstructs functional recovery for individuals who have sustained a spinal cord injury (SCI). Two processes significantly contributing to tissue damage after trauma are spinal cord hemorrhage and inflammation: more specifically, the recruitment and activation of immune cells, frequently driven by pro-inflammatory factors. Cytokines are inflammatory mediators capable of modulating the immune response. While cytokines are necessary to elicit inflammation for proper healing, excessive inflammation can result in destructive processes. The pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12 and IL-23 are pathogenic in multiple autoimmune diseases. The cytokine subunit IL-12p40 is necessary to form bioactive IL-12 and IL-23. In this study, we examined the relationship between spinal cord hemorrhage and IL-12-related factors, as well as the impact of IL-12p40 (IL-12/IL-23) on secondary damage and functional recovery after SCI. Using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and protein tissue analyses, we demonstrated a positive correlation between IL-12 and tissue hemorrhage. Receptor and ligand subunits of IL-12 were significantly upregulated after injury and colocalized with astrocytes, demonstrating a myriad of opportunities for IL-12 to induce an inflammatory response. IL-12p40-/- mice demonstrated significantly improved functional recovery and reduced lesion sizes compared to wild-type mice. Targeted gene array analysis in wild-type and IL-12p40-/- female mice after SCI revealed an upregulation of genes associated with worsened recovery after SCI. Taken together, our data reveal a pathogenic role of IL-12p40 in the secondary damage after SCI, hindering functional recovery. IL-12p40 (IL-12/IL-23) is thus an enticing neuroinflammatory target for further study as a potential therapeutic target to benefit recovery in acute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Rosas Almanza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kyle E Stehlik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Justin J Page
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shuana H Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Emma G Tabor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Brandy Aperi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kishan Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rajiv Kodali
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shekar Kurpad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Matthew D Budde
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sergey Tarima
- Department of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Karin Swartz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Antje Kroner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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12
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Quercetin Derivatives in Combating Spinal Cord Injury: A Mechanistic and Systematic Review. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12121960. [PMID: 36556325 PMCID: PMC9783198 DOI: 10.3390/life12121960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) possesses a complicated etiology. There is no FDA-approved treatment for SCI, and the majority of current interventions focus on reducing symptoms. During SCI, inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy are behind the secondary phase of SCI and cause serious consequences. It urges the need for providing multi-targeting agents, that possess lower side effects and higher efficacy. The plant secondary metabolites are multi-targeting agents and seem to provide new roads in combating diseases. Flavonoids are phytochemicals of continual interest to scientists in combating neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Flavonoids are being studied for their biological and pharmacological effects, particularly as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-apoptotic, and autophagy regulators. Quercetin is one of the most well-known flavonols known for its preventative and therapeutic properties. It is a naturally occurring bioactive flavonoid that has recently received a lot of attention for its beneficial effects on NDDs. Several preclinical evidence demonstrated its neuroprotective effects. In this systematic review, we aimed at providing the biological activities of quercetin and related derivatives against SCI. Detailed neuroprotective mechanisms of quercetin derivatives are also highlighted in combating SCI.
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13
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Liu X, Song S, Chen Z, Gao C, Li Y, Luo Y, Huang J, Zhang Z. Release of O-GlcNAc transferase inhibitor promotes neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells in 3D bioprinted supramolecular hydrogel scaffold for spinal cord injury repair. Acta Biomater 2022; 151:148-162. [PMID: 36002129 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Precise fabrication of biomimetic three-dimensional (3D) structure and effective neuronal differentiation under the pathological environment are the key to neural stem cell (NSC)-based spinal cord injury (SCI) therapy. In this study, we have developed a spinal cord-like bioprinted scaffold loading with OSMI-4, a small molecule O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) inhibitor, to induce and guide the neuron differentiation of NSCs for efficient SCI repair. To achieve this, we developed a supramolecular bioink (SM bioink) consisting of methacrylated gelatin and acrylated β-cyclodextrins to load NSCs and OSMI-4. This bioink showed fast gelation and stable mechanical properties, facilitating bioprinting of functional neural scaffolds. Moreover, the weak host-guest cross-linking of the SM scaffolds significantly improved the cell-matrix interaction for the infiltration and migration of NSCs. What's more, the sustained delivery of OSMI-4 remarkably enhanced the intrinsic neuronal differentiation of the encapsulated NSCs in vitro by inhibiting Notch signaling pathway. In vivo experiment further revealed that the functional bioprinted scaffolds promoted the neuronal regeneration and axonal growth, leading to significant locomotor recovery of the SCI model rats. Together, the NSC-laden bioprinted SM scaffolds in combination with sustained release of the therapeutic agent OSMI-4 largely induced neuronal differentiation of NSCs and thus leading to efficient SCI repair. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Efficient neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) under the complex pathological microenvironment of spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major challenge of neural regeneration. By the use of a supramolecular bioink, we bioprinted a spinal cord-like scaffold loaded with NSCs and a small molecule drug OSMI-4 to significantly induce neuronal differentiation of NSCs for efficient SCI repair in vivo. The scaffolds with spinal cord-like structure can support the interaction and neuronal differentiation of NSCs by providing a dynamic matrix and a source of molecular release of OSMI-4. The influences of OSMI-4 on NSCs and its molecular mechanism were investigated for the first time in this study. Altogether, three-dimensional bioprinting fabrication of NSC- and small molecule drug-laden biomimetic construct may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for SCI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China; School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shaoshuai Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China; School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhongjin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China; School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chen Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China; School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China; School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yu Luo
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Intelligent Equipment, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center for Druggability of Cardiovascular Non-coding RNA, Institute for Frontier Medical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jie Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China; School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China; School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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14
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Feng Y, Peng Y, Jie J, Yang Y, Yang P. The immune microenvironment and tissue engineering strategies for spinal cord regeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:969002. [PMID: 35990891 PMCID: PMC9385973 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.969002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of neural tissue is limited following spinal cord injury (SCI). Successful regeneration of injured nerves requires the intrinsic regenerative capability of the neurons and a suitable microenvironment. However, the local microenvironment is damaged, including insufficient intraneural vascularization, prolonged immune responses, overactive immune responses, dysregulated bioenergetic metabolism and terminated bioelectrical conduction. Among them, the immune microenvironment formed by immune cells and cytokines plays a dual role in inflammation and regeneration. Few studies have focused on the role of the immune microenvironment in spinal cord regeneration. Here, we summarize those findings involving various immune cells (neutrophils, monocytes, microglia and T lymphocytes) after SCI. The pathological changes that occur in the local microenvironment and the function of immune cells are described. We also summarize and discuss the current strategies for treating SCI with tissue-engineered biomaterials from the perspective of the immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jing Jie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Jing Jie,
| | - Yumin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Yumin Yang,
| | - Pengxiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Pengxiang Yang,
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15
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Characterization of Ex Vivo and In Vitro Wnt Transcriptome Induced by Spinal Cord Injury in Rat Microglial Cells. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12060708. [PMID: 35741593 PMCID: PMC9221341 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that inflammation is crucial in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic central nervous system (CNS) injuries, and that microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) play a pivotal role in neuroinflammation. Therefore, the exploration of molecular signaling pathways that are involved in the microglia/macrophage response might help us to shed light on their eventual therapeutic modulation. Interestingly, there is growing evidence showing that the Wnt family of proteins is involved in different neuropathologies that are characterized by a dysregulated neuroinflammatory response, including spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, we aimed to validate a methodology with competence to assess the physiologically relevant Wnt expression patterns of active microglia and MDMs in a rat model of SCI. For that purpose, we have selected and adapted an in vitro system of primary microglia culture that were stimulated with a lesioned spinal cord extract (SCE), together with an ex vivo protocol of flow cytometry sorting of rat microglia/MDMs at different time-points after contusive SCI. Our study demonstrates that the expression profile of Wnt-related genes in microglia/MDM cells exhibit important differences between these particular scenarios which would be in line with previous studies where similar discrepancies have been described for other molecules. Moreover, our results provide for a first experimental report of the Wnt transcriptome in rat microglia and MDMs after SCI which, together with the research platform that was used in the study, and considering its limitations, we expect might contribute to foster the research on Wnt-driven immunomodulatory therapies.
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16
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Wang J, Xu L, Lin W, Yao Y, Li H, Shen G, Cao X, He N, Chen J, Hu J, Zheng M, Song X, Ding Y, Shen Y, Zhong J, Wang LL, Chen YY, Zhu Y. Single-cell transcriptome analysis reveals the immune heterogeneity and the repopulation of microglia by Hif1α in mice after spinal cord injury. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:432. [PMID: 35504882 PMCID: PMC9065023 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04864-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is regarded as a vital pathological process in spinal cord injury (SCI), which removes damaged tissue, secretes cytokines, and facilitates regeneration. Repopulation of microglia has been shown to favor recovery from SCI. However, the origin and regulatory factors of microglia repopulation after SCI remain unknown. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to portray the dynamic transcriptional landscape of immune cells during the early and late phases of SCI in mice. B cells and migDCs, located in the meninges under physiological conditions, are involved in immune surveillance. Microglia quickly reduced, and peripheral myeloid cells infiltrated three days-post-injury (dpi). At 14 dpi, microglia repopulated, myeloid cells were reduced, and lymphocytes infiltrated. Importantly, genetic lineage tracing of nestin+ and Cx3cr1+ cells in vivo showed that the repopulation of microglia was derived from residual microglia after SCI. We found that residual microglia regress to a developmental growth state in the early stages after SCI. Hif1α promotes microglial proliferation. Conditional ablation of Hif1α in microglia causes larger lesion sizes, fewer axon fibers, and impaired functional recovery in the late stages after SCI. Our results mapped the immune heterogeneity in SCI and raised the possibility that targeting Hif1α may help in axon regeneration and functional recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Wang
- grid.412465.0Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, China ,Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lintao Xu
- grid.412465.0Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, China ,Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Lin
- grid.412465.0Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, China ,Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin Yao
- grid.412465.0Department of Neurointensive Care Unit, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Heyangzi Li
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gerong Shen
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi Cao
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning He
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Chen
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jue Hu
- grid.506977.a0000 0004 1757 7957School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingzhi Zheng
- grid.506977.a0000 0004 1757 7957School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinghui Song
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCore Facilities, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuemin Ding
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XSchool of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueliang Shen
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinjie Zhong
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Basic Medicine Sciences, and Department of Obstetrics of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin-lin Wang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Basic Medicine Sciences, and Department of Orthopaedics of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying-ying Chen
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Basic Medicine Sciences, and Department of Obstetrics of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjian Zhu
- grid.412465.0Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, China ,Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Van Sandt RL, Welsh CJ, Jeffery ND, Young CR, McCreedy DA, Wright GA, Boudreau CE, Levine GJ, Levine JM. Circulating neutrophil activation in dogs with naturally occurring spinal cord injury secondary to intervertebral disk herniation. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:324-330. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.05.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the time course of circulating neutrophil priming and activity in dogs with spinal cord injury secondary to intervertebral disk herniation that undergo decompressive surgery.
ANIMALS
9 dogs with spinal cord injury and 9 healthy dogs (controls).
PROCEDURES
For dogs with spinal cord injury, blood samples were collected on the day of hospital admission and 3, 7, 30, and 90 days after injury and decompressive surgery. A single blood sample was collected from the control dogs. Flow cytometry analysis was performed on isolated neutrophils incubated with antibody against CD11b and nonfluorescent dihydrorhodamine 123, which was converted to fluorescent rhodamine 123 to measure oxidative burst activity.
RESULTS
Expression of CD11b was increased in dogs with spinal cord injury 3 days after injury and decompressive surgery, relative to day 7 expression. Neutrophils expressed high oxidative burst activity both 3 and 7 days after injury and decompressive surgery, compared with activity in healthy dogs.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
For dogs with spinal cord injury, high CD11b expression 3 days after injury and decompressive surgery was consistent with findings for rodents with experimentally induced spinal cord injury. However, the high oxidative burst activity 3 and 7 days after injury and decompressive surgery was not consistent with data from other species, and additional studies on inflammatory events in dogs with naturally occurring spinal cord injury are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae L. Van Sandt
- 1Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
- 2Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - C. Jane Welsh
- 2Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Nick D. Jeffery
- 1Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Colin R. Young
- 2Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Dylan A. McCreedy
- 3Department of Biology, College of Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Gus A. Wright
- 4Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
- 5Flow Cytometry Facility, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - C. Elizabeth Boudreau
- 1Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Gwendolyn J. Levine
- 4Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Jonathan M. Levine
- 1Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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18
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Salvador AFM, Kipnis J. Immune response after central nervous system injury. Semin Immunol 2022; 59:101629. [PMID: 35753867 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic injuries of the central nervous system (CNS) affect millions of people worldwide, and they can lead to severely damaging consequences such as permanent disability and paralysis. Multiple factors can obstruct recovery after CNS injury. One of the most significant is the progressive neuronal death that follows the initial mechanical impact, leading to the loss of undamaged cells via a process termed secondary neurodegeneration. Efforts to define treatments that limit the spread of damage, while important, have been largely ineffectual owing to gaps in the mechanistic understanding that underlies the persisting neuronal cell death. Inflammation, with its influx of immune cells that occurs shortly after injury, has been associated with secondary neurodegeneration. However, the role of the immune system after CNS injury is far more complex. Studies have indicated that the immune response after CNS injury is detrimental, owing to immune cell-produced factors (e.g., pro-inflammatory cytokines, free radicals, neurotoxic glutamate) that worsen tissue damage. Our lab and others have also demonstrated the beneficial immune response that occurs after CNS injury, with the release of growth factors such as brain-derived growth factor (BDNF) and interleukin (IL-10) and the clearance of apoptotic and myelin debris by immune cells1-4. In this review, we first discuss the multifaceted roles of the immune system after CNS injury. We then speculate on how advancements in single-cell RNA technologies can dramatically change our understanding of the immune response, how the spinal cord meninges serve as an important site for hosting immunological processes critical for recovery, and how the origin of peripherally recruited immune cells impacts their function in the injured CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Francesca M Salvador
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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19
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Haidar MA, Ibeh S, Shakkour Z, Reslan MA, Nwaiwu J, Moqidem YA, Sader G, Nickles RG, Babale I, Jaffa AA, Salama M, Shaito A, Kobeissy F. Crosstalk between Microglia and Neurons in Neurotrauma: An Overview of the Underlying Mechanisms. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:2050-2065. [PMID: 34856905 PMCID: PMC9886840 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211202123322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain and play a crucial role in housekeeping and maintaining homeostasis of the brain microenvironment. Upon injury or disease, microglial cells become activated, at least partly, via signals initiated by injured neurons. Activated microglia, thereby, contribute to both neuroprotection and neuroinflammation. However, sustained microglial activation initiates a chronic neuroinflammatory response which can disturb neuronal health and disrupt communications between neurons and microglia. Thus, microglia-neuron crosstalk is critical in a healthy brain as well as during states of injury or disease. As most studies focus on how neurons and microglia act in isolation during neurotrauma, there is a need to understand the interplay between these cells in brain pathophysiology. This review highlights how neurons and microglia reciprocally communicate under physiological conditions and during brain injury and disease. Furthermore, the modes of microglia-neuron communication are exposed, focusing on cell-contact dependent signaling and communication by the secretion of soluble factors like cytokines and growth factors. In addition, it has been discussed that how microglia-neuron interactions could exert either beneficial neurotrophic effects or pathologic proinflammatory responses. We further explore how aberrations in microglia-neuron crosstalk may be involved in central nervous system (CNS) anomalies, namely traumatic brain injury (TBI), neurodegeneration, and ischemic stroke. A clear understanding of how the microglia-neuron crosstalk contributes to the pathogenesis of brain pathologies may offer novel therapeutic avenues of brain trauma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Haidar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Stanley Ibeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Zaynab Shakkour
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohammad Amine Reslan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Judith Nwaiwu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yomna Adel Moqidem
- Biotechnology Program, School of Science and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Georgio Sader
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, Balamand, Lebanon
| | - Rachel G. Nickles
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ismail Babale
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Aneese A. Jaffa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology (I-GHHE), The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Abdullah Shaito
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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20
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Perez JC, Gerber YN, Perrin FE. Dynamic Diversity of Glial Response Among Species in Spinal Cord Injury. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:769548. [PMID: 34899275 PMCID: PMC8662749 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.769548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The glial scar that forms after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is mostly composed of microglia, NG2 glia, and astrocytes and plays dual roles in pathophysiological processes induced by the injury. On one hand, the glial scar acts as a chemical and physical obstacle to spontaneous axonal regeneration, thus preventing functional recovery, and, on the other hand, it partly limits lesion extension. The complex activation pattern of glial cells is associated with cellular and molecular crosstalk and interactions with immune cells. Interestingly, response to SCI is diverse among species: from amphibians and fishes that display rather limited (if any) glial scarring to mammals that exhibit a well-identifiable scar. Additionally, kinetics of glial activation varies among species. In rodents, microglia become activated before astrocytes, and both glial cell populations undergo activation processes reflected amongst others by proliferation and migration toward the injury site. In primates, glial cell activation is delayed as compared to rodents. Here, we compare the spatial and temporal diversity of the glial response, following SCI amongst species. A better understanding of mechanisms underlying glial activation and scar formation is a prerequisite to develop timely glial cell-specific therapeutic strategies that aim to increase functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yannick N Gerber
- MMDN, Université de Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence E Perrin
- MMDN, Université de Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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21
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Sheng X, Zhao J, Li M, Xu Y, Zhou Y, Xu J, He R, Lu H, Wu T, Duan C, Cao Y, Hu J. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Accelerate Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury by Promoting the Phagocytosis of Macrophages to Clean Myelin Debris. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:772205. [PMID: 34820385 PMCID: PMC8606563 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.772205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage phagocytosis contributes predominantly to processing central nervous system (CNS) debris and further facilitates neurological function restoration after CNS injury. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC)-derived exosomes (BMSC-Exos) on the phagocytic capability of macrophages to clear myelin debris and to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism during the spinal cord injury (SCI) process. This work reveals that monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) infiltrating into the SCI site could efficiently engulf myelin debris and process phagocytic material. However, the phagocytic ability of macrophages to clear tissue debris is compromised after SCI. The administration of BMSC-Exos as an approach for SCI treatment could rescue macrophage normal function by improving the phagocytic capability of myelin debris internalization, which is beneficial for SCI repair, as evidenced by better axon regrowth and increased hindlimb locomotor functional recovery in a rodent model. Examination of macrophage treatment with BMSC-Exos revealed that BMSC-Exos could promote the capacity of macrophages to phagocytose myelin debris in vitro and could create a regenerative microenvironment for axon regrowth. In addition, we confirmed that BMSC-Exo treatment resulted in improved phagocytosis of engulfed myelin debris by promoting the expression of macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) in macrophages. The inhibition of MARCO with PolyG (a MARCO antagonist) impaired the effect of BMSC-Exos on the phagocytic capacity of macrophages and resulted in compromised myelin clearance at the lesion site, leading to further tissue damage and impaired functional healing after SCI. In conclusion, these data indicated that targeting the phagocytic ability of macrophages may have therapeutic potential for the improvement in functional healing after SCI. The administration of BMSC-Exos as a cell-free immune therapy strategy has wide application prospects for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Sheng
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinyun Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Pain, Institute of Pain Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rundong He
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tianding Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunyue Duan
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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22
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Amo-Aparicio J, Garcia-Garcia J, Francos-Quijorna I, Urpi A, Esteve-Codina A, Gut M, Quintana A, Lopez-Vales R. Interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 induce different metabolic profiles in microglia and macrophages that relate with divergent outcomes after spinal cord injury. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:9805-9820. [PMID: 34815787 PMCID: PMC8581417 DOI: 10.7150/thno.65203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Microglia and macrophages adopt a pro-inflammatory phenotype after spinal cord injury (SCI), what is thought to contribute to secondary tissue degeneration. We previously reported that this is due, in part, to the low levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-4. Since IL-13 and IL-4 share receptors and both cytokines drive microglia and macrophages towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype in vitro, here we studied whether administration of IL-13 and IL-4 after SCI leads to beneficial effects. Methods: We injected mice with recombinant IL-13 or IL-4 at 48 h after SCI and assessed their effects on microglia and macrophage phenotype and functional outcomes. We also performed RNA sequencing analysis of macrophages and microglia sorted from the injured spinal cords of mice treated with IL-13 or IL-4 and evaluated the metabolic state of these cells by using Seahorse technology. Results: We observed that IL-13 induced the expression of anti-inflammatory markers in microglia and macrophages after SCI but, in contrast to IL-4, it failed to mediate functional recovery. We found that these two cytokines induced different gene signatures in microglia and macrophages after SCI and that IL-4, in contrast to IL-13, shifted microglia and macrophage metabolism from glycolytic to oxidative phosphorylation. These findings were further confirmed by measuring the metabolic profile of these cells. Importantly, we also revealed that macrophages stimulated with IL-4 or IL-13 are not deleterious to neurons, but they become cytotoxic when oxidative metabolism is blocked. This suggests that the metabolic shift, from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation, is required to minimize the cytotoxic responses of microglia and macrophages. Conclusions: These results reveal that the metabolic fitness of microglia and macrophages after SCI contributes to secondary damage and that strategies aimed at boosting oxidative phosphorylation might be a novel approach to minimize the deleterious actions of microglia and macrophages in neurotrauma.
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23
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Poulen G, Aloy E, Bringuier CM, Mestre-Francés N, Artus EV, Cardoso M, Perez JC, Goze-Bac C, Boukhaddaoui H, Lonjon N, Gerber YN, Perrin FE. Inhibiting microglia proliferation after spinal cord injury improves recovery in mice and nonhuman primates. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:8640-8659. [PMID: 34522204 PMCID: PMC8419033 DOI: 10.7150/thno.61833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
No curative treatment is available for any deficits induced by spinal cord injury (SCI). Following injury, microglia undergo highly diverse activation processes, including proliferation, and play a critical role on functional recovery. In a translational objective, we investigated whether a transient pharmacological reduction of microglia proliferation after injury is beneficial for functional recovery after SCI in mice and nonhuman primates. Methods: The colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) regulates proliferation, differentiation, and survival of microglia. We orally administrated GW2580, a CSF1R inhibitor that inhibits microglia proliferation. In mice and nonhuman primates, we then analyzed treatment outcomes on locomotor function and spinal cord pathology. Finally, we used cell-specific transcriptomic analysis to uncover GW2580-induced molecular changes in microglia. Results: First, transient post-injury GW2580 administration in mice improves motor function recovery, promotes tissue preservation and/or reorganization (identified by coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering microscopy), and modulates glial reactivity. Second, post-injury GW2580-treatment in nonhuman primates reduces microglia proliferation, improves motor function recovery, and promotes tissue protection. Finally, GW2580-treatment in mice induced down-regulation of proliferation-associated transcripts and inflammatory associated genes in microglia that may account for reduced neuroinflammation and improved functional recovery following SCI. Conclusion: Thus, a transient oral GW2580 treatment post-injury may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for SCI patients and may also be extended to other central nervous system disorders displaying microglia activation.
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24
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The Role of Microglia in Modulating Neuroinflammation after Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189706. [PMID: 34575871 PMCID: PMC8470129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathobiology of traumatic and nontraumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), including degenerative myelopathy, is influenced by neuroinflammation. The neuroinflammatory response is initiated by a multitude of injury signals emanating from necrotic and apoptotic cells at the lesion site, recruiting local and infiltrating immune cells that modulate inflammatory cascades to aid in the protection of the lesion site and encourage regenerative processes. While peripheral immune cells are involved, microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are known to play a central role in modulating this response. Microglia are armed with numerous cell surface receptors that interact with neurons, astrocytes, infiltrating monocytes, and endothelial cells to facilitate a dynamic, multi-faceted injury response. While their origin and essential nature are understood, their mechanisms of action and spatial and temporal profiles warrant extensive additional research. In this review, we describe the role of microglia and the cellular network in SCI, discuss tools for their investigation, outline their spatiotemporal profile, and propose translationally-relevant therapeutic targets to modulate neuroinflammation in the setting of SCI.
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25
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Kisucká A, Bimbová K, Bačová M, Gálik J, Lukáčová N. Activation of Neuroprotective Microglia and Astrocytes at the Lesion Site and in the Adjacent Segments Is Crucial for Spontaneous Locomotor Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2021; 10:1943. [PMID: 34440711 PMCID: PMC8394075 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia and astrocytes play an important role in the regulation of immune responses under various pathological conditions. To detect environmental cues associated with the transformation of reactive microglia (M1) and astrocytes (A1) into their polarization states (anti-inflammatory M2 and A2 phenotypes), we studied time-dependent gene expression in naive and injured spinal cord. The relationship between astrocytes and microglia and their polarization states were studied in a rat model after Th9 compression (40 g/15 min) in acute and subacute stages at the lesion site, and both cranially and caudally. The gene expression of microglia/macrophages and M1 microglia was strongly up-regulated at the lesion site and caudally one week after SCI, and attenuated after two weeks post-SCI. GFAP and S100B, and A1 astrocytes were profoundly expressed predominantly two weeks post-SCI at lesion site and cranially. Gene expression of anti-inflammatory M2a microglia (CD206, CHICHI, IL1rn, Arg-1), M2c microglia (TGF-β, SOCS3, IL4R α) and A2 astrocytes (Tgm1, Ptx3, CD109) was greatly activated at the lesion site one week post-SCI. In addition, we observed positive correlation between neurological outcome and expression of M2a, M2c, and A2 markers. Our findings indicate that the first week post-injury is critical for modulation of reactive microglia/astrocytes into their neuroprotective phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nadežda Lukáčová
- Institute of Neurobiology of Biomedical Research Centre of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia; (A.K.); (K.B.); (M.B.); (J.G.)
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26
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Van Broeckhoven J, Sommer D, Dooley D, Hendrix S, Franssen AJPM. Macrophage phagocytosis after spinal cord injury: when friends become foes. Brain 2021; 144:2933-2945. [PMID: 34244729 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), macrophages can exert either beneficial or detrimental effects depending on their phenotype. Aside from their critical role in inflammatory responses, macrophages are also specialized in the recognition, engulfment, and degradation of pathogens, apoptotic cells, and tissue debris. They promote remyelination and axonal regeneration by removing inhibitory myelin components and cellular debris. However, excessive intracellular presence of lipids and dysregulated intracellular lipid homeostasis result in the formation of foamy macrophages. These develop a pro-inflammatory phenotype that may contribute to further neurological decline. Additionally, myelin-activated macrophages play a crucial role in axonal dieback and retraction. Here, we review the opposing functional consequences of phagocytosis by macrophages in SCI, including remyelination and regeneration versus demyelination, degeneration, and axonal dieback. Furthermore, we discuss how targeting the phagocytic ability of macrophages may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Van Broeckhoven
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Daniela Sommer
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Dearbhaile Dooley
- School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aimée J P M Franssen
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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27
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Zhang Y, Al Mamun A, Yuan Y, Lu Q, Xiong J, Yang S, Wu C, Wu Y, Wang J. Acute spinal cord injury: Pathophysiology and pharmacological intervention (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:417. [PMID: 33846780 PMCID: PMC8025476 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most debilitating of all the traumatic conditions that afflict individuals. For a number of years, extensive studies have been conducted to clarify the molecular mechanisms of SCI. Experimental and clinical studies have indicated that two phases, primary damage and secondary damage, are involved in SCI. The initial mechanical damage is caused by local impairment of the spinal cord. In addition, the fundamental mechanisms are associated with hyperflexion, hyperextension, axial loading and rotation. By contrast, secondary injury mechanisms are led by systemic and cellular factors, which may also be initiated by the primary injury. Although significant advances in supportive care have improved clinical outcomes in recent years, a number of studies continue to explore specific pharmacological therapies to minimize SCI. The present review summarized some important pathophysiologic mechanisms that are involved in SCI and focused on several pharmacological and non‑pharmacological therapies, which have either been previously investigated or have a potential in the management of this debilitating injury in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, P.R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Qi Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Jun Xiong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Shulin Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, P.R. China
| | - Chengbiao Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
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28
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David S, López-Vales R. Bioactive Lipid Mediators in the Initiation and Resolution of Inflammation after Spinal Cord Injury. Neuroscience 2021; 466:273-297. [PMID: 33951502 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a prominent feature of the response to CNS trauma. It is also an important hallmark of various neurodegenerative diseases in which inflammation contributes to the progression of pathology. Inflammation in the CNS can contribute to secondary damage and is therefore an excellent therapeutic target for a range of neurological conditions. Inflammation in the nervous system is complex and varies in its fine details in different conditions. It involves a wide variety of secreted factors such as chemokines and cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and different cell types that include resident cell of the CNS, as well as immune cells recruited from the peripheral circulation. Added to this complexity is the fact that some aspects of inflammation are beneficial, while other aspects can induce secondary damage in the acute, subacute and chronic phases. Understanding these aspects of the inflammatory profile is essential for developing effective therapies. Bioactive lipids constitute a large group of molecules that modulate the initiation and the resolution of inflammation. Dysregulation of these bioactive lipid pathways can lead to excessive acute inflammation, and failure to resolve this by specialized pro-resolution lipid mediators can lead to the development of chronic inflammation. The focus of this review is to discuss the effects of bioactive lipids in spinal cord trauma and their potential for therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel David
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, BRaIN Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Rubén López-Vales
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Inmunologia, Institut de Neurociències, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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29
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Chio JCT, Xu KJ, Popovich P, David S, Fehlings MG. Neuroimmunological therapies for treating spinal cord injury: Evidence and future perspectives. Exp Neurol 2021; 341:113704. [PMID: 33745920 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) has a complex pathophysiology. Following the initial physical trauma to the spinal cord, which may cause vascular disruption, hemorrhage, mechanical injury to neural structures and necrosis, a series of biomolecular cascades is triggered to evoke secondary injury. Neuroinflammation plays a major role in the secondary injury after traumatic SCI. To date, the administration of systemic immunosuppressive medications, in particular methylprednisolone sodium succinate, has been the primary pharmacological treatment. This medication is given as a complement to surgical decompression of the spinal cord and maintenance of spinal cord perfusion through hemodynamic augmentation. However, the impact of neuroinflammation is complex with harmful and beneficial effects. The use of systemic immunosuppressants is further complicated by the natural onset of post-injury immunosuppression, which many patients with SCI develop. It has been hypothesized that immunomodulation to attenuate detrimental aspects of neuroinflammation after SCI, while avoiding systemic immunosuppression, may be a superior approach. To accomplish this, a detailed understanding of neuroinflammation and the systemic immune responses after SCI is required. Our review will strive to achieve this goal by first giving an overview of SCI from a clinical and basic science context. The role that neuroinflammation plays in the pathophysiology of SCI will be discussed. Next, the positive and negative attributes of the innate and adaptive immune systems in neuroinflammation after SCI will be described. With this background established, the currently existing immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapies for treating SCI will be explored. We will conclude with a summary of topics that can be explored by neuroimmunology research. These concepts will be complemented by points to be considered by neuroscientists developing therapies for SCI and other injuries to the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Chon Teng Chio
- Division of Translational and Experimental Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Katherine Jiaxi Xu
- Human Biology Program, University of Toronto, Wetmore Hall, 300 Huron St., Room 105, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3J6, Canada.
| | - Phillip Popovich
- Department of Neuroscience, Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10(th) Ave., Columbus 43210, USA.
| | - Samuel David
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience and BRaIN Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Ave., Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Division of Translational and Experimental Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Verboon LN, Patel HC, Greenhalgh AD. The Immune System's Role in the Consequences of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (Concussion). Front Immunol 2021; 12:620698. [PMID: 33679762 PMCID: PMC7928307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.620698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mild TBI), often referred to as concussion, is the most common form of TBI and affects millions of people each year. A history of mild TBI increases the risk of developing emotional and neurocognitive disorders later in life that can impact on day to day living. These include anxiety and depression, as well as neurodegenerative conditions such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Actions of brain resident or peripherally recruited immune cells are proposed to be key regulators across these diseases and mood disorders. Here, we will assess the impact of mild TBI on brain and patient health, and evaluate the recent evidence for immune cell involvement in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N. Verboon
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hiren C. Patel
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Salford Royal National Health Service Foundation Trust, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, The Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance National Health Service Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Greenhalgh
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, The Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance National Health Service Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Zhong K, Li Y, Tang Y, Yu G, Zilundu PLM, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Xu X, Fu R, Zhou L. Cytokine profile and glial activation following brachial plexus roots avulsion injury in mice. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 353:577517. [PMID: 33582398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and tissue infiltration by various immune cells play a significant role in the pathogenesis of neurons suffering the central nervous systems diseases. Although brachial plexus root avulsion (BPRA) leads to dramatic motoneurons (MNs) death and permanent loss of function, however, the knowledge gap on cytokines and glial reaction in the spinal cord injury is still existing. The current study is sought to investigate the alteration of specific cytokine expression patterns of the BPRA injured spinal cord during an acute and subacute period. The cytokine assay, transmission electron microscopy, and histological staining were utilized to assess cytokine network alteration, ultrastructure morphology, and glial activation and MNs loss within two weeks post-injury on a mouse unilateral BPRA model. The BPRA injury caused a progressively spinal MNs loss, reduced the alpha-(α) MNs synaptic inputs, whereas enhanced glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (IBA-1), F4/80 expression in ipsilateral but not the contralateral spinal segments. Additionally, cytokine assays revealed BPRA significantly altered the level of CXCL1, ICAM1, IP10, MCP-5, MIP1-α, and CD93. Notably, the elevated MIP1-α was mainly expressed in the injured spinal MNs. While the re-distribution of CD93 expression, from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, occasionally occurred at neurons of the ipsilateral spinal segment after injury. Overall, these findings suggest that the inflammatory cytokines associated with glial cell activation might contribute to the pathophysiology of the MNs death caused by nerve roots injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhong
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| | - Yingqin Li
- Department of Radiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 51900, China.
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| | - Guangyin Yu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| | - Prince Last Mudenda Zilundu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yaqiong Wang
- Department of Electron Microscope, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510089, China.
| | - Yingying Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| | - Xiaoying Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| | - Rao Fu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510089, China.
| | - Lihua Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510089, China.
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Gao TY, Huang FF, Xie YY, Wang WQ, Wang LD, Mu D, Cui Y, Wang B. Dynamic changes in the systemic immune responses of spinal cord injury model mice. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:382-387. [PMID: 32859802 PMCID: PMC7896203 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.290910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraspinal inflammatory and immune responses are considered to play central roles in the pathological development of spinal cord injury. This study aimed to decipher the dynamics of systemic immune responses, initiated by spinal cord injury. The spinal cord in mice was completely transected at T8. Changes in the in vivo inflammatory response, between the acute and subacute stages, were observed. A rapid decrease in C-reactive protein levels, circulating leukocytes and lymphocytes, spleen-derived CD4+ interferon-γ+ T-helper cells, and inflammatory cytokines, and a marked increase in neutrophils, monocytes, and CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T-cells were observed during the acute phase. These systemic immune alterations were gradually restored to basal levels during the sub-acute phase. During the acute phase of spinal cord injury, systemic immune cells and factors showed significant inhibition; however, this inhibition was transient, and the indicators of these serious disorders gradually returned to baseline levels during the subacute phase. All experiments were performed in accordance with the institutional animal care guidelines, approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Experimental Animal Center of Drum Tower Hospital, China (approval No. 2019AE01040) on June 25, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yun Gao
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fei-Fei Huang
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Xie
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen-Qing Wang
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liu-Di Wang
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dan Mu
- Department of Radiology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Cui
- Reproductive and Genetic Center of National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Jogia T, Lübstorf T, Jacobson E, Scriven E, Atresh S, Nguyen QH, Liebscher T, Schwab JM, Kopp MA, Walsham J, Campbell KE, Ruitenberg MJ. Prognostic value of early leukocyte fluctuations for recovery from traumatic spinal cord injury. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e272. [PMID: 33463065 PMCID: PMC7805435 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) induces a systemic immune response involving circulating white blood cells (WBCs). How this response is influenced by overall trauma severity, the neurological level of injury and/or correlates with patient outcomes is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to identify relationships between early changes in circulating WBCs, injury characteristics and long-term patient outcomes in individuals with traumatic SCI. METHODS We retrospectively analysed data from 161 SCI patients admitted to Brisbane's Princess Alexandra Hospital (exploration cohort). Logistic regression models in conjunction with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were used to assess the strength of specific links between the WBC response, respiratory infection incidence and neurological outcomes (American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) grade conversion). An independent validation cohort from the Trauma Hospital Berlin, Germany (n = 49) was then probed to assess the robustness of effects and disentangle centre effects. RESULTS We find that the extent of acute neutrophilia in human SCI patients is positively correlated with New Injury Severity Scores but inversely with the neurological outcome (AIS grade). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that acute SCI-induced neutrophilia is an independent predictor of AIS grade conversion failure, with an odds ratio (OR) of 4.16 and ROC area under curve (AUC) of 0.82 (P < 0.0001). SCI-induced lymphopenia was separately identified as an independent predictor of better recovery (OR = 24.15; ROC AUC = 0.85, P < 0.0001). Acute neutrophilia and increased neutrophil-lymphocyte ratios were otherwise significantly associated with respiratory infection presentation in both patient cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the prognostic value of modelling early circulating neutrophil and lymphocyte counts with patient characteristics for predicting the longer term recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Jogia
- School of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Tom Lübstorf
- Clinical and Experimental Spinal Cord Injury Research (Neuroparaplegiology)Department of Neurology and Experimental NeurologyCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinGermany
| | - Esther Jacobson
- School of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Elissa Scriven
- Trauma ServicePrincess Alexandra HospitalBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Sridhar Atresh
- Spinal Injuries UnitPrincess Alexandra HospitalBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Princess Alexandra Hospital – Southside Clinical SchoolFaculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Quan H. Nguyen
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Thomas Liebscher
- Treatment Centre for Spinal Cord InjuriesTrauma Hospital BerlinGermany
| | - Jan M. Schwab
- Clinical and Experimental Spinal Cord Injury Research (Neuroparaplegiology)Department of Neurology and Experimental NeurologyCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinGermany
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord InjuryThe Ohio State University, Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhio
- Department of Neurology, Spinal Cord Injury DivisionThe Ohio State University, Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhio
- Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationThe Ohio State University, Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhio
- Department of NeuroscienceThe Ohio State University, Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhio
- The Neuroscience InstituteThe Ohio State University, Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhio
| | - Marcel A. Kopp
- Clinical and Experimental Spinal Cord Injury Research (Neuroparaplegiology)Department of Neurology and Experimental NeurologyCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinGermany
- QUEST – Center for Transforming Biomedical ResearchBerlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - James Walsham
- Princess Alexandra Hospital – Southside Clinical SchoolFaculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Intensive Care UnitPrincess Alexandra HospitalBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Kate E. Campbell
- Princess Alexandra Hospital – Southside Clinical SchoolFaculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Orthopaedic DepartmentPrincess Alexandra HospitalBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Marc J. Ruitenberg
- School of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Trauma, Critical Care and RecoveryBrisbane Diamantina Health PartnersBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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Mesquida-Veny F, Del Río JA, Hervera A. Macrophagic and microglial complexity after neuronal injury. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 200:101970. [PMID: 33358752 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injuries do not heal properly in contrast to normal tissue repair, in which functional recovery typically occurs. The reason for this dichotomy in wound repair is explained in part by macrophage and microglial malfunction, affecting both the extrinsic and intrinsic barriers to appropriate axonal regeneration. In normal healing tissue, macrophages promote the repair of injured tissue by regulating transitions through different phases of the healing response. In contrast, inflammation dominates the outcome of CNS injury, often leading to secondary damage. Therefore, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this dichotomy is critical to advance in neuronal repair therapies. Recent studies highlight the plasticity and complexity of macrophages and microglia beyond the classical view of the M1/M2 polarization paradigm. This plasticity represents an in vivo continuous spectrum of phenotypes with overlapping functions and markers. Moreover, macrophage and microglial plasticity affect many events essential for neuronal regeneration after injury, such as myelin and cell debris clearance, inflammation, release of cytokines, and trophic factors, affecting both intrinsic neuronal properties and extracellular matrix deposition. Until recently, this complexity was overlooked in the translation of therapies modulating these responses for the treatment of neuronal injuries. However, recent studies have shed important light on the underlying molecular mechanisms of this complexity and its transitions and effects on regenerative events. Here we review the complexity of macrophages and microglia after neuronal injury and their roles in regeneration, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms, and we discuss current challenges and future opportunities for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francina Mesquida-Veny
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Del Río
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arnau Hervera
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain.
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Murugan M, Zheng J, Wu G, Mogilevsky R, Zheng X, Hu P, Wu J, Wu LJ. The voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 contributes to neuronal injury and motor deficits in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. Mol Brain 2020; 13:143. [PMID: 33081841 PMCID: PMC7574559 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00682-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injury to the spinal cord initiates a series of pathological cellular processes that exacerbate tissue damage at and beyond the original site of injury. This secondary damage includes oxidative stress and inflammatory cascades that can lead to further neuronal loss and motor deficits. Microglial activation is an essential component of these secondary signaling cascades. The voltage-gated proton channel, Hv1, functionally expressed in microglia has been implicated in microglia polarization and oxidative stress in ischemic stroke. Here, we investigate whether Hv1 mediates microglial/macrophage activation and aggravates secondary damage following spinal cord injury (SCI). Following contusion SCI, wild-type (WT) mice showed significant tissue damage, white matter damage and impaired motor recovery. However, mice lacking Hv1 (Hv1−/−) showed significant white matter sparing and improved motor recovery. The improved motor recovery in Hv1−/− mice was associated with decreased interleukin-1β, reactive oxygen/ nitrogen species production and reduced neuronal loss. Further, deficiency of Hv1 directly influenced microglia activation as noted by decrease in microglia numbers, soma size and reduced outward rectifier K+ current density in Hv1−/− mice compared to WT mice at 7 d following SCI. Our results therefore implicate that Hv1 may be a promising potential therapeutic target to alleviate secondary damage following SCI caused by microglia/macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuvika Murugan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Gongxiong Wu
- One Harvard Street Institute of Health, Brookline, MA, 02446, USA
| | - Rochelle Mogilevsky
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Peiwen Hu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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36
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Correlation between elevated inflammatory cytokines of spleen and spleen index in acute spinal cord injury. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 344:577264. [PMID: 32447026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating disorder. After SCI, it initiates a robust immune response. Considering the spleen is one of the most important immune organs, the present study further characterizes the inflammatory cytokine profile of spleen in acute SCI. METHODS Adult rats were divided into sham and SCI groups (n = 36). SCI was produced at the T3 vertebral level. The whole blood and spleen was collected at 6, 24, 48, 72, 120, and 168 h after SCI. The levels of the inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and TGF-β) in spleen and serum were measured with an ELISA kit. RESULTS The results showed significantly elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in spleen compared with control group levels. Inflammatory cytokine levels of spleen correlated negatively with spleen index. CONCLUSION It was found that inflammatory cytokines in spleen showed dynamic responses to SCI, which suggest their specificity change of spleen caused by SCI. These results suggest that a possible involvement of spleen in the initiation of the inflammatory response after SCI.
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Immune cell regulation of glia during CNS injury and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:139-152. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-0263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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García-Magro N, Martin YB, Palomino-Antolin A, Egea J, Negredo P, Avendaño C. Multiple Morphometric Assessment of Microglial Cells in Deafferented Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus. Front Neuroanat 2020; 13:103. [PMID: 32038181 PMCID: PMC6987390 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia (MG) are the first cells to react to the abnormal incoming signals that follow an injury of sensory nerves and play a critical role in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain, a common sequel of nerve injuries. Here we present population data on cell number, soma size, and length of processes of MG in the caudal division of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Sp5C) in control mice and at the peak of microgliosis (7 days) following unilateral transection of the infraorbital nerve (IoN). The study is performed combining several bias- and assumption-free imaging and stereological approaches with different immunolabeling procedures, with the objective of tackling some hard problems that often hinder proper execution of MG morphometric studies. Our approach may easily be applied to low-density MG populations, but also works, with limited biases, in territories where MG cell bodies and processes form dense meshworks. In controls, and contralaterally to the deafferented side, MG cell body size and shape and branching pattern matched well the descriptions of “resting” or “surveillant” MG described elsewhere, with only moderate intersubject variability. On the superficial laminae of the deafferented side, however, MG displayed on average larger somata and remarkable diversity in shape. The number of cells and the length of MG processes per mm3 increased 5 and 2.5 times, respectively, indicating a net 50% decrease in the mean length of processes per cell. By using specific immunolabeling and cell sorting of vascular macrophages, we found only a negligible fraction of these cells in Sp5C, with no differences between controls and deafferented animals, suggesting that blood-borne monocytes play at most a very limited role in the microgliosis occurring following sensory nerve deafferentation. In sum, here we present reliable morphometric data on MG in control and deafferented trigeminal nuclei using efficient methods that we propose may equally be applied to any morphometric population analysis of these cells under different physiological or pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria García-Magro
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Ph.D. Programme in Neuroscience, Doctoral School, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yasmina B Martin
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Francisco de Vitoria University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Palomino-Antolin
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Egea
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Negredo
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Avendaño
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Elberg G, Liraz-Zaltsman S, Reichert F, Matozaki T, Tal M, Rotshenker S. Deletion of SIRPα (signal regulatory protein-α) promotes phagocytic clearance of myelin debris in Wallerian degeneration, axon regeneration, and recovery from nerve injury. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:277. [PMID: 31883525 PMCID: PMC6935070 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1679-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recovery of function from traumatic nerve injury depends on the ability of severed axons to grow/regenerate back to their target tissues. This is achieved by successfully crossing the lesion site where physical impact severed axons, determined by the type of trauma, followed by successfully growing throughout the Wallerian degenerating nerve segment located distal to and beyond the lesion site, determined by the nature of Wallerian degeneration. The protracted removal of myelin debris in Wallerian degeneration, which leads residual myelin debris to slow down axon growth, impedes recovery of function. We focused in this study on mechanism(s) that delay the removal of myelin debris in Wallerian degeneration and so impede recovery. Previously, we showed that myelin debris inhibited its own phagocytosis in primary cultured macrophages and microglia as CD47 on myelin ligated SIRPα (signal regulatory protein-α) on phagocytes, and sequentially, SIRPα generated "don't eat me" signaling. We also demonstrated that serum inhibited phagocytosis in a SIRPα-dependent manner. Herein, we aimed to determine whether SIRPα-dependent inhibition of phagocytosis in macrophages impedes the in vivo removal of myelin debris in Wallerian degeneration, further leading to impaired healing. METHODS Using SIRPα null (SIRPα-/-) and littermate wild-type (SIRPα+/+) mice, we studied the recovery of sensory and motor functions from nerve injury and, further, axon regeneration, SIRPα expression, myelin debris removal, and the phagocytic capacity and presence of macrophages in Wallerian degeneration. RESULTS Myelin debris removal, axon regeneration, and the recovery of functions were all faster in SIRPα-/- mice than in wild-type mice. Between the two cell types that mostly scavenge myelin debris, macrophages but not Schwann cells expressed SIRPα in wild-type mice, and furthermore, SIRPα-/- macrophages phagocytosed significantly more than wild-type macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest an intrinsic normally occurring SIRPα-dependent mechanism that impedes the in vivo removal of myelin debris in Wallerian degeneration by inhibiting the phagocytosis of myelin debris in macrophages, hence preventing fast growing axons from fully implementing their regenerative potential. Thus, accelerating the removal of myelin debris by eliminating SIRPα-dependent inhibition of phagocytosis will most likely advance recovery of functions from nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Elberg
- Medical Neurobiology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein-Kerem Campus, POB 12272, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sigal Liraz-Zaltsman
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Kiryat Ono, Israel
- The Faculty of health profession, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono, Israel
- The Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Fanny Reichert
- Medical Neurobiology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein-Kerem Campus, POB 12272, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Takashi Matozaki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Michael Tal
- Medical Neurobiology, Faculties of Medicine and Dentistry, Center for Research on Pain, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shlomo Rotshenker
- Medical Neurobiology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein-Kerem Campus, POB 12272, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Das R, Chinnathambi S. Microglial priming of antigen presentation and adaptive stimulation in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3681-3694. [PMID: 31093687 PMCID: PMC11105582 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The prominent pathological consequences of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the misfolding and mis-sorting of two cellular proteins, amyloid-β and microtubule-associated protein Tau. The accumulation of toxic phosphorylated Tau inside the neurons induces the increased processing of amyloid-β-associated signaling cascade and vice versa. Neuroinflammation-driven synaptic depletion and cognitive decline are substantiated by the cross talk of activated microglia and astroglia, leading to neuron degeneration. Microglia are the brain-resident immune effectors that prove their diverse functions in maintaining CNS homeostasis via collaboration with astrocytes and T lymphocytes. Age-related senescence and chronic inflammation activate microglia with increased pro-inflammatory markers, oxidative damage and phagocytosis. But the improper processing of misfolded protein via lysosomal pathway destines the spreading of 'seed' constituents to the nearby healthy neurons. Primed microglia process and present self-antigen such as amyloid-β and modified Tau to the infiltrated T lymphocytes through MHC I/II molecules. After an effective conversation with CD4+ T cells, microglial phenotype can be altered from pro-active M1 to neuro-protective M2 type, which corresponds to the tissue remodeling and homeostasis. In this review, we are focusing on the change in functionality of microglia from innate to adaptive immune response in the context of neuroprotection, which may help in the search of novel immune therapy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Das
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Pune, 411008, India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Pune, 411008, India.
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Wang P, Qi X, Xu G, Liu J, Guo J, Li X, Ma X, Sun H. CCL28 promotes locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury via recruiting regulatory T cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:7402-7415. [PMID: 31557129 PMCID: PMC6781990 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: Chemokines play a key role in post-traumatic inflammation and secondary injury after spinal cord injury (SCI). CCL28, the chemokine CC-chemokine ligand 28, is involved in the epithelial and mucosal immunity. However, whether CCL28 participates in the physiopathologic processes after SCI remains unclear. Results: CCL28 is upregulated in the spinal cord after SCI. In addition, neutralizing antibodies against IL-1β or TNF-α, or treatment of ML120B, a selective inhibitor of IKK-β, remarkably decrease CCL28 upregulation, suggesting that CCL28 upregulation relies on NF-κB pathway activated by IL-1β and TNF-α after SCI. Moreover, CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells that express CCR10, a receptor of CCL28, are enriched in the spinal cord after SCI. We further demonstrate that the spinal cord recruits Treg cells through CCL28-CCR10 axis, which in turn function to suppress immune response and promote locomotor recovery after SCI. In contrast, neutralizing CCL28 or CCR10 reduces Treg cell recruitment and delays locomotor recovery. Methods: The neutralizing antibodies and recombinant CCL28 were injected intraspinally into the mice prior to SCI, which was established via hemitransection. RT-qPCR analysis was performed to determine transcript level, and Western blot analysis and ELISA assay were used to detect protein expression. Immune cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and visualized by immunofluorescence. The chemotaxis was assessed by in vitro transwell migration assay. The mouse locomotor activity was assessed via the Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) system. Conclusions: These results indicate that NF-κB pathway-regulated CCL28 production plays a protective role after SCI through recruiting CCR10-expressing and immunosuppressive Treg cells, and suggest that interfering CCL28-CCR10 axis might be of potential clinical benefit in improving SCI recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Xiangbei Qi
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Guohui Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Jianning Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Jichao Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Xinzhe Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
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42
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Bradbury EJ, Burnside ER. Moving beyond the glial scar for spinal cord repair. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3879. [PMID: 31462640 PMCID: PMC6713740 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11707-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury results in severe and irreversible loss of function. The injury triggers a complex cascade of inflammatory and pathological processes, culminating in formation of a scar. While traditionally referred to as a glial scar, the spinal injury scar in fact comprises multiple cellular and extracellular components. This multidimensional nature should be considered when aiming to understand the role of scarring in limiting tissue repair and recovery. In this Review we discuss recent advances in understanding the composition and phenotypic characteristics of the spinal injury scar, the oversimplification of defining the scar in binary terms as good or bad, and the development of therapeutic approaches to target scar components to enable improved functional outcome after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Bradbury
- King's College London, Regeneration Group, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Emily R Burnside
- King's College London, Regeneration Group, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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43
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Zhao J, Gao QY. TMEM16F inhibition limits pain-associated behavior and improves motor function by promoting microglia M2 polarization in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 517:603-610. [PMID: 31409484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to sensorimotor deficits and autonomic changes. Macrophages and microglia could be polarized into the classically activated pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype or the alternatively activated anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Transmembrane protein with unknown function 16F (TMEM16F) exhibits functional diversity and may contribute to microglial function. However, the effects of TMEM16F on the modulation of macrophage/microglial polarization are still not fully understood. In the study, TMEM16F up-regulation was detected after SCI in mice, and TMEM16F protein was found in macrophages/microglia in injured spinal cord sections. Depletion of TMEM16F improved motor function in male mice with SCI. M1-type macrophages/microglia accumulated in lower numbers in the injured spinal cord of TMEM16F-knockout (KO) mice. M2 polarization inhibited by SCI was improved in mice with TMEM16F deficiency. TMEM16F deletion also attenuated microglial/macrophage pro-inflammatory response. Furthermore, significant down-regulation of A disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) was observed in TMEM16F-KO mice. Importantly, TMEM16F-promoted M1 polarization and -inhibited M1 polarization were largely associated with the suppression of ADAM17. Overall, our findings provided new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of macrophage/microglial polarization, thereby possibly facilitating the development of new therapeutic strategies for SCI through the regulation of TMEM16F/ADAM17 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics Spinal Ward, Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, 710021, China
| | - Quan-You Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tangdu Hospital Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, 710038, China.
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Kroner A, Rosas Almanza J. Role of microglia in spinal cord injury. Neurosci Lett 2019; 709:134370. [PMID: 31283964 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid cells are important effector cells in the injured spinal cord tissue. Microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages serve important functions in the injured spinal cord, and their distinctive roles can now be studied more efficiently with the help of reporter mice and cell specific markers that were described in recent years. Focusing on microglia, this review discusses the microglial response to injury, microglia specific effects and the interaction between microglia and other cell types in the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Kroner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
| | - Jose Rosas Almanza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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45
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Schwab JM, Kleinschnitz C. Overcoming trivialization: The neuroimmune response after acute central nervous system injury. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 330:28-30. [PMID: 30772755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Schwab
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States; Spinal Cord Injury Division (Paraplegiology), Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States; Discovery Theme Initiative of the Ohio State University (Chronic Brain Injury), United States.
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46
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Intraspinal administration of interleukin-7 promotes neuronal apoptosis and limits functional recovery through JAK/STAT5 pathway following spinal cord injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:1023-1029. [PMID: 31068251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been previously reported that the blockade of interleukin-7 receptor (IL-7R) promotes functional recovery following spinal cord injury (SCI), however, the direct function and molecular mechanism of IL-7 involved in this pathogenic process are unclear. Here, we report that, contrary to IL-7R blockade, the intraspinal administration of IL-7 limits functional recovery following SCI. In addition, IL-7 treatment promotes neuronal apoptosis in spinal cord lesions, which may be attributed to exacerbated focal inflammatory response, as shown by increased accumulation of activated microglia/macrophage and production of proinflammatory mediators. Moreover, IL-7 treatment activates JAK/STAT5 pathway following SCI. At last, more importantly, the pharmacological inhibition of STAT5 abrogates the effects of IL-7 treatment on functional recovery, neuronal apoptosis and focal inflammatory response, suggesting that the effects of IL-7 treatment following SCI are dependent on activating the JAK/STAT5 pathway. Overall, this study reveals the JAK/STAT5 pathway-dependent detrimental role of IL-7 following SCI, and also implies that targeting the IL-7/JAK/STAT5 axis may represent a potential therapeutic approach for SCI treatment.
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47
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Pereira IM, Marote A, Salgado AJ, Silva NA. Filling the Gap: Neural Stem Cells as A Promising Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12020065. [PMID: 31035689 PMCID: PMC6631328 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to severe motor, sensory and social impairments having a huge impact on patients’ lives. The complex and time-dependent SCI pathophysiology has been hampering the development of novel and effective therapies. Current treatment options include surgical interventions, to stabilize and decompress the spinal cord, and rehabilitative care, without providing a cure for these patients. Novel therapies have been developed targeting different stages during trauma. Among them, cell-based therapies hold great potential for tissue regeneration after injury. Neural stem cells (NSCs), which are multipotent cells with inherent differentiation capabilities committed to the neuronal lineage, are especially relevant to promote and reestablish the damaged neuronal spinal tracts. Several studies demonstrate the regenerative effects of NSCs in SCI after transplantation by providing neurotrophic support and restoring synaptic connectivity. Therefore, human clinical trials have already been launched to assess safety in SCI patients. Here, we review NSC-based experimental studies in a SCI context and how are they currently being translated into human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês M Pereira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Ana Marote
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Nuno A Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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48
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Microglia are an essential component of the neuroprotective scar that forms after spinal cord injury. Nat Commun 2019; 10:518. [PMID: 30705270 PMCID: PMC6355913 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of microglia in spinal cord injury (SCI) remains poorly understood and is often confused with the response of macrophages. Here, we use specific transgenic mouse lines and depleting agents to understand the response of microglia after SCI. We find that microglia are highly dynamic and proliferate extensively during the first two weeks, accumulating around the lesion. There, activated microglia position themselves at the interface between infiltrating leukocytes and astrocytes, which proliferate and form a scar in response to microglia-derived factors, such as IGF-1. Depletion of microglia after SCI causes disruption of glial scar formation, enhances parenchymal immune infiltrates, reduces neuronal and oligodendrocyte survival, and impairs locomotor recovery. Conversely, increased microglial proliferation, induced by local M-CSF delivery, reduces lesion size and enhances functional recovery. Altogether, our results identify microglia as a key cellular component of the scar that develops after SCI to protect neural tissue. The role of microglia following spinal cord injury is not fully understood. Here, using transgenic approaches to selectively label microglia and not macrophages in mice, the authors show that microglia are highly active and accumulate at the edge of the lesion in the first weeks post injury, and also that inhibiting microglia activation impairs recovery in the early stages after spinal cord injury.
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49
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Bioactive Lipids in Inflammation After Central Nervous System Injury. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1127:181-194. [PMID: 31140179 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11488-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the progress made over the last decades to understand the mechanisms underlying tissue damage and neurological deficits after neurotrauma, there are currently no effective treatments in the clinic. It is well accepted that the inflammatory response in the CNS after injury exacerbates tissue loss and functional impairments. Unfortunately, the use of potent anti-inflammatory drugs, such as methylprednisolone, fails to promote therapeutic recovery and also gives rise to several undesirable side effects related to immunosuppression. The injury-induced inflammatory response is complex, and understanding the mechanisms that regulate this inflammation is therefore crucial in the quest to develop effective treatments. Bioactive lipids have emerged as potent molecules in controlling the initiation, coordination, and resolution of inflammation and in promoting tissue repair and recovery of homeostasis. These bioactive lipids are produced by cells involved in the inflammatory response, and their defective synthesis leads to persistent chronic inflammation, tissue damage, and fibrosis. The present chapter discusses recent evidence for the role of some of these bioactive lipids, in particular, eicosanoid and pro-resolving lipid mediators, in the regulation of inflammation after neurotrauma and highlights the therapeutic potential of some of these lipids in enhancing neurological outcomes after CNS injuries.
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50
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Gerber YN, Saint-Martin GP, Bringuier CM, Bartolami S, Goze-Bac C, Noristani HN, Perrin FE. CSF1R Inhibition Reduces Microglia Proliferation, Promotes Tissue Preservation and Improves Motor Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:368. [PMID: 30386212 PMCID: PMC6198221 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces a pronounced neuroinflammation driven by activation and proliferation of resident microglia as well as infiltrating peripheral monocyte-derived macrophages. Depending on the time post-lesion, positive and detrimental influences of microglia/macrophages on axonal regeneration had been reported after SCI, raising the issue whether their modulation may represent an attractive therapeutic strategy. Colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) regulates microglia/macrophages proliferation, differentiation and survival thus, pharmacological treatments using CSF1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitors had been used to ablate microglia. We analyzed the effect of chronic (10 weeks) food diet containing GW2580 (a CSF1R inhibitor) in mice that underwent lateral spinal cord hemisection (HS) at vertebral thoracic level 9. Treatment started 4 weeks prior to SCI and continued until 6 weeks post-lesion. We first demonstrate that GW2580 treatment did not modify microglial response in non-injured spinal cords. Conversely, a strong decrease in proliferating microglia was observed following SCI. Second, we showed that GW2580 treatment improved some parameters of motor recovery in injured animals through better paw placement. Using in and ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we then established that GW2580 treatment had no effect on lesion extension and volume. However, histological analyses revealed that GW2580-treated animals had reduced gliosis and microcavity formation following SCI. In conclusion, CSF1R blockade using GW2580 specifically inhibits SCI-induced microglia/macrophages proliferation, reduces gliosis and microcavity formations and improves fine motor recovery after incomplete SCI. Preventing microglial proliferation may offer therapeutic approach to limit neuroinflammation, promote tissue preservation and motor recovery following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Nicolas Gerber
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Patrick Saint-Martin
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France.,UMR 5221 CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Mathilde Bringuier
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Bartolami
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France
| | | | - Harun Najib Noristani
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Florence Evelyne Perrin
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France
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