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Homan M, Rath SUL, Green VLS, Hutson J, Myers MJ, Guggenheimer JD. Examining the Impact of Far-Infrared Technology on Quality of Life in Older Adults. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2024:914150241231188. [PMID: 38532698 DOI: 10.1177/00914150241231188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of far-infrared (FIR) heat on quality of life (QOL) in older adults. Participants were assigned to either a convective heat group (CON) or a convective and FIR group. Participants received six, 30-min heat sessions over the course of three weeks. Pre- and post-assessments included physical measures such as range of motion, gait speed, Timed Up and Go, and hand grip strength. Standardized questionnaires were used to determine pain severity and its interference with daily life, and the impact pain had on overall QOL. Pain severity was significantly reduced (from 3.31 to 2.5, p < .05) in the FIR group from pre-to-post, and pain interference was significantly reduced (from 1.26 to 0.43, p < .05) in the CON group from pre-to-post testing. Findings suggest that heat therapy was successful in reducing pain over time.
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Wen J, Pan J, Ma J, Ge X, Xu Z, Wang X, Lv Z. Advances in far-infrared research: therapeutic mechanisms of disease and application in cancer detection. Lasers Med Sci 2024; 39:41. [PMID: 38240851 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-024-03994-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Far infrared (FIR) irradiation is commonly used as a convenient, non-contact, non-invasive treatment for diseases such as myocardial ischemia, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. In this review, we focus on reviewing the potential therapeutic mechanisms of FIR and its cutting-edge applications in cancer detection. Firstly, we searched the relevant literature in the last decade for systematic screening and briefly summarized the biophysical properties of FIR. We then focused on the possible mechanisms of FIR in wound healing, cardiovascular diseases, and other chronic diseases. In addition, we review recent applications of FIR in cancer detection, where Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and infrared thermography provide additional diagnostic methods for the medical diagnosis of cancer. Finally, we conclude and look into the future development of FIR for disease treatment and cancer detection. As a high-frequency non-ionizing wave, FIR has the advantages of safety, convenience, and low cost. We hope that this review can provide biological information reference and relevant data support for those who are interested in FIR and related high-frequency non-ionizing waves, to promote the further application of FIR in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Wen
- College of Mathematical Medicine, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- The Institute of Precision Machinery and Smart Structure, College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Junrun Pan
- College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Jijie Ma
- The Institute of Precision Machinery and Smart Structure, College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xinyang Ge
- College of Mathematical Medicine, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Zisheng Xu
- Technology & Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- College of Mathematical Medicine, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China.
- Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Jinhua, China.
| | - Zhong Lv
- Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Jinhua, China.
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Hong-Baik I, Úbeda-D’Ocasar E, Cimadevilla-Fernández-Pola E, Jiménez-Díaz-Benito V, Hervás-Pérez JP. The Effects of Non-Pharmacological Interventions in Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review and Metanalysis of Predominants Outcomes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2367. [PMID: 37760809 PMCID: PMC10525643 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic musculoskeletal condition with multiple symptoms primarily affecting women. An imbalance in cytokine levels has been observed, suggesting a chronic low-grade inflammation. The main aim of the meta-analysis was to examine the effect of multimodal rehabilitation on cytokine levels and other predominant variables in patients with FM. Furthermore, to examine which non-pharmacological tools have been used to investigate the effects that these can have on cytokines in FM patients. (2) Methods: Searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and ScienceDirect databases. This systematic review and metanalysis followed the PRISMA statement protocol. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the PEDro scale, the risk of bias followed the Cochrane Manual 5.0.1, and the GRADE system was used for rating the certainty of evidence. (3) Results: Of 318 studies found, eight were finally selected, with a sample size of 320 women with a mean age of 57 ± 20. The proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α were the most studied. Resistance exercise, aquatic exercise, dynamic contractions, cycling, treadmill, and infrared therapy were the main non-pharmacological tools used. (4) Conclusions: The systematic review with meta-analysis found evidence of elevated cytokine levels in patients with FM, suggesting low chronic inflammation and a possible contribution to central sensitization and chronic pain. However, the effects of physiotherapeutic interventions on cytokine levels are variable, highlighting the importance of considering different factors and the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hong-Baik
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health, Camilo José Cela University, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain; (I.H.-B.); (E.Ú.-D.); (E.C.-F.-P.)
| | - Edurne Úbeda-D’Ocasar
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health, Camilo José Cela University, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain; (I.H.-B.); (E.Ú.-D.); (E.C.-F.-P.)
| | - Eduardo Cimadevilla-Fernández-Pola
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health, Camilo José Cela University, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain; (I.H.-B.); (E.Ú.-D.); (E.C.-F.-P.)
| | - Victor Jiménez-Díaz-Benito
- Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain;
| | - Juan Pablo Hervás-Pérez
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health, Camilo José Cela University, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain; (I.H.-B.); (E.Ú.-D.); (E.C.-F.-P.)
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Lesnak JB, Berardi G, Sluka KA. Influence of routine exercise on the peripheral immune system to prevent and alleviate pain. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2023; 13:100126. [PMID: 37179769 PMCID: PMC10173010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2023.100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Routine physical activity reduces the onset of pain and exercise is a first line treatment for individuals who develop chronic pain. In both preclinical and clinical research regular exercise (routine exercise sessions) produces pain relief through multiple mechanisms such as alterations in the central and peripheral nervous system. More recently, it has been appreciated that exercise can also alter the peripheral immune system to prevent or reduce pain. In animal models, exercise can alter the immune system at the site of injury or pain model induction, in the dorsal root ganglia, and systemically throughout the body to produce analgesia. Most notably exercise shows the ability to dampen the presence of pro-inflammatory immune cells and cytokines at these locations. Exercise decreases M1 macrophages and the cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TFNα, while increasing M2 macrophages and the cytokines IL-10, IL-4, and IL-1ra. In clinical research, a single bout of exercise produces an acute inflammatory response, however repeated training can lead to an anti-inflammatory immune profile leading to symptom relief. Despite the clinical and immune benefits of routine exercise, the direct effect of exercise on immune function in clinical pain populations remains unexplored. This review will discuss in more detail the preclinical and clinical research which demonstrates the numerous ways through which multiple types of exercise alter the peripheral immune system. This review closes with the clinical implications of these findings along with suggestions for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B. Lesnak
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Giovanni Berardi
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kathleen A. Sluka
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Kyselovic J, Masarik J, Kechemir H, Koscova E, Turudic II, Hamblin MR. Physical properties and biological effects of ceramic materials emitting infrared radiation for pain, muscular activity, and musculoskeletal conditions. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2023; 39:3-15. [PMID: 35510621 PMCID: PMC10084378 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to 33% of the general population worldwide suffer musculoskeletal conditions, with low back pain being the single leading cause of disability globally. Multimodal therapeutic options are available to relieve the pain associated with muscular disorders, including physical, complementary, and pharmacological therapies. However, existing interventions are not disease modifying and have several limitations. METHOD Literature review. RESULTS In this context, the use of nonthermal infrared light delivered via patches, fabrics, and garments containing infrared-emitting bioceramic minerals have been investigated. Positive effects on muscular cells, muscular recovery, and reduced inflammation and pain have been reported both in preclinical and clinical studies. There are several hypotheses on how infrared may contribute to musculoskeletal pain relief, however, the full mechanism of action remains unclear. This article provides an overview of the physical characteristics of infrared radiation and its biological effects, focusing on those that could potentially explain the mechanism of action responsible for the relief of musculoskeletal pain. CONCLUSIONS Based on the current evidence, the following pathways have been considered: upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, increase in nitric oxide bioavailability, anti-inflammatory effects, and reduction in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kyselovic
- Clinical Research Unit, 5th Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jozef Masarik
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics, and Informatics, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Hayet Kechemir
- Consumer Healthcare Medical Affairs Department, Sanofi CHC, Paris, France
| | - Eva Koscova
- Consumer Healthcare Medical Affairs Department, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Iva Igracki Turudic
- Consumer Healthcare Medical Affairs Department, Sanofi CHC, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Richard Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Wei Y, Chen X, Wang T, Dong X, Zhu Z. Effects of Du Meridian Moxibustion Combined with Mild Moxibustion on Female Pelvic Floor Myofascial Pain Syndrome: A Retrospective Cohort Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:7388864. [PMID: 36425258 PMCID: PMC9681563 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7388864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of moxibustion in the treatment of pelvic floor myofascial pain syndrome. METHODS A total of 80 women with pelvic floor myofascial pain syndrome (cold coagulation and blood stasis type) were included in this retrospective study and divided into a moxibustion group and a drug treatment group. Patients who received Celebrex oral analgesia, health education, and lifestyle improvement were included in the drug treatment group. The patients that received Du meridian moxibustion combined with mild moxibustion, health education, and lifestyle improvement were included in the moxibustion group. The comparison of pelvic pain, the TCM clinical symptom score, and the curative effect was made between the two groups before treatment and after 1-3 weeks of treatment, respectively. RESULTS An intragroup comparison showed a stepwise decrease in the VAS score and the TCM clinical symptom score of the two groups during the treatment. An intergroup comparison revealed that the VAS score of the moxibustion group was lower than that of the drug treatment group, while TCM clinical symptoms and clinical efficacy significantly improved in the moxibustion group compared to those in the drug treatment group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Du meridian moxibustion combined with mild moxibustion alleviates pelvic floor myofascial pain syndrome, thus helping improve women's quality of life and providing patients with a more effective and safer treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehong Wei
- Nursing Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310005, China
| | - Xufeng Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital, Hangzhou 310005, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310005, China
| | - Xianna Dong
- TCM Nursing Clinic, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310005, China
| | - Zheng Zhu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310005, China
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Chang Y, Chang JT, Lee MY, Huang MZ, Chao YFCC, Shih YL, Hwang YR. Does Far-Infrared Therapy Improve Peritoneal Function and Reduce Recurrent Peritonitis in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients? J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11061624. [PMID: 35329948 PMCID: PMC8955287 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of peritoneal dialysis in end-stage renal disease is increasing in clinical practice. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of far-infrared radiation therapy on inflammation and the cellular immunity of patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. We recruited 56 patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis, and we included 32 patients for the experimental group and 24 patients from the control group in the final analysis. The experimental evaluation in our study was as follows: (1) We used abdominal computed tomography to explore the changes in abdominal blood vessels. (2) We compared the effects of peritoneal dialysis using blood glucose, HbAlC, albumin, urea nitrogen, creatinine, white blood cells, hs-CRP; peritoneal Kt/V of peritoneal function, and eGFR. (3) We compared the cytokines’ concentrations in the two groups while controlling for the other cytokines. Results and Discussion: (1) There was no significant difference in the abdominal blood vessels of the experimental group relative to the control group according to abdominal CT over the 6 months. (2) Our study demonstrates statistically significant effects of FIR therapy on the following parameters: creatinine (p = 0.039 *) and hs-CRP (p < 0.001 **) levels decreased significantly, and eGFR (p = 0.043 *), glucose (p < 0.001 **), and albumin (p = 0.048 *) levels increased significantly. Our study found that in the experimental group, creatinine and hs-CRP levels decreased significantly due to FIR therapy for 6 months. However, our study also found that the glucose level was significantly different after FIR therapy for 6 months. Peritoneal dialysis combined with FIR can reduce the side effects of the glucose in the dialysis buffer, which interferes with peritoneal inflammation and peritoneal mesothelial cell fibrosis. (3) In addition, we also found that no statistically significant difference in any inflammatory cytokine after FIR therapy. IFN-γ (p = 0.124), IL-12p70 (p = 0.093), IL-18 (p = 0.213), and TNF-α (p = 0.254) did not exhibit significant improvements after peritoneal dialysis with FIR treatment over 6 months. Conclusions: We found that the effectiveness of peritoneal dialysis was improved significantly with FIR therapy, and significant improvements in the peritoneal permeability and inflammatory response were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanmay Chang
- Institute of Long-Term Care, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei 25245, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-919991261
| | - Jui-Ting Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 11101, Taiwan;
| | - Mei-Yi Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 83102, Taiwan;
| | - Mei-Zen Huang
- Department of Nursing, National Tainan Junior College of Nursing, Tainan 70007, Taiwan;
| | | | - Yung-Luen Shih
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 11101, Taiwan;
| | - Yao-Rong Hwang
- Institute of Long-Term Care, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei 25245, Taiwan;
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Infrared Radiation in the Management of Musculoskeletal Conditions and Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2022; 12:334-343. [PMID: 35323210 PMCID: PMC8946909 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe12030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrared radiation (IR) is a promising complementary treatment for musculoskeletal conditions and chronic pain. By means of a systematic review, we evaluated the contribution of IR to the management of these ailments. PubMed-MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane Library–Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were systematically searched until 20 December 2021. The literature search yielded 233 relevant records. Following the screening of titles and abstracts, 42 full-texts were evaluated. As per inclusion/exclusion criteria, 13 publications were entered into the qualitative assessment. These studies described the effects of IR in humans: three studies focused on osteoarthritis, four studies on fibromyalgia, and six encompassed a wider range of diseases (ankylosing spondylitis, recovery from sports injuries, myofascial pain syndrome). Based on the findings of our systematic review, we noted a decrease in pain levels, as evaluated by the visual analog scale (VAS), in patients suffering from musculoskeletal disorders treated with IR. In addition, IR use led to a decrease in Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FiQ) scores in subjects diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Nevertheless, IR has failed to facilitate muscle recovery following athletic injuries.
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WÅHLÉN KARIN, YAN HONG, WELINDER CHARLOTTE, ERNBERG MALIN, KOSEK EVA, MANNERKORPI KAISA, GERDLE BJÖRN, GHAFOURI BIJAR. Proteomic Investigation in Plasma from Women with Fibromyalgia in Response to a 15-wk Resistance Exercise Intervention. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:232-246. [PMID: 35029590 PMCID: PMC8754090 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fibromyalgia (FM) is a complex pain condition, and exercise is considered the first option of treatment. Few studies have examined the effect of exercise on molecular mechanisms in FM. The aim of this study was to analyze the plasma proteome in women with FM and healthy controls (CON) before and after 15 wk of resistance exercise. This study further investigated whether clinical and exercises-related outcomes correlated with identified plasma proteins in FM. METHODS Plasma samples from 40 FM/25 CON (baseline) and 21 FM/24 CON (postexercise) were analyzed using shotgun proteomics. Clinical/background data were retrieved through questionnaires. Exercise-related variables and pressure pain thresholds were assessed using standardized instruments. Multivariate statistics were applied to analyze the proteomic profile at baseline and postexercise, and correlation with clinical/exercise-related data. RESULTS Fifteen weeks of resistance exercises improved clinical symptoms and muscle strength, and affected circulating proteins related to immunity, stress, mRNA stability, metabolic processes, and muscle structure development in FM. Pressure pain threshold was related to a specific protein profile, with proteins involved in metabolic and immune response. Subgroups of FM based on plasma proteins, FM duration, and improved muscle strength were identified. CONCLUSIONS Exercise seems to affect circulating proteins, clinical characteristics, and muscle strength in FM. This study contributes to better understanding of systemic protein changes in FM compared with CON and how resistance exercise affects such changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- KARIN WÅHLÉN
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SWEDEN
| | - HONG YAN
- BioMS, Lund University, Lund, SWEDEN
| | - CHARLOTTE WELINDER
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, SWEDEN
| | - MALIN ERNBERG
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Scandinavian Centre for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Huddinge, SWEDEN
| | - EVA KOSEK
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SWEDEN
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SWEDEN
| | - KAISA MANNERKORPI
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Health and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SWEDEN
| | - BJÖRN GERDLE
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SWEDEN
| | - BIJAR GHAFOURI
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SWEDEN
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Barbalho SM, Prado Neto EV, De Alvares Goulart R, Bechara MD, Baisi Chagas EF, Audi M, Guissoni Campos LM, Landgraf Guiger E, Buchaim RL, Buchaim DV, Cressoni Araujo A. Myokines: a descriptive review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:1583-1590. [PMID: 32586076 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10884-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the last years, scientists have shown that skeletal muscle is not a pure locomotor unit or responsible for propulsion and posture. Skeletal muscle encompasses one of the major organs of the body (constituting about 40% of the body mass in non-obese men). It regulates energy and metabolic processes and is now recognized as an organ capable of producing molecules with vital functions. These molecules are termed myokines, a new field of research in the health sciences, and represent an open field of discoveries and applications in several areas. The aim of this review was to show the role of some well-known myokines in the maintenance of homeostasis. Our search was performed in databases such as Medline/Pubmed, Embase and Scielo. Some relevant myokines are interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-15, irisin, myostatin, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). They are related to play a positive or negative role in muscle function and metabolism homeostasis. They are associated with the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, the deposition of fat in the adipose tissue, and the "browning" of the white adipose tissue. For these reasons, they can interfere with the prevention of obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases. The discovery of the myokines has opened a new direction in understanding the effects of exercises on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Barbalho
- Medical School of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, Brazil - .,Food Technology School, Marília, Brazil -
| | | | | | | | | | - Mauro Audi
- Medical School of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, Brazil
| | | | - Elen Landgraf Guiger
- Medical School of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, Brazil.,Food Technology School, Marília, Brazil
| | - Rogério L Buchaim
- Medical School of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, Brazil.,University of São Paulo (FOB - USP), Bauru, Brazil
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