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The Comparison of the Effects between Continuous and Intermittent Energy Restriction in Short-Term Bodyweight Loss for Sedentary Population: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111645. [PMID: 34770157 PMCID: PMC8583133 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To compare the effects of continuous energy restriction (CER) and intermittent energy restriction (IER) in bodyweight loss plan in sedentary individuals with normal bodyweight and explore the influence factors of effect and individual retention. Methods: 26 participants were recruited in this randomized controlled and double-blinded trial and allocated to CER and IER groups. Bodyweight (BW), body mass index (BMI), and resting metabolic rate (RMR) would be collected before and after a 4-week (28 days) plan which included energy restriction (CER or IER) and moderate-intensity exercise. Daily intake of three major nutrients (protein, carbohydrate, fat) and calories were recorded. Results: A significant decrease in BW and BMI were reported within each group. No statistically significant difference in the change of RMR in CERG. No statistically significant difference was reported in the effect between groups, neither as well the intake of total calories, three major nutrients, and individual plan retention. The influence factors of IER and CER are different. Conclusion: Both CER and IER are effective and safe energy restriction strategies in the short term. Daily energy intake and physical exercise are important to both IER and CER.
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Younas H, Vieira M, Gu C, Lee R, Shin MK, Berger S, Loube J, Nelson A, Bevans-Fonti S, Zhong Q, D'Alessio FR, McCormack MC, Hansel NN, Mitzner W, Polotsky VY. Caloric restriction prevents the development of airway hyperresponsiveness in mice on a high fat diet. Sci Rep 2019; 9:279. [PMID: 30670753 PMCID: PMC6342916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36651-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that high fat diet (HFD) for 2 weeks increases airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine challenge in C57BL/6J mice in association with an increase in IL-1β levels in lung tissue. We hypothesize that obesity increases AHR via the IL-1β mechanism, which can be prevented by caloric restriction and IL-1β blockade. In this study, we fed C57BL/6J mice for 8 weeks with several hypercaloric diets, including HFD, HFD supplemented with fructose, high trans-fat diet (HTFD) supplemented with fructose, either ad libitum or restricting their food intake to match body weight to the mice on a chow diet (CD). We also assessed the effect of the IL-1β receptor blocker anakinra. All mice showed the same total respiratory resistance at baseline. All obese mice showed higher AHR at 30 mg/ml of methacholine compared to CD and food restricted groups, regardless of the diet. Obese mice showed significant increases in lung IL-1 β mRNA expression, but not the protein, compared to CD and food restricted mice. Anakinra abolished an increase in AHR. We conclude that obesity leads to the airway hyperresponsiveness preventable by caloric restriction and IL-1β blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Younas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marcela Vieira
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chenjuan Gu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rachel Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mi-Kyung Shin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Slava Berger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeff Loube
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Nelson
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shannon Bevans-Fonti
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qiong Zhong
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Franco R D'Alessio
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meredith C McCormack
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nadia N Hansel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wayne Mitzner
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vsevolod Y Polotsky
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Lei CX, Tian JJ, Ji H, Li Y. EPA plays multiple roles in regulating lipid accumulation of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella adipose tissue in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 93:290-301. [PMID: 29968318 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) on lipid accumulation in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella adipose tissue both in vitro and in vivo. EPA was observed to inhibit the adipocyte viability in a time and dose-dependent manner. EPA was also found to induce reactive oxygen species accumulation in vitro. The mRNA levels of caspase 3a and caspase 3b, as well as the activity of Caspase 3 increased significantly in vitro and in vivo, whereas the value of B cell leukemia 2-Bcl-2 associated X protein decreased significantly. Besides, the pro-apoptotic effect was relieved by α-tocopherol. Dietary 0.52% EPA had no apparent effect on intraperitoneal fat index. Moreover, EPA promoted the hydrolytic gene expressions in vitro and in vivo, including adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone sensitive lipase-a. Meanwhile, the lipogenic gene expressions of liver X receptor α, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c and fatty-acid synthase were down-regulated by EPA in vitro and in vivo. However, EPA also acted to promote the marker gene expressions of adipogenesis, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and lipoprotein lipase in vitro and in vivo. Contents of EPA increased significantly in the treatment groups in vitro and in vivo. These results support that EPA affects multiple aspects of lipid metabolism, including hydrolysis, lipogenesis, adipogenesis and apoptosis. However, it barely functioned in decreasing the lipid accumulation of Ctenopharyngodon idella under the current culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai X Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jing J Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture; Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hong Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
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Fish oil and fenofibrate inhibit pancreatic islet hypertrophy, and improve glucose and lipid metabolic dysfuntions with different ways in diabetic KK mice. Obes Res Clin Pract 2018; 12:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Hirako S, Wakayama Y, Kim H, Iizuka Y, Matsumoto A, Wada N, Kimura A, Okabe M, Sakagami J, Suzuki M, Takenoya F, Shioda S. The relationship between aquaglyceroporin expression and development of fatty liver in diet-induced obesity and ob/ob mice. Obes Res Clin Pract 2015; 10:710-718. [PMID: 26747210 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporin (AQP) 7 and AQP9 are subcategorised as aquaglyceroporins which transport glycerin in addition to water. These AQPs may play a role in the homeostasis of energy metabolism. We examined the effect of AQP7, AQP9, and lipid metabolism-related gene expression in obese mice. In diet-induced obese (DIO) mice, excess lipid accumulated in the liver, which was hyperleptinemic and hyperinsulinemic. Hepatic AQP9 gene expression was significantly increased in both DIO and ob/ob mice compared to controls. The mRNA expression levels of fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis-related genes and fatty acid β oxidation-related genes in the liver were also higher in both mouse models, suggesting that triglyceride synthesis in this organ is promoted as a result of glycerol release from adipocytes. Adipose AQP7 and AQP9 gene expressions were increased in DIO mice, but there was no difference in ob/ob mice compared to wild-type mice. In summary, adipose AQP7 and AQP9 gene expressions are increased by diet-induced obesity, indicating that this is one of the mechanisms by which lipid accumulates in response to a high fat diet, not the genetic mutation of ob/ob mice. Hepatic AQP9 gene expression was increased in both obesity model mice. AQP7 and AQP9 therefore have the potential of defining molecules for the characterisation of obesity or fatty liver and may be a target molecules for the treatment of those disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hirako
- Department of Health and Nutrition, University of Human Arts and Sciences, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Wakayama
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Wakayama Clinic, Machida-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hyounju Kim
- Department of Clinical Dietetics & Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Iizuka
- Department of Clinical Dietetics & Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akiyo Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Dietetics & Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Wada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Kimura
- Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science Peptide Drug Innovation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mai Okabe
- Tokyo Shokuryo Dietitian Academy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Sakagami
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamiko Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiko Takenoya
- Department of Exercise and Sports Physiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science Peptide Drug Innovation, Tokyo, Japan.
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Fish oil prevents excessive accumulation of subcutaneous fat caused by an adverse effect of pioglitazone treatment and positively changes adipocytes in KK mice. Toxicol Rep 2015; 3:4-14. [PMID: 28959521 PMCID: PMC5615378 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione (TZD), is widely used as an insulin sensitizer in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, body weight gain is frequently observed in TZD-treated patients. Fish oil improves lipid metabolism dysfunction and obesity. In this study, we demonstrated suppression of body weight gain in response to pioglitazone administration by combination therapy of pioglitazone and fish oil in type 2 diabetic KK mice. Male KK mice were fed experimental diets for 8 weeks. In safflower oil (SO), safflower oil/low-dose pioglitazone (S/PL), and safflower oil/high-dose pioglitazone (S/PH) diets, 20% of calories were provided by safflower oil containing 0%, 0.006%, or 0.012% (wt/wt) pioglitazone, respectively. In fish oil (FO), fish oil/low-dose pioglitazone (F/PL), and fish oil/high-dose pioglitazone (F/PH) diets, 20% of calories were provided by a mixture of fish oil and safflower oil. Increased body weight and subcutaneous fat mass were observed in the S/PL and S/PH groups; however, diets containing fish oil were found to ameliorate these changes. Hepatic mRNA levels of lipogenic enzymes were significantly decreased in fish oil-fed groups. These findings demonstrate that the combination of pioglitazone and fish oil decreases subcutaneous fat accumulation, ameliorating pioglitazone-induced body weight gain, through fish oil-mediated inhibition of hepatic de novo lipogenesis.
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Key Words
- ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase
- AOX, acyl-CoA oxidase
- ATM, adipose tissue macrophage
- AUC, area under the curve
- Adverse effect
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- CPT-1, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1
- CT, computed tomography
- DHA, docosahexaenoic acid
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid
- FAS, fatty acid synthase
- FFA, free fatty acid
- Fish oil
- G6pase, glucose-6-phosphatase
- GPAT, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance
- IR, insulin resistance
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- Insig-1, insulin-induced gene 1
- MCAD, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
- PEPCK, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- Pioglitazone
- RT-PCR, real-time polymerase chain reaction
- SCD-1, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1
- SREBP, sterol regulatory element-binding protein
- TLR-4, toll-like receptor-4
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TZD, thiazolidinedione
- UCP-2, uncoupling protein 2
- VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein
- WAT, white adipose tissue
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Sahini N, Borlak J. Recent insights into the molecular pathophysiology of lipid droplet formation in hepatocytes. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 54:86-112. [PMID: 24607340 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Triacyglycerols are a major energy reserve of the body and are normally stored in adipose tissue as lipid droplets (LDs). The liver, however, stores energy as glycogen and digested triglycerides in the form of fatty acids. In stressed condition such as obesity, imbalanced nutrition and drug induced liver injury hepatocytes accumulate excess lipids in the form of LDs whose prolonged storage leads to disease conditions most notably non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Fatty liver disease has become a major health burden with more than 90% of obese, nearly 70% of overweight and about 25% of normal weight patients being affected. Notably, research in recent years has shown LD as highly dynamic organelles for maintaining lipid homeostasis through fat storage, protein sorting and other molecular events studied in adipocytes and other cells of living organisms. This review focuses on the molecular events of LD formation in hepatocytes and the importance of cross talk between different cell types and their signalling in NAFLD as to provide a perspective on molecular mechanisms as well as possibilities for different therapeutic intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishika Sahini
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Borlak
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Lee JH, Cho HD, Jeong JH, Lee MK, Jeong YK, Shim KH, Seo KI. New vinegar produced by tomato suppresses adipocyte differentiation and fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells and obese rat model. Food Chem 2013; 141:3241-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Basaranoglu M, Basaranoglu G, Sabuncu T, Sentürk H. Fructose as a key player in the development of fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:1166-72. [PMID: 23482247 PMCID: PMC3587472 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i8.1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate whether increased consumption of fructose is linked to the increased prevalence of fatty liver. The prevalence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is 3% and 20% in nonobese and obese subjects, respectively. Obesity is a low-grade chronic inflammatory condition and obesity-related cytokines such as interleukin-6, adiponectin, leptin, and tumor necrosis factor-α may play important roles in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Additionally, the prevalence of NASH associated with both cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma was reported to be high among patients with type 2 diabetes with or without obesity. Our research group previously showed that consumption of fructose is associated with adverse alterations of plasma lipid profiles and metabolic changes in mice, the American Lifestyle-Induced Obesity Syndrome model, which included consumption of a high-fructose corn syrup in amounts relevant to that consumed by some Americans. The observation reinforces the concerns about the role of fructose in the obesity epidemic. Increased availability of fructose (e.g., high-fructose corn syrup) increases not only abnormal glucose flux but also fructose metabolism in the hepatocyte. Thus, the anatomic position of the liver places it in a strategic buffering position for absorbed carbohydrates and amino acids. Fructose was previously accepted as a beneficial dietary component because it does not stimulate insulin secretion. However, since insulin signaling plays an important role in central mechanisms of NAFLD, this property of fructose may be undesirable. Fructose has a selective hepatic metabolism, and provokes a hepatic stress response involving activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases and subsequent reduced hepatic insulin signaling. As high fat diet alone produces obesity, insulin resistance, and some degree of fatty liver with minimal inflammation and no fibrosis, the fast food diet which includes fructose and fats produces a gene expression signature of increased hepatic fibrosis, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and lipoapoptosis. Hepatic de novo lipogenesis (fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis) is increased in patients with NAFLD. Stable-isotope studies showed that increased de novo lipogenesis (DNL) in patients with NAFLD contributed to fat accumulation in the liver and the development of NAFLD. Specifically, DNL was responsible for 26% of accumulated hepatic triglycerides and 15%-23% of secreted very low-density lipoprotein triglycerides in patients with NAFLD compared to an estimated less than 5% DNL in healthy subjects and 10% DNL in obese people with hyperinsulinemia. In conclusion, understanding the underlying causes of NAFLD forms the basis for rational preventive and treatment strategies of this major form of chronic liver disease.
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