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Pérez-Martínez P, Mikhailidis DP, Athyros VG, Bullo M, Couture P, Covas MI, de Koning L, Delgado-Lista J, Díaz-López A, Drevon CA, Estruch R, Esposito K, Fitó M, Garaulet M, Giugliano D, García-Ríos A, Katsiki N, Kolovou G, Lamarche B, Maiorino MI, Mena-Sánchez G, Muñoz-Garach A, Nikolic D, Ordovás JM, Pérez-Jiménez F, Rizzo M, Salas-Salvadó J, Schröder H, Tinahones FJ, de la Torre R, van Ommen B, Wopereis S, Ros E, López-Miranda J. Lifestyle recommendations for the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome: an international panel recommendation. Nutr Rev 2017; 75:307-326. [PMID: 28521334 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of metabolic syndrome (MetS) lies in its associated risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, as well as other harmful conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In this report, the available scientific evidence on the associations between lifestyle changes and MetS and its components is reviewed to derive recommendations for MetS prevention and management. Weight loss through an energy-restricted diet together with increased energy expenditure through physical activity contribute to the prevention and treatment of MetS. A Mediterranean-type diet, with or without energy restriction, is an effective treatment component. This dietary pattern should be built upon an increased intake of unsaturated fat, primarily from olive oil, and emphasize the consumption of legumes, cereals (whole grains), fruits, vegetables, nuts, fish, and low-fat dairy products, as well as moderate consumption of alcohol. Other dietary patterns (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, new Nordic, and vegetarian diets) have also been proposed as alternatives for preventing MetS. Quitting smoking and reducing intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and meat and meat products are mandatory. Nevertheless, there are inconsistencies and gaps in the evidence, and additional research is needed to define the most appropriate therapies for MetS. In conclusion, a healthy lifestyle is critical to prevent or delay the onset of MetS in susceptible individuals and to prevent cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in those with existing MetS. The recommendations provided in this article should help patients and clinicians understand and implement the most effective approaches for lifestyle change to prevent MetS and improve cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Pérez-Martínez
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dimitri P Mikhailidis
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vasilios G Athyros
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Bullo
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrick Couture
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María I Covas
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lawrence de Koning
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Delgado-Lista
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Díaz-López
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian A Drevon
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Estruch
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katherine Esposito
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Garaulet
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dario Giugliano
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio García-Ríos
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Niki Katsiki
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Genovefa Kolovou
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benoît Lamarche
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Ida Maiorino
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Mena-Sánchez
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Araceli Muñoz-Garach
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dragana Nikolic
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Ordovás
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Pérez-Jiménez
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helmut Schröder
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ben van Ommen
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Suzan Wopereis
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Ros
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José López-Miranda
- P. Pérez-Martínez, J. Delgado-Lista, A. García-Ríos, F. Pérez-Jiménez, and J. López-Miranda are with the Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. P. Pérez-Martínez, M. Bullo, M.I. Covas, J. Delgado-Lista, A. Díaz-López, R. Estruch, M. Fitó, A. García-Ríos, G. Mena-Sánchez, A. Muñoz-Garach, F. Pérez-Jiménez, J. Salas-Salvadó, F.J. Tinahones, R. de la Torre, E. Ros, and J. López-Miranda are with the CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. D.P. Mikhailidis is with the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom. V.G. Athyros and N. Katsiki are with the Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. M. Bullo, A. Díaz-López, G. Mena-Sánchez, and J. Salas-Salvadó are with the Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain. P. Couture and B. Lamarche are with the Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. M.I. Covas, M. Fitó, and H. Schröder are with the Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. M.I. Covas is with the NUPROAS (Nutritional Project Assessment) Handesbolag, Nacka?, Sweden. L. de Koning is with the the Department of Pathology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. C.A. Drevon is with the Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. R. Estruch is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, and M. Ida Maiorino are with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples Diabetes Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. M. Garaulet is with the Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. G. Kolovou is with the 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. A. Muñoz-Garach and F.J. Tinahones are with the Servicio de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, Hospital Clinico Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain. D. Nikolic and M. Rizzo are with the Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. J.M. Ordovás is with the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. J.M. Ordovás is with the Department of Epidemiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Investigations, Madrid, Spain; and the Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food, Madrid, Spain. H. Schröder is with the CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain. R. de la Torre is with the Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. B. van Ommen and S. Wopereis are with the Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands. E. Ros is with the Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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Hernáez Á, Castañer O, Elosua R, Pintó X, Estruch R, Salas-Salvadó J, Corella D, Arós F, Serra-Majem L, Fiol M, Ortega-Calvo M, Ros E, Martínez-González MÁ, de la Torre R, López-Sabater MC, Fitó M. Mediterranean Diet Improves High-Density Lipoprotein Function in High-Cardiovascular-Risk Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Circulation 2017; 135:633-643. [PMID: 28193797 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.023712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biological functions of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) contribute to explaining the cardioprotective role of the lipoprotein beyond quantitative HDL cholesterol levels. A few small-scale interventions with a single antioxidant have improved some HDL functions. However, to date, no long-term, large-scale, randomized controlled trial has been conducted to assess the effects of an antioxidant-rich dietary pattern (such as a traditional Mediterranean diet [TMD]) on HDL function in humans. METHODS This study was performed in a random subsample of volunteers from the PREDIMED Study (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea; n=296) after a 1-year intervention. We compared the effects of 2 TMDs, one enriched with virgin olive oil (TMD-VOO; n=100) and the other enriched with nuts (TMD-Nuts; n=100), with respect to a low-fat control diet (n=96). We assessed the effects of both TMDs on the role of HDL particles on reverse cholesterol transport (cholesterol efflux capacity, HDL ability to esterify cholesterol, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity), HDL antioxidant properties (paraoxonase-1 arylesterase activity and total HDL antioxidant capacity on low-density lipoproteins), and HDL vasodilatory capacity (HDL ability to induce the release of nitric oxide in endothelial cells). We also studied the effects of a TMD on several HDL quality-related characteristics (HDL particle oxidation, resistance against oxidative modification, main lipid and protein composition, and size distribution). RESULTS Both TMDs increased cholesterol efflux capacity relative to baseline (P=0.018 and P=0.013 for TMD-VOO and TMD-Nuts, respectively). The TMD-VOO intervention decreased cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity (relative to baseline, P=0.028) and increased HDL ability to esterify cholesterol, paraoxonase-1 arylesterase activity, and HDL vasodilatory capacity (relative to control, P=0.039, P=0.012, and P=0.026, respectively). Adherence to a TMD induced these beneficial changes by improving HDL oxidative status and composition. The 3 diets increased the percentage of large HDL particles (relative to baseline, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The TMD, especially when enriched with virgin olive oil, improved HDL atheroprotective functions in humans. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.controlled-trials.com. Unique identifier: ISRCTN35739639.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Hernáez
- From Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (A.H., O.C., R.d.l.T, M. Fitó) and Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group (R. Elosua), REGICOR Study Group, and Human Pharmacology and Neurosciences Research Group (R.d.l.T.), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; PhD Program in Food Sciences and Nutrition (A.H.) and Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.C.L.-S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (A.H., O.C., X.P., R. Estruch, J.S.-S., D.C., F.A., L.S.-M., M. Fiol, M.O.-C., E.R., M.A.M.-G., R.d.l.T., M.C.L.-S., M. Fitó); Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (X.P.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain (R. Estruch, E.R.); Human Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain (J.S.-S.); Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Spain (D.C.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Álava, Vitoria, Spain (F.A.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain (L.S.-M.); Hospital Son Espases, and Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (M. Fiol); Department of Family Medicine, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Centro de Salud Las Palmeritas, Spain (M.O.-C.); and Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (M.A.M.-G.)
| | - Olga Castañer
- From Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (A.H., O.C., R.d.l.T, M. Fitó) and Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group (R. Elosua), REGICOR Study Group, and Human Pharmacology and Neurosciences Research Group (R.d.l.T.), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; PhD Program in Food Sciences and Nutrition (A.H.) and Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.C.L.-S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (A.H., O.C., X.P., R. Estruch, J.S.-S., D.C., F.A., L.S.-M., M. Fiol, M.O.-C., E.R., M.A.M.-G., R.d.l.T., M.C.L.-S., M. Fitó); Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (X.P.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain (R. Estruch, E.R.); Human Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain (J.S.-S.); Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Spain (D.C.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Álava, Vitoria, Spain (F.A.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain (L.S.-M.); Hospital Son Espases, and Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (M. Fiol); Department of Family Medicine, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Centro de Salud Las Palmeritas, Spain (M.O.-C.); and Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (M.A.M.-G.)
| | - Roberto Elosua
- From Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (A.H., O.C., R.d.l.T, M. Fitó) and Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group (R. Elosua), REGICOR Study Group, and Human Pharmacology and Neurosciences Research Group (R.d.l.T.), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; PhD Program in Food Sciences and Nutrition (A.H.) and Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.C.L.-S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (A.H., O.C., X.P., R. Estruch, J.S.-S., D.C., F.A., L.S.-M., M. Fiol, M.O.-C., E.R., M.A.M.-G., R.d.l.T., M.C.L.-S., M. Fitó); Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (X.P.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain (R. Estruch, E.R.); Human Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain (J.S.-S.); Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Spain (D.C.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Álava, Vitoria, Spain (F.A.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain (L.S.-M.); Hospital Son Espases, and Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (M. Fiol); Department of Family Medicine, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Centro de Salud Las Palmeritas, Spain (M.O.-C.); and Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (M.A.M.-G.)
| | - Xavier Pintó
- From Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (A.H., O.C., R.d.l.T, M. Fitó) and Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group (R. Elosua), REGICOR Study Group, and Human Pharmacology and Neurosciences Research Group (R.d.l.T.), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; PhD Program in Food Sciences and Nutrition (A.H.) and Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.C.L.-S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (A.H., O.C., X.P., R. Estruch, J.S.-S., D.C., F.A., L.S.-M., M. Fiol, M.O.-C., E.R., M.A.M.-G., R.d.l.T., M.C.L.-S., M. Fitó); Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (X.P.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain (R. Estruch, E.R.); Human Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain (J.S.-S.); Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Spain (D.C.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Álava, Vitoria, Spain (F.A.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain (L.S.-M.); Hospital Son Espases, and Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (M. Fiol); Department of Family Medicine, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Centro de Salud Las Palmeritas, Spain (M.O.-C.); and Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (M.A.M.-G.)
| | - Ramón Estruch
- From Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (A.H., O.C., R.d.l.T, M. Fitó) and Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group (R. Elosua), REGICOR Study Group, and Human Pharmacology and Neurosciences Research Group (R.d.l.T.), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; PhD Program in Food Sciences and Nutrition (A.H.) and Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.C.L.-S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (A.H., O.C., X.P., R. Estruch, J.S.-S., D.C., F.A., L.S.-M., M. Fiol, M.O.-C., E.R., M.A.M.-G., R.d.l.T., M.C.L.-S., M. Fitó); Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (X.P.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain (R. Estruch, E.R.); Human Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain (J.S.-S.); Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Spain (D.C.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Álava, Vitoria, Spain (F.A.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain (L.S.-M.); Hospital Son Espases, and Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (M. Fiol); Department of Family Medicine, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Centro de Salud Las Palmeritas, Spain (M.O.-C.); and Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (M.A.M.-G.)
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- From Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (A.H., O.C., R.d.l.T, M. Fitó) and Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group (R. Elosua), REGICOR Study Group, and Human Pharmacology and Neurosciences Research Group (R.d.l.T.), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; PhD Program in Food Sciences and Nutrition (A.H.) and Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.C.L.-S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (A.H., O.C., X.P., R. Estruch, J.S.-S., D.C., F.A., L.S.-M., M. Fiol, M.O.-C., E.R., M.A.M.-G., R.d.l.T., M.C.L.-S., M. Fitó); Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (X.P.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain (R. Estruch, E.R.); Human Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain (J.S.-S.); Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Spain (D.C.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Álava, Vitoria, Spain (F.A.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain (L.S.-M.); Hospital Son Espases, and Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (M. Fiol); Department of Family Medicine, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Centro de Salud Las Palmeritas, Spain (M.O.-C.); and Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (M.A.M.-G.)
| | - Dolores Corella
- From Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (A.H., O.C., R.d.l.T, M. Fitó) and Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group (R. Elosua), REGICOR Study Group, and Human Pharmacology and Neurosciences Research Group (R.d.l.T.), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; PhD Program in Food Sciences and Nutrition (A.H.) and Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.C.L.-S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (A.H., O.C., X.P., R. Estruch, J.S.-S., D.C., F.A., L.S.-M., M. Fiol, M.O.-C., E.R., M.A.M.-G., R.d.l.T., M.C.L.-S., M. Fitó); Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (X.P.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain (R. Estruch, E.R.); Human Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain (J.S.-S.); Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Spain (D.C.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Álava, Vitoria, Spain (F.A.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain (L.S.-M.); Hospital Son Espases, and Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (M. Fiol); Department of Family Medicine, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Centro de Salud Las Palmeritas, Spain (M.O.-C.); and Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (M.A.M.-G.)
| | - Fernando Arós
- From Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (A.H., O.C., R.d.l.T, M. Fitó) and Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group (R. Elosua), REGICOR Study Group, and Human Pharmacology and Neurosciences Research Group (R.d.l.T.), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; PhD Program in Food Sciences and Nutrition (A.H.) and Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.C.L.-S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (A.H., O.C., X.P., R. Estruch, J.S.-S., D.C., F.A., L.S.-M., M. Fiol, M.O.-C., E.R., M.A.M.-G., R.d.l.T., M.C.L.-S., M. Fitó); Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (X.P.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain (R. Estruch, E.R.); Human Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain (J.S.-S.); Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Spain (D.C.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Álava, Vitoria, Spain (F.A.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain (L.S.-M.); Hospital Son Espases, and Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (M. Fiol); Department of Family Medicine, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Centro de Salud Las Palmeritas, Spain (M.O.-C.); and Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (M.A.M.-G.)
| | - Lluis Serra-Majem
- From Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (A.H., O.C., R.d.l.T, M. Fitó) and Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group (R. Elosua), REGICOR Study Group, and Human Pharmacology and Neurosciences Research Group (R.d.l.T.), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; PhD Program in Food Sciences and Nutrition (A.H.) and Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.C.L.-S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (A.H., O.C., X.P., R. Estruch, J.S.-S., D.C., F.A., L.S.-M., M. Fiol, M.O.-C., E.R., M.A.M.-G., R.d.l.T., M.C.L.-S., M. Fitó); Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (X.P.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain (R. Estruch, E.R.); Human Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain (J.S.-S.); Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Spain (D.C.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Álava, Vitoria, Spain (F.A.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain (L.S.-M.); Hospital Son Espases, and Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (M. Fiol); Department of Family Medicine, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Centro de Salud Las Palmeritas, Spain (M.O.-C.); and Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (M.A.M.-G.)
| | - Miquel Fiol
- From Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (A.H., O.C., R.d.l.T, M. Fitó) and Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group (R. Elosua), REGICOR Study Group, and Human Pharmacology and Neurosciences Research Group (R.d.l.T.), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; PhD Program in Food Sciences and Nutrition (A.H.) and Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.C.L.-S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (A.H., O.C., X.P., R. Estruch, J.S.-S., D.C., F.A., L.S.-M., M. Fiol, M.O.-C., E.R., M.A.M.-G., R.d.l.T., M.C.L.-S., M. Fitó); Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (X.P.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain (R. Estruch, E.R.); Human Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain (J.S.-S.); Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Spain (D.C.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Álava, Vitoria, Spain (F.A.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain (L.S.-M.); Hospital Son Espases, and Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (M. Fiol); Department of Family Medicine, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Centro de Salud Las Palmeritas, Spain (M.O.-C.); and Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (M.A.M.-G.)
| | - Manuel Ortega-Calvo
- From Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (A.H., O.C., R.d.l.T, M. Fitó) and Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group (R. Elosua), REGICOR Study Group, and Human Pharmacology and Neurosciences Research Group (R.d.l.T.), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; PhD Program in Food Sciences and Nutrition (A.H.) and Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.C.L.-S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (A.H., O.C., X.P., R. Estruch, J.S.-S., D.C., F.A., L.S.-M., M. Fiol, M.O.-C., E.R., M.A.M.-G., R.d.l.T., M.C.L.-S., M. Fitó); Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (X.P.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain (R. Estruch, E.R.); Human Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain (J.S.-S.); Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Spain (D.C.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Álava, Vitoria, Spain (F.A.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain (L.S.-M.); Hospital Son Espases, and Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (M. Fiol); Department of Family Medicine, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Centro de Salud Las Palmeritas, Spain (M.O.-C.); and Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (M.A.M.-G.)
| | - Emilio Ros
- From Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (A.H., O.C., R.d.l.T, M. Fitó) and Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group (R. Elosua), REGICOR Study Group, and Human Pharmacology and Neurosciences Research Group (R.d.l.T.), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; PhD Program in Food Sciences and Nutrition (A.H.) and Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.C.L.-S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (A.H., O.C., X.P., R. Estruch, J.S.-S., D.C., F.A., L.S.-M., M. Fiol, M.O.-C., E.R., M.A.M.-G., R.d.l.T., M.C.L.-S., M. Fitó); Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (X.P.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain (R. Estruch, E.R.); Human Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain (J.S.-S.); Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Spain (D.C.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Álava, Vitoria, Spain (F.A.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain (L.S.-M.); Hospital Son Espases, and Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (M. Fiol); Department of Family Medicine, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Centro de Salud Las Palmeritas, Spain (M.O.-C.); and Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (M.A.M.-G.)
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez-González
- From Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (A.H., O.C., R.d.l.T, M. Fitó) and Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group (R. Elosua), REGICOR Study Group, and Human Pharmacology and Neurosciences Research Group (R.d.l.T.), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; PhD Program in Food Sciences and Nutrition (A.H.) and Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.C.L.-S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (A.H., O.C., X.P., R. Estruch, J.S.-S., D.C., F.A., L.S.-M., M. Fiol, M.O.-C., E.R., M.A.M.-G., R.d.l.T., M.C.L.-S., M. Fitó); Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (X.P.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain (R. Estruch, E.R.); Human Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain (J.S.-S.); Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Spain (D.C.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Álava, Vitoria, Spain (F.A.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain (L.S.-M.); Hospital Son Espases, and Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (M. Fiol); Department of Family Medicine, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Centro de Salud Las Palmeritas, Spain (M.O.-C.); and Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (M.A.M.-G.)
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- From Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (A.H., O.C., R.d.l.T, M. Fitó) and Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group (R. Elosua), REGICOR Study Group, and Human Pharmacology and Neurosciences Research Group (R.d.l.T.), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; PhD Program in Food Sciences and Nutrition (A.H.) and Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.C.L.-S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (A.H., O.C., X.P., R. Estruch, J.S.-S., D.C., F.A., L.S.-M., M. Fiol, M.O.-C., E.R., M.A.M.-G., R.d.l.T., M.C.L.-S., M. Fitó); Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (X.P.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain (R. Estruch, E.R.); Human Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain (J.S.-S.); Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Spain (D.C.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Álava, Vitoria, Spain (F.A.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain (L.S.-M.); Hospital Son Espases, and Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (M. Fiol); Department of Family Medicine, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Centro de Salud Las Palmeritas, Spain (M.O.-C.); and Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (M.A.M.-G.)
| | - M Carmen López-Sabater
- From Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (A.H., O.C., R.d.l.T, M. Fitó) and Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group (R. Elosua), REGICOR Study Group, and Human Pharmacology and Neurosciences Research Group (R.d.l.T.), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; PhD Program in Food Sciences and Nutrition (A.H.) and Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.C.L.-S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (A.H., O.C., X.P., R. Estruch, J.S.-S., D.C., F.A., L.S.-M., M. Fiol, M.O.-C., E.R., M.A.M.-G., R.d.l.T., M.C.L.-S., M. Fitó); Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (X.P.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain (R. Estruch, E.R.); Human Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain (J.S.-S.); Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Spain (D.C.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Álava, Vitoria, Spain (F.A.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain (L.S.-M.); Hospital Son Espases, and Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (M. Fiol); Department of Family Medicine, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Centro de Salud Las Palmeritas, Spain (M.O.-C.); and Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (M.A.M.-G.)
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- From Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (A.H., O.C., R.d.l.T, M. Fitó) and Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group (R. Elosua), REGICOR Study Group, and Human Pharmacology and Neurosciences Research Group (R.d.l.T.), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; PhD Program in Food Sciences and Nutrition (A.H.) and Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (M.C.L.-S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (A.H., O.C., X.P., R. Estruch, J.S.-S., D.C., F.A., L.S.-M., M. Fiol, M.O.-C., E.R., M.A.M.-G., R.d.l.T., M.C.L.-S., M. Fitó); Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (X.P.); Department of Internal Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain (R. Estruch, E.R.); Human Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain (J.S.-S.); Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidad de Valencia, Spain (D.C.); Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Álava, Vitoria, Spain (F.A.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain (L.S.-M.); Hospital Son Espases, and Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (M. Fiol); Department of Family Medicine, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Centro de Salud Las Palmeritas, Spain (M.O.-C.); and Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (M.A.M.-G.).
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