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Khan MA, Muhammad N, Liaqat S, Ejaz M, Fayyaz S, Ali H, Ali Khan T. Mechanical and antibacterial properties of conventional pit and fissure sealants with addition of miswak fibers. Biomater Investig Dent 2023; 10:2271972. [PMID: 38204475 PMCID: PMC10763874 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2023.2271972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The occlusal surface of a tooth is affected by the development of biofilm in pits and fissures as bacteria and food particles accumulate in its complex structure. In this study, miswak fibers containing cellulose and antimicrobial extract were incorporated in commercial pit and fissure sealants. The miswak powder was characterized by different analytical techniques. The powder was mixed in different ratios (0-5%) into a pit and fissure sealant to result in five sealants (Groups 0-5), and their mechanical properties i.e. flexural strength, compressive strength, and Vickers hardness were evaluated. The sealants were also evaluated against streptococcus mutans oral pathogenic bacteria. SEM analysis confirmed irregular shape and micron-size particles of miswak powder. The infrared spectral analysis and X-ray differential peaks showed characteristic peaks related to miswak fibers. The particle appearance increased in prepared pits and fissure sealants with higher loading of miswak powder in SEM analysis. The flexural strength, compressive strength, and Vickers hardness values were obtained in the range of 148-221 (±16.6: p-value < 0.001) MPa, 43.1-50.3 MPa (±1.7: p-value <0.001), and 15.2-21.26 VHN (±0.56: p-value <0.001) for control and prepared sealant specimens respectively. In the antibacterial study, the zone of inhibitions increased with increased content of miswak from 15.6 ± 0.45 mm (Group 1) to 20.3 ± 0.32 mm (Group 5). The MIC was calculated to be 0.039%. The prepared experimental sealant had acceptable mechanical and good antibacterial properties therefore it could be recommended as an efficient pit and fissure sealant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Adnan Khan
- Department of Dental Materials, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Nawshad Muhammad
- Department of Dental Materials, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Saad Liaqat
- Department of Dental Materials, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Munazzah Ejaz
- Department of Dental Materials, Sardar Begum Dental College Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sarmad Fayyaz
- Department of Dental Materials, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Hoor Ali
- Department of Orthodontics, Khyber College of Dentistry Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Taj Ali Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Pathology and Diagnostic Medicine, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Mannakandath ML, Shamsudeen SM, Sadatullah S, Hameed MS, Hosmani J, Ajmal M, Abullais SS. Evaluating Time-Dependent Extraction of Exfoliated Oral Mucosal Cells from Used Toothbrushes and Miswak. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.3112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An integral part of forensic work is DNA quantification and profiling, which necessitates many highquality samples for good results. Oral mucosal cells have become an essential source of genomic DNA in epidemiological studies. The time of collecting DNA samples is a critical factor
in forensic science. To compares the time-dependent extraction of DNA yield and purity from exfoliated oral epithelial cells from toothbrushes and miswak used for time intervals up to 5 months. Thirty healthy volunteers were given toothbrushes and miswak to use for six days. The used toothbrushes
and miswak were collected, stored at room temperature, and analyzed immediately and at the end of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth months. Comparisons between the two independent groups of toothbrush and miswak were done by an independent two-sample t-test. The changes over
time for each outcome were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA. DNA yield of the exfoliated oral epithelial cell samples was higher from female samples, while DNA purity was higher in the male samples. The Miswak contained a sufficient amount of DNA similar to toothbrushes. The yield and
purity are not significantly altered by storing them for at least five months at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Master Luqman Mannakandath
- Department of Diagnostic Science & Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaik Mohamed Shamsudeen
- Department of Diagnostic Science & Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Sadatullah
- Department of Diagnostic Science & Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Shahul Hameed
- Department of Diagnostic Science & Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jagadish Hosmani
- Department of Diagnostic Science & Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammed Ajmal
- Department of Diagnostic Science & Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahabe Saquib Abullais
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
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Nur Diyana AF, Khalina A, Sali MS, Lee CH, Aisyah HA, Norizan MN, Ayu RS. Characterization of lignocellulosic S. persica fibre and its composites: a review. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2022-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
As the demand for renewable, cost-effective, and environmentally acceptable materials in a variety of applications has developed, natural fibres have become more popular as reinforcement in composite materials. Salvadora persica L. is the most common traditional source of chewing stick (miswak) advised by Prophet Muhammad. It is also known as Arak in Arabic and Peelu in Urdu. A lot of research has been done in the last few years to investigate if its traditional applications in dental care are still valid. For this review, a variety of databases (Science Direct, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar), books and primary sources were examined, surveyed, and analysed. Miswak fibre qualities and attributes were addressed in this review study to evaluate if the fibre may be used as an alternative to natural fibre reinforcing in composites. The history and uses of the miswak tree, as well as the structure of the miswak tree, are presented first, followed by a discussion of fibre characterization, with a focus on fibre structure and composition. Finally, the effect of miswak on the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of composites is discussed. Miswak fibre and its composites present considerable challenges and potential as a reinforcement or filler alternative in a variety of applications, including dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Fazil Nur Diyana
- Laboratory of Bio composite Technology , Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Abdan Khalina
- Laboratory of Bio composite Technology , Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
- Department of Agriculture and Biotechnological Engineering , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Sedang 43400 , Selangor , Serdang , Malaysia
| | - Mohd Sapuan Sali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 , Selangor , Serdang , Malaysia
| | - Ching Hao Lee
- Laboratory of Bio composite Technology , Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Humaira Alias Aisyah
- Laboratory of Bio composite Technology , Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nurazzi Norizan
- Laboratory of Bio composite Technology , Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Rafiqah Shafi Ayu
- Laboratory of Bio composite Technology , Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
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Ibrahim S, Taha R, Fawzi E. Effect of Miswak versus standard preventive measures for caries control of young Egyptian adults: A randomized controlled clinical trial. J Int Oral Health 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jioh.jioh_359_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Innovative Nanoporous Titania Surface with Stabilized Antimicrobial Ag-Nanoparticles via Salvadora persica L. Roots (Miswak) Extract for Dental Applications. BIONANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-020-00765-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ahmadi R, Ghanbarzadeh B, Ayaseh A, Kafil HS, Özyurt H, Katourani A, Ostadrahimi A. The antimicrobial bio-nanocomposite containing non-hydrolyzed cellulose nanofiber (CNF) and Miswak (Salvadora persica L.) extract. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 214:15-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ahmadi R, Tanomand A, Kazeminava F, Kamounah FS, Ayaseh A, Ganbarov K, Yousefi M, Katourani A, Yousefi B, Kafil HS. Fabrication and characterization of a titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanoparticles reinforced bio-nanocomposite containing Miswak ( Salvadora persica L.) extract - the antimicrobial, thermo-physical and barrier properties. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:3439-3454. [PMID: 31190802 PMCID: PMC6522844 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s201626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The microbial, physico-chemical and optical corruptions threaten a variety of foods and drugs and consequently the human biological safety and its accessible resources. The humanbeing's tendency towards bio-based materials and natural plant-extracts led to an increase in the usage of antimicrobial biocomposites based on medicinal herbs. Miswak (Salvadora persica L.) extract (SPE) has been proved effective for its antimicrobial and other biological activities. Therefore, in this study, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (TONP) and SPE were applied to fabricate antimicrobial carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) based bio-nanocomposites which would simultaneously promote some thermo-physical and barrier properties. Methods: CMC-neat film (C1), CMC/TONP-2% (C2) and CMC/TONP-2% with 150, 300 and 450 mg/mL SPE (SPE150, SPE30 and SPE450, respectively) were fabricated. The physical and mechanical properties; elemental mapping analysis (MAP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA-DTG); fourier transform infrared (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and UV-vis spectroscopies were done to further validate the results. Results: Addition of TONP (2%) improved the blocking of UV light at 280 nm while SPE-containing nanocomposites completely blocked it. FTIR, XRD and SEM confirmed the formation of homogeneous films and high miscibility of applied materials. TONP led to an increase in Young's modulus (YM) and stress at break (SB) while SPE decreased them and enhanced the elongation to break (EB) (flexibility) of the active nanocomposites. Compared to CMC-film, the thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA-DTG) showed a higher thermal stability for CMC/TONP and CMC/TONP/SPE nanocomposites. The EDX spectroscopy and elemental mapping analysis (MAP) proved the existence and well-distributedness of Na, K, Cl, S, Ti, F and N elements in SPE-activated nanocomposites. The pure SPE and SPE-activated nanocomposites showed a favorable antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. Conclusion: The CMC-TiO2-SPE nanocomposites were homogeneously produced. Combination of TiO2 nanoparticles and dose-dependent SPE led to an improvement of thermal stability, and high potential in antimicrobial and UV-barrier properties. These results can generally highlight the role of the fabricated antimicrobial bio-nanocomposites as a based for different applications especially in food/drug packaging or coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Ahmadi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asghar Tanomand
- Department of Basic Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Kazeminava
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fadhil S Kamounah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK- 2100 Copenhagen. Denmark
| | - Ali Ayaseh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Adib Katourani
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Didi W, Hassaine H, Gaouar S. Antibacterial activity of Algerian chewing sticks extracts on oral denture biofilm. J Int Oral Health 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/jioh.jioh_252_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Abstract
Herbal remedies are used throughout the world, either in earlier or in recent times. The number of studies on this alternative therapeutic system increased in the last decades. In this paper, the relevant literature on the use of natural products in root canal therapy is revised from a MEDLINE database search. The uses of medicinal plants in endodontics include cleaning and disinfection of root canals, intracanal medicaments between appointments, sealer cements, and for removal of obturation material. Other studies showed the effect of natural products in pulpal and dentin repair. Their use is anecdotal, and their effectiveness showed to be variable and is always compared to the chemical standards currently being used. Alkaloids, coumarins, saponins, and flavonoids are aromatic substances that are produced by plants and evaluated for their therapeutic potential. Further investigation into benefits of natural products is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtissam M Almadi
- Department of Restorative Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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Raina R, Kumar V, Krishna M, Raina S, Jaiswal A, Selvan A, Patil C, Kalgotra S. A Comparison of Antibacterial Efficacy of 0.5% Sodium Fluoride Impregnated Miswak and Plain Miswak Sticks on Streprococcus mutans - A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:ZC01-ZC04. [PMID: 28384969 PMCID: PMC5376902 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/21250.9165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Miswak (Salvadora persica) is a tooth cleaning stick made from the Salvodora Persica tree. It serves as a natural dentifrice with anti-bacterial, anti-plaque and anti-fungal properties. Fluoride, impregnated in chewing sticks will bestow comparable safety against dental caries as the fluoride containing dentifrice. AIM The aim of the present study was to assess and compare the anti-bacterial effect of 0.5% sodium fluoride impregnated miswak and plain miswak sticks on Streptococcus mutans. MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomized controlled concurrent parallel triple blind clinical trial was conducted for a period of 8 days. The trial included 30 subjects aged 20-23 years, who were randomly allocated in 1:1 ratio to Group A [0.5% Sodium Fluoride (NaF) impregnated Miswak sticks) and Group B (Plain Miswak sticks) respectively. The participants were instructed to chew miswak sticks for 6 minutes in the morning before breakfast. Unstimulated saliva was collected at baseline and after chewing miswak sticks to estimate S. mutans count using Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin agar. Data was statistically analyzed using paired and unpaired t-test. RESULTS A statistically significant reduction in S. mutans Colony Forming Units (CFU) count in saliva was observed after using fluoridated miswak sticks compared to the baseline count (p=0.001). There was no significant difference in anti-bacterial effect of fluoridated miswak sticks and plain miswak sticks on S. mutans count (p=0.58). CONCLUSION The efficacy of miswak impregnated with 0.5% NaF and plain miskaw sticks in reducing S. mutans counts in saliva is analogous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romshi Raina
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Maharaja Ganga Singh Dental College and Research Centre, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Reader, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Royal Dental College and Hospital, Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Madhusudan Krishna
- Professor and HOD, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College and Hospital, Visnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sakshi Raina
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Annasaheb Chudaman Patil Memorial Dental College, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashish Jaiswal
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sharad Pawar Dental Colllege, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Arul Selvan
- Professor and HOD, Department of Microbiology, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Chaitra Patil
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sneh Kalgotra
- Registrar, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Plants and other natural products used in the management of oral infections and improvement of oral health. Acta Trop 2016; 154:6-18. [PMID: 26522671 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Challenges of resistance to synthetic antimicrobials have opened new vistas in the search for natural products. This article rigorously reviews plants and other natural products used in oral health: Punica granatum L. (pomegranate), Matricaria recutita L. (chamomile), Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (green tea), chewing sticks made from Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A.D.C., Diospyros lycioides Desf., and Salvadora persica L. (miswak), honey and propolis from the manuka tree (Leptospermum scoparium J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.), rhein from Rheum rhabarbarum L. (rhubarb), dried fruits of Vitis vinifera L. (raisins), essential oils, probiotics and mushrooms. Further, the review highlights plants from Africa, Asia, Brazil, Mexico, Europe, and the Middle East. Some of the plants' antimicrobial properties and chemical principles have been elucidated. While the use of natural products for oral health is prominent in resource-poor settings, antimicrobial testing is mainly conducted in the following countries (in decreasing order of magnitude): India, South Africa, Brazil, Japan, France, Egypt, Iran, Mexico, Kenya, Switzerland, Nigeria, Australia, Uganda, and the United Kingdom. While the review exposes a dire gap for more studies on clinical efficacy and toxicity, the following emerging trend was noted: basic research on plants for oral health is mainly done in Brazil, Europe and Australia. Brazil, China, India and New Zealand generally conduct value addition of natural products for fortification of toothpastes. African countries focus on bioprospecting and primary production of raw plants and other natural products with antimicrobial efficacies. The Middle East and Egypt predominantly research on plants used as chewing sticks. More research and funding are needed in the field of natural products for oral health, especially in Africa where oral diseases are fuelled by human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS).
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Falasca S, Pitta-Alvarez S, del Fresno CM. Salvadora persica agro-ecological suitability for oil production in Argentine dryland salinity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 538:844-854. [PMID: 26348151 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
One of the major causes of crop stress is soil or water salinity. Thus, selection of the best species for cultivation in semiarid and arid climates is fundamental. Salvadora persica is an evergreen perennial halophyte that can grow under extreme conditions, from very dry environments to highly saline soils. Based on international bibliography, the authors outlined an agro-ecological zoning model to determine the potential cultivation zones for S. persica in Argentina. This model may be applied to any part of the world, using the agro-ecological limits presented in this work. All the maps were developed by the implementation of a geographic information system (GIS) that can be updated by the further incorporation of complementary information, with the consequent improvement of the original database. The overlap of the agroclimatic suitability map on the drylands' saline soils and the drylands' alkaline soils maps, determined the agro-ecological zoning. Since some areas in the agro-ecological zoning can overlap with land that is already assigned for other uses, protected areas, current land use/cover of the different zones, and urban areas maps were incorporated into the GIS and subtracted by a mask. This resulted in the delimitation of "potential cultivation zoning", thus avoiding possible conflicts surrounding the use of land and making the agro-ecological zonation more efficient. There is a broad agro-ecological zone for cultivation of S. persica that extends from Northern Argentina to approximately 41° South latitude, under dry-subhumid to semiarid climates. Lands classified with different degrees of suitability in the potential cultivation zoning could be used for production of this species for energy purposes on lands that are either unsuitable for food production or currently assigned for other purposes. This paper represents pioneering work since there are no previous studies concerning the introduction of S. persica in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Falasca
- Climate and Water Institute, INTA, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros S/N, Castelar, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.
| | - Sandra Pitta-Alvarez
- Department of Biodiversity and Experimental Biology, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Carolina Miranda del Fresno
- School of Humanities, National University of the Center of the Province of Buenos Aires, Pinto 399, Tandil, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.
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Haque MM, Alsareii SA. A review of the therapeutic effects of using miswak (Salvadora Persica) on oral health. Saudi Med J 2015; 36:530-43. [PMID: 25935172 PMCID: PMC4436748 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2015.5.10785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Miswak is a traditional chewing stick prepared from the roots, twigs, and stem of Salvadora persica and has been used as a natural method for tooth cleaning in many parts of the world for thousands of years. A number of scientific studies have demonstrated that the miswak (Salvadora persica) possesses antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-cariogenic, and anti-plaque properties. Several studies have also claimed that miswak has anti-oxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects. The use of a miswak has an immediate effect on the composition of saliva. Several clinical studies have confirmed that the mechanical and chemical cleansing efficacy of miswak chewing sticks are equal and at times greater than that of the toothbrush. The present article provides a review of the various therapeutic effects of Salvadora persica on oral health, which will help to elucidate the significance and importance of this indigenous oral hygiene tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Haque
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Najran University, PO Box 1988, Najran 61441, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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