1
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Furuoka H, Endo K, Sekiya I. Mesenchymal stem cells in synovial fluid increase in number in response to synovitis and display more tissue-reparative phenotypes in osteoarthritis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:244. [PMID: 37679780 PMCID: PMC10485949 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03487-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synovial fluid mesenchymal stem cells (SF-MSCs) originate in the synovium and contribute to the endogenous repair of damaged intra-articular tissues. Here, we clarified the relationship between their numbers and joint structural changes during osteoarthritis (OA) progression and investigated whether SF-MSCs had phenotypes favorable for tissue repair, even in an OA environment. METHODS Partial medial meniscectomy (pMx) and sham surgery were performed on both knees of rats. SF and knee joints were collected from intact rats and from rats at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after surgery. SF was cultured for 1 week to calculate the numbers of colony-forming cells and colony areas. Joint structural changes were evaluated histologically to investigate their correlation with the numbers and areas of colonies. RNA sequencing was performed for SF-MSCs from intact knees and knees 4 weeks after the pMx and sham surgery. RESULTS Colony-forming cell numbers and colony areas were greater in the pMx group than in the intact and sham groups and peaked at 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Synovitis scores showed the strongest correlation with colony numbers (R = 0.583) and areas (R = 0.456). RNA sequencing revealed higher expression of genes related to extracellular matrix binding, TGF-β signaling, and superoxide dismutase activity in SF-MSCs in the pMx group than in the sham group. CONCLUSION The number of SF-MSCs was most closely correlated with the severity of synovitis in this rat OA model. Tissue-reparative gene expression patterns were observed in SF-MSCs from OA knees, but not from knees without intra-articular tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Furuoka
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kentaro Endo
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Sekiya
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
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2
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Huang H, Lin Y, Jiang Y, Yao Q, Chen R, Zhao YZ, Kou L. Recombinant protein drugs-based intra articular drug delivery systems for osteoarthritis therapy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 183:33-46. [PMID: 36563886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent chronic degenerative joint disease. It weakens the motor function of patients and imposes a significant economic burden on society. The current medications commonly used in clinical practice do not meet the need for the treatment of OA. Recombinant protein drugs (RPDs) can treat OA by inhibiting inflammatory pathways, regulating catabolism/anabolism, and promoting cartilage repair, thereby showing promise as disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs). However, the rapid clearance and short half-life of them in the articular cavity limit their clinical translation. Therefore, the reliable drug delivery systems for extending drug treatment are necessary for the further development. This review introduces RPDs with therapeutic potential for OA, and summarizes their research progress on related drug delivery systems, and make proper discussion on the certain keys for optimal development of this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huirong Huang
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yujie Lin
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yiling Jiang
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Qing Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ruijie Chen
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Ying-Zheng Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Longfa Kou
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325027, China; Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Science and Translational Research of Radiation Oncology, Wenzhou 325027, China.
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3
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Wen C, Xu L, Xu X, Wang D, Liang Y, Duan L. Insulin-like growth factor-1 in articular cartilage repair for osteoarthritis treatment. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:277. [PMID: 34717735 PMCID: PMC8556920 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02662-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage repair is a critical issue in osteoarthritis (OA) treatment. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway has been implicated in articular cartilage repair. IGF-1 is a member of a family of growth factors that are structurally closely related to pro-insulin and can promote chondrocyte proliferation, enhance matrix production, and inhibit chondrocyte apoptosis. Here, we reviewed the role of IGF-1 in cartilage anabolism and catabolism. Moreover, we discussed the potential role of IGF-1 in OA treatment. Of note, we summarized the recent progress on IGF delivery systems. Optimization of IGF delivery systems will facilitate treatment application in cartilage repair and improve OA treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caining Wen
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Limei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Daping Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yujie Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China. .,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, 518003, China.
| | - Li Duan
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China.
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4
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Tanaka N, Tsuno H, Ohashi S, Iwasawa M, Furukawa H, Kato T, Fukui N. The attenuation of insulin-like growth factor signaling may be responsible for relative reduction in matrix synthesis in degenerated areas of osteoarthritic cartilage. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:231. [PMID: 33639898 PMCID: PMC7916266 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04096-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In osteoarthritis (OA), cartilage matrix is lost gradually despite enhanced matrix synthesis by chondrocytes. This paradox may be explained, at least partly, by reduced chondrocyte anabolism in degenerated area of OA cartilage. However, to date, it is not known why chondrocyte anabolism is suppressed in those areas. Methods Cartilage was obtained from control knees and end-stage OA knees in macroscopically preserved areas and degenerated areas, and gene expression was analyzed in respective regions of cartilage using laser capture microdissection and qPCR. For the cartilage protein analysis, cartilage was obtained from preserved areas and degenerated areas of OA knees in pairs, and proteins were extracted using urea buffer. Protein concentrations were determined by Luminex and compared between the areas. Cartilage explants prepared from preserved areas and degenerated areas of OA knees were cultured in the presence or absence of an AKT inhibitor, and the gene expression was evaluated by qPCR. Finally, the expression of SP1 was evaluated in OA and control cartilage, and the significance of Sp1 on the expression of IGF1R and IRS1 was investigated in experiments using primary cultured chondrocytes. Results Within OA cartilage, the expression of IGF-1, IGF-2, IGF1R and IRS1 was reduced in degenerated areas compared to preserved areas, while the expression of all six IGF-binding protein genes examined was enhanced in the former areas. Consistent results were obtained by a protein analysis. In explant culture, the inhibition of AKT signaling abrogated the abundant matrix gene expression in the preserved areas over the degenerated areas, indicating that suppressed matrix synthesis in degenerated areas may be ascribed, at least partly, to attenuated IGF signaling. Within OA cartilage, the expression of Sp1 was considerably reduced in severely degenerated areas compared to preserved areas, which correlated well with the expression of IGF1R and IRS1. In experiments using primary cultured chondrocytes, the expression of IGF1R and IRS1 was enhanced by the induction of Sp1 expression and reduced by the suppression of Sp1 expression. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that attenuated IGF signaling may be responsible, at least partly, for the reduced matrix synthesis in degenerated areas of OA cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuho Tanaka
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Kanagawa, 252-0315, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Tsuno
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Kanagawa, 252-0315, Sagamihara, Japan.,Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, 18 - 1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Kanagawa, 252-0392, Sagamihara City, Japan
| | - Satoru Ohashi
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Kanagawa, 252-0315, Sagamihara, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, 252-0392, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Iwasawa
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Kanagawa, 252-0315, Sagamihara, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, 252-0392, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Furukawa
- Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, 3-1-1 Takeoka, Kiyose, 204-8585, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kato
- Clinical Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, 216-8511, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoshi Fukui
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Kanagawa, 252-0315, Sagamihara, Japan. .,Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8902, Tokyo, Japan.
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5
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Törnqvist AE, Sophocleous A, Ralston SH, Ohlsson C, Svensson J. Liver-derived IGF-I is not required for protection against osteoarthritis in male mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E1150-E1157. [PMID: 31638855 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00330.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is anabolic for cartilage and important for cartilage integrity, which might suggest a connection between IGF-I and osteoarthritis (OA) development. However, the results of studies performed so far are conflicting, and we aimed to clarify the role of endocrine IGF-I in rodent OA. Male mice with inducible inactivation of circulating, liver-derived IGF-I (LI-IGF-I-/- mice, serum IGF-I reduced by ~80%) were used. Experimental OA was induced in young adult LI-IGF-I-/- and control mice by destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM); age-related OA was also evaluated in 1-yr-old mice. DMM-operated LI-IGF-I-/- mice had thinner lateral subchondral bone plate in tibia compared with control mice, whereas osteophyte volume and articular cartilage damage were unaffected at the medial side of the DMM knee. However, the control mice but not the LI-IGF-I-/- mice also developed mild OA on the lateral side of the DMM knee compared with the unoperated knee. One-year-old LI-IGF-I-/- mice had lower mid-diaphyseal cortical bone area than the 1-yr-old control mice, whereas analyses of joint tissues displayed smaller osteophyte volume and thicker calcified cartilage than the control mice. There was no difference in OA severity in the articular cartilage between old LI-IGF-I-/- and control mice. Our study is the first to investigate whether there is an association between circulating IGF-I and OA in mice. We conclude that, although there is an ~80% reduction of circulating IGF-I and a decrease in cortical bone in male LI-IGF-I-/- mice, cartilage damage is clearly not intensified and may instead be slightly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Törnqvist
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Rheumatology and Bone Diseases Unit, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Antonia Sophocleous
- Rheumatology and Bone Diseases Unit, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Stuart H Ralston
- Rheumatology and Bone Diseases Unit, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Svensson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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6
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Wang D, Yang H, Zhang M, Zhang H, Lu L, Zhang J, Wan X, Wang M. Insulin-like growth factor-1 engaged in the mandibular condylar cartilage degeneration induced by experimental unilateral anterior crossbite. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 98:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Hydrostatic Pressure Regulates MicroRNA Expression Levels in Osteoarthritic Chondrocyte Cultures via the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010133. [PMID: 28085114 PMCID: PMC5297766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical loading and hydrostatic pressure (HP) regulate chondrocytes’ metabolism; however, how mechanical stimulation acts remain unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in cartilage homeostasis, mechanotransduction, and in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). This study investigated the effects of a cyclic HP (1–5 MPa), in both normal and OA human chondrocytes, on the expression of miR-27a/b, miR-140, miR-146a/b, and miR-365, and of their target genes (MMP-13, ADAMTS-5, IGFBP-5, and HDAC-4). Furthermore, we assessed the possible involvement of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in response to HP. Chondrocytes were exposed to HP for 3h and the evaluations were performed immediately after pressurization, and following 12, 24, and 48 h. Total RNA was extracted and used for real-time PCR. β-catenin was detected by Western blotting analysis and immunofluorescence. In OA chondrocytes, HP induced a significant increase (p < 0.01) of the expression levels of miR-27a/b, miR-140, and miR-146a, and a significant reduction (p < 0.01) of miR-365 at all analyzed time points. MMP-13, ADAMTS-5, and HDAC-4 were significantly downregulated following HP, while no significant modification was found for IGFBP-5. β-catenin levels were significantly increased (p < 0.001) in OA chondrocytes at basal conditions and significantly reduced (p < 0.01) by HP. Pressurization did not cause any significant modification in normal cells. In conclusion, in OA chondrocytes, HP restores the expression levels of some miRNAs, downregulates MMP-13, ADAMTS-5, and HDAC-4, and modulates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation.
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8
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Zhang Y, Fukui N, Yahata M, Katsuragawa Y, Tashiro T, Ikegawa S, Lee MTM. Identification of DNA methylation changes associated with disease progression in subchondral bone with site-matched cartilage in knee osteoarthritis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34460. [PMID: 27686527 PMCID: PMC5043275 DOI: 10.1038/srep34460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Subchondral bone plays a key role in the development of osteoarthritis, however, epigenetics of subchondral bone has not been extensively studied. In this study, we examined the genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of subchondral bone from three regions on tibial plateau representing disease progression using HumanMethylation450 BeadChip to identify progression associated DNA methylation alterations. Significant differential methylated probes (DMPs) and differential methylated genes (DMGs) were identified in the intermediate and late stages and during the transition from intermediate to late stage of OA in the subchondral bone. Over half of the DMPs were hyper-methylated. Genes associated with OA and bone remodeling were identified. DMGs were enriched in morphogenesis and development of skeletal system, and HOX transcription factors. Comparison of DMGs identified in subchondral bone and site-matched cartilage indicated that DNA methylation changes occurred earlier in subchondral bone and identified different methylation patterns at the late stage of OA. However, shared DMPs, DMGs and common pathways that implicated the tissue reparation were also identified. Methylation is one key mechanism to regulate the crosstalk between cartilage and subchondral bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Zhang
- Laboratory for International Alliance on Genomic Research, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan.,Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Naoshi Fukui
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Yahata
- Laboratory for International Alliance on Genomic Research, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan.,Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yozo Katsuragawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Tashiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Yamate Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ming Ta Michael Lee
- Laboratory for International Alliance on Genomic Research, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan.,Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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A low ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids suppresses matrix metalloproteinase 13 expression and reduces adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Nutr Res 2016; 35:1113-21. [PMID: 26675329 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) in chondrocytes contributes to the development of osteoarthritis. The hypothesis of this study was that diet with a low ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is associated with reduced MMP13 expression in inflammatory chondrocytes in vitro and in vivo. Human chondrocytes were cultured with different ratios of linoleic acid (LA, n-6 PUFA) to α-linolenic acid (n-3 PUFA) from 1:1 to 10:1. Proliferation of chondrocytes, MMP13 protein and mRNA levels were detected, respectively. Sprague-Dawley rats (n=30) were fed diets containing different ratios of n-6/n-3 PUFA. Freund's complete adjuvant was injected to make the model of arthritis. Paw swelling rate was measured and all rats were euthanized after 6 weeks of treatment. Serum MMP13 and IL-1 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Joint histological sections were stained with safranin-O Fast Green to evaluate cartilage damage. Low ratio of LA/α-linolenic acid decreased the mRNA and protein levels of MMP13 but did not affect chondrocytes proliferation. Ratios of PUFA such as 1:1 and 2:1 significantly reduced paw swelling rate, and serum MMP13 and IL-1 levels in a rat model. Histological staining showed that ratios of 1:1 and 2:1 PUFA significantly alleviated cartilage damage in adjuvant-induced arthritis. A ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA of 1:1 showed the strongest inhibitory effect on MMP13. Our results indicate that a low ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA at 1:1 significantly suppressed MMP13 expression both in vitro and in vivo and reduced adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats could be a means to control and reduce the symptoms of osteoarthritis.
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10
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Taipale M, Jakkula E, Kämäräinen OP, Gao P, Skarp S, Barral S, Kiviranta I, Kröger H, Ott J, Wei GH, Ala-Kokko L, Männikkö M. Targeted re-sequencing of linkage region on 2q21 identifies a novel functional variant for hip and knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:655-63. [PMID: 26603474 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to identify genetic variants predisposing to primary hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA) in a sample of Finnish families. METHODS Genome wide analysis was performed using 15 independent families (279 individuals) originating from Central Finland identified as having multiple individuals with primary hip and/or knee OA. Targeted re-sequencing was performed for three samples from one 33-member, four-generation family contributing most significantly to the LOD score. In addition, exome sequencing was performed in three family members from the same family. RESULTS Genome wide linkage analysis identified a susceptibility locus on chromosome 2q21 with a multipoint LOD score of 3.91. Targeted re-sequencing and subsequent linkage analysis revealed a susceptibility insertion variant rs11446594. It locates in a predicted strong enhancer element region with maximum LOD score 3.42 under dominant model of inheritance. Insertion creates a recognition sequence for ELF3 and HMGA1 transcription factors. Their DNA-binding affinity is highly increased in the presence of A-allele compared to wild type null allele. CONCLUSION A potentially novel functional OA susceptibility variant was identified by targeted re-sequencing. This variant locates in a predicted regulatory site and creates a recognition sequence for ELF3 and HMGA1 transcription factors that are predicted to play a significant role in articular cartilage homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Taipale
- Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland; Center for Life Course Epidemiology and Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - E Jakkula
- Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland; Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - O-P Kämäräinen
- Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - P Gao
- Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - S Skarp
- Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland; Center for Life Course Epidemiology and Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - S Barral
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - I Kiviranta
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - H Kröger
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - J Ott
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - G-H Wei
- Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - L Ala-Kokko
- Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown, PA, USA
| | - M Männikkö
- Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland; Center for Life Course Epidemiology and Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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11
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A comprehensive mRNA expression analysis of developing chicken articular cartilage. Gene Expr Patterns 2016; 20:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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Tew SR, McDermott BT, Fentem RB, Peffers MJ, Clegg PD. Transcriptome-wide analysis of messenger RNA decay in normal and osteoarthritic human articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 66:3052-61. [PMID: 25155964 PMCID: PMC4233952 DOI: 10.1002/art.38849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective Messenger RNA (mRNA) decay rates control not only gene expression levels, but also responsiveness to altered transcriptional input. We undertook this study to examine transcriptome-wide posttranscriptional regulation in both normal and osteoarthritic (OA) human articular chondrocytes. Methods Human articular chondrocytes were isolated from normal or OA tissue. Equine articular chondrocytes were isolated from young or old horses at a commercial abattoir. RNA decay was measured across the transcriptome in human cells by microarray analysis following an actinomycin D chase. Messenger RNA levels in samples were confirmed using quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Results Examination of total mRNA expression levels demonstrated significant differences in the expression of transcripts between normal and OA chondrocytes. Interestingly, almost no difference was observed in total mRNA expression between chondrocytes from intact OA cartilage and those from fibrillated OA cartilage. Decay analysis revealed a set of rapidly turned over transcripts associated with transcriptional control and programmed cell death that were common to all chondrocytes and contained binding sites for abundant cartilage microRNAs. Many transcripts exhibited altered mRNA half-lives in human OA chondrocytes compared to normal cells. Specific transcripts whose decay rates were altered were generally less stable in these pathologic cells. Examination of selected genes in chondrocytes from young and old healthy horses did not identify any change in mRNA turnover. Conclusion This is the first investigation into the “posttranscriptome” of the chondrocyte. It identifies a set of short-lived chondrocyte mRNAs likely to be highly responsive to altered transcriptional input as well as mRNAs whose decay rates are affected in OA chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Tew
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, UK
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Hooshmand S, Juma S, Khalil DA, Shamloufard P, Arjmandi BH. Women with Osteoarthritis have Elevated Synovial Fluid Levels of Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-1 and IGF-Binding Protein-3. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2014; 36:284-94. [DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2014.947431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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14
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Evans DS, Cailotto F, Parimi N, Valdes AM, Castaño-Betancourt MC, Liu Y, Kaplan RC, Bidlingmaier M, Vasan RS, Teumer A, Tranah GJ, Nevitt MC, Cummings SR, Orwoll ES, Barrett-Connor E, Renner JB, Jordan JM, Doherty M, Doherty SA, Uitterlinden AG, van Meurs JBJ, Spector TD, Lories RJ, Lane NE. Genome-wide association and functional studies identify a role for IGFBP3 in hip osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 74:1861-7. [PMID: 24928840 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-205020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify genetic associations with hip osteoarthritis (HOA), we performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of HOA. METHODS The GWAS meta-analysis included approximately 2.5 million imputed HapMap single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). HOA cases and controls defined radiographically and by total hip replacement were selected from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study and the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) (654 cases and 4697 controls, combined). Replication of genome-wide significant SNP associations (p ≤5×10(-8)) was examined in five studies (3243 cases and 6891 controls, combined). Functional studies were performed using in vitro models of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. RESULTS The A allele of rs788748, located 65 kb upstream of the IGFBP3 gene, was associated with lower HOA odds at the genome-wide significance level in the discovery stage (OR 0.71, p=2×10(-8)). The association replicated in five studies (OR 0.92, p=0.020), but the joint analysis of discovery and replication results was not genome-wide significant (p=1×10(-6)). In separate study populations, the rs788748 A allele was also associated with lower circulating IGFBP3 protein levels (p=4×10(-13)), suggesting that this SNP or a variant in linkage disequilibrium could be an IGFBP3 regulatory variant. Results from functional studies were consistent with association results. Chondrocyte hypertrophy, a deleterious event in OA pathogenesis, was largely prevented upon IGFBP3 knockdown in chondrocytes. Furthermore, IGFBP3 overexpression induced cartilage catabolism and osteogenic differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Results from GWAS and functional studies provided suggestive links between IGFBP3 and HOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Frederic Cailotto
- Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Department of Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Neeta Parimi
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ana M Valdes
- Department of Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Martha C Castaño-Betancourt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands The Netherlands Genomics Initiative-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI-NCHA), Rotterdam/Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Youfang Liu
- Departments of Medicine and Orthopedics, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Department of Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands The Netherlands Genomics Initiative-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI-NCHA), Rotterdam/Leiden, The Netherlands Departments of Medicine and Orthopedics, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Institute of Functional Genomics, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA Division of Epidemiology, Departments of Family and Preventive Medicine and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, King's College London, London, UK Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Institute of Functional Genomics, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gregory J Tranah
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael C Nevitt
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven R Cummings
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eric S Orwoll
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Elizabeth Barrett-Connor
- Division of Epidemiology, Departments of Family and Preventive Medicine and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jordan B Renner
- Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joanne M Jordan
- Departments of Medicine and Orthopedics, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Doherty
- Department of Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sally A Doherty
- Department of Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands The Netherlands Genomics Initiative-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI-NCHA), Rotterdam/Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce B J van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rik J Lories
- Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Department of Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nancy E Lane
- University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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Schlichting N, Dehne T, Mans K, Endres M, Stuhlmüller B, Sittinger M, Kaps C, Ringe J. Suitability of porcine chondrocyte micromass culture to model osteoarthritis in vitro. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2092-105. [PMID: 24635637 DOI: 10.1021/mp5000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In vitro tissue models are useful tools for the development of novel therapy strategies in cartilage repair and care. The limited availability of human primary tissue and high costs of animal models hamper preclinical tests of innovative substances and techniques. In this study we tested the potential of porcine chondrocyte micromass cultures to mimic human articular cartilage and essential aspects of osteoarthritis (OA) in vitro. Primary chondrocytes were enzymatically isolated from porcine femoral condyles and were maintained in 96-multiwell format to establish micromass cultures in a high-throughput scale. Recombinant porcine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was used to induce OA-like changes documented on histological (Safranin O, collagen type II staining), biochemical (hydroxyproline assay, dimethylmethylene blue method), and gene expression level (Affymetrix porcine microarray, real time PCR) and were compared with published data from human articular cartilage and human micromass cultures. After 14 days in micromass culture, porcine primary chondrocytes produced ECM rich in proteoglycans and collagens. On gene expression level, significant correlations of detected genes with porcine cartilage (r = 0.90), human cartilage (r = 0.71), and human micromass culture (r = 0.75) were observed including 34 cartilage markers such as COL2A1, COMP, and aggrecan. TNF-α stimulation led to significant proteoglycan (-75%) and collagen depletion (-50%). Comparative expression pattern analysis revealed the involvement of catabolic enzymes (MMP1, -2, -13, ADAM10), chemokines (IL8, CCL2, CXCL2, CXCL12, CCXL14), and genes associated with cell death (TNFSF10, PMAIPI, AHR) and skeletal development (GPNMB, FRZB) including transcription factors (WIF1, DLX5, TWIST1) and growth factors (IGFBP1, -3, TGFB1) consistent with published data from human OA cartilage. Expression of genes related to cartilage ECM formation (COL2A1, COL9A1, COMP, aggrecan) as well as hypertrophic bone formation (COL1A1, COL10A1) was predominantly found decreased. These findings indicating significant parallels between human articular cartilage and the presented porcine micromass model and vice versa confirm the applicability of known cartilage marker and their characteristics in the porcine micromass model. TNF-α treatment enabled the initiation of typical OA reaction patterns in terms of extensive ECM loss, cell death, formation of an inflammatory environment through the induction of genes coding for chemokines and enzymes, and the modulation of genes involved in skeletal development such as growth factors, transcription factors, and cartilage ECM-forming genes. In conclusion, the porcine micromass model represents an alternative tissue platform for the evaluation of innovative substances and techniques for the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Schlichting
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory & Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Chaly Y, Blair HC, Smith SM, Bushnell DS, Marinov AD, Campfield BT, Hirsch R. Follistatin-like protein 1 regulates chondrocyte proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 74:1467-73. [PMID: 24641944 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chondrocytes, the only cells in the articular cartilage, play a pivotal role in osteoarthritis (OA) because they are responsible for maintenance of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Follistatin-like protein 1 (FSTL1) is a secreted protein found in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and cartilage but whose function is unclear. FSTL1 has been shown to modify cell growth and survival. In this work, we sought to determine whether FSTL1 could regulate chondrogenesis and chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. METHODS To study the role of FSTL1 in chondrogenesis, we used FSTL1 knockout (KO) mice generated in our laboratory. Proliferative capacity of MSCs, obtained from skulls of E18.5 embryos, was analysed by flow cytometry. Chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs was carried out in a pellet culture system. Gene expression differences were assessed by microarray analysis and real-time PCR. Phosphorylation of Smad3, p38 MAPK and Akt was analysed by western blotting. RESULTS The homozygous FSTL1 KO embryos showed extensive skeletal defects and decreased cellularity in the vertebral cartilage. Cell proliferation of FSTL1-deficient MSCs was reduced. Gene expression analysis in FSTL1 KO MSCs revealed dysregulation of multiple genes important for chondrogenesis. Production of ECM proteoglycans and collagen II expression were decreased in FSTL1-deficient MSCs differentiated into chondrocytes. Transforming growth factor β signalling in FSTL1 KO cells was significantly suppressed. CONCLUSIONS FSTL1 is a potent regulator of chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation and expression of ECM molecules. Our findings may lead to the development of novel strategies for cartilage repair and provide new disease-modifying treatments for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Chaly
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Harry C Blair
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sonja M Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Daniel S Bushnell
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony D Marinov
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian T Campfield
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Raphael Hirsch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Kaspiris A, Khaldi L, Grivas TB, Vasiliadis E, Kouvaras I, Dagkas S, Chronopoulos E, Papadimitriou E. Subchondral cyst development and MMP-1 expression during progression of osteoarthritis: an immunohistochemical study. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2013; 99:523-9. [PMID: 23809184 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subchondral bone cyst (SBC) formation is often identified in patients with osteoarthritis. Furthermore, several studies have shown that expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is elevated in patients with OA. OBJECTIVES The aim of our study is to correlate the presence of SBCs and MMP-1 expression with the osteochondral alterations during OA progression. METHODS We studied the cartilage and subchondral bone of 15 patients who had undergone total knee or hip replacement due to primary OA. As controls, we used the femoral heads of three patients without macroscopic OA changes. We evaluated three specimens per patient. RESULTS Specimens were divided in four groups based on the Mankin histological severity score. Using immunohistochemistry, we noted SBCs at the site of greatest disease severity. Specifically, these were present more frequently in group III (Mankin score: 6-7) and IV (Mankin: ≥ 8), compared with group I (Mankin: 1-3) and II (Mankin: 4-5). Mild OA stages (Mankin: 1-6) were characterized by degeneration and thinning of the cartilage, followed by increased osteoblast and osteoclast activity of the subjacent bone and the subsequent appearance of SBCs. Simultaneously, we observed expression of MMP-1 in groups I and II in the cartilage and III and IV in both the cartilage and the subchondral bone. Moreover, osteoblast-like cells in the lining of the SBCs showed an increased expression of MMP-1 in stages III and IV. CONCLUSION Our study provides immunohistological evidence that SBCs accumulate in advanced OA and contain activated cells, which express MMP-1, suggesting that they may thus participate in the osteochondral changes of OA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III; prospective comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kaspiris
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Thriasio General Hospital of Attica - NHS, G. Gennimata avenue, Magoula, 19600 Athens, Greece.
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Gasparini G, De Gori M, Paonessa F, Chiefari E, Brunetti A, Galasso O. Functional relationship between high mobility group A1 (HMGA1) protein and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) in human chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R207. [PMID: 23036517 PMCID: PMC3580519 DOI: 10.1186/ar4045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) regulates articular cartilage homeostasis. During osteoarthritis (OA), the anabolic responses of chondrocytes to IGF-I are likely to be prevented by the enhanced production of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), especially IGFBP-3. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the architectural transcription factor high mobility group A1 (HMGA1) influences IGFBP-3 overexpression in vitro, in cultured chondrocytic cell lines, and ex vivo, in human osteoarthritic cartilage compared to healthy human cartilage controls. Methods Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to assess the relative transcript levels of HMGA1 and IGFBP-3 in vitro, in the human chondrocytic cell lines T/C-28a4 and C-28/I2. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and transient transfection assays were performed to investigate the HMGA1-IGFBP-3 gene interaction. Samples of articular cartilage were harvested from osteoarthritic patients and controls and analyzed by qRT-PCR for HMGA1 and IGFBP-3 mRNA levels. Results A parallelism between HMGA1 protein levels and IGFBP-3 gene expression has been observed in T/C-28a4 and C-28/I2 cells. The interaction of HMGA1 with the IGFBP-3 gene promoter has been demonstrated by EMSA and ChIP. In transient transfections, IGFBP-3 promoter activity increased in cells overexpressing HMGA1 and decreased in cells pretreated with siRNA detected against HMGA1. IGFBP-3 mRNA expression was higher in cartilage from patients with OA, where the increased expression of IGFBP-3 closely paralleled the increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA. Conclusions Our observations indicate that increased HMGA1 expression in human chondrocytes is associated with increased expression of IGFBP-3. It is tempting to speculate that, through the regulation of IGFBP3 expression, HMGA1 may act as a pathogenetic factor for OA.
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Yu S, Sun L, Liu L, Jiao K, Wang M. Differential expression of IGF1, IGFR1 and IGFBP3 in mandibular condylar cartilage between male and female rats applied with malocclusion. J Oral Rehabil 2012; 39:727-36. [PMID: 22758598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2012.02332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the expression differences of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1), IGF type 1 receptor (IGFR1) and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) in mandibular condylar cartilage between male and female rats with experimentally created malocclusion. A total of 40 male and 40 female rats were used, and malocclusion was created by moving the first molars mesially and the third molars distally in the experimental group. Animals were killed at the end of the second and fourth weeks. Haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was performed to monitor the changes in cartilage morphology and thickness. Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR were used to detect the expression of IGF1, IGFR1 and IGFBP3. Osteoarthritis (OA)-like changes were observed in the experimental groups, with 2-week females showing larger OA-like regions than 2-week males (P < 0·05). Compared to their age- and sex-matched controls, both 2- and 4-week males in the experimental groups displayed increased cartilage thickness in the posterior regions (P < 0·05). Compared to their age- and sex-matched controls, the expression of IGF1 was lower in 2-week female group (P < 0·05), but higher in 4-week female, 2- and 4-week male experimental groups (P < 0.05). Similarly, the expression of IGFR1 was lower in 2-week female experimental group (P < 0.05), but higher in 2-week male experimental group (P < 0.05). The higher expression of IGFBP3 was observed in 2-week female, 2- and 4-week male experimental groups (P < 0·05). These results indicate that condylar cartilage from male and female rats respond differently to the malocclusion in early stage of OA, with more serious degeneration in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yu
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Weimer A, Madry H, Venkatesan JK, Schmitt G, Frisch J, Wezel A, Jung J, Kohn D, Terwilliger EF, Trippel SB, Cucchiarini M. Benefits of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I) overexpression for the long-term reconstruction of human osteoarthritic cartilage by modulation of the IGF-I axis. Mol Med 2012; 18:346-58. [PMID: 22160392 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Administration of therapeutic genes to human osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage is a potential approach to generate effective, durable treatments against this slow, progressive disorder. Here, we tested the ability of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated overexpression of human insulinlike growth factor (hIGF)-I to reproduce an original surface in human OA cartilage in light of the pleiotropic activities of the factor. We examined the proliferative, survival and anabolic effects of the rAAV-hIGF-I treatment in primary human normal and OA chondrocytes in vitro and in explant cultures in situ compared with control (reporter) vector delivery. Efficient, prolonged IGF-I secretion via rAAV stimulated the biological activities of OA chondrocytes in all the systems evaluated over extended periods of time, especially in situ, where it allowed for the long-term reconstruction of OA cartilage (at least for 90 d). Remarkably, production of high, stable amounts of IGF-I in OA cartilage using rAAV advantageously modulated the expression of central effectors of the IGF-I axis by downregulating IGF-I inhibitors (IGF binding protein [IGFBP]-3 and IGFBP4) while up-regulating key potentiators (IGFBP5, the IGF-I receptor and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 [MAPK/ERK-1/2] and phosphatidylinisitol-3/Akt [PI3K/Akt] signal transduction pathways), probably explaining the enhanced responsiveness of OA cartilage to IGF-I treatment. These findings show the benefits of directly providing an IGF-I sequence to articular cartilage via rAAV for the future treatment of human osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Weimer
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Biomechanical signals and the C-type natriuretic peptide counteract catabolic activities induced by IL-1β in chondrocyte/agarose constructs. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:R145. [PMID: 21914170 PMCID: PMC3308073 DOI: 10.1186/ar3459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present study examined the effect of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) on the anabolic and catabolic activities in chondrocyte/agarose constructs subjected to dynamic compression. Methods Constructs were cultured under free-swelling conditions or subjected to dynamic compression with low (0.1 to 100 pM) or high concentrations (1 to 1,000 nM) of CNP, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and/or KT-5823 (inhibits cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase II (PKGII)). Anabolic and catabolic activities were assessed as follows: nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release, and [3H]-thymidine and 35SO4 incorporation were quantified by using biochemical assays. Gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), aggrecan, and collagen type II were assessed with real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Two-way ANOVA and the post hoc Bonferroni-corrected t tests were used to examine data. Results CNP reduced NO and PGE2 release and partially restored [3H]-thymidine and 35SO4 incorporation in constructs cultured with IL-1β. The response was dependent on the concentration of CNP, such that 100 pM increased [3H]-thymidine incorporation (P < 0.001). This is in contrast to 35SO4 incorporation, which was enhanced with 100 or 1000 nM CNP in the presence and absence of IL-1β (P < 0.001). Stimulation by both dynamic compression and CNP and/or the PKGII inhibitor further reduced NO and PGE2 release and restored [3H]-thymidine and 35SO4 incorporation. In the presence and absence of IL-1β, the magnitude of stimulation for [3H]-thymidine and 35SO4 incorporation by dynamic compression was dependent on the concentration of CNP and the response was inhibited with the PKGII inhibitor. In addition, stimulation by CNP and/or dynamic compression reduced IL-1β-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression and restored aggrecan and collagen type II expression. The catabolic response was not further influenced with the PKGII inhibitor in IL-1β-treated constructs. Conclusions Treatment with CNP and dynamic compression increased anabolic activities and blocked catabolic effects induced by IL-1β. The anabolic response was PKGII mediated and raises important questions about the molecular mechanisms of CNP with mechanical signals in cartilage. Therapeutic agents like CNP could be administered in conjunction with controlled exercise therapy to slow the OA disease progression and to repair damaged cartilage. The findings from this research provide the potential for developing novel agents to slow the pathophysiologic mechanisms and to treat OA in the young and old.
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Rosa SC, Rufino AT, Judas F, Tenreiro C, Lopes MC, Mendes AF. Expression and function of the insulin receptor in normal and osteoarthritic human chondrocytes: modulation of anabolic gene expression, glucose transport and GLUT-1 content by insulin. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2011; 19:719-27. [PMID: 21324373 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chondrocytes respond to insulin, but the presence and role of the specific high affinity insulin receptor (InsR) has never been demonstrated. This study determined whether human chondrocytes express the InsR and compared its abundance and function in normal and osteoarthritis (OA) human chondrocytes. DESIGN Cartilage sections were immunostained for detection of the InsR. Non-proliferating chondrocyte cultures from normal and OA human cartilage were treated with 1nM or 10nM insulin for various periods. InsR, insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR), aggrecan and collagen II mRNA levels were assessed by real time RT-PCR. InsR, glucose transporter (GLUT)-1, phospho-InsRbeta and phospho-Akt were evaluated by western blot and immunofluorescence. Glucose transport was measured as the uptake of [3H]-2-Deoxy-d-Glucose (2-DG). RESULTS Chondrocytes staining positively for the InsR were scattered throughout the articular cartilage. The mRNA and protein levels of the InsR in OA chondrocytes were approximately 33% and 45%, respectively, of those found in normal chondrocytes. Insulin induced the phosphorylation of the InsRbeta subunit. Akt phosphorylation and 2-DG uptake increased more intensely in normal than OA chondrocytes. Collagen II mRNA expression increased similarly in normal and OA chondrocytes while aggrecan expression remained unchanged. The Phosphoinositol-3 Kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway was required for both basal and insulin-induced collagen II expression. CONCLUSIONS Human chondrocytes express functional InsR that respond to physiologic insulin concentrations. The InsR seems to be more abundant in normal than in OA chondrocytes, but these still respond to physiologic insulin concentrations, although some responses are impaired while others appear fully activated. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate the expression and function of the InsR in normal and OA chondrocytes can disclose new targets for the development of innovative therapies for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Rosa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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Galasso O, De Gori M, Nocera A, Brunetti A, Gasparini G. Regulatory Functions of Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins in Osteoarthritis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2011; 24:55-9. [DOI: 10.1177/03946320110241s211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) are a group of secreted proteins, which bind to IGF-I (and IGF-II) with high affinity and modulate the biological actions of IGFs. Abundant evidence points the importance of the IGF-I/IGFBP system on both cell growth and differentiation. A role for the IGF-I/IGFBP system in the regulation of normal human cartilage has been previously reported. In this context, recent studies suggest an emerging role for IGFBPs in the failure of cartilage during osteoarthritis (OA). Indeed, increased IGFBP levels have been reported in both the articular cartilage and synovial fluid from patients with OA. Overexpression of IGFBPs, by altering the bioavailability and function of IGFs, is likely to deliver IGFs-independent signals for chondrocyte survival. This, at least in part, might explain the degenerative changes of the cartilage in OA. Further studies are necessary to clarify the mechanisms that cause the overexpression of IGFBPs in patients with OA. Advances in our understanding of the relationship between osteoarthritis and the IGF-I/IGFBP system may lead to new treatment strategies for this degenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Galasso
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University “Magna Græcia”of Catanzaro, V.le Europa (Loc. Germaneto), 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - M. De Gori
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University “Magna Græcia”of Catanzaro, V.le Europa (Loc. Germaneto), 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - A. Nocera
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Græcia”of Catanzaro, V.le Europa (Loc. Germaneto), 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - A. Brunetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Græcia”of Catanzaro, V.le Europa (Loc. Germaneto), 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - G. Gasparini
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University “Magna Græcia”of Catanzaro, V.le Europa (Loc. Germaneto), 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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24
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Gonzalez C, Auw Yang KG, Schwab JH, Fitzsimmons JS, Reinholz MM, Resch ZT, Bale LK, Clemens VR, Conover CA, O'Driscoll SW, Reinholz GG. Transforming growth factor-beta1 modulates insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 expression and proteolysis in cultured periosteal explants. Growth Horm IGF Res 2010; 20:81-86. [PMID: 19656700 PMCID: PMC2844918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Periosteum is involved in bone growth and fracture healing and has been used as a cell source and tissue graft for tissue engineering and orthopedic reconstruction including joint resurfacing. Periosteum can be induced by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) or insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) alone or in combination to form cartilage. However, little is known about the interaction between IGF and TGF-beta signaling during periosteal chondrogenesis. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of TGF-beta1 on IGF binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) and the IGFBP-4 protease pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) expression in cultured periosteal explants. DESIGN Periosteal explants from rabbits were cultured with or without TGF-beta1. IGFBP-4 and PAPP-A mRNA levels were determined by real-time quantitative PCR. Conditioned medium was analyzed for IGFBP-4 and PAPP-A protein levels and IGFBP-4 protease activity. RESULTS TGF-beta1-treated explants contained lower IGFBP-4 mRNA levels throughout the culture period with a maximum reduction of 70% on day 5 of culture. Lower levels of IGFBP-4 protein were also detected in the conditioned medium from TGF-beta1-treated explants. PAPP-A mRNA levels were increased 1.6-fold, PAPP-A protein levels were increased threefold, and IGFBP-4 protease activity was increased 8.5-fold between 7 and 10days of culture (the onset of cartilage formation in this model) in conditioned medium from TGF-beta1-treated explants. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that TGF-beta1 modulates the expression of IGFBP-4 and PAPP-A in cultured periosteal explants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gonzalez
- Cartilage and Connective Tissue Research Laboratory, Rochester, MN
| | - Kiem G. Auw Yang
- Cartilage and Connective Tissue Research Laboratory, Rochester, MN
| | - Joseph H. Schwab
- Cartilage and Connective Tissue Research Laboratory, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Monica M. Reinholz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Rochester, MN
| | - Zachary T. Resch
- Department of Endocrinology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Laurie K. Bale
- Department of Endocrinology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Cheryl A. Conover
- Department of Endocrinology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
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Yates MP, Settle SL, Yocum SA, Aggarwal P, Vickery LE, Aguiar DJ, Skepner AP, Kellner D, Weinrich SL, Sverdrup FM. IGFBP-5 Metabolism Is Disrupted in the Rat Medial Meniscal Tear Model of Osteoarthritis. Cartilage 2010; 1:43-54. [PMID: 26069535 PMCID: PMC4440612 DOI: 10.1177/1947603509359189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP-5) has been proposed to promote cartilage anabolism through insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) signaling. A proteolytic activity towards IGFBP-5 has been detected in synovial fluids from human osteoarthritic (OA) joints. The purpose of this study was to determine if protease activity towards IGFBP-5 is present in the rat medial meniscal tear (MMT) model of OA and whether inhibition of this activity would alter disease progression. Sprague-Dawley rats were subject to MMT surgery. Synovial fluid lavages were assessed for the presence of IGFBP-5 proteolytic activity. Treatment animals received intra-articular injections of vehicle or protease inhibitor peptide PB-145. Cartilage lesions were monitored by India ink staining followed by macroscopic measurement of lesion width and depth. The MMT surgery induced a proteolytic activity towards IGFPB-5 that was detectable in joint fluid. This activity was stimulated by calcium and was sensitive to serine protease inhibitors as well as peptide PB-145. Significantly, intra-articular administration of PB-145 after surgery protected cartilage from lesion development. PB-145 treatment also resulted in an increase in cartilage turnover as evidenced by increases in serum levels of procollagen type II C-propeptide (CPII) as well as synovial fluid lavage levels of collagen type II neoepitope (TIINE). IGFBP-5 metabolism is disrupted in the rat MMT model of OA, potentially contributing to cartilage degradation. Inhibition of IGFBP-5 proteolysis protected cartilage from lesion development and enhanced cartilage turnover. These data are consistent with IGFBP-5 playing a positive role in anabolic IGF signaling in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Francis M. Sverdrup
- Francis M. Sverdrup, PhD, Pfizer Global Research and Development, AA313-A, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017
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26
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Tardif G, Hum D, Pelletier JP, Duval N, Martel-Pelletier J. Regulation of the IGFBP-5 and MMP-13 genes by the microRNAs miR-140 and miR-27a in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2009; 10:148. [PMID: 19948051 PMCID: PMC2792220 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-10-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MMP-13 and IGFBP-5 are important factors involved in osteoarthritis (OA). We investigated whether two highly predicted microRNAs (miRNAs), miR-140 and miR-27a, regulate these two genes in human OA chondrocytes. METHODS Gene expression was determined by real-time PCR. The effect of each miRNA on IGFBP-5 and MMP-13 expression/production was evaluated by transiently transfecting their precursors (pre-miRNAs) and inhibitors (anti-miRNAs) into human OA chondrocytes. Modulation of IGFBP-5, miR-140 and miR-27a expression was determined upon treatment of OA chondrocytes with cytokines and growth factors. RESULTS IGFBP-5 was expressed in human chondrocytes with its level significantly lower (p < 0.04) in OA. Five computational algorithms identified miR-140 and miR-27a as possible regulators of MMP-13 and IGFBP-5 expression. Data showed that both miRNAs were expressed in chondrocytes. There was a significant reduction (77%, p < 0.01) in miR-140 expression in OA compared to the normal chondrocytes, whereas miR-27a expression was only slightly decreased (23%). Transfection with pre-miR-140 significantly decreased (p = 0.0002) and with anti-miR-140 significantly increased (p = 0.05) IGFBP-5 expression at 24 hours, while pre-miR-27a did not affect either MMP-13 or IGFBP-5. Treatment with anti-miR-27a, but not with anti-miR-140, significantly increased the expression of both MMP-13 (p < 0.05) and IGFBP-5 (p < 0.01) after 72 hours of incubation. MMP-13 and IGFBP-5 protein production followed the same pattern as their expression profile. These data suggest that IGFBP-5 is a direct target of miR-140, whereas miR-27a down-regulates, likely indirectly, both MMP-13 and IGFBP-5. CONCLUSION This study is the first to show the regulation of these miRNAs in human OA chondrocytes. Their effect on two genes involved in OA pathophysiology adds another level of complexity to gene regulation, which could open up novel avenues in OA therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginette Tardif
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada.
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Busby WH, Yocum SA, Rowland M, Kellner D, Lazerwith S, Sverdrup F, Yates M, Radabaugh M, Clemmons DR. Complement 1s is the serine protease that cleaves IGFBP-5 in human osteoarthritic joint fluid. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:547-55. [PMID: 18930415 PMCID: PMC3271436 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) are trophic factors for cartilage and have been shown to be chondroprotective in animal models of osteoarthritis (OA). IGFBP-5 is degraded in joint fluid and inhibition of IGFBP-5 degradation has been shown to enhance the trophic effects of IGF-I. OBJECTIVE To determine the identity of IGFBP-5 protease activity in human OA joint fluid. METHOD OA joint fluid was purified and the purified material was analyzed by IGFBP-5 zymography. RESULTS Both crude joint fluid and purified material contained a single band of proteolytic activity that cleaved IGFBP-5. Immunoblotting of joint fluid for complement 1s (C1s) showed a band that had the same Mr estimate, e.g., 88 kDa. In gel tryptic digestion and subsequent peptide analysis by LC-MS/MS showed that the band contained human C1s. A panel of protease inhibitors was tested for their ability to inhibit IGFBP-5 cleavage by the purified protease. Three serine protease inhibitors, FUT175 and CP-143217 and CB-349547 had IC50's between 1 and 6 microM. Two other serine protease inhibitors had intermediate activity (e.g., IC50's 20-40 microM) and MMP inhibitors had no detectible activity at concentrations up to 300 microM. CONCLUSION Human OA fluid contains a serine protease that cleaves IGFBP-5. Zymography, immunoblotting and LC-MS/MS analysis indicate that C1s is the protease that accounts for this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walker H. Busby
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Sue A. Yocum
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Michael Rowland
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Debra Kellner
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Scott Lazerwith
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Francis Sverdrup
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Matthew Yates
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Melissa Radabaugh
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - David R. Clemmons
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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28
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Geyer M, Grässel S, Straub RH, Schett G, Dinser R, Grifka J, Gay S, Neumann E, Müller-Ladner U. Differential transcriptome analysis of intraarticular lesional vs intact cartilage reveals new candidate genes in osteoarthritis pathophysiology. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:328-35. [PMID: 18775662 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate disease-specific molecular changes in osteoarthritis (OA) by analyzing the differential gene expression profile of damaged vs intact cartilage areas within the same joint of patients with OA of the knee using a combination of a novel RNA extraction technique and whole-genome oligonucleotide arrays. METHODS The transcriptome of macroscopically affected vs intact articular cartilage as determined by visual assessment was analyzed using an optimized mill-based total RNA isolation directly from the tissue and high density synthetic oligonucleotide arrays. Articular cartilage samples were obtained from patients with OA of the knee. Expression of differentially regulated genes was validated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The amount of RNA obtained by the optimized extraction procedure was at least 1 microg per 500 mg of cartilage and fulfilled the common quality requirements. After hybridization onto HG-U133 Plus 2.0 GeneChips (Affymetrix), 28.6-51.7% of the probe sets on the microarray showed a detectable signal above the signal threshold in the individual samples. A subset of 411 transcripts, which appeared to be differentially expressed, was obtained when applying predefined filtering criteria. Of these, six genes were found to be up-regulated in the affected cartilage of all patients, including insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), wnt-1-inducible signaling protein 1 (WISP-1), aquaporin 1 (AQP-1), delta/notch-like EGF-repeat containing transmembrane (DNER), decay accelerating factor (DAF), complement factor I (IF). CONCLUSION The optimized methodical approach reported here not only allows to determine area-specific gene expression profiles of intraindividually different low-RNA containing OA cartilage specimens. In addition, this study also revealed novel genes not yet reported to play a role in the pathophysiology of joint destruction in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Geyer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Kerckhoff-Klinik, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
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Stevens AL, Wishnok JS, White FM, Grodzinsky AJ, Tannenbaum SR. Mechanical injury and cytokines cause loss of cartilage integrity and upregulate proteins associated with catabolism, immunity, inflammation, and repair. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 8:1475-89. [PMID: 19196708 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m800181-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to perform a quantitative comparison of proteins released from cartilage explants in response to treatment with IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, or mechanical compression injury in vitro and to interpret this release in the context of anabolic-catabolic shifts known to occur in cartilage in response to these insults in vitro and their implications in vivo. Bovine calf cartilage explants from 6-12 animals were subjected to injurious compression, TNF-alpha (100 ng/ml), IL-1beta (10 ng/ml), or no treatment and cultured for 5 days in equal volumes of medium. The pooled medium from each of these four conditions was labeled with one of four iTRAQ labels and subjected to nano-2D-LC/MS/MS on a quadrupole time-of-flight instrument. Data were analysed by ProQuant for peptide identification and quantitation. k-means clustering and biological pathways analysis were used to identify proteins that may correlate with known cartilage phenotypic responses to such treatments. IL-1beta and TNF-alpha treatment caused a decrease in the synthesis of collagen subunits (p < 0.05) as well as increased release of aggrecan G2 and G3 domains to the medium (p < 0.05). MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-13 were significantly increased by all treatments compared with untreated samples (p < 0.10). Increased release of proteins involved in innate immunity and immune cell recruitment were noted following IL-1beta and TNF-alpha treatment, whereas increased release of intracellular proteins was seen most dramatically with mechanical compression injury. Proteins involved in insulin-like growth factor and TGF-beta superfamily pathway modulation showed changes in pro-anabolic pathways that may represent early repair signals. At the systems level, two principal components were sufficient to describe 97% of the covariance in the data. A strong correlation was noted between the proteins released in response to IL-1beta and TNF-alpha; in contrast, mechanical injury resulted in both similarities and unique differences in the groups of proteins released compared with cytokine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Stevens
- Biological Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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30
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Sun T, Hunziker EB, Morales TI. Subcellular distribution of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins (IGFBPs) 2 and 3 in articular chondrocytes. J Orthop Res 2008; 26:1421-7. [PMID: 18418889 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) is a major anabolic regulator in articular cartilage. The IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) are increased during osteoarthritis (OA), but the function of the later proteins remains unknown. In general, the IGFBPs are pluripotential effectors capable of IGF regulation and of acting on their own to control key cell functions, including survival and proliferation. The independent functions are often associated with their cell location, and therefore this study explores the distribution of IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 in articular chondrocytes. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize IGFBP-2 in normal human articular cartilage. Bovine chondrocytes were used for subcellular fractionation (hypotonic cell lysis) under nonreducing conditions and nuclear purification (centrifugation on sucrose cushions). Cell fraction markers and IGFBPs were assayed in the subcellular fractions by Western immunoblot. The IHC results showed association of IGFBP-2 with chondrocytes, but not with the nuclei. Subcellular fractionation of isolated chondrocytes yielded intact nuclei as assessed at the light microscopic level; the nuclear marker histone H1 was exclusively associated with this fraction. More than 90% of the cytoplasmic marker GAPDH and all the detectable IGFBP-2 were in the cytoplasmic fraction. Immunoreactive IGFBP-3 was found in the cytoplasmic and peri-nuclear/nuclear fractions. Chondrocytes contain intracellular IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 but only IGFBP-3 is associated with nuclei. This suggests the hypothesis that the actions of these IGFBPs in articular cartilage extend beyond the classic modulation of IGF receptor action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiezheng Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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31
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Guillén M, Megías J, Gomar F, Alcaraz M. Haem oxygenase-1 regulates catabolic and anabolic processes in osteoarthritic chondrocytes. J Pathol 2008; 214:515-22. [PMID: 18200630 DOI: 10.1002/path.2313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and other catabolic factors participate in the pathogenesis of cartilage damage in osteoarthritis (OA). Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) mediate cartilage degradation and might be involved in the progression of OA. Previously, we found that haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is down-regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and up-regulated by IL-10 in OA chondrocytes. The aim of this study was to determine whether HO-1 can modify the catabolic effects of IL-1beta in OA cartilage and chondrocytes. Up-regulation of HO-1 by cobalt protoporphyrin IX significantly reduced glycosaminoglycan degradation elicited by IL-1beta in OA cartilage explants but increased glycosaminoglycan synthesis and the expression of collagen II in OA chondrocytes in primary culture, as determined by radiometric procedures, immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry. HO-1 decreased the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. This was accompanied by a significant inhibition in MMP activity and expression of collagenases MMP-1 and MMP-13 at the protein and mRNA levels. In addition, HO-1 induction caused a significant increase in the production of insulin-like growth factor-1 and a reduction in the levels of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3. We have shown in primary culture of chondrocytes and articular explants from OA patients that HO-1 counteracts the catabolic and anti-anabolic effects of IL-1beta. Our data thus suggest that HO-1 may be a factor regulating the degradation and synthesis of extracellular matrix components in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Guillén
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Spain
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Hunziker EB, Kapfinger E, Martin J, Buckwalter J, Morales TI. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is closely associated with the chondrocyte nucleus in human articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:185-94. [PMID: 17693100 PMCID: PMC2364636 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is critically involved in the control of cartilage matrix metabolism. It is well known that IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is increased during osteoarthritis (OA), but its function(s) is not known. In other cells, IGFBP-3 can regulate IGF-I action in the extracellular environment and can also act independently inside the cell; this includes transcriptional gene control in the nucleus. These studies were undertaken to localize IGFBP-3 in human articular cartilage, particularly within cells. DESIGN Cartilage was dissected from human femoral heads derived from arthroplasty for OA, and OA grade assessed by histology. Tissue slices were further characterized by extraction and assay of IGFBPs by IGF ligand blot (LB) and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for IGF-I and IGFBP-3 was performed on cartilage from donors with mild, moderate and severe OA. Indirect fluorescence and immunogold-labeling IHC studies were included. RESULTS LBs of chondrocyte lysates showed a strong signal for IGFBP-3. IHC of femoral cartilage sections at all OA stages showed IGF-I and IGFBP-3 matrix stain particularly in the top zones, and closely associated with most cells. A prominent perinuclear/nuclear IGFBP-3 signal was seen. Controls using non-immune sera or antigen-blocked antibody showed negative or strongly reduced stain. In frozen sections of human ankle cartilage, immunofluorescent IGFBP-3 stain co-localized with the nuclear 4',6-diamidino-2-phenyl indole (DAPI) stain in greater than 90% of the cells. Immunogold IHC of thin sections and transmission electron immunogold microscopy of ultra-thin sections showed distinct intra-nuclear staining. CONCLUSIONS IGFBP-3 in human cartilage is located in the matrix and within chondrocytes in the cytoplasm and nuclei. This new finding indicates that the range of IGFBP-3 actions in articular cartilage is likely to include IGF-independent roles and opens the door to studies of its nuclear actions, including the possible regulation of hormone receptors or transcriptional complexes to control gene action.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Hunziker
- ITI Research Institute for Dental and Skeletal Biology, Bern, Switzerland
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Plaas A, Osborn B, Yoshihara Y, Bai Y, Bloom T, Nelson F, Mikecz K, Sandy JD. Aggrecanolysis in human osteoarthritis: confocal localization and biochemical characterization of ADAMTS5-hyaluronan complexes in articular cartilages. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007; 15:719-34. [PMID: 17360199 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/23/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by aggrecanase-mediated depletion of cartilage aggrecan. We have examined the abundance, location and some biochemical properties of the six known aggrecanases (A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin-like motifs 1 (ADAMTS1) 4, 5, 8, 9 and 15) in normal and OA human cartilages. METHODS Formalin-fixed, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)-decalcified sections of full-depth cartilage from human OA tibial plateaus and normal control samples were studied by confocal imaging. Probes included specific antibodies to aggrecanases and two aggrecan epitopes, as well as biotinylated hyaluronan binding protein (HABP) for hyaluronan (HA) visualization. Cartilage extracts were analyzed by Western blot for the individual proteinases and aggrecan fragments. RESULTS ADAMTS5 was present in association with cells throughout normal cartilage and was markedly increased in OA, particularly in clonal groups in the superficial and transitional zones, where it was predominantly co-localized with HA. Consistent with the confocal analysis, a high molecular weight complex of ADAMTS5 and HA was isolated from human OA cartilage by isotonic salt extraction and chromatography on Superose 6. The complex eluted with an apparent molecular size of about 2x10(6) and contained major ADAMTS5 forms of 150, 60, 40 and 30kDa. The yield of most forms on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was markedly enhanced by prior digestion of the complex with either Streptomyces hyaluronidase or chondroitinase ABC. CONCLUSION ADAMTS5 abundance and distribution in human OA cartilages is consistent with a central role for this enzyme in destructive aggrecanolysis. HA-dependent sequestration of ADAMTS5 in the pericellular matrix may be a mechanism for regulating the activity of this proteinase in human OA cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Plaas
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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Goldring MB. Update on the biology of the chondrocyte and new approaches to treating cartilage diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2006; 20:1003-25. [PMID: 16980220 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease that involves degeneration of articular cartilage, limited intraarticular inflammation manifested by synovitis and changes in the subchondral bone. The aetiology of OA is largely unknown, but since it may involve multiple factors, including mechanical, biochemical and genetic factors, it has been difficult to identify unique targets for therapy. Chondrocytes, which are the unique cellular component of adult articular cartilage, are capable of responding to structural changes in the surrounding cartilage matrix. Since the initial stages of OA involve increased cell proliferation and synthesis of matrix proteins, proteinases and cytokines in the cartilage, laboratory investigations have focused on the chondrocyte as a target for therapeutic intervention. The capacity of the adult articular chondrocyte to regenerate the normal cartilage matrix architecture is limited, however, and the damage becomes irreversible unless the destructive process is interrupted. Current pharmacological interventions that address chronic pain are insufficient and no proven disease-modifying therapy is available. Identification of methods for early diagnosis is of key importance, since therapeutic interventions aimed at blocking or reversing structural damage will be more effective when there is the possibility of preserving normal homeostasis. At later stages, cartilage tissue engineering with or without gene therapy with anabolic factors will also require therapy to inhibit inflammation and block damage to newly repaired cartilage. This review will focus on experimental approaches currently under study that may lead to elucidation of effective strategies for therapy in OA, with emphasis on mediators that affect the function of chondrocytes and interactions with surrounding tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Goldring
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Miller MJS, Ahmed S, Bobrowski P, Haqqi TM. The chrondoprotective actions of a natural product are associated with the activation of IGF-1 production by human chondrocytes despite the presence of IL-1beta. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2006; 6:13. [PMID: 16603065 PMCID: PMC1456997 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-6-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cartilage loss is a hallmark of arthritis and follows activation of catabolic processes concomitant with a disruption of anabolic pathways like insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). We hypothesized that two natural products of South American origin, would limit cartilage degradation by respectively suppressing catabolism and activating local IGF-1 anabolic pathways. One extract, derived from cat's claw (Uncaria guianensis, vincaria), is a well-described inhibitor of NF-kappaB. The other extract, derived from the vegetable Lepidium meyenii (RNI 249), possessed an uncertain mechanism of action but with defined ethnomedical applications for fertility and vitality. METHODS Human cartilage samples were procured from surgical specimens with consent, and were evaluated either as explants or as primary chondrocytes prepared after enzymatic digestion of cartilage matrix. Assessments included IGF-1 gene expression, IGF-1 production (ELISA), cartilage matrix degradation and nitric oxide (NO) production, under basal conditions and in the presence of IL-1beta. RESULTS RNI 249 enhanced basal IGF-1 mRNA levels in human chondrocytes by 2.7 fold, an effect that was further enhanced to 3.8 fold by co-administration with vincaria. Enhanced basal IGF-1 production by RNI 249 alone and together with vincaria, was confirmed in both explants and in primary chondrocytes (P < 0.05). As expected, IL-1beta exposure completely silenced IGF-1 production by chondrocytes. However, in the presence of IL-1beta both RNI 249 and vincaria protected IGF-1 production in an additive manner (P < 0.01) with the combination restoring chondrocyte IGF-1 production to normal levels. Cartilage NO production was dramatically enhanced by IL-1beta. Both vincaria and RNI 249 partially attenuated NO production in an additive manner (p < 0.05). IL-1beta - induced degradation of cartilage matrix was quantified as glycosaminoglycan release. Individually RNI 249 or vincaria, prevented this catabolic action of IL-1beta. CONCLUSION The identification of agents that activate the autocrine production of IGF-1 in cartilage, even in the face of suppressive pro-inflammatory, catabolic cytokines like IL-1beta, represents a novel therapeutic approach to cartilage biology. Chondroprotection associated with prevention of the catabolic events and the potential for sustained anabolic activity with this natural product suggests that it holds significant promise in the treatment of debilitating joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark JS Miller
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Salahuddin Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Paul Bobrowski
- Rainforest Nutritionals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tariq M Haqqi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Beattie J, Allan GJ, Lochrie JD, Flint DJ. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5): a critical member of the IGF axis. Biochem J 2006; 395:1-19. [PMID: 16526944 PMCID: PMC1409685 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The six members of the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein family (IGFBP-1-6) are important components of the IGF (insulin-like growth factor) axis. In this capacity, they serve to regulate the activity of both IGF-I and -II polypeptide growth factors. The IGFBPs are able to enhance or inhibit the activity of IGFs in a cell- and tissue-specific manner. One of these proteins, IGFBP-5, also has an important role in controlling cell survival, differentiation and apoptosis. In this review, we report on the structural and functional features of the protein which are important for these effects. We also examine the regulation of IGFBP-5 expression and comment on its potential role in tumour biology, with special reference to work with breast cancer cells.
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Key Words
- extracellular matrix (ecm)
- glycosaminoglycan
- insulin-like growth factor-i (igf-i)
- insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 (igfbp-5)
- mammary gland
- proteolysis
- adam, adisintegrin and metalloprotease
- ap-2, activator protein 2
- cat, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
- cbp-4, c-terminus of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4 (residues 151–232)
- c/ebp, ccaat/enhancer-binding protein
- ecm, extracellular matrix
- er, oestrogen receptor
- erk1/2, extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2
- fhl-2, four-and-a-half lim domain 2
- gag, glycosaminoglycan
- gh, growth hormone
- igf, insulin-like growth factor
- igfbp, igf-binding protein
- igf-ir, igf-i receptor
- igf-iir, igf-ii receptor
- ir, insulin receptor
- irs, ir substrate
- mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- nbp-4, n-terminus of igfbp-4 (residues 3–82)
- oe2, oestradiol
- op-1, osteogenic protein-1
- opn, osteopontin
- pai-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- papp, pregnancy-associated plasma protease
- pge2, prostaglandin e2
- psmc, porcine smooth-muscle cell
- ra, retinoic acid
- rassf1c, isoform c of the ras association family 1 protein group
- rt, reverse transcription
- spr, surface plasmon resonance
- tpa, tissue plasminogen activator
- tsp-1, thrombospondin-1
- vn, vitronectin
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Affiliation(s)
- James Beattie
- Hannah Research Institute, Ayr KA6 5HL, Scotland, UK.
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Sato T, Konomi K, Yamasaki S, Aratani S, Tsuchimochi K, Yokouchi M, Masuko-Hongo K, Yagishita N, Nakamura H, Komiya S, Beppu M, Aoki H, Nishioka K, Nakajima T. Comparative analysis of gene expression profiles in intact and damaged regions of human osteoarthritic cartilage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:808-17. [PMID: 16508957 DOI: 10.1002/art.21638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the differences in gene expression profiles of chondrocytes in intact and damaged regions of cartilage from the same knee joint of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. METHODS We compared messenger RNA expression profiles in regions of intact and damaged cartilage (classified according to the Mankin scale) obtained from patients with knee OA. Five pairs of intact and damaged regions of OA cartilage were evaluated by oligonucleotide array analysis using a double in vitro transcription amplification technique. The microarray data were confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and were compared with previously published data. RESULTS About 1,500 transcripts, which corresponded to 8% of the expressed transcripts, showed > or = 2-fold differences in expression between the cartilage tissue pairs. Approximately 10% of these transcripts (n = 151) were commonly expressed in the 5 patient samples. Accordingly, 114 genes (35 genes expressed in intact > damaged; 79 genes expressed in intact < damaged) were selected. The expression of some genes related to the wound-healing process, including cell proliferation and interstitial collagen synthesis, was higher in damaged regions than in intact regions, similar to the findings for genes that inhibit matrix degradation. Comparisons of the real-time quantitative PCR data with the previously reported data support the validity of our microarray data. CONCLUSION Differences between intact and damaged regions of OA cartilage exhibited a similar pattern among the 5 patients examined, indicating the presence of common mechanisms that contribute to cartilage destruction. Elucidation of this mechanism is important for the development of effective treatments for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoo Sato
- St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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