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Dias IE, Viegas CA, Requicha JF, Saavedra MJ, Azevedo JM, Carvalho PP, Dias IR. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Studies in the Goat Model for Biomedical Research—A Review of the Scientific Literature. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091276. [PMID: 36138755 PMCID: PMC9495984 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary This review article aims to compile the works published in the scientific literature, over the last two decades, that use the goat as an animal model in preclinical studies using stem cells, alone or associated with biomaterials, for the treatment of injury or disease in divers organ systems. These preclinical studies are performed prior to human clinical trials for the implementation of new medical or surgical therapies in clinical practice. Thus, it appears that, in the area of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, the caprine model is particularly used in studies using stem cells in the musculoskeletal system but, although in a more limited way, also in the field of dermatology, ophthalmology, dentistry, pneumology, cardiology, and urology. It appears that the goat represents a particularly useful animal model for studies related to the locomotor system because of its size, and also because they have a more active behavior than sheep, being more similar to the human species in this aspect. Additionally, the goat knee anatomy and the thickness of the cartilage that covers this joint are closer to that of humans than that of other large animal models commonly used in orthopedic research. Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells, defined by their ability to self-renew, while maintaining the capacity to differentiate into different cellular lineages, presumably from their own germinal layer. MSCs therapy is based on its anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and regenerative potential. Firstly, they can differentiate into the target cell type, allowing them to regenerate the damaged area. Secondly, they have a great immunomodulatory capacity through paracrine effects (by secreting several cytokines and growth factors to adjacent cells) and by cell-to-cell contact, leading to vascularization, cellular proliferation in wounded tissues, and reducing inflammation. Currently, MSCs are being widely investigated for numerous tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Appropriate animal models are crucial for the development and evaluation of regenerative medicine-based treatments and eventual treatments for debilitating diseases with the hope of application in upcoming human clinical trials. Here, we summarize the latest research focused on studying the biological and therapeutic potential of MSCs in the goat model, namely in the fields of orthopedics, dermatology, ophthalmology, dentistry, pneumology, cardiology, and urology fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês E. Dias
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Inov4Agro—Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos A. Viegas
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Inov4Agro—Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CECAV—Centre for Animal Sciences and Veterinary Studies, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- AL4AnimalS—Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João F. Requicha
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CECAV—Centre for Animal Sciences and Veterinary Studies, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- AL4AnimalS—Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Saavedra
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Inov4Agro—Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jorge M. Azevedo
- CECAV—Centre for Animal Sciences and Veterinary Studies, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- AL4AnimalS—Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Animal Science, ECAV, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Pedro P. Carvalho
- CIVG—Vasco da Gama Research Center, University School Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes, Campus Universitário, Lordemão, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
- Vetherapy—Research and Development in Biotechnology, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel R. Dias
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Inov4Agro—Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CECAV—Centre for Animal Sciences and Veterinary Studies, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- AL4AnimalS—Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Wu S, Guo W, Li R, Zhang X, Qu W. Progress of Platelet Derivatives for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:907356. [PMID: 35782516 PMCID: PMC9243565 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.907356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage has limited self-regeneration ability for lacking of blood vessels, nerves, and lymph that makes it a great challenge to repair defects of the tissue and restore motor functions of the injured or aging population. Platelet derivatives, such as platelet-rich plasma, have been proved effective, safe, and economical in musculoskeletal diseases for their autologous origin and rich in growth factors. The combination of platelet derivatives with biomaterials provides both mechanical support and localized sustained release of bioactive molecules in cartilage tissue engineering and low-cost efficient approaches of potential treatment. In this review, we first provide an overview of platelet derivatives and their application in clinical and experimental therapies, and then we further discuss the techniques of the addition of platelet derivatives and their influences on scaffold properties. Advances in cartilage tissue engineering with platelet derivatives as signal factors and structural components are also introduced before prospects and concerns in this research field. In short, platelet derivatives have broad application prospects as an economical and effective enhancement for tissue engineering–based articular cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenlai Guo
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Zhang, ; Wenrui Qu,
| | - Wenrui Qu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Zhang, ; Wenrui Qu,
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Recent strategies of collagen-based biomaterials for cartilage repair: from structure cognition to function endowment. JOURNAL OF LEATHER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s42825-022-00085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCollagen, characteristic in biomimetic composition and hierarchical structure, boasts a huge potential in repairing cartilage defect due to its extraordinary bioactivities and regulated physicochemical properties, such as low immunogenicity, biocompatibility and controllable degradation, which promotes the cell adhesion, migration and proliferation. Therefore, collagen-based biomaterial has been explored as porous scaffolds or functional coatings in cell-free scaffold and tissue engineering strategy for cartilage repairing. Among those forming technologies, freeze-dry is frequently used with special modifications while 3D-printing and electrospinning serve as the structure-controller in a more precise way. Besides, appropriate cross-linking treatment and incorporation with bioactive substance generally help the collagen-based biomaterials to meet the physicochemical requirement in the defect site and strengthen the repairing performance. Furthermore, comprehensive evaluations on the repair effects of biomaterials are sorted out in terms of in vitro, in vivo and clinical assessments, focusing on the morphology observation, characteristic production and critical gene expression. Finally, the challenge of biomaterial-based therapy for cartilage defect repairing was summarized, which is, the adaption to the highly complex structure and functional difference of cartilage.
Graphical abstract
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Kato Y, Yanada S, Morikawa H, Okada T, Watanabe M, Takeuchi S. Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation for Chondral Defects: Results Using an In Vivo Rabbit Model. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221079349. [PMID: 35295553 PMCID: PMC8918747 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221079349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Articular cartilage repair remains challenging despite the availability of techniques, including autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) for repairing large cartilage defects. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy, a novel therapy focused on chondrocyte regeneration, needs to be investigated regarding its potential to improve the outcomes of ACI. Purpose: To examine the effect of PRP therapy on the outcomes of cartilage repair using the ACI procedure in a rabbit model of knee joint cartilage damage. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 30 knees in 15 Japanese White rabbits (joint cartilage damage model) were divided into nontreatment (n = 7), PRP (n = 8), ACI (n = 7), and combined ACI and PRP (n = 8) groups. At 4 weeks and 12 weeks postoperatively, histological and visual examination of the surgical site was performed, and the regenerated cartilage and calcified bone areas were measured by imaging the specimens. Results: Pretransplantation evaluation in the cultured cartilage showed the histological properties of hyaline cartilage. At 4 weeks postoperatively, the regenerated cartilage area at the surgical site showed a larger safranin O–positive area in the ACI group (2.73 ± 4.46 mm2) than in the combined ACI and PRP group (1.71 ± 2.04 mm2). Calcified bone formation in the ACI group was relatively lower than that in the other groups. Cartilage repair failure occurred in all groups at 12 weeks postoperatively. Conclusion: The authors found no positive effects of PRP on the outcomes of ACI in a rabbit model. There was a smaller safranin O–positive region with the addition of PRP to ACI compared with ACI alone. In the subchondral bone, bone formation might have been promoted by PRP. Clinical Relevance: Administering PRP at the time of ACI may not have a positive effect and may have deleterious effects on cartilage engraftment and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kato
- Department of Sports Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinobu Yanada
- Japan Tissue Engineering Co Ltd, Gamagori City, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Takuya Okada
- Japan Tissue Engineering Co Ltd, Gamagori City, Aichi, Japan
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Alizadeh Sardroud H, Wanlin T, Chen X, Eames BF. Cartilage Tissue Engineering Approaches Need to Assess Fibrocartilage When Hydrogel Constructs Are Mechanically Loaded. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:787538. [PMID: 35096790 PMCID: PMC8790514 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.787538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrocytes that are impregnated within hydrogel constructs sense applied mechanical force and can respond by expressing collagens, which are deposited into the extracellular matrix (ECM). The intention of most cartilage tissue engineering is to form hyaline cartilage, but if mechanical stimulation pushes the ratio of collagen type I (Col1) to collagen type II (Col2) in the ECM too high, then fibrocartilage can form instead. With a focus on Col1 and Col2 expression, the first part of this article reviews the latest studies on hyaline cartilage regeneration within hydrogel constructs that are subjected to compression forces (one of the major types of the forces within joints) in vitro. Since the mechanical loading conditions involving compression and other forces in joints are difficult to reproduce in vitro, implantation of hydrogel constructs in vivo is also reviewed, again with a focus on Col1 and Col2 production within the newly formed cartilage. Furthermore, mechanotransduction pathways that may be related to the expression of Col1 and Col2 within chondrocytes are reviewed and examined. Also, two recently-emerged, novel approaches of load-shielding and synchrotron radiation (SR)–based imaging techniques are discussed and highlighted for future applications to the regeneration of hyaline cartilage. Going forward, all cartilage tissue engineering experiments should assess thoroughly whether fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage is formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Alizadeh Sardroud
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Hamed Alizadeh Sardroud,
| | - Tasker Wanlin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - B. Frank Eames
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Small Ruminant Models for Articular Cartilage Regeneration by Scaffold-Based Tissue Engineering. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:5590479. [PMID: 34912460 PMCID: PMC8668357 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5590479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models play an important role in preclinical studies, especially in tissue engineering scaffolds for cartilage repair, which require large animal models to verify the safety and effectiveness for clinical use. The small ruminant models are most widely used in this field than other large animals because they are cost-effective, easy to raise, not to mention the fact that the aforementioned animal presents similar anatomical features to that of humans. This review discusses the experimental study of tissue engineering scaffolds for knee articular cartilage regeneration in small ruminant models. Firstly, the selection of these scaffold materials and the preparation process in vitro that have been already used in vivo are briefly reviewed. Moreover, the major factors influencing the rational design and the implementation as well as advantages and limitations of small ruminants are also demonstrated. As regards methodology, this paper applies principles and methods followed by most researchers in the process of experimental design and operation of this kind. By summarizing and comparing different therapeutic concepts, this paper offers suggestions aiming to increase the effectiveness of preclinical research using small ruminant models and improve the process of developing corresponding therapies.
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Ruediger T, Horbert V, Reuther A, Kumar Kalla P, Burgkart RH, Walther M, Kinne RW, Mika J. Thickness of the Stifle Joint Articular Cartilage in Different Large Animal Models of Cartilage Repair and Regeneration. Cartilage 2021; 13:438S-452S. [PMID: 33269611 PMCID: PMC8721693 DOI: 10.1177/1947603520976763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Regulatory guidelines for preclinical cartilage repair studies suggest large animal models (e.g., sheep, goat, [mini]-pig, or horse) to obtain results representative for humans. However, information about the 3-dimensional thickness of articular cartilage at different implantation sites in these models is limited. DESIGN To identify the most suitable site for experimental surgery, cartilage thickness at the medial femoral condyle (MFC), lateral femoral condyle (LFC), and trochlea in ovine, caprine, and porcine cadaver stifle joints was systematically measured using hematoxylin-eosin staining of 6 µm paraffin sections and software-based image analysis. RESULTS Regarding all ventral-dorsal regions of the MFC, goat showed the thickest articular cartilage (maximal mean thickness: 1299 µm), followed by sheep (1096 µm) and mini-pig (604 µm), with the highest values in the most ventral and dorsal regions. Also for the LFC, the most ventral regions showed the thickest cartilage in goat (maximal mean thickness: 1118 µm), followed by sheep (678 µm) and mini-pig (607 µm). Except for the mini-pig, however, the cartilage thickness on the LFC was consistently lower than that on the MFC. The 3 species also differed along the transversal measuring points on the MFC and LFC. In contrast, there were no consistent differences for the regional cartilage thickness of the trochlea among goat and sheep (≥780 µm) and mini-pig (≤500 µm). CONCLUSIONS Based on their cartilage thickness, experimental defects on goat and sheep MFC may be viable options for preclinical cartilage repair studies, in addition to well-established horse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Ruediger
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit,
Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH,
Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Victoria Horbert
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit,
Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH,
Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Anne Reuther
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit,
Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH,
Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Pavan Kumar Kalla
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit,
Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH,
Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Rainer H. Burgkart
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Chair of
Orthopedics and Sport Orthopedics, Technische Universität München, Munich,
Germany
| | - Mario Walther
- Department of Medical Statistics,
Computer Sciences and Documentation, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany,Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, University
of Applied Sciences, Jena, Germany
| | - Raimund W. Kinne
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit,
Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH,
Eisenberg, Germany,Raimund W. Kinne, Experimental Rheumatology
Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken
Eisenberg GmbH, Klosterlausnitzer Straße 81, Eisenberg, 07607, Germany.
| | - Joerg Mika
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit,
Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH,
Eisenberg, Germany
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Patel JM, Sennett ML, Martin AR, Saleh KS, Eby MR, Ashley BS, Miller LM, Dodge GR, Burdick JA, Carey JL, Mauck RL. Resorbable Pins to Enhance Scaffold Retention in a Porcine Chondral Defect Model. Cartilage 2021; 13:1676S-1687S. [PMID: 33034511 PMCID: PMC8804863 DOI: 10.1177/1947603520962568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cartilage repair strategies have seen improvement in recent years, especially with the use of scaffolds that serve as a template for cartilage formation. However, current fixation strategies are inconsistent with regards to retention, may be technically challenging, or may damage adjacent tissues or the implant itself. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the retention and repair potential of cartilage scaffolds fixed with an easy-to-implement bioresorbable pin. DESIGN Electrospun hyaluronic acid scaffolds were implanted into trochlear groove defects in 3 juvenile and 3 adult pigs to evaluate short-term retention (2 weeks; pin fixation vs. press-fit and fibrin fixation) and long-term repair (8 months; scaffold vs. microfracture), respectively. RESULTS For the retention study, press-fit and fibrin fixation resulted in short-term scaffold dislodgment (n = 2 each), whereas pin fixation retained all scaffolds that were implanted (n = 6). Pin fixation did not cause any damage to the opposing patellar surface, and only minor changes in the subchondral bone were observed. For long-term repair, no differences were observed between microfracture and scaffold groups, in terms of second-look arthroscopy and indentation testing. On closer visualization with micro computed tomography and histology, a high degree of variability was observed between animals with regard to subchondral bone changes and cartilage repair quality, yet each Scaffold repair displayed similar properties to its matched microfracture control. CONCLUSIONS In this study, pin fixation did not cause adverse events in either the short- or the long-term relative to controls, indicating that pin fixation successfully retained scaffolds within defects without inhibiting repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M. Patel
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory,
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,
USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research
Center, Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mackenzie L. Sennett
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory,
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,
USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research
Center, Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Penn State College of Medicine,
Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Anthony R. Martin
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory,
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,
USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research
Center, Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Miller School of Medicine, University of
Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kamiel S. Saleh
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory,
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,
USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research
Center, Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R. Eby
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory,
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,
USA
| | - Blair S. Ashley
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory,
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,
USA
| | - Liane M. Miller
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory,
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,
USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research
Center, Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George R. Dodge
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory,
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,
USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research
Center, Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason A. Burdick
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory,
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,
USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research
Center, Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Bioengineering, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - James L. Carey
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory,
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,
USA
| | - Robert L. Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory,
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,
USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research
Center, Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Bioengineering, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA,Robert L. Mauck, 308A Stemmler Hall, 3450
Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Preclinical Testing of New Hydrogel Materials for Cartilage Repair: Overcoming Fixation Issues in a Large Animal Model. Int J Biomater 2021; 2021:5583815. [PMID: 34239571 PMCID: PMC8235960 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5583815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reinforced hydrogels represent a promising strategy for tissue engineering of articular cartilage. They can recreate mechanical and biological characteristics of native articular cartilage and promote cartilage regeneration in combination with mesenchymal stromal cells. One of the limitations of in vivo models for testing the outcome of tissue engineering approaches is implant fixation. The high mechanical stress within the knee joint, as well as the concave and convex cartilage surfaces, makes fixation of reinforced hydrogel challenging. Methods. Different fixation methods for full-thickness chondral defects in minipigs such as fibrin glue, BioGlue®, covering, and direct suturing of nonenforced and enforced constructs were compared. Because of insufficient fixation in chondral defects, superficial osteochondral defects in the femoral trochlea, as well as the femoral condyle, were examined using press-fit fixation. Two different hydrogels (starPEG and PAGE) were compared by 3D-micro-CT (μCT) analysis as well as histological analysis. Results. Our results showed fixation of below 50% for all methods in chondral defects. A superficial osteochondral defect of 1 mm depth was necessary for long-term fixation of a polycaprolactone (PCL)-reinforced hydrogel construct. Press-fit fixation seems to be adapted for a reliable fixation of 95% without confounding effects of glue or suture material. Despite the good integration of our constructs, especially in the starPEG group, visible bone lysis was detected in micro-CT analysis. There was no significant difference between the two hydrogels (starPEG and PAGE) and empty control defects regarding regeneration tissue and cell integration. However, in the starPEG group, more cell-containing hydrogel fragments were found within the defect area. Conclusion. Press-fit fixation in a superficial osteochondral defect in the medial trochlear groove of adult minipigs is a promising fixation method for reinforced hydrogels. To avoid bone lysis, future approaches should focus on multilayered constructs recreating the zonal cartilage as well as the calcified cartilage and the subchondral bone plate.
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van Hugten PPW, Jeuken RM, Roth AK, Seeldrayers S, Emans PJ. An optimized medial parapatellar approach to the goat medial femoral condyle. Animal Model Exp Med 2021; 4:54-58. [PMID: 33738437 PMCID: PMC7954842 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Goats or sheep are the preferred animal model for the preclinical evaluation of cartilage repair techniques due to the similarity of the goat stifle joint to the human knee. The medial femoral condyle of the stifle joint is the preferred site for the assessment of articular cartilage repair, as this is the primary location for this type of lesion in the human knee. Proper surgical exposure of the medial femoral condyle is paramount to obtain reproducible results without surgical error. When applying the standard human medial arthrotomy technique on the goat stifle joint, there are some key aspects to consider in order to prevent destabilization of the extensor apparatus and subsequent postoperative patellar dislocations with associated animal discomfort. This paper describes a modified surgical technique to approach the medial femoral condyle of the caprine stifle joint. The modified technique led to satisfactory exposure without postoperative incidence of patellar luxations and no long-term adverse effects on the joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter P. W. van Hugten
- Laboratory for Experimental OrthopedicsDepartment of Orthopedic SurgeryMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Ralph M. Jeuken
- Laboratory for Experimental OrthopedicsDepartment of Orthopedic SurgeryMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Alex K. Roth
- Laboratory for Experimental OrthopedicsDepartment of Orthopedic SurgeryMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Saskia Seeldrayers
- Laboratory Animal FacilityMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Emans
- Laboratory for Experimental OrthopedicsDepartment of Orthopedic SurgeryMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
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Spector M. An interview with Roland (Roli) Peter Jakob, M.D.: biomaterials for orthoregeneration. Biomed Mater 2020; 16:010201. [PMID: 33355314 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aba797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myron Spector
- Department of Orthopedics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
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12
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Takizawa D, Sato M, Okada E, Takahashi T, Maehara M, Tominaga A, Sogo Y, Toyoda E, Watanabe M. Regenerative effects of human chondrocyte sheets in a xenogeneic transplantation model using immune-deficient rats. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:1296-1306. [PMID: 32652894 PMCID: PMC7540669 DOI: 10.1002/term.3101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although cell transplantation has attracted much attention in regenerative medicine, animal models continue to be used in translational research to evaluate safety and efficacy because cell sources and transplantation modalities are so diverse. In the present study, we investigated the regenerative effects of human chondrocyte sheets on articular cartilage in a xenogeneic transplantation model using immune‐deficient rats. Osteochondral defects were created in the knee joints of immune‐deficient rats that were treated as Group A, untreated (without transplantation); Group B, transplantation of a layered chondrocyte sheet containing 5.0 × 105 cells (layered chondrocyte sheet transplantation); Group C, transplantation of a synoviocyte sheet containing 5.0 × 105 cells (synoviocyte sheet transplantation); or Group D, transplantation of both a synoviocyte sheet plus a layered chondrocyte sheet, each containing 5.0 × 105 cells (synoviocyte sheet plus layered chondrocyte sheet transplantation). Histological evaluation demonstrated that Group B showed cartilage regeneration with hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage. In Groups C and D, the defect was filled with fibrous tissue but no hyaline cartilage. Transplanted cells were detected at 4 and 12 weeks after transplantation, but the number of cells had decreased at 12 weeks. Our results indicate that layered chondrocyte sheet transplantation contributes to articular cartilage regeneration; this model proved useful for evaluating these regenerative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Takizawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.,Center for Musculoskeletal innovative Research and Advancement (C-MiRA), Tokai University Graduate School, Isehara, Japan
| | - Masato Sato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.,Center for Musculoskeletal innovative Research and Advancement (C-MiRA), Tokai University Graduate School, Isehara, Japan
| | - Eri Okada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.,Center for Musculoskeletal innovative Research and Advancement (C-MiRA), Tokai University Graduate School, Isehara, Japan
| | - Takumi Takahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.,Center for Musculoskeletal innovative Research and Advancement (C-MiRA), Tokai University Graduate School, Isehara, Japan
| | - Miki Maehara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.,Center for Musculoskeletal innovative Research and Advancement (C-MiRA), Tokai University Graduate School, Isehara, Japan
| | - Ayako Tominaga
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sogo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.,Center for Musculoskeletal innovative Research and Advancement (C-MiRA), Tokai University Graduate School, Isehara, Japan
| | - Eriko Toyoda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.,Center for Musculoskeletal innovative Research and Advancement (C-MiRA), Tokai University Graduate School, Isehara, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.,Center for Musculoskeletal innovative Research and Advancement (C-MiRA), Tokai University Graduate School, Isehara, Japan
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13
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Roffi A, Kon E, Perdisa F, Fini M, Di Martino A, Parrilli A, Salamanna F, Sandri M, Sartori M, Sprio S, Tampieri A, Marcacci M, Filardo G. A Composite Chitosan-Reinforced Scaffold Fails to Provide Osteochondral Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092227. [PMID: 31067635 PMCID: PMC6539239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several biomaterials have recently been developed to address the challenge of osteochondral regeneration. Among these, chitosan holds promises both for cartilage and bone healing. The aim of this in vivo study was to evaluate the regeneration potential of a novel hybrid magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite (MgHA), collagen, chitosan-based scaffold, which was tested in a sheep model to ascertain its osteochondral regenerative potential, and in a rabbit model to further evaluate its ability to regenerate bone tissue. Macroscopic, microtomography, histology, histomorphometry, and immunohistochemical analysis were performed. In the sheep model, all analyses did not show significant differences compared to untreated defects (p > 0.05), with no evidence of cartilage and subchondral bone regeneration. In the rabbit model, this bone scaffold provided less ability to enhance tissue healing compared with a commercial bone scaffold. Moreover, persistence of scaffold material and absence of integration with connective tissue around the scaffolds were observed. These results raised some concerns about the osteochondral use of this chitosan composite scaffold, especially for the bone layer. Further studies are needed to explore the best formulation of chitosan-reinforced composites for osteochondral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Roffi
- Applied and Translational Research (ATR) Center, IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Elizaveta Kon
- Knee Joint Reconstruction Center-3rd Orthopedic Division, Humanitas Clinical Institute, 20089 Rozzano, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, 20090 Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesco Perdisa
- Hip and Knee Replacement Department, IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Milena Fini
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Di Martino
- II Orthopedic and Traumatologic Clinic; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Annapaola Parrilli
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesca Salamanna
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Monica Sandri
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council (ISTEC-CNR), 48018 Faenza, Italy.
| | - Maria Sartori
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Simone Sprio
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council (ISTEC-CNR), 48018 Faenza, Italy.
| | - Anna Tampieri
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council (ISTEC-CNR), 48018 Faenza, Italy.
| | - Maurilio Marcacci
- Knee Joint Reconstruction Center-3rd Orthopedic Division, Humanitas Clinical Institute, 20089 Rozzano, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, 20090 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Filardo
- Applied and Translational Research (ATR) Center, IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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14
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Dwivedi G, Chevrier A, Hoemann CD, Buschmann MD. Injectable freeze‐dried chitosan‐platelet‐rich‐plasma implants improve marrow‐stimulated cartilage repair in a chronic‐defect rabbit model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:599-611. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Garima Dwivedi
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Anik Chevrier
- Chemical Engineering Department, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Caroline D. Hoemann
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
- Chemical Engineering Department, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Michael D. Buschmann
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
- Chemical Engineering Department, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
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15
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The Role of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Cartilage Pathology: An Updated Systematic Review of the Basic Science Evidence. Arthroscopy 2019; 35:961-976.e3. [PMID: 30733026 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.10.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the basic science studies on platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for cartilage and determine whether there has been an improvement in methodology and outcome reporting that would allow for a more meaningful analysis regarding the mechanism of action and efficacy of PRP for cartilage pathology. METHODS The PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were screened in May 2017 with publication dates of January 2011 through May 2017 using the following key words: "platelet-rich plasma OR PRP OR autologous conditioned plasma (ACP) OR ACP AND cartilage OR chondrocytes OR chondrogenesis OR osteoarthritis OR arthritis." Two authors independently performed the search, determined study inclusion, and extracted data. Data extracted included cytology/description of PRP, study design, and results. RESULTS Twenty-seven studies (11 in vitro, 13 in vivo, 3 in vitro and in vivo) met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. All of the studies (100%) reported the method by which PRP was prepared. Two studies reported basic cytologic analysis of PRP, including platelet, white blood cell, and red blood cell counts (6.7%). Nine studies reported both platelet count and white blood cell count (30.0%). Twelve studies reported platelet count alone (40.0%). Nine studies (30.0%) made no mention at all as to the composition of the PRP used. PRP was shown to increase cell viability, cell proliferation, cell migration, and differentiation. Several studies demonstrated increased proteoglycan and type II collagen content. PRP decreased inflammation in 75.0% of the in vitro studies reporting data and resulted in improved histologic quality of the cartilage tissue in 75.0% of the in vivo studies reporting data. CONCLUSIONS Although the number of investigations on PRP for cartilage pathology has more than doubled since 2012, the quality of the literature remains limited by poor methodology and outcome reporting. A majority of basic science studies suggest that PRP has beneficial effects on cartilage pathology; however, the inability to compare across studies owing to a lack of standardization of study methodology, including characterizing the contents of PRP, remains a significant limitation. Future basic science and clinical studies must at a minimum report the contents of PRP to better understand the clinical role of PRP for cartilage pathology. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Establishing proof of concept for PRP to treat cartilage pathology is important so that high-quality clinical studies with appropriate indications can be performed.
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Walter SG, Ossendorff R, Schildberg FA. Articular cartilage regeneration and tissue engineering models: a systematic review. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2019; 139:305-316. [PMID: 30382366 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-018-3057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cartilage regeneration and restoration is a major topic in orthopedic research as cartilaginous degeneration and damage is associated with osteoarthritis and joint destruction. This systematic review aims to summarize current research strategies in cartilage regeneration research. MATERIALS AND METHODS A Pubmed search for models investigating single-site cartilage defects as well as chondrogenesis was conducted and articles were evaluated for content by title and abstract. Finally, only manuscripts were included, which report new models or approaches of cartilage regeneration. RESULTS The search resulted in 2217 studies, 200 of which were eligible for inclusion in this review. The identified manuscripts consisted of a large spectrum of research approaches spanning from cell culture to tissue engineering and transplantation as well as sophisticated computational modeling. CONCLUSIONS In the past three decades, knowledge about articular cartilage and its defects has multiplied in clinical and experimental settings and the respective body of research literature has grown significantly. However, current strategies for articular cartilage repair have not yet succeeded to replicate the structure and function of innate articular cartilage, which makes it even more important to understand the current strategies and their impact. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to globally summarize experimental strategies investigating cartilage regeneration in vitro as well as in vivo. This will allow for better referencing when designing new models or strategies and potentially improve research translation from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian G Walter
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert Ossendorff
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank A Schildberg
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
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17
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Bothe F, Deubel AK, Hesse E, Lotz B, Groll J, Werner C, Richter W, Hagmann S. Treatment of Focal Cartilage Defects in Minipigs with Zonal Chondrocyte/Mesenchymal Progenitor Cell Constructs. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030653. [PMID: 30717402 PMCID: PMC6387191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in cartilage repair strategies, treatment of focal chondral lesions remains an important challenge to prevent osteoarthritis. Articular cartilage is organized into several layers and lack of zonal organization of current grafts is held responsible for insufficient biomechanical and biochemical quality of repair-tissue. The aim was to develop a zonal approach for cartilage regeneration to determine whether the outcome can be improved compared to a non-zonal strategy. Hydrogel-filled polycaprolactone (PCL)-constructs with a chondrocyte-seeded upper-layer deemed to induce hyaline cartilage and a mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-containing bottom-layer deemed to induce calcified cartilage were compared to chondrocyte-based non-zonal grafts in a minipig model. Grafts showed comparable hardness at implantation and did not cause visible signs of inflammation. After 6 months, X-ray microtomography (µCT)-analysis revealed significant bone-loss in both treatment groups compared to empty controls. PCL-enforcement and some hydrogel-remnants were retained in all defects, but most implants were pressed into the subchondral bone. Despite important heterogeneities, both treatments reached a significantly lower modified O'Driscoll-score compared to empty controls. Thus, PCL may have induced bone-erosion during joint loading and misplacement of grafts in vivo precluding adequate permanent orientation of zones compared to surrounding native cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Bothe
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany, Schlierbacher Landstr. 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Anne-Kathrin Deubel
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany, Schlierbacher Landstr. 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Eliane Hesse
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany, Schlierbacher Landstr. 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Benedict Lotz
- Center of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery/Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany, Schlierbacher Landstr. 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Groll
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Carsten Werner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany, Schlierbacher Landstr. 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sebastien Hagmann
- Center of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery/Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany, Schlierbacher Landstr. 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany.
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18
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Makungu M. Gross osteology and radiology of the pelvic limb of the adult small East African goat. Anat Histol Embryol 2019; 48:234-243. [PMID: 30663784 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide the detailed normal gross osteology and radiographic anatomy of the pelvic limb in adult small East African goats as a reference for clinical use, biomedical research and teaching. Radiography of the pelvic limb was performed in five adult small East African goats. Bone specimens of four skeletally mature small East African goats were used for gross osteological study. The ilial wing was wide. The ischiatic tuberosity was prominent and well developed. The acetabulum was rounded. The minor trochanter was located caudomedially, and the femoral trochlea was deep and narrow. The lateral and medial condyles of the femur were approximately of the same size. The tibial tuberosity was prominent, and the cochlea grooves were deep with a pronounced intermediate ridge. The trochlea of the talus was deep. The patella presented a prominent tuberosity on the cranial surface. The metatarsal sesamoid bone was seen in all animals. The observed gross osteology and radiographic anatomy of the pelvic limb of small East African goats was consistent with the presence of strong extensor muscles of the hip, stifle and tarsus for propulsion during terrestrial walking and trotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modesta Makungu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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19
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Lee JH, Luo X, Ren X, Tan TC, Smith RAA, Swaminathan K, Sekar S, Bhakoo K, Nurcombe V, Hui JH, Cool SM. A Heparan Sulfate Device for the Regeneration of Osteochondral Defects. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 25:352-363. [PMID: 30351222 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Repairing damaged joint cartilage remains a significant challenge. Treatment involving microfracture, tissue grafting, or cell therapy provides some benefit, but seldom regenerates lost articular cartilage. Providing a point-of-care solution that is cell and tissue free has the potential to transform orthopedic treatment for such cases. Glycosaminoglycans such as heparan sulfate (HS) are well suited for this purpose because they provide a matrix that enhances the prochondrogenic activities of growth factors normally found at sites of articular damage. In this study, we show the potential of a novel HS device, which is free of exogenous cells or growth factors, in regenerating osteochondral defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Lee
- 1 NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Sciences (CeLS), Singapore.,2 Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Xiaoman Luo
- 2 Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Xiafei Ren
- 3 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tuan Chun Tan
- 2 Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Raymond A A Smith
- 2 Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | | | - Sakthivel Sekar
- 5 Translational Molecular Imaging Group, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Kishore Bhakoo
- 5 Translational Molecular Imaging Group, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- 2 Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.,6 Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University-Imperial College, Singapore
| | - James H Hui
- 3 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simon M Cool
- 2 Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.,3 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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20
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Choi S, Kim GM, Maeng YH, Kang H, Teong CT, Lee EE, Yoo SJ, Dlima DD, Kim MK. Autologous Bone Marrow Cell Stimulation and Allogenic Chondrocyte Implantation for the Repair of Full-Thickness Articular Cartilage Defects in a Rabbit Model. Cartilage 2018; 9:402-409. [PMID: 28393539 PMCID: PMC6139584 DOI: 10.1177/1947603517701228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of autologous bone marrow cell stimulation and allogenic chondrocyte implantation using 3-dimensional gel-type fibrin matrix in an animal model. DESIGN Eighteen rabbits were divided into 2 treatment groups. One group was treated with a microfracture and covering of it with gel-type fibrin (AutoBMS; n = 9), and the other group was treated with allogenic chondrocytes mixed gel-type fibrin at the cartilage defect (AlloCI; n = 9). The control group was untreated cartilage defect at the other side knee of each object. Twelve weeks after treatment, the cartilage was evaluated using the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) scoring system, immunohistochemical staining, and modified O'Driscoll grading system. RESULTS The ICRS scores were similar in the AutoBMS (9.44 ± 2.44) and the AlloCI (9.33 ± 1.67) groups ( P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining confirmed higher expression of cartilaginous collagen for both groups. The average difference (AutoBMS, 31.89 ± 6.54; AlloCI, 32.89 ± 5.25) in the modified O'Driscoll scores appeared to be nonsignificant ( P > 0.05); however, both treatment groups showed significantly higher scores with respect to their control group (18.45 ± 1.65; 18.97 ± 1.58) ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSION This experimental study suggests autologous bone marrow cells stimulation and implantation of allogenic chondrocytes are both useful methodologies for regenerating hyaline-like cartilage in full-thickness cartilage defects in animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwook Choi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea,Sungwook Choi, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gyeong Min Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Maeng
- Department of Pathology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunseong Kang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chen Tai Teong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Emily E. Lee
- Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research & Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Seung Jin Yoo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Darryl D. Dlima
- Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research & Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Myung Ku Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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21
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Liou JJ, Rothrauff BB, Alexander PG, Tuan RS. Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Chondrogenic Differentiation of Adipose- and Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:1432-1443. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jr-Jiun Liou
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Benjamin B. Rothrauff
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter G. Alexander
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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22
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Tani Y, Sato M, Yokoyama M, Yokoyama M, Takahashi T, Toyoda E, Okada E, Fujimura S, Maruki H, Kato Y, Yamato M, Okano T, Mochida J. Intra-articular administration of EP2 enhances the articular cartilage repair in a rabbit model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:2179-2187. [PMID: 30075064 DOI: 10.1002/term.2748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We have reported the usefulness of chondrocyte sheets on articular cartilage repair in animal experiments. Here, we investigated the regenerative effects of EP2 signalling with or without chondrocyte sheets. Forty-five rabbits were used, with six rabbits in each of the six groups and nine rabbits for chondrocytes and synovial cells harvesting to fabricate triple-layered chondrocyte sheets: osteochondral defect only (control, Group A), EP2 agonist (Group B), EP2 antagonist (Group C), chondrocyte sheets (Group D), EP2 agonist and chondrocyte sheets (Group E), and EP2 antagonist and chondrocyte sheets (Group F). After surgery, the weight distribution ratio was measured as an indicator of pain alleviation. Injections of the EP2 agonist or EP2 antagonist were given from 4 weeks after surgery. The rabbits were sacrificed at 12 weeks, and the repaired tissues were evaluated for histology. The weight distribution ratio and International Cartilage Repair Society grading were as follows: Group A: 40.5% ± 0.2%, 14.8 ± 0.5; Group B: 43.4% ± 0.7%, 25.4 ± 0.8; Group C: 38.7% ± 0.7%, 13.7 ± 0.3; Group D: 48.6% ± 0.6%, 40.2 ± 0.5; Group E: 49.1% ± 0.3%, 40.5 ± 0.4; and Group F; 46.8% ± 0.4%, 38.7 ± 0.5. Significant differences in histology and pain alleviation were observed between groups except between Groups A and C, between Groups D and E, and between Groups D and F. These findings show that the intra-articular administration of an EP2 agonist achieved pain alleviation and tissue repair. However, no synergistic effect with chondrocyte sheets was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Tani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Masato Sato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Munetaka Yokoyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Miyuki Yokoyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Takumi Takahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Eriko Toyoda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Eri Okada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Shinsei Fujimura
- Minase Research Institute, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Maruki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Kato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamato
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruo Okano
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joji Mochida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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23
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Filardo G, Perdisa F, Gelinsky M, Despang F, Fini M, Marcacci M, Parrilli AP, Roffi A, Salamanna F, Sartori M, Schütz K, Kon E. Novel alginate biphasic scaffold for osteochondral regeneration: an in vivo evaluation in rabbit and sheep models. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2018; 29:74. [PMID: 29804259 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Current therapeutic strategies for osteochondral restoration showed a limited regenerative potential. In fact, to promote the growth of articular cartilage and subchondral bone is a real challenge, due to the different functional and anatomical properties. To this purpose, alginate is a promising biomaterial for a scaffold-based approach, claiming optimal biocompatibility and good chondrogenic potential. A previously developed mineralized alginate scaffold was investigated in terms of the ability to support osteochondral regeneration both in a large and medium size animal model. The results were evaluated macroscopically and by microtomography, histology, histomorphometry, and immunohistochemical analysis. No evidence of adverse or inflammatory reactions was observed in both models, but limited subchondral bone formation was present, together with a slow scaffold resorption time.The implantation of this biphasic alginate scaffold provided partial osteochondral regeneration in the animal model. Further studies are needed to evaluate possible improvement in terms of osteochondral tissue regeneration for this biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Filardo
- Nano-Biotechnology (NABI) Laboratory, Rizzoli RIT Department, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Francesco Perdisa
- Nano-Biotechnology (NABI) Laboratory, Rizzoli RIT Department, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy.
| | - Michael Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 73, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Florian Despang
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 73, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Milena Fini
- Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Innovative Technologies and Advanced Therapies, Rizzoli RIT Department, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Maurilio Marcacci
- Knee Joint Reconstruction Center - 3rd Orthopaedic Division, Humanitas Clinical Institute, Via Alessandro Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Manzoni 113, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Paola Parrilli
- Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Innovative Technologies and Advanced Therapies, Rizzoli RIT Department, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Alice Roffi
- Nano-Biotechnology (NABI) Laboratory, Rizzoli RIT Department, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Francesca Salamanna
- Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Innovative Technologies and Advanced Therapies, Rizzoli RIT Department, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Maria Sartori
- Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Innovative Technologies and Advanced Therapies, Rizzoli RIT Department, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Kathleen Schütz
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 73, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Elizaveta Kon
- Knee Joint Reconstruction Center - 3rd Orthopaedic Division, Humanitas Clinical Institute, Via Alessandro Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Manzoni 113, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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24
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Shimomura K, Ando W, Fujie H, Hart DA, Yoshikawa H, Nakamura N. Scaffold-free tissue engineering for injured joint surface restoration. J Exp Orthop 2018; 5:2. [PMID: 29330730 PMCID: PMC5768574 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-017-0118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage does not heal spontaneously due to its limited healing capacity, and thus effective treatments for cartilage injuries has remained challenging. Since the first report by Brittberg et al. in 1994, autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) has been introduced into the clinic. Recently, as an alternative for chondrocyte-based therapy, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy has received considerable research attention because of the relative ease in handling for tissue harvest, and subsequent cell expansion and differentiation. In this review, we discuss the latest developments regarding stem cell-based therapies for cartilage repair, with special focus on recent scaffold-free approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Shimomura
- Medicine for Sports and Performing Arts, Department of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Wataru Ando
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Fujie
- Division of Human Mechatronics Systems, Faculty of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 6-6 Asahigaoka, Hino City, Tokyo, 191-0065, Japan
| | - David A Hart
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Hideki Yoshikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norimasa Nakamura
- Institute for Medical Science in Sports, Osaka Health Science University, 1-9-27 Tenma, Kita-ku, Osaka City, Osaka, 530-0043, Japan. .,Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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25
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Dias IR, Viegas CA, Carvalho PP. Large Animal Models for Osteochondral Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1059:441-501. [PMID: 29736586 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-76735-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Namely, in the last two decades, large animal models - small ruminants (sheep and goats), pigs, dogs and horses - have been used to study the physiopathology and to develop new therapeutic procedures to treat human clinical osteoarthritis. For that purpose, cartilage and/or osteochondral defects are generally performed in the stifle joint of selected large animal models at the condylar and trochlear femoral areas where spontaneous regeneration should be excluded. Experimental animal care and protection legislation and guideline documents of the US Food and Drug Administration, the American Society for Testing and Materials and the International Cartilage Repair Society should be followed, and also the specificities of the animal species used for these studies must be taken into account, such as the cartilage thickness of the selected defect localization, the defined cartilage critical size defect and the joint anatomy in view of the post-operative techniques to be performed to evaluate the chondral/osteochondral repair. In particular, in the articular cartilage regeneration and repair studies with animal models, the subchondral bone plate should always be taken into consideration. Pilot studies for chondral and osteochondral bone tissue engineering could apply short observational periods for evaluation of the cartilage regeneration up to 12 weeks post-operatively, but generally a 6- to 12-month follow-up period is used for these types of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R Dias
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences School, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal. .,3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco - Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal. .,Department of Veterinary Medicine, ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Carlos A Viegas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences School, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco - Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Pedro P Carvalho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University School Vasco da Gama, Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes 197, Lordemão, Coimbra, 3020-210, Portugal.,CIVG - Vasco da Gama Research Center, University School Vasco da Gama, Coimbra, Portugal
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26
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Sheu SY, Wang CH, Pao YH, Fu YT, Liu CH, Yao CH, Kuo TF. The effect of platelet-rich fibrin on autologous osteochondral transplantation: An in vivo porcine model. Knee 2017; 24:1392-1401. [PMID: 29037743 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2017.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This work aimed to evaluate the efficacy of cartilage transplantation to the medial femoral condyle±platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) augmentation in a porcine model. The hypothesis of the study was that PRF may act as a bioactive cell scaffold to fill defects and enhance cartilage regeneration. METHODS Thirty-two knees of 16 miniature pigs were randomly assigned to four groups. The critical-size osteochondral defects (8x5mm) in femoral condyle of both knees were treated with one of the following: group 1-untreated controls; group 2-cartilage fragments alone; group 3-PRF alone; group 4-PRFT+cartilage fragments. After completion of the surgical implantation, the periosteal patch harvested from the proximal tibia was sutured onto the cartilage of the medial condyle to cover the implanted defects. Animals were sacrificed at six months after treatment. The regenerated cartilages were assessed by gross inspection and histological examination. RESULTS The best results were obtained with the repair tissue being hyaline-like cartilage (group 4). The grading score of histological evaluation demonstrated that group 4 had better matrix, cell distribution and cartilage mineralization than group 2 and group 3. PRF showed a positive effect on the cartilage repair; the procedure was more effective when PRF was combined with autologous chondrocytes. CONCLUSIONS This approach may provide a successfully employed technique to target cartilage defects in vivo. Larger groups and longer periods of study may provide more definitive and meaningful support for using this therapeutic approach as a new way of cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Sheu
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - C H Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Y H Pao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y T Fu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taichung Branch, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - C H Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C H Yao
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - T F Kuo
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Veterinary Medicine, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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27
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Mancini IA, Bolaños RAV, Brommer H, Castilho M, Ribeiro A, van Loon JP, Mensinga A, van Rijen MH, Malda J, van Weeren R. Fixation of Hydrogel Constructs for Cartilage Repair in the Equine Model: A Challenging Issue. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2017; 23:804-814. [PMID: 28795641 PMCID: PMC7116030 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report on the experiences with the use of commercial and autologous fibrin glue (AFG) and of an alternative method based on a 3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) anchor for the fixation of hydrogel-based scaffolds in an equine model for cartilage repair. METHODS In a first study, three different hydrogel-based materials were orthotopically implanted in nine horses for 1-4 weeks in 6 mm diameter full-thickness cartilage defects in the medial femoral trochlear ridge and fixated with commercially available fibrin glue (CFG). One defect was filled with CFG only as a control. In a second study, CFG and AFG were compared in an ectopic equine model. The third study compared the efficacy of AFG and a 3D-printed PCL-based osteal anchor for fixation of PCL-reinforced hydrogels in three horses for 2 weeks, with a 4-week follow-up to evaluate integration of bone with the PCL anchor. Short-term scaffold integration and cell infiltration were evaluated by microcomputed tomography and histology as outcome parameters. RESULTS The first study showed signs of subchondral bone resorption in all defects, including the controls filled with CFG only, with significant infiltration of neutrophils. Ectopically, CFG induced clear inflammation with strong neutrophil accumulation; AFG was less reactive, showing fibroblast infiltration only. In the third study the fixation potential for PCL-reinforced hydrogels of AFG was inferior to the PCL anchor. PCL reinforcement had disappeared from two defects and showed signs of dislodging in the remaining four. All six constructs fixated with the PCL anchor were still in place after 2 weeks. At 4 weeks, the PCL anchor showed good integration and signs of new bone formation. CONCLUSIONS The use of AFG should be preferred to xenogeneic products in the horse, but AFG is subject to individual variations and laborious to make. The PCL anchor provides the best fixation; however, this technique involves the whole osteochondral unit, which entails a different conceptual approach to cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A.D. Mancini
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rafael A. Vindas Bolaños
- Cátedra de Cirugía de Especies Mayores, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Harold Brommer
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Castilho
- Division of Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandro Ribeiro
- Division of Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes P.A.M. van Loon
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anneloes Mensinga
- Division of Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mattie H.P. van Rijen
- Division of Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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28
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Tani Y, Sato M, Maehara M, Nagashima H, Yokoyama M, Yokoyama M, Yamato M, Okano T, Mochida J. The effects of using vitrified chondrocyte sheets on pain alleviation and articular cartilage repair. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 11:3437-3444. [PMID: 28198149 DOI: 10.1002/term.2257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The effect of using vitrified-thawed chondrocyte sheets on articular cartilage repair was examined because the methods for storing chondrocyte sheets are essential for allogeneic chondrocyte sheet transplantation. Six Japanese white rabbits were used as sources of articular chondrocytes and synovial cells. Chondrocytes were harvested from the femur, and synovial cells were harvested from inside the knee joints. After coculture of the chondrocytes with synovial cells, triple-layered chondrocyte sheets were fabricated. Eighteen rabbits were used, with six rabbits in each of three groups: osteochondral defect only (control, group A); chondrocyte sheets (group B); and vitrified-thawed chondrocyte sheets (group C). An osteochondral defect was created on the femur. After transplantation, the weight distribution ratio of the undamaged and damaged limbs was measured as a pain-alleviating effect. The rabbits were euthanized at 12 weeks, and the transplanted tissues were evaluated for histology (Safranin O staining and immunostaining) using the International Cartilage Repair Society grading system. For both evaluations, significant differences were observed between groups A and B, and between groups A and C (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between groups B and C. Thus, pain-alleviating effects and tissue repair were achieved using vitrified-thawed chondrocyte sheets. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Tani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masato Sato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Miki Maehara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagashima
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Munetaka Yokoyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Miyuki Yokoyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamato
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruo Okano
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joji Mochida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
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29
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Lee S, Nemeño JGE, Lee JI. Repositioning Bevacizumab: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Cartilage Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 22:341-357. [PMID: 26905221 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug discovery and development has been garnering an increasing trend of research due to the growing incidence of the diverse types of diseases. Recently, drug repositioning, also known as drug repurposing, has been emerging parallel to cancer and tissue engineering studies. Drug repositioning involves the application of currently approved or even abandoned drugs as alternative treatments to other diseases or as biomaterials in other fields including cell therapy and tissue engineering. In this review, the advancement of the antiangiogenesis drugs that were used as treatment for cancer and other diseases, with particular focus on bevacizumab, will be described. This will include an overview of the nature and progression of osteoarthritis (OA), one of the leading global degenerative diseases that cause morbidity, and the development of its therapeutic strategies. In addition, this will also feature the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that are commonly prescribed for OA and the benefits of repositioning bevacizumab as alternative treatments for other diseases and as biomaterials for cartilage regeneration. To date, a few number of studies, employing different modes of administration and varying dosages in diverse animal models, have shown that bevacizumab can be used as a signal and can promote both in vitro and in vivo cartilage regeneration. However, other antiangiogenesis drugs and their effects in chondrogenesis and cartilage regeneration are also worth investigating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojung Lee
- 1 Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Biomedical Science & Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Judee Grace E Nemeño
- 1 Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Biomedical Science & Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ik Lee
- 1 Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Biomedical Science & Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2 Deparment of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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30
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Moran CJ, Ramesh A, Brama PAJ, O'Byrne JM, O'Brien FJ, Levingstone TJ. The benefits and limitations of animal models for translational research in cartilage repair. J Exp Orthop 2016; 3:1. [PMID: 26915001 PMCID: PMC4703594 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-015-0037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Much research is currently ongoing into new therapies for cartilage defect repair with new biomaterials frequently appearing which purport to have significant regenerative capacity. These biomaterials may be classified as medical devices, and as such must undergo rigorous testing before they are implanted in humans. A large part of this testing involves in vitro trials and biomechanical testing. However, in order to bridge the gap between the lab and the clinic, in vivo preclinical trials are required, and usually demanded by regulatory approval bodies. This review examines the in vivo models in current use for cartilage defect repair testing and the relevance of each in the context of generated results and applicability to bringing the device to clinical practice. Some of the preclinical models currently used include murine, leporine, ovine, caprine, porcine, canine, and equine models. Each of these has advantages and disadvantages in terms of animal husbandry, cartilage thickness, joint biomechanics and ethical and licencing issues. This review will examine the strengths and weaknesses of the various animal models currently in use in preclinical studies of cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Moran
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI & TCD, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ashwanth Ramesh
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI & TCD, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pieter A J Brama
- Section of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John M O'Byrne
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Cappagh National Orthopaedic Hospital, Finglas, Dublin 11, Ireland
| | - Fergal J O'Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI & TCD, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tanya J Levingstone
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI & TCD, Dublin, Ireland.
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31
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Ortved KF, Nixon AJ. Cell-based cartilage repair strategies in the horse. Vet J 2015; 208:1-12. [PMID: 26702950 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Damage to the articular cartilage surface is common in the equine athlete and, due to the poor intrinsic healing capabilities of cartilage, can lead to osteoarthritis (OA). Joint disease and OA are the leading cause of retirement in equine athletes and currently there are no effective treatments to stop the progression of OA. Several different cell-based strategies have been investigated to bolster the weak regenerative response of chondrocytes. Such techniques aim to restore the articular surface and prevent further joint degradation. Cell-based cartilage repair strategies include enhancement of endogenous repair mechanisms by recruitment of stem cells from the bone marrow following perforation of the subchondral bone plate; osteochondral implantation; implantation of chondrocytes that are maintained in defects by either a membrane cover or scaffold, and transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells into cartilage lesions. More recently, bioengineered cartilage and scaffoldless cartilage have been investigated for enhancing repair. This review article focuses on the multitude of cell-based repair techniques for cartilage repair across several species, with special attention paid to the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla F Ortved
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Alan J Nixon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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32
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Sakata R, Iwakura T, Reddi AH. Regeneration of Articular Cartilage Surface: Morphogens, Cells, and Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 21:461-73. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Sakata
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Sacramento, California
| | - Takashi Iwakura
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Sacramento, California
| | - A. Hari Reddi
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Sacramento, California
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33
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The Addition of Platelet-Rich Plasma to Scaffolds Used for Cartilage Repair: A Review of Human and Animal Studies. Arthroscopy 2015; 31:1607-25. [PMID: 25823672 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the available literature on studies focusing on platelet-rich plasma (PRP)-enhanced scaffolds for cartilage lesion repair in animals and to analyze the clinical outcomes of similar biologically augmented cartilage regeneration techniques in humans. METHODS We conducted a literature search and subsequent review investigating the potential of PRP to enhance articular cartilage repair using scaffolds or bioengineered implants. RESULTS Of the 14 animal model studies reviewed, 10 reported positive effects with PRP whereas only 2 showed negative overall effects. The remaining 2 studies reported no significant differences, or neutral results, with the use of PRP. With the addition of PRP, the gross appearance and histologic analysis of repair cartilage were improved or no difference was seen compared with control (11 of 12 studies that looked at this). Human studies of the knee or talar dome showed improvements in clinical assessment scores as soon as 6 months after surgery. There was great variability in the method of PRP preparation, choice of scaffold, and cell source between studies. CONCLUSIONS PRP-augmented scaffolds have been shown to be beneficial in the articular cartilage repair process in animals and humans based on macroscopic, histologic, and biochemical analysis and based on clinical outcome scores, respectively. Comparison between studies is difficult because there is great variability in PRP preparation and administration. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, systematic review of Level III and IV studies.
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Schwarz ML, Schneider-Wald B, Brade J, Schleich D, Schütte A, Reisig G. Instruments for reproducible setting of defects in cartilage and harvesting of osteochondral plugs for standardisation of preclinical tests for articular cartilage regeneration. J Orthop Surg Res 2015. [PMID: 26215154 PMCID: PMC4517650 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-015-0257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Standardisation is required in research, so are approval procedures for advanced therapy medical products and other procedures for articular cartilage therapies. The process of creating samples needs to be reproducible. The aim of this study was to design, create and validate instruments (1) to create reproducible and accurate defects and (2) to isolate samples in the shape of osteochondral cylinders in a quick, reliable and sterile manner. Methods Adjustable instruments were created: a crown mill with a resolution of 0.05 mm and a front mill to create defects in articular cartilage and subchondral bone. The instruments were tested on knee joints of pigs from the slaughterhouse; 48 defects were created and evaluated. A punching machine was designed to harvest osteochondral plugs. These were validated in an in vivo animal study. Results The instruments respect the desired depth of 0.5 and 1.5 mm when creating the defects, depending on whether the person using the instrument is highly experienced (0.451 mm; confidence interval (CI): 0.390 mm; 0.512 mm and 1.403 mm; CI: 1.305 mm; 1.502 mm) or less so (0.369 mm; CI: 0.297 mm; 0.440 mm and 1.241 mm; CI: 1.141 mm; 1.341 mm). Eighty samples were taken from knee joints of Göttingen Minipigs with this punching technique. The time needed for the harvesting of the samples was 7.52 min (±2.18 min), the parallelism of the sides of the cylinders deviated by −0.63° (CI: −1.33°; 0.08°) and the surface of the cartilage deviated from the perpendicularity by 4.86° (CI: 4.154°; 5.573°). In all assessed cases, a sterile procedure was observed. Conclusions Instruments and procedures for standardised creation and validation of defects in articular cartilage and subchondral bone were designed. Harvesting of samples in the shape of osteochondral cylinders can now be performed in a quick, reliable and sterile manner. The presented instruments and procedures can serve as helpful steps towards standardised operating procedures in the field of regenerative therapies of articular cartilage in research and for regulatory requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus L Schwarz
- Section for Experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Centre (OUZ), University Medical Centre Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Barbara Schneider-Wald
- Section for Experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Centre (OUZ), University Medical Centre Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Joachim Brade
- Department of Medical Statistics, Biomathematics and Information Processing, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dieter Schleich
- Section for Experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Centre (OUZ), University Medical Centre Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andy Schütte
- Section for Experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Centre (OUZ), University Medical Centre Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gregor Reisig
- Section for Experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Centre (OUZ), University Medical Centre Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is unquestionably one of the most important chronic health issues in humans, affecting millions of individuals and costing billions of dollars annually. Despite widespread awareness of this disease and its devastating impact, the pathogenesis of early OA is not completely understood, hampering the development of effective tools for early diagnosis and disease-modifying therapeutics. Most human tissue available for study is obtained at the time of joint replacement, when OA lesions are end stage and little can be concluded about the factors that played a role in disease development. To overcome this limitation, over the past 50 years, numerous induced and spontaneous animal models have been utilized to study disease onset and progression, as well as to test novel therapeutic interventions. Reflecting the heterogeneity of OA itself, no single "gold standard" animal model for OA exists; thus, a challenge for researchers lies in selecting the most appropriate model to answer a particular scientific question of interest. This review provides general considerations for model selection, as well as important features of species such as mouse, rat, guinea pig, sheep, goat, and horse, which researchers should be mindful of when choosing the "best" animal model for their intended purpose. Special consideration is given to key variations in pathology among species as well as recommended guidelines for reporting the histologic features of each model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M McCoy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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Babur BK, Futrega K, Lott WB, Klein TJ, Cooper-White J, Doran MR. High-throughput bone and cartilage micropellet manufacture, followed by assembly of micropellets into biphasic osteochondral tissue. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 361:755-68. [PMID: 25924853 PMCID: PMC4550660 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2159-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Engineered biphasic osteochondral tissues may have utility in cartilage defect repair. As bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) have the capacity to make both bone-like and cartilage-like tissues, they are an ideal cell population for use in the manufacture of osteochondral tissues. Effective differentiation of MSC to bone-like and cartilage-like tissues requires two unique medium formulations and this presents a challenge both in achieving initial MSC differentiation and in maintaining tissue stability when the unified osteochondral tissue is subsequently cultured in a single medium formulation. In this proof-of-principle study, we used an in-house fabricated microwell platform to manufacture thousands of micropellets formed from 166 MSC each. We then characterized the development of bone-like and cartilage-like tissue formation in the micropellets maintained for 8–14 days in sequential combinations of osteogenic or chondrogenic induction medium. When bone-like or cartilage-like micropellets were induced for only 8 days, they displayed significant phenotypic changes when the osteogenic or chondrogenic induction medium, respectively, was swapped. Based on these data, we developed an extended 14-day protocol for the pre-culture of bone-like and cartilage-like micropellets in their respective induction medium. Unified osteochondral tissues were formed by layering 12,000 osteogenic micropellets and 12,000 chondrogenic micropellets into a biphasic structure and then further culture in chondrogenic induction medium. The assembled tissue was cultured for a further 8 days and characterized via histology. The micropellets had amalgamated into a continuous structure with distinctive bone-like and cartilage-like regions. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the feasibility of micropellet assembly for the formation of osteochondral-like tissues for possible use in osteochondral defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Kul Babur
- Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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Hunziker EB, Lippuner K, Keel MJB, Shintani N. An educational review of cartilage repair: precepts & practice--myths & misconceptions--progress & prospects. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:334-50. [PMID: 25534362 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The repair of cartilaginous lesions within synovial joints is still an unresolved and weighty clinical problem. Although research activity in this area has been indefatigably sustained, no significant progress has been made during the past decade. The aim of this educational review is to heighten the awareness amongst students and scientists of the basic issues that must be tackled and resolved before we can hope to escape from the whirlpool of stagnation into which we have fallen: cartilage repair redivivus! DESIGN Articular-cartilage lesions may be induced traumatically (e.g., by sports injuries and occupational accidents) or pathologically during the course of a degenerative disease (e.g., osteoarthritis). This review addresses the biological basis of cartilage repair and surveys current trends in treatment strategies, focussing on those that are most widely adopted by orthopaedic surgeons [viz., abrasive chondroplasty, microfracturing/microdrilling, osteochondral grafting and autologous-chondrocyte implantation (ACI)]. Also described are current research activities in the field of cartilage-tissue engineering, which, as a therapeutic principle, holds more promise for success than any other experimental approach. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Tissue engineering aims to reconstitute a tissue both structurally and functionally. This process can be conducted entirely in vitro, initially in vitro and then in vivo (in situ), or entirely in vivo. Three key constituents usually form the building blocks of such an approach: a matrix scaffold, cells, and signalling molecules. Of the proposed approaches, none have yet advanced beyond the phase of experimental development to the level of clinical induction. The hurdles that need to be surmounted for ultimate success are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Hunziker
- Departments of Osteoporosis, Orthopaedic Surgery and Clinical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - K Lippuner
- Departments of Osteoporosis, Orthopaedic Surgery and Clinical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - M J B Keel
- Departments of Osteoporosis, Orthopaedic Surgery and Clinical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - N Shintani
- Departments of Osteoporosis, Orthopaedic Surgery and Clinical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Villar CC, Zhao XR, Livi CB, Cochran DL. Effect of living cellular sheets on the angiogenic potential of human microvascular endothelial cells. J Periodontol 2015; 86:703-12. [PMID: 25594425 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.140362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A fundamental issue limiting the efficacy of surgical approaches designed to correct periodontal mucogingival defects is that new tissues rely on limited sources of blood supply from the adjacent recipient bed. Accordingly, therapies based on tissue engineering that leverage local self-healing potential may represent promising alternatives for the treatment of mucogingival defects by inducing local vascularization. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of commercially available living cellular sheets (LCS) on the angiogenic potential of neonatal dermal human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-dNeo). METHODS The effect of LCS on HMVEC-dNeo proliferation, migration, capillary tube formation, gene expression, and production of angiogenic factors was evaluated over time. RESULTS LCS positively influenced HMVEC-dNeo proliferation and migration. Moreover, HMVEC-dNeo incubated with LCS showed transcriptional profiles different from those of untreated cells. Whereas increased expression of angiogenic genes predominated early on in response to LCS, late-phase responses were characterized by up- and downregulation of angiostatic and angiogenic genes. However, this trend was not confirmed at the protein level, as LCS induced increased production of most of the angiogenic factors tested (i.e., epidermal growth factor [EGF], heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor, interleukin 6, angiopoietin, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, placental growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor) throughout the investigational period. Finally, although LCS induced HMVEC-dNeo proliferation, migration, and expression of angiogenic factors, additional factors and environmental pressures are likely to be required to promote the development of complex, mesh-like vascular structures. CONCLUSION LCS favor initial mechanisms that govern angiogenesis but failed to enhance or accelerate HMVEC-dNeo morphologic transition to complex vascular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina C Villar
- Department of Periodontics, Dental School, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
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Liu Y, Buckley CT, Almeida HV, Mulhall KJ, Kelly DJ. Infrapatellar fat pad-derived stem cells maintain their chondrogenic capacity in disease and can be used to engineer cartilaginous grafts of clinically relevant dimensions. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:3050-62. [PMID: 24785365 PMCID: PMC4229863 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A therapy for regenerating large cartilaginous lesions within the articular surface of osteoarthritic joints remains elusive. While tissue engineering strategies such as matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte implantation can be used in the repair of focal cartilage defects, extending such approaches to the treatment of osteoarthritis will require a number of scientific and technical challenges to be overcome. These include the identification of an abundant source of chondroprogenitor cells that maintain their chondrogenic capacity in disease, as well as the development of novel approaches to engineer scalable cartilaginous grafts that could be used to resurface large areas of damaged joints. In this study, it is first demonstrated that infrapatellar fat pad-derived stem cells (FPSCs) isolated from osteoarthritic (OA) donors possess a comparable chondrogenic capacity to FPSCs isolated from patients undergoing ligament reconstruction. In a further validation of their functionality, we also demonstrate that FPSCs from OA donors respond to the application of physiological levels of cyclic hydrostatic pressure by increasing aggrecan gene expression and the production of sulfated glycosaminoglycans. We next explored whether cartilaginous grafts could be engineered with diseased human FPSCs using a self-assembly or scaffold-free approach. After examining a range of culture conditions, it was found that continuous supplementation with both transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) and bone morphogenic protein-6 (BMP-6) promoted the development of tissues rich in proteoglycans and type II collagen. The final phase of the study sought to scale-up this approach to engineer cartilaginous grafts of clinically relevant dimensions (≥2 cm in diameter) by assembling FPSCs onto electrospun PLLA fiber membranes. Over 6 weeks in culture, it was possible to generate robust, flexible cartilage-like grafts of scale, opening up the possibility that tissues engineered using FPSCs derived from OA patients could potentially be used to resurface large areas of joint surfaces damaged by trauma or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Liu
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Sports Surgery Clinic, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conor Timothy Buckley
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Henrique V. Almeida
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Daniel John Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Abstract
Platelet concentrates have been gaining popularity for a number of applications in orthopedic surgery as a way to enhance both healing of various tissues and reduce pain. One major area of focus has been the effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on stem cells and chondrocytes and the potential for PRP to enhance cartilage regeneration as well as reduce catabolic factors that lead to cartilage degradation. This article provides an up-to-date review of the current literature regarding the effect of PRP on articular cartilage and its use in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Basic science, animal, and human clinical investigations are presented. In general, PRP has been shown to promote chondrogenic differentiation in vitro and lead to enhanced cartilage repair during animal investigations. Human trials, mostly conducted in the form of injection into knees with osteoarthritis, have shown promise in a number of investigations for achieving symptomatic relief of pain and improving function.
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Comparison of repair between cartilage and osteocartilage defects in rabbits using similarly manipulated scaffold-free cartilage-like constructs. J Orthop Sci 2014; 19:637-45. [PMID: 24789360 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-014-0574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Articular cartilage has a limited capacity for spontaneous repair, and its repair remains a clinical challenge. The purpose of this study was to prepare scaffold-free cartilage-like constructs and evaluate the feasibility of their use for the treatment of cartilage and osteocartilage defects in vivo. METHODS The scaffold-free constructs were prepared by chondrocytes isolated from the articular cartilage of rabbits using a high-density three-dimensional culture system. Two different defects, i.e., a chondral defect without oozing blood and an osteochondral defect with oozing blood, of 4-mm diameter, were created on the patellar groove of rabbits and forwarded to in vivo trials. In each defect, the constructs cut into 4-mm-diameter cylinders were grafted at the bottom of the defects. As a control, defects were only made on the contralateral knee joint in each rabbit. At 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after surgery, six rabbits in each group were evaluated macroscopically and histologically. RESULTS In vitro, histological examination revealed that the constructs have the character of hyaline cartilage with a potential adhesiveness to surrounding tissue. In vivo, in two control groups, incomplete spontaneous cartilage repair was observed in the osteochondral defects, whereas no repair was observed in the chondral defects. In the two treated groups, the surviving constructs in chondral defects showed significantly better repair compared to those in osteochondral defects. CONCLUSIONS It is possible for a chondral defect to be repaired by scaffold-free constructs in certain conditions. Establishing the optimal environment suitable for cartilage repair is warranted.
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Whitney GA, Jayaraman K, Dennis JE, Mansour JM. Scaffold-free cartilage subjected to frictional shear stress demonstrates damage by cracking and surface peeling. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 11:412-424. [PMID: 24965503 DOI: 10.1002/term.1925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Scaffold-free engineered cartilage is being explored as a treatment for osteoarthritis. In this study, frictional shear stress was applied to determine the friction and damage behaviour of scaffold-free engineered cartilage, and tissue composition was investigated as it related to damage. Scaffold-free engineered cartilage frictional shear stress was found to exhibit a time-varying response similar to that of native cartilage. However, damage occurred that was not seen in native cartilage, manifesting primarily as tearing through the central plane of the constructs. In engineered cartilage, cells occupied a significantly larger portion of the tissue in the central region where damage was most prominent (18 ± 3% of tissue was comprised of cells in the central region vs 5 ± 1% in the peripheral region; p < 0.0001). In native cartilage, cells comprised 1-4% of tissue for all regions. Average bulk cellularity of engineered cartilage was also greater (68 × 103 ± 4 × 103 vs 52 × 103 ± 22 × 103 cells/mg), although this difference was not significant. Bulk tissue comparisons showed significant differences between engineered and native cartilage in hydroxyproline content (8 ± 2 vs 45 ± 3 µg HYP/mg dry weight), solid content (12.5 ± 0.4% vs 17.9 ± 1.2%), shear modulus (0.06 ± 0.02 vs 0.15 ± 0.07 MPa) and aggregate modulus (0.12 ± 0.03 vs 0.32 ± 0.14 MPa), respectively. These data indicate that enhanced collagen content and more uniform extracellular matrix distribution are necessary to reduce damage susceptibility. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Adam Whitney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karthik Jayaraman
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - James E Dennis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joseph M Mansour
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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44
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Xie X, Zhang C, Tuan RS. Biology of platelet-rich plasma and its clinical application in cartilage repair. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:204. [PMID: 25164150 PMCID: PMC3978832 DOI: 10.1186/ar4493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous concentrated cocktail of growth factors and inflammatory mediators, and has been considered to be potentially effective for cartilage repair. In addition, the fibrinogen in PRP may be activated to form a fibrin matrix to fill cartilage lesions, fulfilling the initial requirements of physiological wound healing. The anabolic, anti-inflammatory and scaffolding effects of PRP based on laboratory investigations, animal studies, and clinical trials are reviewed here. In vitro, PRP is found to stimulate cell proliferation and cartilaginous matrix production by chondrocytes and adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), enhance matrix secretion by synoviocytes, mitigate IL-1β-induced inflammation, and provide a favorable substrate for MSCs. In preclinical studies, PRP has been used either as a gel to fill cartilage defects with variable results, or to slow the progression of arthritis in animal models with positive outcomes. Findings from current clinical trials suggest that PRP may have the potential to fill cartilage defects to enhance cartilage repair, attenuate symptoms of osteoarthritis and improve joint function, with an acceptable safety profile. Although current evidence appears to favor PRP over hyaluronan for the treatment of osteoarthritis, the efficacy of PRP therapy remains unpredictable owing to the highly heterogeneous nature of reported studies and the variable composition of the PRP preparations. Future studies are critical to elucidate the functional activity of individual PRP components in modulating specific pathogenic mechanisms.
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Altan E, Aydin K, Erkocak O, Senaran H, Ugras S. The effect of platelet-rich plasma on osteochondral defects treated with mosaicplasty. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2014; 38:1321-8. [PMID: 24430431 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-013-2275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on articular surfaces on which the mosaicplasty technique was performed. Our hypothesis was that PRP can accelerate the osseointegration process and enhance the quality of articular integrity after the mosaicplasty procedure. METHODS Standard defects were created in the femoral groove of both patellofemoral joints of 12 New Zealand rabbits. PRP solution was placed inside the defect before fixation of the osteochondral autografts and injected inside the involved joint after capsular closure of the tested knees. The contralateral knees served as the control sides. The animals were euthanized three or six weeks after mosaicplasty, and both limbs were assessed according to Pineda's histological grading scale. Significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05 a priori, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Histologic findings at the interface between the transferred autograft and the original cartilage revealed better integration of the adjacent surfaces in the mosaicplasty with PRP group three weeks after the procedure; the difference was significant (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference in the transition zone was observed between the groups six weeks after the experiment (p = 0.59). CONCLUSIONS Our animal model showed that adjunctive use of PRP produced a better healing response and resulted in superior histological scores after three weeks compared with the mosaicplasty-only procedure. Interpretation of our results is important in terms of rapid return to previous activity levels. Thus, application of PRP can represent a valid therapeutic option for improving the efficacy of mosaicplasty by stimulating the local healing response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egemen Altan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey,
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Brehm W, Burk J, Delling U. Application of stem cells for the treatment of joint disease in horses. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1213:215-228. [PMID: 25173386 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1453-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells in the form of mesenchymal stromal cells derived from various sources have been identified to have the potential of supporting the therapy of joint disease in the horse, and preliminary data has been published about the clinical application of stem cells in horses suffering from clinical joint disease. Furthermore, the horse is recognized to be the ideal large animal model for the preclinical study of cell therapy in joints. The advantage of this species in this respect is the size of the joints, which makes surgical applications practically feasible in analogy to human surgery. Additionally, the horse is the only model species with a cartilage thickness in the knee joint comparable to that of humans. Especially the fact that horses develop clinical joint disease discerns this species from other large animal models like small ruminants. The therapy of clinical disease in model animal species represents the ideal situation for preclinical studies of novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we describe the experimental and clinical approaches to joint disease in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Brehm
- Large Animal Clinic for Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany,
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Patil S, Steklov N, Song L, Bae WC, D'Lima DD. Comparative biomechanical analysis of human and caprine knee articular cartilage. Knee 2014; 21:119-25. [PMID: 23583005 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goat is one of the most commonly used preclinical models for focal defect repair and regeneration. While the biomechanics of the human knee has been studied extensively, less is known about the biomechanics of the caprine knee. Differences between human and caprine knees have not been quantified and their significance is largely unknown. METHODS We conducted a biomechanical analysis of the differences in goat and human knees to assess the validity of these preclinical in vivo models. RESULTS CT and MRI scans revealed several differences in articular geometry: the caprine tibial plateaux were more convex and the menisci were significantly thicker and covered a larger proportion of the tibial articular surface. Caprine cartilage thickness was consistently thinner, while elastic modulus on indentation testing was consistently stiffer than human cartilage measured at eight different articular locations. Contact area and pressure were measured with electronic pressure sensors under loads normalized by multiples of body weight and at knee flexion angles reported for walking. The highest peaks in contact pressure were measured in the patellofemoral joint in goat and human knees. Peak contact pressure measured at 2 times body weight at the goat tibiofemoral joint at 70° flexion was significantly higher than for any other condition at the human tibiofemoral joint. CONCLUSION These differences in contact conditions might explain the lower quality of local repair reported for caprine femoral condylar defects relative to trochlear defects. Further comparative analysis, including biologic response, is necessary to determine the extent to which the goat knee reproduces clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Patil
- Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nikolai Steklov
- Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Lin Song
- Stryker Orthopaedics, Mahwah, NJ, United States
| | - Won C Bae
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Darryl D D'Lima
- Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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Takaku Y, Murai K, Ukai T, Ito S, Kokubo M, Satoh M, Kobayashi E, Yamato M, Okano T, Takeuchi M, Mochida J, Sato M. In vivo cell tracking by bioluminescence imaging after transplantation of bioengineered cell sheets to the knee joint. Biomaterials 2013; 35:2199-206. [PMID: 24360579 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In our previous studies, we have demonstrated effective regeneration of cartilage through the creation and application of layered cell sheets that combine both chondrocytes and synovial cells. In this study, we were able to demonstrate that cells derived from cell sheets can survive for long periods after transplantation into rat knee joints having osteochondral defects. We established a method for generating cell sheets from firefly luciferase-expressing chondrocytes obtained from transgenic Lewis rats, and carried out allogenic transplantation of these cell sheets into wild-type Lewis rats. We then administered luciferin and monitored the survival of the transplanted cells by using bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Our data showed that the transplanted cells survived and could be detected for more than 21 months, which was longer than expected. Furthermore, the BLI data showed that the transplanted cells remained in the knee joint and did not migrate to other parts of the body, thus confirming the safety of the cell sheets. In this study, we monitored the duration of survival of cell sheets composed of only chondrocytes, only synovial cells, or both chondrocytes and synovial cells, and found that all three types of cell sheets survived for an extended period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Takaku
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Murai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Taku Ukai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Mami Kokubo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Masaaki Satoh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Division of Development of Advanced Treatment, Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamato
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Teruo Okano
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Mamoru Takeuchi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Joji Mochida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Masato Sato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
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49
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Sato M, Yamato M, Hamahashi K, Okano T, Mochida J. Articular cartilage regeneration using cell sheet technology. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 297:36-43. [PMID: 24293096 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage damage is typically treated by chondrocyte transplantation, mosaicplasty, or microfracture. Recent advances in tissue engineering have prompted research on techniques to repair articular cartilage damage using a variety of transplanted cells. We studied the repair and regeneration of cartilage damage using layered chondrocyte sheets prepared in a temperature-responsive culture dish. We previously reported achieving robust tissue repair when covering only the surface layer of partial-thickness defects with layered chondrocyte sheets in domestic rabbits. We also reported good Safranin O staining and integration with surrounding tissue in a minipig model of full-thickness cartilaginous defects in the knee joint. We have continued our studies using human chondrocytes obtained from patients under IRB approval, and have confirmed the safety and efficacy of chondrocyte sheets, and have submitted a report to the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare in Japan. In 2011, the Ministry gave us approval to perform a clinical study of joint repair using cell sheets. We have just started implanting cell sheets in patients at Tokai University Hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Sato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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50
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Schneider-Wald B, von Thaden AK, Schwarz MLR. [Defect models for the regeneration of articular cartilage in large animals]. DER ORTHOPADE 2013; 42:242-53. [PMID: 23575559 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-012-2044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several animal models are available for the analysis of regeneration of articular cartilage in large animals, such as sheep, pigs, goats, dogs and horses. The subchondral bone lamella must be considered when ACT and MACT techniques are examined in order to protect the implant against migration of cells from the bone marrow, although recruitment of cells is often desirable in the regeneration of human cartilage. MATERIAL AND METHODS The defects are mainly positioned at the condyles and the trochlea often bilaterally and spontaneous healing should be excluded. The follow-up period for assessment of the effectiveness of cartilage regeneration is 6-12 months. Shorter observation times up to 12 weeks can be used for pilot studies. Scores based on histological, immunohistological and biochemical staining are mostly used for assessing the regenerated tissue. Biomechanical tests with destructive features need isolated specimens from the animal but modern slice imaging techniques can reflect the progression of the healing processes over the time span of the study in vivo. CONCLUSION Approaches to standardize the evaluation of the regeneration of articular cartilage have been sporadically described whereas they are required from the point of view of the approval of new concepts for therapy and the protection of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schneider-Wald
- Sektion experimentelle Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Orthopädisch-Unfallchirurgisches Zentrum, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Deutschland.
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