1
|
Jagim AR, Harty PS, Jones MT, Fields JB, Magee M, Smith-Ryan AE, Luedke J, Kerksick CM. Fat-Free Mass Index in Sport: Normative Profiles and Applications for Collegiate Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00500. [PMID: 39074219 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Jagim, AR, Harty, PS, Jones, MT, Fields, JB, Magee, M, Smith-Ryan, AE, Luedke, J, and Kerksick, CM. Fat-free mass index in sport: normative profiles and applications for collegiate athletes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-Recent concerns have been raised regarding the ethical considerations of conducting body composition assessments in sports. Specific apprehensions pertain to the inappropriate use of percent body fat and the limited application of the results to performance and recovery. Fat-free mass index (FFMI), a height-adjusted assessment of FFM, can serve as an alternative body composition metric to focus on in sports. Fat-free mass index provides valuable context regarding an optimal amount of FFM, accounting for skeletal frame and height while helping to qualify an athlete's FFM as low, moderate, or high. This review posits that shifting the focus of body composition measures to FFM can support more ideal targets across athletic seasons, careers, and the return to play after injury. In addition, a FFM focus may help change the perception of body composition assessment and how athletes perceive their current body because of the increased focus on the FFM compartment and the goal of maximizing tissue accrual, rather than focusing on fat loss. Fat-free mass index is calculated by dividing FFM (kg) by height (m2) and can serve to normalize FFM, relative to height, and enable comparisons across athletes, sport types, and sex. Previous research has identified differences in FFMI across sex and among sport categories. Still, there is a need for more published data to develop optimal ranges for FFMI across sex, sports, and positions. As more data become available, FFMI has the potential to provide normative guidelines for optimal FFM development, performance, and injury risk reduction. The purpose of the current review was to summarize FFMI values across collegiate sport categories and competitive status to provide normative profiles, according to sex and sport type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, Wisconsin
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin
| | - Patrick S Harty
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri
| | - Margaret T Jones
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- Sport, Recreation, and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Jennifer B Fields
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Meghan Magee
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- Exercise Science and Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio; and
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Joel Luedke
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, Wisconsin
| | - Chad M Kerksick
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, Wisconsin
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Coletta AM, Simon LH, Maslana K, Taylor S, Larson K, Hansen PA, Thomas VM, Ulrich CM, Kohli M, Chipman J, Swami U, Gupta S, Maughan BL, Agarwal N. Creatine supplementation and resistance training to preserve muscle mass and attenuate cancer progression (CREATINE-52): a protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:493. [PMID: 38637770 PMCID: PMC11025211 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle mass is important for metastatic prostate cancer survival and quality of life (QoL). The backbone of treatment for men with metastatic castration sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC) is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with an androgen signaling inhibitor. ADT is an effective cancer treatment, but it facilitates significant declines in muscle mass and adverse health outcomes important to mCSPC survivors, such as fatigue, and reductions in physical function, independence, insulin sensitivity, and QoL. In non-metastatic CSPC survivors, resistance training (RT) preserves muscle mass and improves these related health outcomes, but the biggest barrier to RT in CSPC survivors of all stages is fatigue. Creatine monohydrate supplementation coupled with RT (Cr + RT) may address this barrier since creatine plays a critical role in energy metabolism. Cr + RT in cancer-free older adults and other clinical populations improves muscle mass and related health outcomes. Evidence also suggests that creatine supplementation can complement cancer treatment. Thus, Cr + RT is a strategy that addresses gaps in survivorship needs of people with mCSPC. The purpose of this parallel, double-blind randomized controlled trial is to test the effects of 52-weeks of Cr + RT compared with placebo (PLA) and RT (PLA + RT) on muscle mass, other related health outcomes, and markers of cancer progression. METHODS We will carry out this trial with our team's established, effective, home-based, telehealth RT program in 200 mCSPC survivors receiving ADT, and evaluate outcomes at baseline, 24-, and 52-weeks. RT will occur twice weekly with elastic resistance bands, and an established creatine supplementation protocol will be used for supplementation delivery. Our approach addresses a major facilitator to RT in mCSPC survivors, a home-based RT program, while utilizing a supervised model for safety. DISCUSSION Findings will improve delivery of comprehensive survivorship care by providing a multicomponent, patient-centered lifestyle strategy to preserve muscle mass, improve health outcomes, and complement cancer treatment (NCT06112990).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Coletta
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Lea Haverbeck Simon
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kelsey Maslana
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sarah Taylor
- The Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kish Larson
- The Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Pamela A Hansen
- The Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Vinay Mathew Thomas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Cornelia M Ulrich
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Manish Kohli
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jonathan Chipman
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Umang Swami
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sumati Gupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- George E Whalen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Benjamin L Maughan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dallman J, Herda A, Cleary CJ, Morey T, Diederich A, Vopat BG, Vopat LM. A Brief Review of the Literature for Published Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Protocols for Athletes. Sports Health 2023:19417381231208204. [PMID: 37953634 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231208204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is widely known for its utility in diagnosing a patient with osteopenia or osteoporosis; however, its utility in evaluation of body composition and potential athletic performance was previously routinely overlooked. In recent years, athletic programs have begun employing this equipment during athlete screening. However, it is currently unknown how athletic programs are utilizing this information to guide an athlete's training and health. OBJECTIVE To explore the literature to identify what is known regarding sports performance and athlete health based on body composition recordings. DATA SOURCES PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched for this brief review. STUDY SELECTION A focus was placed on articles within the past 10 years that discussed DXA protocols within athletic populations; 14 articles were included in this brief literature review. STUDY DESIGN Brief literature review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 5. DATA EXTRACTION One member of the research team searched the literature and retrieved articles with the purpose of analyzing and/or explaining DXA imaging in body composition analysis of active persons (primarily athletes). RESULTS Quality assurance scans with a phantom calibration block as well as athlete prescreening condition and activity standardization was routinely recommended. However, only 1 study reported a specific DXA protocol for athletes, and only 1 study described guidelines for how to report DXA results in athletic populations, suggesting it is plausible yet difficult due to the small changes detectable. CONCLUSION Due to the limited literature as well as a lack of reference values for specific athletic populations, the authors of this review recommend using the current Nana et al (Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2015;25:198-215) DXA protocol for performing DXA scans in the athletic population as well as current Hind et al (J Clin Densitom 2018;21:429-443) guidelines for distributing the information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley Herda
- University of Kansas Exercise and Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Christopher J Cleary
- University of Kansas Exercise and Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Tucker Morey
- University of Kansas Medical Center Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Andrew Diederich
- University of Kansas Medical Center Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Bryan G Vopat
- University of Kansas Medical Center Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Lisa M Vopat
- University of Kansas Medical Center Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kansas City, Kansas
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mathisen TF, Ackland T, Burke LM, Constantini N, Haudum J, Macnaughton LS, Meyer NL, Mountjoy M, Slater G, Sundgot-Borgen J. Best practice recommendations for body composition considerations in sport to reduce health and performance risks: a critical review, original survey and expert opinion by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:1148-1158. [PMID: 37752006 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The assessment of body composition (BC) in sport raises concern for athlete health, especially where an overfocus on being lighter or leaner increases the risk of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) and disordered eating. METHODS We undertook a critical review of the effect of BC on performance (29 longitudinal, prospective or intervention studies) and explored current practice related to BC considerations via a follow-up to a 2013 internationally distributed survey. RESULTS The review found that a higher level of body fat was negatively associated with endurance performance, while a gain in muscle mass resulted in performance benefits across sports. BC did not contribute to early talent identification, and no unique cut-off to signify a performance advantage for BC was identified. BC appears to be one of an array of variables impacting performance, and its influence should not be overstated. The survey (125 practitioners, 61 sports and 26 countries) showed subtle changes in BC considerations over time, such as an increased role for sport dietitian/nutrition practitioners as BC measurers (2013: 54%, 2022: 78%); less emphasis on reporting of body fat percentage (2013: 68%, 2022: 46%) and reduced frequency of BC assessment if ≥every fourth week (2013: 18%, 2022: 5%). Respondents remained concerned about a problematic focus on BC (2013: 69%, 2022: 78%). To address these findings, we provide detailed recommendations for BC considerations, including an overview of preferable BC methodology. CONCLUSIONS The 'best practice' guidelines stress the importance of a multidisciplinary athlete health and performance team, and the treatment of BC data as confidential medical information. The guidelines provide a health focus around BC, aiming to reduce the associated burden of disordered eating, problematic low energy availability and REDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy Ackland
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Louise M Burke
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Naama Constantini
- Sport Medicine, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Judith Haudum
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Hallein-Rif, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Nanna L Meyer
- Department of Human Physiology and Nutrition, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- REDs Consensus Writing Group, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gary Slater
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ackerman KE, Rogers MA, Heikura IA, Burke LM, Stellingwerff T, Hackney AC, Verhagen E, Schley S, Saville GH, Mountjoy M, Holtzman B. Methodology for studying Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs): a narrative review by a subgroup of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus on REDs. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:1136-1147. [PMID: 37752010 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, the study of relationships among nutrition, exercise and the effects on health and athletic performance, has substantially increased. The 2014 introduction of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) prompted sports scientists and clinicians to investigate these relationships in more populations and with more outcomes than had been previously pursued in mostly white, adolescent or young adult, female athletes. Much of the existing physiology and concepts, however, are either based on or extrapolated from limited studies, and the comparison of studies is hindered by the lack of standardised protocols. In this review, we have evaluated and outlined current best practice methodologies to study REDs in an attempt to guide future research.This includes an agreement on the definition of key terms, a summary of study designs with appropriate applications, descriptions of best practices for blood collection and assessment and a description of methods used to assess specific REDs sequelae, stratified as either Preferred, Used and Recommended or Potential Researchers can use the compiled information herein when planning studies to more consistently select the proper tools to investigate their domain of interest. Thus, the goal of this review is to standardise REDs research methods to strengthen future studies and improve REDs prevention, diagnosis and care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Ackerman
- Wu Tsai Female Athlete Program, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Margot Anne Rogers
- Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, South Australia, Australia
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ida A Heikura
- Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Louise M Burke
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trent Stellingwerff
- Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports and Department of Public and Occupational Health, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stacey Schley
- Wu Tsai Female Athlete Program, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Grace H Saville
- Wu Tsai Female Athlete Program, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Family Medicine, McMaster University Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Games Group, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bryan Holtzman
- Wu Tsai Female Athlete Program, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Mass General for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ong JN, Ducker KJ, Furzer BJ, Dymock M, Landers GJ. Acute exercise affects dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition estimates but not standardised ultrasound measurements of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2023; 43:345-353. [PMID: 37191158 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound has been demonstrated to be a highly accurate and reliable tool for measuring subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness and is robust against changes in hydration status or acute food or fluid intake. However, the effect of prior acute exercise is unexamined. This study examined the impact of an acute endurance exercise and resistance exercise session on standardised brightness-mode ultrasound measurements of subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness compared to skinfolds and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition estimates. In a randomised cross-over design, 30 active adults (24.2 ± 4.9 years) undertook physique assessment via standardised brightness-mode ultrasound, skinfolds and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry before, immediately and 45 min after an acute endurance or resistance exercise session. The mean sum of eight subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness measured via standardised brightness-mode ultrasound increased (0.6 mm, p = 0.04) immediately postendurance exercise but was not meaningful when evaluated against the technical error of measurement of the investigator. A significant (p = 0.01) but not meaningful decrease in the sum of eight skinfolds occurred immediately (-1.1 ± 0.4 mm) and 45 min (-1.3 ± 0.4 mm) postresistance exercise. Comparatively, endurance exercise elicited a meaningful decrease of total mass (460 ± 30 g) and trunk lean mass (680 ± 90 g) dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry estimates. Findings from this study indicate standardised client presentation may be unnecessary when employing either standardised brightness-mode ultrasound or skinfolds for body composition assessment unlike dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun N Ong
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kagan J Ducker
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bonnie J Furzer
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Dymock
- Centre for Applied Statistics, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Grant J Landers
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Figueiredo Machado CL, Nakamura FY, de Andrade MX, Dos Santos GC, Carlet R, Brusco CM, Reischak-Oliveira A, Voser RDC, Pinto RS. Total and regional body composition are related with aerobic fitness performance in elite futsal players. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2023; 35:164-168. [PMID: 37330764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Body composition (i.e., fat and lean mass profile) has been related to aerobic performance, an essential capacity for futsal athletes. The present study aimed to verify the relationship between total and regional body composition (percentage of fat and lean mass) with aerobic performance in elite futsal players. Male professional futsal athletes (n = 44) from two Brazilian National Futsal League teams and athletes representing the National team participated in this study. Body composition was evaluated using DXA (Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) and aerobic fitness by ergospirometry. There was a negative (p < 0.05) correlation between maximum oxygen uptake and maximal velocity reached with total body (r = -0.53; r = -0.58), trunk (r = -0.52; r = -0.56) and lower-limb (r = -0.46; r = -0.55) fat mass percentage. Lower-limb lean mass percentage had a positive (p < 0.05) correlation with maximum oxygen uptake (r = 0.46) and maximal velocity (r = 0.55). In conclusion, total and regional body composition present a relationship with aerobic performance in professional futsal players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Leonardo Figueiredo Machado
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University of Maia (ISMAI), Portugal
| | - Marcos Xavier de Andrade
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Cristina Dos Santos
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Carlet
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Muller Brusco
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Reischak-Oliveira
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rogério da Cunha Voser
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ronei Silveira Pinto
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Impact of 24-Hr Diet and Physical Activity Control on Short-Term Precision Error of Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Physique Assessment. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2023; 33:30-38. [PMID: 36270627 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a popular technique used to quantify physique in athletic populations. Due to biological variation, DXA precision error (PE) may be higher than desired. Adherence to standardized presentation for testing has shown improvement in consecutive-day PE. However, the impact of short-term diet and physical activity standardization prior to testing has not been explored. This warrants investigation, given the process may reduce variance in total body water and muscle solute, both of which can have high daily flux amongst athletes. Twenty (n = 10 males, n = 10 females) recreationally active individuals (age: 30.7 ± 7.5 years; stature: 176.4 ± 9.1 cm; mass: 74.6 ± 14.3 kg) underwent three DXA scans; two consecutive scans on 1 day, and a third either the day before or after. In addition to adhering to standardized presentation for testing, subjects recorded all food/fluid intake plus activity undertaken in the 24 hr prior to the first DXA scan and replicated this the following 24 hr. International Society of Clinical Densitometry recommended techniques were used to calculate same- and consecutive-day PE. There was no significant difference in PE of whole-body fat mass (479 g vs. 626 g) and lean mass (634 g vs. 734 g) between same- and consecutive-day assessments. Same- and consecutive-day PE of whole-body fat mass and lean mass were less than the smallest effect size of interest. Inclusion of 24-hr standardization of diet and physical activity has the potential to reduce biological error further, but this needs to be verified with follow-up investigation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Peos JJ, Ong J, Fournier PA. Effects of repeated use of a commercial topical lotion on subcutaneous fat thickness in resistance-trained male athletes. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:255-261. [PMID: 35174607 PMCID: PMC10078737 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study tested whether subcutaneous fat loss is enhanced via application of a popular topical fat loss lotion. Twenty resistance-trained men (mean ± SD age of 26.3 ± 6.3 years and weight of 86.8 ± 11.1 kg) had a topical fat-loss lotion containing Coleus forskholii, Silybin, Eucommia ulmoides leaf, Paullinia cupana seed, caffeine, and black pepper essential oil applied twice daily for 8 weeks to the front and lateral thigh of one of the participant's leg, and a placebo control lotion was applied to the same sites on the other leg. After 8 weeks, there were no significant differences between the placebo and treatment legs for the change in subcutaneous fat thickness of the front thigh (p = 0.73) or for leg fat percentage (p = 0.52). However, there was a slight, yet significant difference in the change in subcutaneous fat thickness of the lateral thigh favoring the treatment leg (-0.42 vs +0.75 mm, p = 0.029), but with this difference disappearing depending on the statistical tests being used. Only 2/19 participants perceived a difference in fat loss in response to each condition. Although the topical lotion tested here resulted in statistically significantly greater subcutaneous fat loss at the lateral but not front thigh, this effect was very small, contingent upon the statistical test being used, and unperceivable by the participants themselves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jackson J Peos
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Julian Ong
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul A Fournier
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia, 6009
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dunne A, Warrington G, McGoldrick A, Pugh J, Harrison M, Cullen S. Body Composition and Bone Health Status of Jockeys: Current Findings, Assessment Methods and Classification Criteria. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:23. [PMID: 35157162 PMCID: PMC8844321 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00414-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractJockeys are unlike other weight-making athletes as the sport of horse racing requires strict weight management to meet the racing stipulations, protracted working hours and an extended racing season with limited downtime. Several studies have reported on the body composition and bone status of male and female professional and retired jockeys, yet the variety of assessment techniques, lack of standardised testing protocols and classification inconsistency make interpretation and comparison between studies problematic. This review aimed to appraise the existing body composition and bone health evidence in jockeys and evaluate the assessment methods and classification criteria used. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) has been used most frequently in jockey research to assess body composition and bone status, while various generic skinfold equations have been used to predict body fat percentage. Evidence indicates flat jockeys are now taller and heavier than the data reported in earlier studies. Absolute fat mass has steadily increased in male jockeys in the last decade. The bone status of male jockeys remains a concern as constant low bone density (BMD) is evident in a large percentage of young and experienced professional jockeys. Due to limited studies and variations in assessment methods, further research is required to investigate bone turnover markers in male and female jockeys. A standardised testing protocol using internationally recognised assessment guidelines is critical for the accurate interpretation and evaluation of body composition and bone health measurements. Furthermore, establishing jockey-specific BMD and bone turnover reference ranges should be considered using existing and future data.
Collapse
|
11
|
Jones W, Pearson A, Glassbrook D, Slater G, Dodd-Reynolds C, Hind K. Precision of the GE Lunar Total Body-Less Head Scan for the Measurement of Three-Compartment Body Composition in Athletes. J Clin Densitom 2022; 25:692-698. [PMID: 36137876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is widely used for the assessment of lean mass (LM), fat mass (FM) and bone mineral content (BMC). When observing standardised protocols, DXA has a high level of precision for the assessment of total body composition, including the head region. However, including the head region may have limited relevance in athletes and can be problematic when positioning taller athletes who exceed scan boundaries. This study investigated the precision of a new total-body-less-head (TBLH) DXA scan for three-compartment body composition measurement in athletes, with outcomes compared to the standard total-body DXA scan. METHODS Precision errors were calculated from two consecutive scans with re-positioning (Lunar iDXA, GE Healthcare, Madison, WI), in male and female athletes from a range of sports. TBLH precision was determined from repeat scans in 95 athletes (male n = 55; female n = 40; age: 26.0 ± 8.5 y; body mass: 81.2 ± 20.5 kg; stature: 1.77 ± 0.11 m), and standard total-body scan precision was derived from a sub-sample of 58 athletes (male n = 19; female n = 39; age: 27.6 ± 9.9 y; body mass: 69.6 ± 14.8 kg; stature: 1.72 ± 0.94 m). Data from the sub-sample were also used to compare precision error and 3-compartment body composition outcomes between the standard total-body scan and the TBLH scan. RESULTS TBLH precision errors [root mean squared-standard deviation, RMS-SD (coefficient of variation, %CV)] were bone mineral content (BMC): 15.6 g (0.5%), lean mass (LM): 254.3 g (0.4%) and fat mass (FM): 199.4 g (1.3%). These outcomes compared favourably to the precision errors derived from the standard total-body scan [BMC: 12.4 g (0.4%), LM: 202.2 g (0.4%), and FM: 160.8 g (1.1%)]. The TBLH scan resulted in lower BMC (-19.5%), LM (-6.6%), and FM (-4.5%) compared to the total-body scan (BMC: 2,308 vs. 2,865 g; LM: 46,954 vs. 50,276 g; FM: 15,183 vs. 15,888 g, all p<0.005). ConclusionThe TBLH scan demonstrates high in-vivo precision comparable to that of the standard total-body scan in a heterogeneous cohort of athletes. Given the impact of head exclusion on total body composition outcomes, TBLH scans should not be used interchangeably with the standard total-body scan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Jones
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom; Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, United Kingdom
| | - A Pearson
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom; Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, United Kingdom
| | - D Glassbrook
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom; Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, United Kingdom
| | - G Slater
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - C Dodd-Reynolds
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom; Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, United Kingdom
| | - K Hind
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom; Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Body Fat Evaluation in Male Athletes from Combat Sports by Comparing Anthropometric, Bioimpedance, and Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Measurements. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3456958. [PMID: 36105929 PMCID: PMC9467702 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3456958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple anthropometric equations have been developed aiming to provide accurate and affordable assessment of body fat composition in male athletes. This study examined correlations of values obtained from seventeen different anthropometric equations to DXA as well as BIA and DXA values. Male athletes (
) from three different combat sports, wrestling (
), judo (
), and kickboxing (
), with an average age of
were included. Body fat percentage was estimated using anthropometry, BIA, and DXA. Correlations between anthropometric methods and DXA, as well as BIA and DXA, were determined using Spearman’s rank correlation. Sixteen out of seventeen estimates of body fat percentages using existing anthropometric equations showed strong positive correlation with the values derived from DXA measurements (
). The highest correlation was observed using the equation derived by Yuhasz,
, followed by the equations from Oliver et al., Evans et al., Faulkner, and Thorland et al. (
). Statistical analysis of body fat percentages from DXA and BIA measurements also showed high positive correlation (
). Correlation of seventeen anthropometric equations with BIA and DXA methods revealed that equations by Yuhasz, Oliver et al., Evans et al., Faulkner, and Thorland et al. are suitable alternative for assessing body fat percentage among male athletes from combat sports, showing even stronger correlation than BIA method.
Collapse
|
13
|
Moraes MS, Fernandes RA, Moreno YMF, Pelegrini A, Silva DAS. Bone Density and Bone Geometry in University Athletes From Sports With Different Levels of Impact: Simultaneous Association With Multiple Factors. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3113-3121. [PMID: 36026482 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Moraes, MS, Fernandes, RA, Moreno, YMF, Pelegrini, A, and Silva, DAS. Bone density and bone geometry in university athletes from sports with different levels of impact: simultaneous association with multiple factors. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-The aim of this study was to use the bone loading unit (BLU) classification to compare bone density and bone geometry of sports with different levels of impact, simultaneously controlling the multiple factors that interfere with bone metabolism in athletes. Overall, 167 university athletes (92 men) participated in the study. Bone mineral density (BMD), strength index, cross-sectional area (CSA) at the moment of inertia, section modulus (Z), CSA, neck-shaft angle (NSA), and hip axis length (HAL) were measured. Sports were categorized by level of impact, high BLU (higher impact) and moderate/low BLU (lower impact). Covariates were fat mass, lean tissue mass, training volume, time of practice, dietary supplementation, use of oral contraceptives and menstrual status. Multiple linear regression with 5% significance level (p < 0.05) was used. In men, HAL was higher in sports with high BLU compared with those with moderate/low BLU (β: -0.21; R2: 0.30; p = 0.03). In women, NSA was higher in sports with moderate/low BLU compared with those with high BLU (β: 0.31; R2: 0.11; p = 0.02). There was no difference between BLU groups for BMD. These results persisted when the simultaneous interference of covariates was controlled. Thus, this study recommends BLU to classify sports and reinforces the importance of monitoring HAL and NSA in athletes in addition to the control of multiple factors that interfere with bone metabolism, because they influence physical performance and bone health during and after athletic life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael S Moraes
- Research Center in Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Rômulo A Fernandes
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences and Technology, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yara M F Moreno
- Department of Nutrition, Graduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil; and
| | - Andreia Pelegrini
- Health and Sport Sciences Center, Santa Catarina State University, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Diego A S Silva
- Research Center in Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hew-Butler T, Jurczyszyn H, Sabourin J, VanSumeren M, Smith-Hale V. Too Tall for the DXA Scan? Contributions of the Feet and Head to Overall Body Composition. J Clin Densitom 2022; 25:384-391. [PMID: 34969607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Accurate assessment of total body composition in tall (>1.96m) individuals using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans is problematic due to current height restrictions of the scan table. The aim of this investigation was to quantify absolute and relative contributions of fat, bone and lean mass, of the feet and head regions, to whole-body composition DXA scan totals. Whole-body DXA scans were performed in collegiate athletes. Athlete DXA scans were included in data analyses if the entire body fit within the confines of scan table area. The feet region of interest (ROI) was delineated at the ankle joint mortise, marked superiorly by the inferior margin of the tibial plafond and encompassing all inferior anatomical structures. The head region was calculated by the DXA scan software. Both absolute (kg) and relative (feet/whole-body x 100 = feet mass %) contributions to body composition were calculated. Data presented as mean±SD. 132 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes (85 female) underwent DXA scans which met the inclusion criteria. The feet region represented: 1.9±0.3kg (2.6±0.3%) of total mass; 0.4±0.3kg (2.6±0.5%) of fat mass; 1.3±0.3kg (2.5±0.3%) of lean mass; and 0.14±0.0kg (5.4±0.6%) of bone mineral content (BMC). The head region represented: 4.8±0.5kg (6.9±0.8%) of total mass; 1.2±0.2kg (8.2±3.0%) of fat mass; 3.2±0.5kg (6.1±0.9%) of lean mass; and 0.48±0.07kg (18.7±2.7%) of BMC. Significant negative relationships were found between head% versus whole-body BMC (r=-0.54;p < 0.0001), lean mass (r=-0.57;p<0.0001), and fat mass (r=-0.81;p<0.0001) and between feet% versus fat mass (r=-0.68;p<0.0001). A significant positive relationship was noted between feet% versus whole-body BMC (r=0.18;p=0.04) but not versus lean mass (r=0.15;p=0.09). Removing the feet from whole-body composition analyses reduces lean, fat and bone mass compartment totals by 3%-5%. Removing the head region reduces body composition compartments by 6%-19%, from whole-body DXA scan totals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Hew-Butler
- Division of Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA.
| | - Haley Jurczyszyn
- Division of Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Jordan Sabourin
- Division of Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Matthew VanSumeren
- Division of Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Valerie Smith-Hale
- Division of Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Karlsson Ø, Laaksonen MS, McGawley K. Monitoring Acclimatization and Training Responses Over 17–21 Days at 1,800 m in Elite Cross-Country Skiers and Biathletes. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:852108. [PMID: 35647539 PMCID: PMC9130592 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.852108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To monitor the daily variations and time course of changes in selected variables during a 17–21-day altitude training camp at 1,800 m in a group of elite cross-country skiers (9 women, 12 men) and biathletes (7 women, 4 men). Methods Among other variables, resting peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2rest), resting heart rate (HRrest) and urine specific gravity (USG) were monitored daily at altitude, while illness symptoms were monitored weekly. Before and after the camp, body composition (i.e., lean and fat mass) and body mass were assessed in all athletes, while roller-skiing speed at a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol·L−1 (Speed@4mmol) was assessed in the biathletes only. Results Neither SpO2rest, HRrest nor USG changed systematically during the camp (p > 0.05), although some daily time points differed from day one for the latter two variables (p < 0.05). In addition, body composition and body mass were unchanged from before to after the camp (p > 0.05). Eleven out of 15 illness episodes were reported within 4 days of the outbound or homebound flight. The five biathletes who remained free of illness increased their Speed@4mmol by ~ 4% from before to after the camp (p = 0.031). Conclusions The present results show that measures typically recommended to monitor acclimatization and responses to altitude in athletes (e.g., SpO2rest and HRrest) did not change systematically over time. Further research is needed to explore the utility of these and other measures in elite endurance athletes at altitudes typical of competition environments.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ong JN, Ducker KJ, Furzer BJ, Dymock M, Landers GJ. Food and Fluid intake and hydration status does not affect ultrasound measurements of subcutaneous adipose tissue in active adults. J Sci Med Sport 2022; 25:548-552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
17
|
Dunne A, O’Neill C, Warrington G, Rackard G, Cullen S. Variability and accuracy of body fat estimates using skinfolds and DXA in elite Gaelic football players: a validation study and development of novel prediction equations. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
18
|
Qi Q, Sun K, Rong Y, Li Z, Wu Y, Zhang D, Song S, Wang H, Feng L. Body composition of the upper limb associated with hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:985031. [PMID: 36120449 PMCID: PMC9471382 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.985031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The associations between segmental body composition and metabolic diseases remain equivocal. This study aimed to investigate this association using the example of U.S. adults. This cross-sectional study included 12,148 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2011-2018). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate associations between segmental body composition quartiles of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes. Among 12,148 participants, 3,569, 5,683, and 1,212 had hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, increased percent upper limb lean body mass was associated with a lower risk of hypertension (OR= 0.88, 95%CI: 0.84, 0.92, P trend<0.001), hypercholesterolemia (OR= 0.93, 95%CI: 0.89, 0.96, P trend<0.001), and diabetes (OR= 0.96, 95%CI: 0.95, 0.98, P trend<0.001). Increased upper limb fat mass is associated with an increased risk of hypertension (OR= 1.11, 95%CI: 1.07, 1.15, P trend<0.001), hypercholesterolemia (OR= 1.05, 95%CI: 1.01, 1.09, P trend=0.07), and diabetes (OR= 1.03, 95%CI: 1.01, 1.05, P trend=0.014). The same correlations were found in the torso and whole-body composition parameters. We observed that for women, lean body mass has a better protective effect on metabolic diseases [hypertension (OR= 0.88, 95%CI: 0.82, 0.93), hypercholesteremia (OR =0.86, 95%CI: 0.81, 0.92), diabetes (OR= 0.97, 95%CI: 0.85, 0.99)]; for men, increased body fat is associated with greater risk of metabolic disease[hypertension (OR= 1.24, 95%CI: 1.15, 1.33), hypercholesteremia (OR =1.09, 95%CI: 1.01, 1.18), diabetes (OR= 1.06, 95%CI: 1.01, 1.10)]. There were significant differences between different gender. These findings suggested that upper limb and torso adiposity should be considered when assessing chronic metabolic disease risk using body composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianjin Qi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Kui Sun
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Rong
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaoping Li
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yixia Wu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuaihua Song
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Moraes MS, Martins PC, Silva DAS. COMPARISON OF BONE PARAMETERS BY BODY REGION IN UNIVERSITY ATHLETES: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202127062020_0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) vary depending on the type of sport practiced and the body region, and their measurement can be an effective way to predict health risks throughout an athlete’s life. Objective: To describe the methodological aspects (measurement of bone parameters, body regions, precision errors and covariates) and to compare BMD and BMC by body region (total body, upper limbs, lower limbs and trunk) among university athletes practicing different sports. Methods: A search was performed on the databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, SportDiscus, LILACS and SciELO. Studies were selected that: (1) compared BMD and BMC of athletes practicing at least two different sports (2) used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to assess bone parameters (3) focused on university athletes. The extracted data were: place of study, participant selection, participants’ sex, sport practiced, type of study, bone parameters, DXA model, software used, scan and body regions, precision error, precision protocol, covariates and comparison of bone parameters between different sports by body region. Results: The main results were: 1) BMD is the most investigated bone parameter; 2) total body, lumbar spine and proximal femur (mainly femoral neck) are the most studied body regions; 3) although not recommended, the coefficient of variation is the main indicator of precision error; 4) total body mass and height are the most commonly used covariates; 5) swimmers and runners have lower BMD and BMC values; and 6) it is speculated that basketball players and gymnasts have greater osteogenic potential. Conclusions: Swimmers and runners should include weight-bearing exercises in their training routines. In addition to body mass and height, other covariates are important. The results of this review can help guide intervention strategies focused on preventing diseases and health problems during and after the athletic career. Level of evidence II; Systematic Review.
Collapse
|
20
|
Hancke J, Srivastava S, Caceres DD, Burgos RA, Alarcon P. An exploratory double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to assess the efficacy of CitruSlim on body composition and lipid parameters in obese individuals. Phytother Res 2021; 35:7039-7049. [PMID: 34794202 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity in developing and developed countries has been well recognized, and the worldwide obesity rates have nearly tripled since 1975, according to the World Health Organization. CitruSlim, a standardized product containing a blend of Citrus bergamia and Eurycoma longifolia, can reduce cortisol, cholesterol, triglycerides, and hyperglycemia. These properties can contribute to reduction in body weight or body mass index (BMI) in obese patients. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of CitruSlim in body weight management in obese individuals, and the results were compared with that of placebo. A total of 97 participants were allocated, randomized, and treated with CitruSlim high-dose (HD, 400 mg), CitruSlim low-dose (LD, 200 mg), and placebo for 112 days. At the end of the study, CitruSlim HD and CitruSlim LD significantly reduced BMI compared to the placebo group and were well tolerated; however, it did not improve parameters associated with dyslipidemia and metabolic disturbances. The study findings suggested that CitruSlim was effective in reducing body weight in obese patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hancke
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Dante D Caceres
- Environmental Health Programme, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Rafael A Burgos
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pablo Alarcon
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ong JN, Ducker KJ, Furzer BJ, Dymock M, Landers GJ. Measures of body composition via Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, ultrasound and skinfolds are not impacted by the menstrual cycle in active eumenorrheic females. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:115-121. [PMID: 34756512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.09.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES (1) Compare changes in body composition estimates over the menstrual cycle in active females using Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, standardised brightness-mode ultrasound and skinfolds (2) Compare the predictability of Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry fat mass estimate via standardised brightness-mode ultrasound versus skinfolds measurements. DESIGN Thirty active females (27 ± 5 y) with regularly occurring menstrual cycles participated in a cross sectional study. METHODS Participants completed four assessment sessions scheduled according to each individual's menstrual cycle. These sessions took place during their (1) early follicular, (2) mid-to-late follicular, (3) mid-luteal and (4) second early follicular phases. Body composition estimates were acquired using Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness was measured at eight sites using standardised brightness-mode ultrasound and skinfolds. RESULTS The sum of eight subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness measured using standardised brightness-mode ultrasound and skinfolds were not different between the cycle phases (p > 0.05). Body mass and Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry total mass estimate as well as Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry estimates of total and regional lean and fat mass were also not different between cycle phases (p > 0.05) and any changes were within the 95% confidence intervals of their respective least significant change values. CONCLUSIONS There were no true and meaningful changes in the sum of eight subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness measured via standardised brightness-mode ultrasound and skinfolds or Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry total and regional tissue mass estimates across the menstrual cycle in active eumenorrheic females. Body composition may thus be assessed via these methods in this population at any cycle phase with standardised participant presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun N Ong
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Kagan J Ducker
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Australia
| | - Bonnie J Furzer
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Dymock
- Centre for Applied Statistics, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Grant J Landers
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bellver M, Ferrer-Roca V, Del Rio L, Jovell E, Gomez-Chereguini L, Drobnic F, Trilla A. Bone variables and body composition in former artistic swimmers teams. Jump program effects during Covid-19 confinement: A randomized controlled study. APUNTS SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apunsm.2021.100370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
23
|
Randell RK, Clifford T, Drust B, Moss SL, Unnithan VB, De Ste Croix MBA, Datson N, Martin D, Mayho H, Carter JM, Rollo I. Physiological Characteristics of Female Soccer Players and Health and Performance Considerations: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2021; 51:1377-1399. [PMID: 33844195 PMCID: PMC8222040 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Female soccer has seen a substantial rise in participation, as well as increased financial support from governing bodies over the last decade. Thus, there is an onus on researchers and medical departments to develop a better understanding of the physical characteristics and demands, and the health and performance needs of female soccer players. In this review, we discuss the current research, as well as the knowledge gaps, of six major topics: physical demands, talent identification, body composition, injury risk and prevention, health and nutrition. Data on female talent identification are scarce, and future studies need to elucidate the influence of relative age and maturation selection across age groups. Regarding the physical demands, more research is needed on the pattern of high-intensity sprinting during matches and the contribution of soccer-specific movements. Injuries are not uncommon in female soccer players, but targeting intrinsically modifiable factors with injury prevention programmes can reduce injury rates. The anthropometric and physical characteristics of female players are heterogeneous and setting specific targets should be discouraged in youth and sub-elite players. Menstrual cycle phase may influence performance and injury risk; however, there are few studies in soccer players. Nutrition plays a critical role in health and performance and ensuring adequate energy intake remains a priority. Despite recent progress, there is considerably less research in female than male soccer players. Many gaps in our understanding of how best to develop and manage the health and performance of female soccer players remain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Randell
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK.
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | - Thomas Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samantha L Moss
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Viswanath B Unnithan
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, Division of Sport and Exercise, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Daniel Martin
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Hannah Mayho
- Sports Science Department, Manchester City Football Club, Manchester, UK
| | - James M Carter
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK
| | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Alves Junior CAS, Moraes MS, Souza CSD, Costa G, Silva DAS. BODY COMPOSITION AMONG UNIVERSITY FEMALE ATHLETES OF TEAM SPORTS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202127022020_0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: The assessment of body composition in female athletes of different sports is important for health monitoring. Objective: To compare body composition in university athletes of different team sports (indoor soccer, flag football and volleyball). Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out with 45 female athletes, aged 18 to 35 years (22.8 ± 3.55). The dependent variables were body fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) measured by air displacement plethysmography. Bone mineral content, adjusted for height (BMC/height) and bone mineral density (BMD), were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The independent variable was sport [flag football (n = 12); indoor soccer (n = 20); volleyball (n = 13)] and the covariates were age (complete years), training volume (minutes per week) and length of time playing the sport (complete years). Analysis of covariance was used. Results: Adjusting the model for covariates, volleyball athletes (19.27 kg ± 2.20) presented higher FM values compared to the flag football (16.00 kg ± 1.70) and indoor soccer players (12.20 kg ± 1.30). There was no significant difference in FFM, BMC/height and total BMD between sports, even after adjusting for covariates. Conclusion: Volleyball athletes presented higher FM compared to flag football and indoor soccer athletes. There were no differences in FFM, BMC/height and BMD among the players of the different team sports. This study can help coaches and other sports professionals to prevent injuries to athletes in sports such as higher FM (volleyball), or to prevent diseases such as menstrual irregularities, which are common in athletes who may have low levels of body fat (indoor soccer players), this being one of the risk factors for the female athlete triad (eating disorders, menstrual irregularities and low BMD). Level of evidence III; Retrospective comparative study .
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The body composition phenotype of an athlete displays the complex interaction among genotype, physiological and metabolic demands of a sport, diet, and physical training. Observational studies dominate the literature and describe the sport-specific physique characteristics (size, shape, and composition) of adult athletes by gender and levels of competition. Limited data reveal how body composition measurements can benefit an athlete. Thus, the objective is to identify purposeful measurements of body composition, notably fat and lean muscle masses, and determine their impact on the health and performance of athletes. Areas of interest include relationships among total and regional body composition measurements, muscle function, sport-specific performance, risk of injury, return to sport after injury, and identification of activity-induced fluid shifts. Discussion includes the application of specific uses of dual X-ray absorptiometry and bioelectrical impedance including an emphasis on the need to minimize measurement errors and standardize protocols, and highlights opportunities for future research. This focus on functional body composition can benefit the health and optimize the performance of an athlete.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lukaski
- Department of Kinesiology and Public Health Education, Hyslop Sports Center, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Predicting treatment recommendations in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Biomed Inform 2021; 118:103780. [PMID: 33857641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2021.103780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We designed, implemented, and tested a clinical decision support system at the Research Center for the Study of Menopause and Osteoporosis within the University of Ferrara (Italy). As an independent module of our system, we implemented an original machine learning system for rule extraction, enriched with a hierarchical extraction methodology and a novel rule evaluation technique. Such a module is used in everyday operation protocol, and it allows physicians to receive suggestions for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. In this paper, we design and execute an experiment based on two years of data, in order to evaluate and report the reliability of our suggestion system. Our results are encouraging, and in some cases reach expected accuracies of around 90%.
Collapse
|
27
|
Moraes MS, Martins PC, Ferreira FE, Silva DA. Comparison of bone mineral density and bone mineral content in university athletes from different sports. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:654-660. [PMID: 33666077 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bone parameters are influenced by multiple factors. However, when comparing sports, few studies have considered the simultaneous interference of these factors in bone parameters. OBJECTIVE To compare bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) between university athletes from different sports, according to sex. APPROACH Cross-sectional study with 71 male (M) and female (F) university athletes practicing indoor soccer (M = 14, F = 20), judo (M = 8, F = 6) and volleyball (M = 11, F = 12) aged 22.37 (± 3.71) years. Dependent variables were BMD and BMC corrected by height measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The sport practiced (indoor soccer, judo and volleyball) was the independent variable and covariates were fat mass, lean tissue mass, training volume, practice time and gynecological aspects (in females athletes) such as regular menstruation and use of oral contraceptives. Analysis of covariance was used, with p <0.05. RESULTS Female volleyball players [mean: 1.23; Standard Error (SE): 0.03] presented higher lumbar BMD values compared to judo athletes (mean: 1.08; SE: 0.05). In addition, lumbar BMC values of indoor soccer athletes (mean: 0.41; SE: 0.01) was higher compared to judo athletes (mean: 0.34; SE: 0.02). In males, no differences were observed among sports. CONCLUSIONS Sports performance technicians and professionals will be able to broaden the understanding of variations in BMD and BMC lumbar between judo, indoor soccer and volleyball athletes, which allows monitoring these parameters in the sports context and in the athlete's health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael S Moraes
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Research Center in Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Florianópolis, Brazil -
| | - Priscila Custódio Martins
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Research Center in Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Francisco E Ferreira
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Research Center in Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Diego A Silva
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Research Center in Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Florianópolis, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Short-Term Precision Error of Body Composition Assessment Methods in Resistance-Trained Male Athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020; 31:55-65. [PMID: 33186896 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Athletic populations require high-precision body composition assessments to identify true change. Least significant change determines technical error via same-day consecutive tests but does not integrate biological variation, which is more relevant for longitudinal monitoring. The aim of this study was to assess biological variation using least significant change measures from body composition methods used on athletes, including surface anthropometry (SA), air displacement plethysmography (BOD POD), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS). Thirty-two athletic males (age = 31 ± 7 years; stature = 183 ± 7 cm; mass = 92 ± 10 kg) underwent three testing sessions over 2 days using four methods. Least significant change values were calculated from differences in Day 1 Test 1 versus Day 1 Test 2 (same-day precision), as well as Day 1 Test 1 versus Day 2 (consecutive-day precision). There was high agreement between same-day and consecutive-day fat mass and fat-free mass measurements for all methods. Consecutive-day precision error in comparison with the same-day precision error was 50% higher for fat mass estimates from BIS (3,607 vs. 2,331 g), 25% higher from BOD POD (1,943 vs. 1,448 g) and DXA (1,615 vs. 1,204 g), but negligible from SA (442 vs. 586 g). Consecutive-day precision error for fat-free mass was 50% higher from BIS (3,966 vs. 2,276 g) and SA (1,159 vs. 568 g) and 25% higher from BOD POD (1,894 vs. 1,450 g) and DXA (1,967 vs. 1,461 g) than the same-day precision error. Precision error in consecutive-day analysis considers both technical error and biological variation, enhancing the identification of small, yet significant changes in body composition of resistance-trained male athletes. Given that change in physique is likely to be small in this population, the use of DXA, BOD POD, or SA is recommended.
Collapse
|
29
|
Collins J, Maughan RJ, Gleeson M, Bilsborough J, Jeukendrup A, Morton JP, Phillips SM, Armstrong L, Burke LM, Close GL, Duffield R, Larson-Meyer E, Louis J, Medina D, Meyer F, Rollo I, Sundgot-Borgen J, Wall BT, Boullosa B, Dupont G, Lizarraga A, Res P, Bizzini M, Castagna C, Cowie CM, D'Hooghe M, Geyer H, Meyer T, Papadimitriou N, Vouillamoz M, McCall A. UEFA expert group statement on nutrition in elite football. Current evidence to inform practical recommendations and guide future research. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:416. [PMID: 33097528 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Football is a global game which is constantly evolving, showing substantial increases in physical and technical demands. Nutrition plays a valuable integrated role in optimising performance of elite players during training and match-play, and maintaining their overall health throughout the season. An evidence-based approach to nutrition emphasising, a 'food first' philosophy (ie, food over supplements), is fundamental to ensure effective player support. This requires relevant scientific evidence to be applied according to the constraints of what is practical and feasible in the football setting. The science underpinning sports nutrition is evolving fast, and practitioners must be alert to new developments. In response to these developments, the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) has gathered experts in applied sports nutrition research as well as practitioners working with elite football clubs and national associations/federations to issue an expert statement on a range of topics relevant to elite football nutrition: (1) match day nutrition, (2) training day nutrition, (3) body composition, (4) stressful environments and travel, (5) cultural diversity and dietary considerations, (6) dietary supplements, (7) rehabilitation, (8) referees and (9) junior high-level players. The expert group provide a narrative synthesis of the scientific background relating to these topics based on their knowledge and experience of the scientific research literature, as well as practical experience of applying knowledge within an elite sports setting. Our intention is to provide readers with content to help drive their own practical recommendations. In addition, to provide guidance to applied researchers where to focus future efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Collins
- Intra Performance Group, London, UK.,Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
| | | | - Michael Gleeson
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Johann Bilsborough
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,New England Patriots, Foxboro, MA, USA
| | - Asker Jeukendrup
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,MySport Science, Birmingham, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - S M Phillips
- Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence Armstrong
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Louise M Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rob Duffield
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Medical Department, Football Federation Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Enette Larson-Meyer
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel Medina
- Athlete Care and Performance, Monumental Sports & Entertainment, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Flavia Meyer
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ian Rollo
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Gregory Dupont
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Peter Res
- Dutch Olympic Team, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mario Bizzini
- Research and Human Performance Lab, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Castagna
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Technical Department, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Florence, Italy.,Italian Football Referees Association, Bologna, Italy
| | - Charlotte M Cowie
- Technical Directorate, Football Association, Burton upon Trent, UK.,Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Michel D'Hooghe
- Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland.,Medical Centre of Excelence, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland.,Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | | | - Alan McCall
- Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK .,Medical Department, Football Federation Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Towards Robust and Accurate Detection of Abnormalities in Musculoskeletal Radiographs with a Multi-Network Model. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20113153. [PMID: 32498374 PMCID: PMC7309003 DOI: 10.3390/s20113153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study proposes a novel multi-network architecture consisting of a multi-scale convolution neural network (MSCNN) with fully connected graph convolution network (GCN), named MSCNN-GCN, for the detection of musculoskeletal abnormalities via musculoskeletal radiographs. To obtain both detailed and contextual information for a better description of the characteristics of the radiographs, the designed MSCNN contains three subnetwork sequences (three different scales). It maintains high resolution in each sub-network, while fusing features with different resolutions. A GCN structure was employed to demonstrate global structure information of the images. Furthermore, both the outputs of MSCNN and GCN were fused through the concat of the two feature vectors from them, thus making the novel framework more discriminative. The effectiveness of this model was verified by comparing the performance of radiologists and three popular CNN models (DenseNet169, CapsNet, and MSCNN) with three evaluation metrics (Accuracy, F1 score, and Kappa score) using the MURA dataset (a large dataset of bone X-rays). Experimental results showed that the proposed framework not only reached the highest accuracy, but also demonstrated top scores on both F1 metric and kappa metric. This indicates that the proposed model achieves high accuracy and strong robustness in musculoskeletal radiographs, which presents strong potential for a feasible scheme with intelligent medical cases.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
The aim of this study was to retrospectively interpret body composition in various wheelchair athletes. In total, 69 athletes (mean ± standard deviation; age 33 ± 11 years; body mass 65.1 ± 14.8 kg; height 169.9 ± 14.9 cm and time since injury 19 ± 11 years) from different national teams in wheelchair sports underwent a dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurement during the yearly medical check-up. The data showed a significant difference between total fat and total fat-free mass between male (fat mass: 15.1 ± 7.6 kg; fat-free mass: 51.8 ± 9.3 kg) and female (fat mass: 19.4 ± 7.8 kg; fat-free mass: 36.8 ± 7.6 kg) athletes (p = 0.032, p < 0.001). In contrast, no significant difference (p = 0.16, p = 0.07) in fat and fat-free mass between paraplegic, tetraplegic and non-SCI athletes was found. Comparing different sports, the lowest fat mass was found in paracycling athletes whereas curling game players showed the highest total fat mass. Basketball game players showed the highest fat-free mass (fat-free mass: 54.8 ± 10.1 kg). In tetraplegic athletes, difference in fat-free mass between left and right arms correlated with the upper extremity motor score. For the interpretation of the data it seems to be crucial, that many different parameters (i.e., gender, motor level of the injury) are taken into consideration in wheelchair athletes.
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang X, Pan X, Deng L, Fu W. Relationship between Knee Muscle Strength and Fat/Muscle Mass in Elderly Women with Knee Osteoarthritis Based on Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E573. [PMID: 31963156 PMCID: PMC7013934 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to examine the characteristics and correlation of knee muscle strength and body composition (fat and muscle mass) among elderly women aged 60-70 years with knee osteoarthritis. The present study hypothesized that the muscle mass and the peak torques of the knee joints were considerably low in the knee osteoarthritis (KOA) group. Methods: A total of 47 elderly women aged 60-70 years were recruited from Yangpu District in Shanghai and assigned to the knee osteoarthritis (n = 25, KOA) or healthy control group (n = 22, CON). The knee extension/flexion isokinetic strength measurements were conducted on an isokinetic dynamometer at angular velocities of 90°/s. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure the body composition (fat and muscle mass in the whole body and lower limbs). The independent sample t-test was employed to determine the effects of knee osteoarthritis on each variable, and the Pearson correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation between the body composition and knee muscle strength. Results: Compared with the CON, the KOA exhibited the following: (1) Lower absolute peak knee extension torque (66.02 ± 10.57 vs. 56.61 ± 14.69 Nm), relative peak knee extension (1.11 ± 0.19 vs. 0.89 ± 0.26 Nm/kg), and flexion torque (0.62 ± 0.15 vs. 0.54 ± 0.16 Nm/kg, p < 0.05); (2) greater relative peak torque ratio of the knee extension and flexion (0.55 ± 0.08 vs. 0.62 ± 0.15, p < 0.05); and (3) lower total body muscle mass percentage (63.24% ± 4.50% vs. 59.36% ± 3.94%), particularly in the lower limbs (19.96% ± 1.51% vs. 18.47% ± 1.49%, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the total body fat mass percentage was negatively associated with the relative peak knee extension and flexion torque regardless of the group (p < 0.05). The total body muscle mass percentage was positively associated with the relative peak knee extension torque in the two groups and the relative peak knee flexion torque in the CON (p < 0.05). Conclusion: For elderly women with knee osteoarthritis, knee muscle strength decreases significantly, especially for the extensor strength. Moreover, compared with fat mass, the index of muscle mass is more sensitive in detecting the decrease in knee joint torque. Therefore, rather than weight loss alone, the quadriceps muscle and the rear-thigh muscles, which maintain the stability of knee joints during rehabilitation training, should be strengthened emphatically to improve muscle mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xini Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (X.Z.); (X.P.); (L.D.)
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (X.Z.); (X.P.); (L.D.)
| | - Liqin Deng
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (X.Z.); (X.P.); (L.D.)
| | - Weijie Fu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (X.Z.); (X.P.); (L.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Morris-Paterson TE, Stimpson SA, Miller RR, Barton ME, Leonard MS, Carmichael O, van Someren KA, Harridge SDR. Total body skeletal muscle mass estimated by magnetic resonance imaging and creatine (methyl-d 3 ) dilution in athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 30:421-428. [PMID: 31715651 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Creatine dilution (D3 -cr) is a technique for estimating total skeletal muscle mass (SMM) with practical utility, but has not been applied in athletic populations where body composition may differ to that in the normal population. This study aimed to assess the agreement between SMM derived from both D3 -cr and that obtained from whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 15 male and 5 female national level kayakers (stature: 182.0 ± 13.1 and 170.0 ± 9.0 cm; body mass: 80.6 ± 9.9 and 66.4 ± 6.0 kg; V̇O2 peak: 56.5 ± 7.0 and 49.6 ± 4.4 mL kg-1 min-1 , mean ± SD). SMM was determined following 60 mg of dosed D3 -cr and analysis of expelled urine collected on four subsequent days for creatine, creatinine, D3 -cr, and D3 -creatinine using liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy. SMM was then estimated by assuming a creatine pool size of 4.3 g/kg. During the same time period, a whole-body MRI was undertaken to derive SMM from the analysis of multiple slices taken across the body. A strong positive correlation (F = 74.32; R = 0.90; P < .0001) between the two methods was observed, but the D3 -cr SMM was found to be significantly higher (43.3 ± 6.8 kg) when compared with MRI (36.3 ± 5.8 kg, P < .0001). However, the difference between the methods was removed when a higher intramuscular creatine pool (5.1 g/kg) was assumed. These data show that D3 -cr has potential utility in athletes, as referenced against MRI, but show that assumptions regarding creatine pool size need to be carefully considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa E Morris-Paterson
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen A Stimpson
- Muscle Metabolism Discovery Performance Unit, GSK, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Ram R Miller
- Muscle Metabolism Discovery Performance Unit, GSK, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew E Barton
- Muscle Metabolism Discovery Performance Unit, GSK, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,Global Clinical Development, Gan & Lee Pharmaceuticals USA Corporation, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
| | - Michael S Leonard
- Muscle Metabolism Discovery Performance Unit, GSK, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,United Therapeutics, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Owen Carmichael
- Biomedical Imaging Center, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Stephen D R Harridge
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
A Castro LH, S de Araújo FH, M Olimpio MY, B de B Primo R, T Pereira T, F Lopes LA, B S de M Trindade E, Fernandes R, A Oesterreich S. Comparative Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Concentrated, Hydrolyzed, and Isolated Whey Protein Supplementation on Body Composition of Physical Activity Practitioners. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092047. [PMID: 31480653 PMCID: PMC6769754 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whey protein (WP) is a dairy food supplement and, due to its effects on fat-free mass (FFM) gain and fat mass (FM) loss, it has been widely consumed by resistance training practitioners. This review analyzed the impact of WP supplementation in its concentrated (WPC), hydrolyzed (WPH) and isolated (WPI) forms, comparing it exclusively to isocaloric placebos. Random effect meta-analyses were performed from the final and initial body composition values of 246 healthy athletes undergoing 64.5 ± 15.3 days of training in eight randomized clinical trials (RCT) collected systematically from five scientific databases. The weighted mean difference (WMD) was statistically significant for FM loss (WMD = −0.96, 95% CI = −1.37, −0.55, p < 0.001) and, in the analysis of subgroups, this effect was maintained for the WPC (WMD = −0.63, 95% CI = −1.19, −0.06, p = 0.030), with protein content between 51% and 80% (WMD = −1.53; 95% CI = −2.13, −0.93, p < 0.001), and only for regular physical activity practitioners (WMD = −0.95; 95% CI = −1.70, −0.19, p = 0.014). There was no significant effect on FFM in any of the scenarios investigated (p > 0.05). Due to several and important limitations, more detailed analyses are required regarding FFM gain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Henrique A Castro
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences-Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados 79804-970, Brazil.
| | - Flávio Henrique S de Araújo
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences-Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Mi Ye M Olimpio
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences-Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Raquel B de B Primo
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences-Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Thiago T Pereira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences-Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Luiz Augusto F Lopes
- Faculty of Health Sciences-Federal University of Grande Dourados/Universitary Hospital of Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79823-501, Brazil
| | - Erasmo B S de M Trindade
- Graduate Program in Nutrition-Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Santa Catarina 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Fernandes
- Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition and Health-Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Silvia A Oesterreich
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences-Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados 79804-970, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Keay N, Francis G, Entwistle I, Hind K. Clinical evaluation of education relating to nutrition and skeletal loading in competitive male road cyclists at risk of relative energy deficiency in sports (RED-S): 6-month randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2019; 5:e000523. [PMID: 31191973 PMCID: PMC6539156 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To clinically evaluate education to improve eating behaviour and skeletal loading exercise in male cyclists at risk of poor bone health and impaired performance due to relative energy deficiency in sports. Methods Early race season, 50 competitive male road cyclists were matched, in pairs, based on Z-scores for lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD). One member of each pair was randomly allocated to receive educational interventions. After the season, 45 cyclists returned for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans and blood tests. Least significant change was applied to identify clinically meaningful BMD changes. Cyclists completed a follow-up sport-specific questionnaire and clinical interview to ascertain adherence to the interventions. Results The questionnaire and clinical interview categorised behaviour changes as positive, negative or unchanged. Positive changes in nutrition and skeletal loading were associated with a statistically significant increase of 2.0% in lumbar spine BMD; 7 of 11 cyclists’ increases were clinically meaningful. Negative changes in both behaviours were associated with a significant decrease of 2.7% in lumbar BMD; all nine cyclists’ BMD decreases were clinically meaningful. Regarding performance, taking account of functional threshold power, changes in nutritional behaviour accounted for gains or losses of 95 British Cycling racing points. Cyclists reported psychological barriers to change in behaviours, specifically fear of negatively impacting performance. Conclusions Educational nutritional and skeletal loading interventions can improve bone health, well-being and race performance in male cyclists over a 6-month race season. Psychological support may be required to help some athletes change behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Keay
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | | | - Ian Entwistle
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Karen Hind
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences and the Wolfson Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, Durham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Schofield KL, Thorpe H, Sims ST. Resting metabolic rate prediction equations and the validity to assess energy deficiency in the athlete population. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:469-475. [PMID: 30758869 DOI: 10.1113/ep087512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? We review the issues with using predicted resting metabolic rate equations in athletic populations. What advances does it highlight? The use of dated predicted resting metabolic rate equations is not appropriate for athletic populations until more studies have been conducted among these unique populations. ABSTRACT Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is the amount of energy the body uses at rest. A suppressed RMR has been correlated with low energy availability and therefore used as an indicator of an individual's energy state. Furthermore, confounding identification of low energy availability within an athletic population are the physiological measures required, which can be time consuming and require professional expertise. To negate the demands of laboratory protocols in measuring RMR, predicted RMR (p RMR) equations were developed. Caution should be exercised when applying the p RMR equations for determining low energy availability in athletes owing to the population used to develop the equations and the higher metabolic cost of fat-free mass, thus elevated RMR, associated with athletes. Moreover, a low ratio of measured RMR to p RMR is often used as an alternative marker for energy deficiency. Predictive equations should implement fat-free mass within the algorithm when estimating RMR in athletic populations. The purpose of this paper is to describe p RMR equation development and the issues associated with use of p RMR equations for athletic populations. As professional sport increases, validation of p RMR equations in the modern athlete population is needed to monitor energy availability for athletic health and performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K L Schofield
- Faculty of Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - H Thorpe
- Faculty of Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - S T Sims
- Faculty of Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zemski AJ, Hind K, Keating SE, Broad EM, Marsh DJ, Slater GJ. Same-Day Vs Consecutive-Day Precision Error of Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry for Interpreting Body Composition Change in Resistance-Trained Athletes. J Clin Densitom 2019; 22:104-114. [PMID: 30454952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The application of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in sport science settings is gaining popularity due to its ability to assess body composition. The International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) recommends application of the least significant change (LSC) to interpret meaningful and true change. This is calculated from same-day consecutive scans, thus accounting for technical error. However, this approach does not capture biological variation, which is pertinent when interpreting longitudinal measurements, and could be captured from consecutive-day scans. The aims of this study were to investigate the impact short-term biological variation has on LSC measures, and establish if there is a difference in precision based on gender in a resistance-trained population. Twenty-one resistance-trained athletes (age: 30.6 ± 8.2 yr; stature: 174.2 ± 7.2 cm; mass: 74.3 ± 11.6 kg) with at least 12 mo consistent resistance training experience, underwent 2 consecutive DXA scans on 1 d of testing, and a third scan the day before or after. ISCD-recommended techniques were used to calculate same-day and consecutive-day precision error and LSC values. There was high association between whole body (R2 = 0.98-1.00) and regional measures (R2 = 0.95-0.99) for same-day (R2 = 0.98-1.00), and consecutive-day (R2 = 0.95-0.98) measurements. The consecutive-day precision error, in comparison to same-day precision error, was significantly different (p < 0.05), and almost twice as large for fat mass (1261 g vs 660 g), and over 3 times as large for lean mass (2083 g vs 617 g), yet still remained within the ISCD minimum acceptable limits for DXA precision error. No whole body differences in precision error were observed based on gender. When tracking changes in body composition, the use of precision error and LSC values calculated from consecutive-day analysis is advocated, given this takes into account both technical error and biological variation, thus providing a more accurate indication of true and meaningful change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Zemski
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia.
| | - Karen Hind
- Department of Sport Science and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Shelley E Keating
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | | | - Damian J Marsh
- Athletic Performance Department, Fiji Rugby Union, Suva, Fiji
| | - Gary J Slater
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Keay N, Francis G, Hind K. Low energy availability assessed by a sport-specific questionnaire and clinical interview indicative of bone health, endocrine profile and cycling performance in competitive male cyclists. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2018; 4:e000424. [PMID: 30364549 PMCID: PMC6196965 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the efficacy of a sport-specific energy availability (EA) questionnaire, combined with clinical interview, for identifying male athletes at risk of developing bone health, endocrine and performance consequences of relative energy deficiency in sports (RED-S). Methods Fifty competitive male road cyclists, recruited through links of participants in a pilot study, were assessed by a newly developed sport-specific questionnaire and clinical interview (SEAQ-I) and received dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition scans and blood tests for endocrine markers. Results Low EA as assessed using the SEAQ-I, was observed in 28% of cyclists. Low lumbar spine BMD (Z-score<−1.0) was found in 44% of cyclists. EA was the most significant determinant of lumbar spine BMD Z-score (p<0.001). Among low EA cyclists, lack of previous load-bearing sport was associated with the lowest BMD (p=0.013). Low EA was associated with reduced total percentage fat (p<0.019). The 10 cyclists with chronic low EA had lower levels of testosterone compared with those having adequate EA (p=0.024). Mean vitamin D concentration was below the level recommended for athletes (90 nmol/L). Training loads were positively associated with power-to-weight ratios, assessed as 60 min functional threshold power (FTP) per kg (p<0.001). Percentage body fat was not significantly linked to cycling performance. Conclusions This study demonstrates that a SEAQ-I is effective for identifying male road cyclists with acute intermittent and chronic sustained low EA. Cyclists with low EA, particularly in the long-term, displayed adverse quantifiable measures of bone, endocrinology and performance consequences of RED-S.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Keay
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | | | - Karen Hind
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| |
Collapse
|