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Buyukozer Ozkan H, Terlemez A, Batibay AB, Erdogan H, Kont Cobankara F. Evaluation of surface tensions and root-dentin surface contact angles of different endodontic irrigation solutions. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:681. [PMID: 38867263 PMCID: PMC11167865 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04453-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surface tension and contact angle properties, which play a crucial role in determining the effectiveness of irrigation solutions in penetrating dentin surfaces and dentin tubules, are highly important for the development of new irrigation solutions and their preferences. The aim of the current study was to compare the surface tension and contact angle properties of different irrigation solutions used in endodontics, both on the dentin surface and within dentin tubules. METHODS In this study, the contact angles and surface tensions of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), 5% boric acid (BA), 0.02% hypochlorous acid (HOCl), 0.2% chlorine dioxide (ClO2), Biopure MTAD, QMix solutions, and distilled water (control group) were measured. Measurements were conducted using a goniometer device (Attension Theta Lite Tensiometer, Biolin Scientific, USA), employing the sessile drop method for contact angle measurements on pre-prepared dentin surfaces, and the pendant drop method for surface tension. RESULTS Contact angle measurements revealed no statistically significant differences between the contact angle values of MTAD, ClO2, and CHX or between NaOCl, QMix, BA, and HOCl (p > 0.05). However, EDTA exhibited a significantly greater contact angle than did MTAD, ClO2, CHX, NaOCl, QMix, BA, and HOCl (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the contact angle of dentin with distilled water was greater than that with all other solutions tested (p < 0.05). Surface tension measurements revealed that the surface tension values of QMix and MTAD were statistically similar (p > 0.05). CHX exhibited lower surface tension than distilled water and HOCl (p < 0.05), and it also had lower surface tension than ClO2, NaOCl, and BA (p < 0.05). Additionally, the surface tension of the samples treated with EDTA was greater than that of all other solutions tested (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The direct linear relationship between the surface tension of liquids and contact angles on different surfaces may not always hold true, and these values should be considered independently for each solution on various surfaces. Considering the contact angles and surface tension properties of irrigation solutions with root canal dentin, it can be suggested for clinical use that ClO2 could be recommended over NaOCl, and similarly, BA could be recommended over EDTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Buyukozer Ozkan
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Konaklı Mah. Mustafa Kemal Blv. No:82 Alanya, Antalya, Türkiye.
| | - Arslan Terlemez
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Burcin Batibay
- Faculty of Engineering, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Türkiye
| | - Hilal Erdogan
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Nevsehir, Türkiye
| | - Funda Kont Cobankara
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Selcuk University, Konya, Türkiye
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Otero CIAY, Marger L, di Bella E, Feilzer A, Krejci I, Abdelaziz M. An in-vitro study on effects of laser activation on dye penetration in human root dentin. Biomater Investig Dent 2024; 11:40311. [PMID: 38645926 PMCID: PMC11022650 DOI: 10.2340/biid.v11.40311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the penetration of a dye in root dentin after activation with different laser wavelengths. Materials Palatal roots of 38 human molars were enlarged and disinfected. Irrigation activation was performed with an Er:YAG laser: @50 mJ, 15 Hz (Er:YAG); a 9.3 µm CO2 laser: @40% power (CO2); diode lasers 455 nm/970 nm: @0.8 W, 15 Hz (D455, D970) and 808/980 nm: @1 W (D808, D980) and compared to positive control: etching with 35% H3PO4 (POS); negative control: water (NEG) and conventional needle irrigation: NaOCl and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (CONV). Methylene blue solution was introduced in the canal and laser-activated or left untouched for 100 s before the roots were dried and cut into horizontal slices. Dye penetration was automatically calculated by color recognition of two samples per root third (n = 8 per group in each coronal, middle and apical root thirds). The presence and absence of a smear layer was checked in two additional samples of the negative and positive control under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results Full-depth infiltration was not achieved in any group. Dye penetration in CONV was significantly less than in Er:YAG, CO2, POS, D455, D970, D808 and similar to NEG and D980 when results of different root thirds were pooled. Conclusion Laser activation using certain parameters enhanced dye penetration compared to conventional needle irrigation with NaOCl and EDTA (CONV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Isabel Anton y Otero
- Division of Cariology and Endodontology, CUMD – University Clinics of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurine Marger
- Division of Cariology and Endodontology, CUMD – University Clinics of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Enrico di Bella
- Division of Cariology and Endodontology, CUMD – University Clinics of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Albert Feilzer
- Department of Dental Material Sciences, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo Krejci
- Division of Cariology and Endodontology, CUMD – University Clinics of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marwa Abdelaziz
- Division of Cariology and Endodontology, CUMD – University Clinics of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Rajendran D, Chandrasekaran N. Molecular Interaction of Functionalized Nanoplastics with Human Hemoglobin. J Fluoresc 2023; 33:2257-2272. [PMID: 37014521 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to excessive nanoplastics (NPs) which have ample affinity for globular proteins. We investigated the interaction of functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics (plain: PS, carboxy: PS-COOH, and amine: PS-NH2) with human hemoglobin (Hb) utilizing multi-spectroscopic and docking approaches to acquire insights into molecular aspects of binding mechanism, which will be helpful in assessing the toxicokinetics or toxicodynamics of nanoplastics NPs. Hypsochromicity and hypochromicity were observed invariably in all the spectra (steady-state fluorescence emission, synchronous and three-dimensional) for all complexes, among which PS-NH2 binds effectively and changes the Hb's conformation by enhancing hydrophobicity around aromatic residues, notably tryptophan. All the NPs bind with the hydrophobic pocket of B-chain in Hb, where PS and PS-NH2 bind via hydrophobic force while PS-COOH binds via hydrogen bonding (predominantly) and van der Waals force, consistent validated with docking results. The minimal shift in absorbance peak also indicates enhanced hydrophobicity by PS-NH2 with larger aggregation as demonstrated in resonance light scattering. The amide band's shift, secondary structural analysis, and presence of characteristic functional group peaks in complexes in Infra-Red spectra confirm the structural changes in the protein. As seen in field emission scanning microscopy images, NPs penetrate the surface of proteins. These findings conclude that polystyrene NPs interact with Hb, causing structural alterations that may affect functional characteristics as well, with the greatest effect being in the order: PS-NH2>PS-COOH>PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgalakshmi Rajendran
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Natarajan Chandrasekaran
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632014, India.
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Sapmaz Ucan C, Dumani A, Unal I, Yilmaz S, Yoldas O. Effect of QMix as final irrigation protocol on periapical healing after single-visit root canal treatment: A randomised controlled clinical trial. AUST ENDOD J 2023; 49 Suppl 1:113-121. [PMID: 36254883 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate radiographic periapical repair after endodontic treatment using QMix or NaOCl irrigation in single-rooted teeth with apical periodontitis. In this randomised clinical trial, 60 patients were selected and randomised into two groups (n = 30). After instrumentation of root canals, QMix or NaOCl was used as a final irrigation and the canals obturated with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer. All the participants were recalled after 12 months and 15 patients were lost to the study so 45 patients were evaluated radiographically according to periapical index (PAI) scores. A significant decrease was seen in PAI scores after 1 year in all patients (p < 0.001). In the QMix and NaOCl group, absence or reduction of radiolucency was observed in 23 of 25 teeth (92%) and 20 of 20 teeth (100%), respectively. There was no significant difference between two groups according to the decrease in PAI score (p = 0.508). Root canal treatments with or without QMix irrigation contributed equally to periapical healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemre Sapmaz Ucan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Aysin Dumani
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ilker Unal
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Sehnaz Yilmaz
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Oguz Yoldas
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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Advances in the Role of Sodium Hypochlorite Irrigant in Chemical Preparation of Root Canal Treatment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:8858283. [PMID: 36685672 PMCID: PMC9859704 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8858283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Irrigation of root canal system is of great significance to the success of endodontic treatment, where sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the most widely used irrigant in chemical preparation. NaOCl functions by eliminating bacterial biofilms and dissolving organic tissue, which may vary according to several factors such as the microbiology of root canal infection and the concentration of the irrigant. It has been proposed that the effectiveness of NaOCl could be enhanced via several methods, including heating the irrigant, applying in conjunction with certain reagents, or activating by agitation techniques. Despite its antibacterial and tissue-dissolving capacities, NaOCl should be used with caution to avoid detrimental effect due to its cytotoxicity and negative effect on dentin properties. In this narrative review, we discussed the factors that affect the properties of NaOCl, the methods to improve its efficacy, and the side effects that might occur in clinical practice.
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Can the Concentration of Citric Acid Affect Its Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Activity? Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:dj10080148. [PMID: 36005246 PMCID: PMC9406502 DOI: 10.3390/dj10080148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There has been no unanimity concerning the ideal concentration of citric acid for safe use in clinical practice. This study evaluated the cytotoxicity and the antibacterial activity in infected dentinal tubules of 10% and 1% citric acid (CA) solutions. Methods: The cytotoxicity of CA solutions in DMEM (diluted 1/10, 1/100) was assessed in L-929 fibroblasts. A broth macrodilution method (MIC and MBC) was used to assess CA antibacterial concentration. The antimicrobial activity of CA solutions was also evaluated after their final rinse inside root canals in previously Enterococcus faecalis-contaminated dentinal tubules. Ten infected dentine samples were rinsed for 5 min with 5% NaOCl and subsequently with 1% citric acid for 3 min. Another 10 were rinsed with 5% NaOCl and 10% citric acid for 3 min; the remaining four specimens were utilized as positive controls. Two uncontaminated specimens were used as negative controls. After LIVE/DEAD BacLight staining, the samples were assessed using CLSM to analyze the percentage of residual live and dead cells. Results: Both undiluted and diluted CA solutions showed severe toxicity; no changes from normal morphology were displayed when diluted 1/100. The MIC and MBC of CA were 6.25 mg/mL and 12.50 mg/mL, respectively. CA solutions demonstrated significantly low levels of bacterial counts than the positive control group, reporting a value of 9.3% for the 10% solution versus the 1% solution (35.2%). Conclusions: Despite its valuable antimicrobial properties, the cytotoxic effects of citric acid should be considered during endodontic treatment.
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Boutsioukis C, Arias-Moliz MT. Present status and future directions - irrigants and irrigation methods. Int Endod J 2022; 55 Suppl 3:588-612. [PMID: 35338652 PMCID: PMC9321999 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Irrigation is considered the primary means of cleaning and disinfection of the root canal system. The purpose of this review was to set the framework for the obstacles that irrigation needs to overcome, to critically appraise currently used irrigants and irrigation methods, to highlight knowledge gaps and methodological limitations in the available studies and to provide directions for future developments. Organization of bacteria in biofilms located in anatomic intricacies of the root canal system and the difficulty to eliminate them is the main challenge for irrigants. Sodium hypochlorite remains the primary irrigant of choice, but it needs to be supplemented by a chelator. Delivery of the irrigants using a syringe and needle and activation by an ultrasonic file are the most popular irrigation methods. There is no evidence that any adjunct irrigation method, including ultrasonic activation, can improve the long‐term outcome of root canal treatment beyond what can be achieved by instrumentation and syringe irrigation. It is necessary to redefine the research priorities in this field and investigate in greater depth the penetration of the irrigants, their effect on the biofilm and the long‐term treatment outcome. New studies must also focus on clinically relevant comparisons, avoid methodological flaws and have sufficiently large sample sizes to reach reliable conclusions. Future multidisciplinary efforts combining the knowledge from basic sciences such as Chemistry, Microbiology and Fluid Dynamics may lead to more effective antimicrobials and improved activation methods to bring them closer to the residual biofilm in the root canal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boutsioukis
- Department of Endodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M T Arias-Moliz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Eskander M, Genena S, Zaazou A, Moussa S. Effect of phytic acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on penetration depth of bioceramic and resin sealers. AUST ENDOD J 2021; 47:506-511. [PMID: 33811400 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed influence of 1% phytic acid and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the dentinal tubules penetration of EndoSequence BC bioceramic-based and AH Plus resin-based sealers using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Forty single-rooted mandibular premolars were divided randomly into four groups (n = 10). Group 1 received final irrigation with 1% phytic acid solution and canals sealed by AH Plus sealer, Group 2: 1% phytic acid solution and EndoSequence BC sealer, Group 3: 17% EDTA solution and AH Plus sealer and Group 4: 17% EDTA solution and EndoSequence BC sealer. Specimens were horizontally sectioned 2, 4 and 6 mm from the apex. Average maximum depth of sealer penetration was examined using CLSM. Group three showed the deepest sealer penetration at all three levels which was significantly higher than all other groups (P ˂ 0.05). Deep sealer penetration is achievable with AH Plus and EDTA. Phytic acid groups have moderate tubular penetration ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Eskander
- Division of Endodontics, Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Salma Genena
- Division of Endodontics, Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Zaazou
- Endodontic Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sybel Moussa
- Division of Endodontics, Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Experimental Solution of Chitosan and Nanochitosan on Wettability in Root Dentine: In Vitro Model Prior Regenerative Endodontics. Int J Biomater 2021; 2021:8772706. [PMID: 34754309 PMCID: PMC8572641 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8772706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims To compare the effect of CS and CSnp on the wettability in root dentine with other irrigation protocols with an experimental in vitro model prior regenerative endodontics. Methods and Material. An in vitro experimental study that included eighty hemisected human root distributed into 8 groups: G1- distilled water; G2- 1% NaOCl/17% EDTA; G3- hypochlorous acid 0.025% HOCl, G4- 1% NaOCl/0.025% HOCl/17% EDTA, G5- 0.2 g/100 mL CS, G6- 1% NaOCl/0.2 g/100 mL CS, G7- CSnp, and G8- 1% NaOCl/CSnp. The wettability analysis calculated the contact angle (θ) between a drop of a blood-like and root dentinal surface; topographic characterization with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) quantified the diameter and number of tubules per area; spectroscopy infrared analyses (IR-S) identified chemical changes in the inorganic (phosphate/carbonate) and organic phase (amide/methyl). Statistical analysis: a linear mixed model, Kruskal–Wallis, and Holm–Bonferroni correction (P < 0.05) were used. Results Significantly higher wettability for G2 (27.1 (P = 0.0001)) was found. A mean value of 67°±°for experimental groups (P = 0.07) was found, and we did not identify differences between them. The SEM identified greater tubular opening and erosion for G4 and greater dentinal permeability per area for NaOCl/CS. IR-S identified dentinal organic integrity with NaOCl-CS/CSnp compared to organic reduction promoted for NaOCl/EDTA. Conclusions This in vitro dentin determined an indirect association between the wettability and organic contents. The oxidative effect of NaOCl could be neutralized by CS-CSnp, and consequently, the wettability of the substrate decreases.
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Afkhami F, Sadegh M, Sooratgar A, Amirmoezi M. Comparison of the effect of QMix and conventional root canal irrigants on push-out bond strength of fiber post to root dentin. Clin Exp Dent Res 2021; 8:464-469. [PMID: 34664421 PMCID: PMC8874043 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to assess the effect of application of QMix and common root canal irrigating solutions on the bond strength of fiber post to root dentin. Material and Methods In this in‐vitro study, 60 extracted incisor teeth were decoronated such that 15 mm of root length remained. The canals were prepared with ProTaper rotary system to F5 and filled with gutta‐percha and AH26 sealer. Prior to post placement, the teeth were divided into four groups based on the type of final irrigating solution namely saline, 5.25% NaOCl, 2% chlorhexidine, and QMix. The fiber posts were then cemented with Panavia F2 resin cement. The roots were sectioned perpendicular to their longitudinal axis, and four sections with 1 mm thickness were made at the middle and coronal thirds of the roots. The push‐out bond strength of fiber posts was measured by a universal testing machine in megapascals. Data were analyzed by two‐way ANOVA and Tukey's test. Results The maximum and minimum bond strength values were noted in QMix and NaOCl groups in both the middle and coronal third of the root, respectively. But, there was no significant difference between the push‐out bond strength in the middle or coronal third of the root (p = 0.054). Adhesive failure was the most common mode of failure in all groups. Conclusion Use of QMix for post space irrigation does not compromise the bond strength of fiber post to root dentin, and can be used for final rinsing of the post space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Afkhami
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Sadegh
- Endodontist, Private Practice, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aidin Sooratgar
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
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Giardino L, Pedullà E, Cavani F, Bisciotti F, Giannetti L, Checchi V, Angerame D, Consolo U, Generali L. Comparative Evaluation of the Penetration Depth into Dentinal Tubules of Three Endodontic Irrigants. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:5853. [PMID: 34640251 PMCID: PMC8510083 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the penetration depth into dentinal tubules of some chelating agents. The 17% EDTA and two preparations containing surfactants (Smear Clear, Bioakt Endo) were tested. Surface tension and liquid viscosity were measured using a Dynamic Contact Angle Analyzer and a Haake rotational rheometer. To measure the penetration depth inside dentinal tubules, thirty maxillary central incisors were selected from a pool of extracted human permanent teeth and allocated to three experimental groups (10 samples each), as well as were mechanically shaped and cleansed with 5.25% NaOCl, followed by each of the chelators being labeled with 0.1 wt % Rhodamine B according to final irrigation protocol established. The samples were embedded in an epoxy resin, after which 200 μm thick transverse sections were obtained at 2, 5, and 8 mm from the apex with a saw microtome. The specimens were then observed using a confocal laser microscope (CLSM) and the penetration of the labeled solution was measured in every third of each sample. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests according to the distribution of data, evaluated with the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. Viscosity and surface tension tests have shown that BioAKT Endo has the lowest values compared to EDTA and Smear Clear. The medium penetration depth did not significantly differ among the three irrigants, while it increased considerably from the apical to the coronal level in all groups. Additionally, the maximum penetration depth increased significantly from the apical to coronal level, while among groups, BioAKT Endo showed the highest values at the apical and middle level compared to the other irrigants. No significant differences were observed among the three groups in medium and maximum penetration depths when the entire root was considered. New irrigants containing surfactants show reduced surface tension and, in one case (BioAKT Endo), viscosity. The lowering of the surface tension allows for better penetration of liquids into dentinal tubules than EDTA alone, thus improving the cleaning of the root canal system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugenio Pedullà
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy;
| | - Francesco Cavani
- Department of Biomedical Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Human Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Francesca Bisciotti
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance (CHIMOMO), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.B.); (L.G.); (V.C.); (U.C.)
| | - Luca Giannetti
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance (CHIMOMO), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.B.); (L.G.); (V.C.); (U.C.)
| | - Vittorio Checchi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance (CHIMOMO), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.B.); (L.G.); (V.C.); (U.C.)
| | - Daniele Angerame
- University Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Ugo Consolo
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance (CHIMOMO), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.B.); (L.G.); (V.C.); (U.C.)
| | - Luigi Generali
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance (CHIMOMO), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.B.); (L.G.); (V.C.); (U.C.)
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Keskin NB, Aydın ZU, Uslu G, Özyürek T, Erdönmez D, Gündoğar M. Antibacterial efficacy of copper-added chitosan nanoparticles: a confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis. Odontology 2021; 109:868-873. [PMID: 33988772 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-021-00613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of copper added chitosan nanoparticles (CU-CNPs) as an irrigation solution with different irrigants in terms of eliminating Enterococcus Faecalis (E. faecalis) from the root canals. Fifty mandibular premolar teeth were prepared and infected with E. faecalis for 21 days. After the incubation period, samples were randomly divided into a control group irrigated with distilled water and 4 experimental groups (n = 10) irrigated with as follows, %6 NaOCl, %6 NaOCl + %9 editronate (HEBP), Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs), and CU-CNPs. To calculate the proportion of dead E. faecalis cell volume, stained using LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit and were scanned using confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). All the irrigation solutions significantly (P < .05) killed the bacteria in the canal, except for the control group. CU-CNPs solution killed the highest (P < .05) number of bacteria compared with the other experimental groups. No significant difference was found between CNPs, NaOCl + HEBP, and NaOCl in terms of antibacterial activity. CU-CNPs solution was exhibited higher antibacterial efficacy against E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Keskin
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Z U Aydın
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - G Uslu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey.
| | - T Özyürek
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - D Erdönmez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - M Gündoğar
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Moro GG, Massat NC, Grandizoli DRP, Junior AE, Degasperi GR, Fontana CE, Pinheiro SL. Effect of cetrimide 2% with and without photodynamic therapy to reduce Streptococcus mutans burden in dentinal carious lesions. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 36:1935-1940. [PMID: 33786671 PMCID: PMC8009689 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the use of cetrimide alone and combined with photodynamic therapy to reduce S. mutans burden in carious lesions. Sixty permanent third molars were sectioned and the coronal dentin exposed. A cariogenic challenge was performed using brain-heart infusion (BHI) medium supplemented and S. mutans ATCC 25175. Specimens were incubated in anaerobic jars at 37 °C for 15 days, with BHI renewed every 24 h. After 15 days, specimens were randomly divided into six groups (n = 10): C, control (no treatment); CHX, application of chlorhexidine 2%; CT, application of cetrimide 2%; CT+aPDT, application of cetrimide 2% followed by methylene blue dye and aPDT (antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: wavelength 660 nm, energy 4J, power 100 mW, spot size 0.0028 cm2, energy density 142 J/cm2 for 40 s); ES+aPDT, application of experimental solution (methylene blue dye with cetrimide) and aPDT; and aPDT alone. Carious tissue from each specimen was collected before and after the applications. Five decimal dilutions were performed, and the resulting solution was seeded in mitis-salivarius-bacitracin agar. Plates were incubated in anaerobic jars at 37 °C for 48 h. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Tukey's test was used to compare total S. mutans counts. Significant reductions in S. mutans were observed after application of CT+aPDT (0.30 (0.97), p < 0.0001) and ES+aPDT (0.52 (1.13), p < 0.0001). Cetrimide 2% with methylene blue dye, applied consecutively or as a mixture, can be used as a photosensitizing agent for aPDT to reduce S. mutans burden in dentinal caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Giorgi Moro
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas (PUC Campinas), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Natalia Cunha Massat
- Center for Life Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, PUC Campinas, Av. John Boyd Dunlop, s/n, Campinas, SP, 13034-685, Brazil
| | - Diana Roberta Pereira Grandizoli
- Center for Life Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, PUC Campinas, Av. John Boyd Dunlop, s/n, Campinas, SP, 13034-685, Brazil
| | - Augusto Etchegaray Junior
- Center for Life Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, PUC Campinas, Av. John Boyd Dunlop, s/n, Campinas, SP, 13034-685, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Eduardo Fontana
- Center for Life Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, PUC Campinas, Av. John Boyd Dunlop, s/n, Campinas, SP, 13034-685, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Luiz Pinheiro
- Center for Life Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, PUC Campinas, Av. John Boyd Dunlop, s/n, Campinas, SP, 13034-685, Brazil.
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Salas H, Castrejon A, Fuentes D, Luque A, Luque E. Evaluation of the penetration of CHX 2% on dentinal tubules using Conventional Irrigation, Sonic Irrigation (EDDY) and Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation (PUI) techniques: An in vitro study. J Clin Exp Dent 2021; 13:e37-e42. [PMID: 33425229 PMCID: PMC7781212 DOI: 10.4317/jced.57065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Various procedures and techniques have been developed to increase the effectiveness and penetration of irrigants into the dentinal tubules and anatomical anfractuosities. Objective: The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the effect of different irrigation techniques such as conventional irrigation with a syringe, sonic activation irrigation with EDDY and Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation. All these on dentinal tubule penetration using Chlorhexidine.
Material and Methods 45 lower premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons were used. These teeth were decoronated to a length of 18mm. This working length was achieved by inserting a size 15 K file into the root canal until it was observed in the ápex. Then the length was reduced to 1 mm. The instrumentation was performed with the Wave One Gold system up to a file # 45. Irrigated with 2mL of CHX between instruments. A final irrigation was performed using 5 mL of 17% EDTA with an E1 - Irrisonic insert for 30 seconds. Then, the root canal was irrigated with 5 mL of distilled water and dried with paper tips. The final irrigation of the 2% CHX with Rhodamine B was carried out with the different techniques of irrigation. Syringe irrigation with 5 mL, sonic irrigation and passive ultrasonic activation activated for 30 seconds in two stages. Axial cuts were made at 200 microns, the observation was done with stereomicroscope and image analysis in Image J software.
Results Statistically significant differences were found only in the apical region, where the depth penetration in the PUI group was 76 µm, MI 48 µm and SI 41 µm, while in the penetration area, the PUI group was 99 µm2, MI 77 µm2 and finally SI 53 µm2.
Conclusions The CHX was able to penetrate the dentinal tubules of three-thirds of the roots, for which the technique that showed the greatest penetration capacity was the ultrasonic activation. Key words:Clorhexidine. Dentinal tubule. Dentinal penetration. Passive ultrasonic irrigation. Eddy. Manual irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hair Salas
- DDs, MSc, PhD. Facultad de Odontología de Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa, Perú
| | | | | | | | - Edson Luque
- DDS. Práctica privada exclusiva a la endodoncia
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15
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Nassar M, Hiraishi N, Islam MS, Romero MJ, Otsuki M, Tagami J. Effect of phytic acid as an endodontic chelator on resin adhesion to sodium hypochlorite-treated dentin. Restor Dent Endod 2020; 45:e44. [PMID: 33294409 PMCID: PMC7691263 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2020.45.e44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Phytic acid (IP6), a naturally occurring agent, has been previously reported as a potential alternative to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). However, its effect on adhesion to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)-treated dentin and its interactions with NaOCl have not been previously reported. Thus, in this study, the effects of IP6 on resin adhesion to NaOCl-treated dentin and the failure mode were investigated and the interactions between the used agents were analyzed. Materials and Methods Micro-tensile bond strength (µTBS) testing was performed until failure on dentin treated with either distilled water (control), 5% NaOCl, or 5% NaOCl followed with chelators: 17% EDTA for 1 minute or 1% IP6 for 30 seconds or 1 minute. The failed specimens were assessed under a scanning electron microscope. The reaction of NaOCl with EDTA or IP6 was analyzed in terms of temperature, pH, effervescence, and chlorine odor, and the effects of the resulting mixtures on the color of a stained paper were recorded. Results The µTBS values of the control and NaOCl with chelator groups were not significantly different, but were all significantly higher than that of the group treated with NaOCl only. In the failure analysis, a distinctive feature was the presence of resin tags in samples conditioned with IP6 after treatment with NaOCl. The reaction of 1% IP6 with 5% NaOCl was less aggressive than the reaction of the latter with 17% EDTA. Conclusions IP6 reversed the adverse effects of NaOCl on resin-dentin adhesion without the chlorine-depleting effect of EDTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohannad Nassar
- Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Noriko Hiraishi
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Md Sofiqul Islam
- RAK College of Dental Sciences (RAKCODS), RAK Medical and Health Sciences University (RAKMHSU), Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
| | - Maria Jrh Romero
- Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Masayuki Otsuki
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Tagami
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Coaguila-Llerena H, Barbieri I, Tanomaru-Filho M, Leonardo RDT, Ramos AP, Faria G. Physicochemical properties, cytotoxicity and penetration into dentinal tubules of sodium hypochlorite with and without surfactants. Restor Dent Endod 2020; 45:e47. [PMID: 33294412 PMCID: PMC7691254 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2020.45.e47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the physicochemical properties, cytotoxicity and penetration into dentinal tubules of ChlorCid™ Surf (3% sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl] with surfactant) in comparison to ChlorCid™ (3% NaOCl without surfactant). Materials and Methods The physicochemical properties evaluated were pH, surface tension, free available chlorine (FAC) and contact angle. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in L929 fibroblasts exposed to the solutions by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and neutral red assays. Assessment of penetration into dentinal tubules was performed by staining single-rooted permanent human teeth with crystal violet (n = 9), which were irrigated with the solutions and analyzed in cervical, middle and apical segments. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post-test, 2-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post-test or t-test (α = 0.05). Results ChlorCid™ Surf and ChlorCid™ FAC values were close to those indicated by the manufacturer. ChlorCid™ Surf showed lower surface tension and contact angle on dentin, and higher pH than ChlorCid™ (p < 0.05). The penetration of ChlorCid™ Surf was higher in cervical and middle segments, compared with ChlorCid™ (p < 0.05). There was no difference in irrigant cytotoxicity (p > 0.05). Conclusions ChlorCid™ Surf showed lower surface tension, lower contact angle on root canal dentin, higher penetration into dentinal tubules and more alkaline pH, compared with ChlorCid™. However, both solutions showed similar cytotoxicity and FAC content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Coaguila-Llerena
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Isadora Barbieri
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Mário Tanomaru-Filho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato de Toledo Leonardo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Ramos
- Department of Chemistry, São Paulo University (USP), Ribeirão Preto College of Philosophy Sciences and Letters, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele Faria
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Generali L, Bertoldi C, Bidossi A, Cassinelli C, Morra M, Del Fabbro M, Savadori P, Ballal NV, Giardino L. Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Activity of a New Class of Silver Citrate-Based Compounds as Endodontic Irrigants. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13215019. [PMID: 33172215 PMCID: PMC7664443 DOI: 10.3390/ma13215019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the cytotoxicity and the antimicrobial activity of two silver citrate-based irrigant solutions were investigated. Cytotoxicity of various concentrations (0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%) of both solutions (BioAKT and BioAKT Endo) was assessed on L-929 mouse fibroblasts using the MTT assay. For the quantitative analysis of components, an infrared (I.R.) spectroscopy was performed. The minimum inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentrations (M.I.C. and M.B.C., respectively) were ascertained on Enterococcus faecalis strain ATCC 4083. For biofilm susceptibility after treatment with the irrigating agent, a minimum biofilm eradication concentration (M.B.E.C.) and confocal laser scanning microscope (C.L.S.M.) assays were performed. Quantification of E. faecalis cell biomass and percentage of live and dead cells in the biomass was appraised. Normality of data was analyzed using the D’Agostino & Pearson’s test and the Shapiro–Wilk test. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test. Both silver citrate solutions showed mouse fibroblasts viability >70% when diluted to 0.25% and 0.5%. Conversely, at higher concentrations, they were extremely cytotoxic. F.T.-IR spectroscopy measurements of both liquids showed the same spectra, indicating similar chemical characteristics. No substantial contrast in antimicrobial activity was observed among the two silver citrate solutions by using broth microdilution methods, biofilm susceptibility (MBEC-HTP device), and biomass screening using confocal laser scanning microscopy (C.L.S.M.) technique. Both solutions, used as root canal irrigants, exhibited significant antimicrobial activity and low cytocompatibility at dilutions greater than 0.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Generali
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance (C.H.I.M.O.M.O.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (C.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Carlo Bertoldi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance (C.H.I.M.O.M.O.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (C.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Alessandro Bidossi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, I.R.C.C.S. Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy;
| | - Clara Cassinelli
- Nobil Bio Ricerche srl, Via Valcastellana 26, 14037 Portacomaro, Italy; (C.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Marco Morra
- Nobil Bio Ricerche srl, Via Valcastellana 26, 14037 Portacomaro, Italy; (C.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Massimo Del Fabbro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- I.R.C.C.S. Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy;
| | - Paolo Savadori
- I.R.C.C.S. Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy;
| | - Nidambur Vasudev Ballal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, 576104 Karnataka, India;
| | - Luciano Giardino
- Freelance Researcher, 88900 Crotone, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (C.B.); (L.G.)
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18
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Yilmaz Ş, Yoldas O, Dumani A, Guler G, Ilgaz S, Akbal E, Oksuz H, Celik A, Yilmaz B. Calcium hypochlorite on mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (NIH3T3) in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity: MTT and comet assay. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5377-5383. [PMID: 32623618 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial irrigation solutions are widely used under clinical settings. Their effect on dental tissue is a subject of recent research, which aims for a safer irrigant for clinical use. In this regard, here our goal was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and the genotoxicity of calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2) solution, along with NaOCl, on Mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (NIH3T3). First, Cells were treated either with NaOCl or Ca(OCl)2 in a time- and dose-dependent manner for cytotoxicity by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, then cell viability was calculated according to cell proliferation plots. Secondly, genotoxicity was assessed by Comet assay. Data were statistically analyzed by Tukey's test (P < .05). NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2 had similar effects on cellular viability at 3 and 6 h treatments. Cell viability of Ca(OCl)2 at concentrations of 0.0125%, 0.025%, 0.05%, or 0.125% was significantly lower than that of NaOCl at 24 h treatment (P < .05).Comparing Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl treatments at all time points and concentrations, the damaged cell number of Ca(OCl)2 was almost fourfold higher than that of NaOCl. In conclusion, both, NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2 solutions were cytotoxic and genotoxic to NIH3T3, however, Ca(OCl)2 had a significantly higher damaged cell percentage than NaOCl at all time points and concentrations investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şehnaz Yilmaz
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Oguz Yoldas
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Aysin Dumani
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Gizem Guler
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Seda Ilgaz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Eylül Akbal
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Hale Oksuz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ayla Celik
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Bertan Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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19
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Matos FDS, da Silva FR, Paranhos LR, Moura CCG, Bresciani E, Valera MC. The effect of 17% EDTA and QMiX ultrasonic activation on smear layer removal and sealer penetration: ex vivo study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10311. [PMID: 32587397 PMCID: PMC7316761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effect of conventional irrigation (CI) and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) with 17% EDTA and QMiX on the maximum depth and percentage of sealer penetration into the dentinal tubules by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and to describe the cleaning of root canal walls by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Eighty single-rooted human mandibular premolars were instrumented and randomly assigned to four groups (n = 20): EDTA + CI, QMiX + CI, EDTA + PUI, and QMiX + PUI. Ten samples from each group were examined by SEM (2,000×) and the remaining 40 roots were filled with a single gutta-percha cone and AH Plus sealer mixed with 0.1% rhodamine B for analysis by CLSM (10×). Images were assessed at distances of 2 mm (apical), 5 mm (middle), and 8 mm (coronal) from the apex with the Leica Application Suite V4.10 software. The EDTA + PUI and QMiX + PUI protocols presented higher rates of debris/smear layer removal in the apical and middle thirds. The PUI was superior to CI in the maximum depth of sealer penetration at the middle third. The QMiX + PUI group had a higher percentage of sealer penetration at the apical third. The PUI and QMiX protocol improved debris/smear layer removal and tubular dentin sealer penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe de Souza Matos
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| | - Fabrício Rutz da Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiz Renato Paranhos
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Bresciani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcia Carneiro Valera
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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Gokturk H, Ozkocak I, Aydin U, Serefli ED. Effect of different chelating agents and their surface tension on the amount of apically extruded debris. J Dent Sci 2020; 16:195-200. [PMID: 33384797 PMCID: PMC7770288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose During root canal preparation apical extrusion is an undesirable situation that can cause postoperative complications. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of the presence of different chelators in root canals during preparation on the amount of apically extruded debris and to investigate the effect of surface tension of irrigant on the apical extrusion. Materials and methods Ninety extracted mandibular incisor teeth were included. Prior to canal preparation, the teeth were mounted to Eppendorf tubes. Root canals of the samples were prepared with Reciproc instruments in the presence of different chelating agents (17% EDTA-liquid, 17% EDTA-gel, 7% maleic acid, 2.25% peracetic acid, 10% citric acid) and 5% NaOCl. Apically extruded debris was collected in Eppendorf tubes and weighted with an electronic balance. The surface tension of solutions was calculated with the ring method using a du Noüy ring digital tensiometer. The statistical analysis was performed with Tamhane's T2 test for apical extrusion and the Tukey for surface tension. The correlation between apical extrusion and surface tension was compared using Pearson's coefficient. Results The least amount of apically extruded debris was with EDTA-gel, peracetic acid and citric acid which were similar to each other. NaOCl had the highest surface tension whereas peracetic acid and EDTA-liquid had the lowest. There was no significant correlation exists between apical extrusion and surface tension. Conclusion The presence of EDTA-gel, citric acid and peracetic acid in root canals during preparation decreased the amount of apically extruded debris compared to other solutions. The investigated irrigation solutions have no significant effect on the amount of apical debris extrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Gokturk
- Department of Endodontics, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Ismail Ozkocak
- Department of Endodontics, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Ugur Aydin
- Department of Endodontics, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
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Giardino L, Bidossi A, Del Fabbro M, Savadori P, Maddalone M, Ferrari L, Ballal NV, Das S, Rao BSS. Antimicrobial activity, toxicity and accumulated hard‐tissue debris (AHTD) removal efficacy of several chelating agents. Int Endod J 2020; 53:1093-1110. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Giardino
- School of Dentistry University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia Catanzaro Italy
| | - A. Bidossi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi Milano Italy
| | - M. Del Fabbro
- Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences Università degli Studi di Milano Milano Italy
- IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi Milano Italy
| | - P. Savadori
- IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi Milano Italy
| | - M. Maddalone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Milano‐Bicocca Monza Italy
| | - L. Ferrari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Milano‐Bicocca Monza Italy
| | - N. V. Ballal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka India
| | - S. Das
- Department of Radiation Biology and Toxicology Manipal School of Life Sciences Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka India
| | - B. S. S. Rao
- Department of Radiation Biology and Toxicology Manipal School of Life Sciences Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka India
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Antimicrobial effectiveness of etidronate powder (Dual Rinse ® HEDP) and two EDTA preparations against Enterococcus faecalis: a preliminary laboratory study. Odontology 2020; 108:396-405. [PMID: 32112364 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-020-00499-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of two chelating agents: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) combined or not with detergents, and etidronic acid combined with sterile saline. The bacterial inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC, respectively) were determined on Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 4083 strain. Antimicrobial tests were performed on a biofilm model after treatment with the chelating agents at different times (1, 3, and 5 min) using a biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) assays. Quantification of cell biomass and percentage of live and dead cells in the biomass was assessed for each group. The normality of the distributions for each variable was assessed using the D'Agostino and Pearson's omnibus normality test. The comparison of bacterial viability among groups and between any two groups was performed using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance and the Dunn's test, respectively. No significant between-group difference was observed regarding biomass reduction. On the other hand, EDTA combined with detergents displayed a substantial increase of the dead bacteria ranging between 35 and 43%; whereas, the number of cells killed in the control group and in the other treated groups always ranged between 1 and 6%, at all experimental times. The addition of detergents to EDTA can improve its anti-biofilm activity by reducing EPS production and enhancing the killing of sessile bacterial cells. Clinical relevance EDTA presents a relevant antimicrobial activity when combined with surface-active agents.
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Glycolic acid: Characterization of a new final irrigant and effects on flexural strength and structural integrity of dentin. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 106:110283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Dioguardi M, Gioia GD, Illuzzi G, Laneve E, Cocco A, Troiano G. Endodontic irrigants: Different methods to improve efficacy and related problems. Eur J Dent 2019; 12:459-466. [PMID: 30147418 PMCID: PMC6089055 DOI: 10.4103/ejd.ejd_56_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Shaping and cleaning a root canal system along with the preservation of the surrounding periodontal tissues are the principal goals of an endodontic treatment. While most of the attention is paid to the mechanical aspects of a root canal treatment, an essential feature of it is the irrigation. All over the years, many materials have been used to clean the root canal of a tooth, and certainly, the sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solutions are the most used and most reliable ones. Putting them inside of a canal is mostly done using a normal syringe, but many techniques have been involved in this process, including the use of sonic/ultrasonic instruments, the use of shaping files, and even laser, to increase the efficacy of irrigant solutions, especially of NaOCl one. Each one of this technique faces some disadvantages, just as the vapor lock effect and the apical extrusion, and has a different action on features such as the reaction rate and the shear stress of an endodontic irrigant solution. In this narrative review, we describe the different features of many irrigant solutions and the different ways of upgrading their efficacy in the cleaning of a root canal system, with the use of tables to summarize the entire description, and drawing the readers' attention to a photographic illustration for a better understanding of the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Dioguardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia University, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Gioia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia University, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Illuzzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia University, Foggia, Italy
| | - Enrica Laneve
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia University, Foggia, Italy
| | - Armando Cocco
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia University, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Troiano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia University, Foggia, Italy
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Dual Rinse® HEDP increases the surface tension of NaOCl but may increase its dentin disinfection efficacy. Odontology 2019; 107:521-529. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-019-00436-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Kumar PS, Meganathan A, Shriram S, Sampath V, Sekar M. Effect of proanthocyanidin and bamboo salt on the push-out bond strength of an epoxy resin sealer to sodium hypochlorite-treated root dentin: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2019; 22:144-148. [PMID: 31142983 PMCID: PMC6519184 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_377_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In endodontic therapy, final irrigation is often done with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). This jeopardizes the bond strength between the epoxy resin sealer, used subsequently in obturation and radicular dentin. This study aimed to analyze the effect of natural antioxidants, 6.5% proanthocyanidin (PA) and 25% bamboo salt (BS) on the reversal of NaOCl-induced reduced bond strength of an epoxy resin sealer to dentin. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three single-rooted extracted human teeth were randomly divided into three groups based on the final irrigation protocol: group 1 (saline), Group 2 (6.5% PA), and Group 3 (25% BS). The canals were cleaned, shaped, and obturated with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer. 1.5 mm-thick root slices made from coronal, middle, and apical thirds of the canal were subjected to push-out bond strength (PBS) testing. The data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn's post hoc test (P < 0.05). Results: 5.25% NaOCl significantly decreased the bond strength of AH Plus to dentin (P < 0.05). Both 6.5% PA and 25% BS were capable of reversing the compromised PBS of AH Plus to NaOCl-treated dentin. Conclusion: Final irrigation with antioxidants such as PA and BS eliminates the risk of reduced bond strength of AH Plus to root canal walls, which ensues following the use of NaOCl as an irrigant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palmoor Santosh Kumar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand Meganathan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanti Shriram
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vidhya Sampath
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Sekar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Singh S, Singh M, Salgar AR, Chandrahari N, Prathibha N, Koppolu P. Time-Dependent Effect of Various Irrigants for Root Canal on Smear Layer Removal. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2019; 11:S51-S58. [PMID: 30923431 PMCID: PMC6398310 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_195_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Existence of smear layer in root canals caused by instrumentation is believed to prevent penetration of irrigating agents, thereby resulting in endodontic treatment. Aims and Objectives: To compare and evaluate the effectiveness of two irrigants: 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and mixture of tetracycline isomer, an acid, and a detergent (MTAD) as final agents for eliminating the smear layer. Materials and Methods: We included 50 human lower premolar teeth whose crowns were sectioned at cementoenamel junction. The sample was randomly grouped into five groups, each with 10 teeth. Group 1: 1 mL of 17% EDTA as final rinse for 1 min, Group 2: 1 mL of 17% EDTA for 30 s, Group 3: 5 mL of MTAD for 2.5 min, Group 4: 5 mL of MTAD for 5 min, and Group 5: saline. The specimens were sectioned vertically all along the long axis and fixed on an aluminum stub for gold ion sputtering. Scanning electron microscope was used to observe the specimens, and photomicrographs were taken at coronal, middle, and apical thirds of canal, and assessed by Torabinejad scoring system by two examiners, and the observations were analyzed statistically. Results: When Group 1 and Group 2 and Groups 3 and 4 were compared, we found a significant variation in removal of smear layer at cervical and middle thirds, and insignificant difference at apical third. In comparison with EDTA and saline, MTAD was more efficient significantly in middle and cervical thirds and insignificant at apical third. Conclusion: MTAD is an efficient irrigant for removing smear layer than EDTA and saline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Singh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, People's College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal, India
| | - Monika Singh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Modern Dental College and Research Centre, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Abdul R Salgar
- Department of Prosthodontics Crown and Bridge, Al-Badar Dental College and Hospital, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India
| | - Namratha Chandrahari
- Department of Prosthodontics Crown and Bridge, Government Dental College and Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Nandagiri Prathibha
- Department of Prosthodontics Crown and Bridge, Government Dental College and Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Pradeep Koppolu
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Nogo‐Živanović D, Kanjevac T, Bjelović L, Ristić V, Tanasković I. The effect of final irrigation with MTAD, QMix, and EDTA on smear layer removal and mineral content of root canal dentin. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:923-930. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Nogo‐Živanović
- Department for Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of East Sarajevo Foca Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Tatjana Kanjevac
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical SciencesUniversity of Kragujevac Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Bjelović
- Department for Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of East Sarajevo Foca Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Vladimir Ristić
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical SciencesUniversity of Kragujevac Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Irena Tanasković
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical SciencesUniversity of Kragujevac Kragujevac Serbia
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Iglesias JE, Pinheiro LS, Weibel DE, Montagner F, Grecca FS. Influence of surfactants addition on the properties of calcium hypochlorite solutions. J Appl Oral Sci 2019; 27:e20180157. [PMID: 30624467 PMCID: PMC6322640 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of surfactants 0.2% or 0.1% cetrimide (Cet) or 0.008% benzalkonium chloride (BAK) on 2.5% calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2), and compare to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), regarding the properties of pH, free chlorine content, surface tension, contact angle, pulp dissolution and antimicrobial activity. Material and Methods The pH and free chlorine content were evaluated by digital pHmeter and by titration, respectively. Surface tension was measured by the platinum ring technique with a Du Noüy tensiometer. The solution's contact angle in human dentin surfaces was checked by Drop Shape Analyzer software. Bovine pulps were used for pulp dissolution analysis and the dissolving capacity was expressed by percent weight loss. Antimicrobial activity over Enterococcus faecalis was evaluated by the agar diffusion method. Results Surfactants addition to Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl did not alter the pH, free chlorine content and pulp dissolution properties. Ca(OCl)2 had the highest surface tension among all tested solutions. When surfactants were added to Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl, there was a significant reduction of surface tension and contact angle values. The addition of 0.2% or 0.1% Cet enhanced antimicrobial activity of both Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl. Conclusion Surfactant addition to 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 has shown acceptable outcomes for pH, free chlorine content, surface tension, contact angle, pulp dissolution and antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, the addition of 0.2% Cet showed better results for all tested properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Eick Iglesias
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Odontologia Conservadora, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Lucas Siqueira Pinheiro
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Odontologia Conservadora, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Daniel Eduardo Weibel
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Físico-Química, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Francisco Montagner
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Odontologia Conservadora, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Fabiana Soares Grecca
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Odontologia Conservadora, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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Arathi G, Rajakumaran A, Divya S, Malathi N, Saranya V, Kandaswamy D. Comparison of penetrating depth of chlorhexidine and chitosan into dentinal tubules with and without the effect of ultrasonic irrigation. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2019; 23:389-392. [PMID: 31942119 PMCID: PMC6948069 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_194_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Long term success of root canal treatment depends on complete removal of micro-organisms and their by-products. This can be effectively achieved by the ability of the irrigant to penetrate into the dentinal tubules, which is limited in the conventional mechanical debridement of the root canal system. Irrigant activation technique aids in movement of irrigants into the dentinal tubules. Aim: To compare the depth of penetration of root canal irrigants into the dentinal tubules with and without ultrasonics using light microscope. Materials and Methods: Forty noncarious mandibular premolars were used, all the tooth specimens were inoculated with an ATCC 29212 strain of E.faecalis and incubated under nutrient rich aerobic conditions at 37°C. Teeth were sectioned below the cementoenamel junction to obtain a standard length of 8 mm and instrumented with K-files, irrigated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and a final rinse of 17% EDTA. Teeth were divided into four groups of ten each. Group IA was irrigated with 2% Chlorhexidine (CHX) and agitated ultrasonically, Group IB was irrigated with 2% Chlorhexidine, Group IC was irrigated with 2% Chitosan and ultrasonically agitated, Group ID was irrigated with 2 % Chitosan. The tooth specimens were sectioned and subjected to gram staining and viewed under 100X oil immersion microscope. A micrometer grid was attached to the eyepiece to enable measurement of the depth of penetration of the irrigants. Group IA (2% Chlorhexidine with ultrasonic agitation) showed better penetration into the dentinal tubules as compared to Groups IB, IC, ID. Results: Irrigation with 2% Chlorhexidine with ultrasonic agitation had depth of penetration into the dentinal tubules upto 2350 μm. 2% Chlorhexidine without ultrasonic agitation penetrated upto 1800 μm. Chitosan with ultrasonic agitation penetrated upto1250 μm and Chitosan without ultrasonic agitation penetrated upto 44.80 μm. Conclusion: 2% Chlorexidine as irrigant with ultrasonic agitation was found to have maximum depth of penetration into the dentinal tubules when compared with Chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Arathi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arasappan Rajakumaran
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sinha Divya
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Narasimhan Malathi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Varadarajan Saranya
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Deivanayagam Kandaswamy
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Nogo-Zivanovic D, Bjelovic L, Ivanovic V, Kanjevac T, Tanaskovic I. Consideration of the Therapeutic Potential of Irrigants in Endodontic Therapy. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/sjecr-2016-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The main objective of endodontic treatment is to remove vital and necrotic remnants of pulp tissue and microorganisms and their toxic products from the root canal. During chemo-mechanical endodontic preparation, a smear layer is formed on the wall of the canals. Due to an inability to remove all tissue remnants and the smear layer from the root canal by mechanical instrumentation, it is necessary to use irrigation to ensure sufficient cleaning and disinfection of the largest part of the root canalicular system. The most commonly used irrigants are sodium hypochlorite (Na-OCl), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid and chlorhexidine (CHX). Recently, the irrigants QMix and MTAD have been introduced to the market. They are a mixture of different components having antimicrobial, organolytic and mineralytic effects on canal detritus and the smear layer. This review article investigates irrigants in terms of the nature of their effect, their efficiency, optimal concentration, and method of use, and the interactions between the irrigants most commonly used in endodontic therapy are discussed, with special emphasis on QMix and MTAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Nogo-Zivanovic
- Department for Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine , University of East Sarajevo , Foca , Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ljiljana Bjelovic
- Department for Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine , University of East Sarajevo , Foca , Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Vladimir Ivanovic
- Department of Restorative Odontology and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Tatjana Kanjevac
- Department of Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Irena Tanaskovic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
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Ballal NV, Ferrer-Luque CM, Sona M, Prabhu KN, Arias-Moliz T, Baca P. Evaluation of final irrigation regimens with maleic acid for smear layer removal and wettability of root canal sealer. Acta Odontol Scand 2018; 76:199-203. [PMID: 29126370 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2017.1402208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the smear layer removal and wettability of AH Plus sealer on root canal dentin treated with MA (maleic acid), MA + CTR (cetrimide) and MA + CTR + CHX (chlorhexidine) as final irrigating regimens. MATERIAL AND METHODS For smear layer removal, 40 teeth were instrumented to size F4 and divided into four groups: (1) 7% MA, (2) 7% MA + 0.2% CTR, (3) 7% MA + 0.2% CTR + 2% CHX, (4) distilled water (control). After irrigation, teeth were subjected to SEM analysis. For contact angle analysis, 20 teeth were split longitudinally and divided into four groups similar to smear layer analysis. AH plus sealer was placed on each specimen and contact angle was analysed. RESULTS In both smear layer (p = .393) and contact angle analysis (p = .961), there was no significant difference between the groups MA and MA + CTR. However, MA + CTR + CHX removed smear layer less effectively (p = .023) and increased the contact angle of the sealer (p = .005). In smear layer analysis, specimens in negative control group were heavily smeared. In case of contact angle analysis, samples in the control group had least contact angle. CONCLUSION MA alone or in combination with CTR removed smear layer effectively and increased the wettability of AH plus sealer to root canal dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidambur Vasudev Ballal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | | | - Mrunali Sona
- Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India
| | - K. Narayan Prabhu
- Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India
| | - Teresa Arias-Moliz
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Baca
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Poggio C, Dagna A, Chiesa M, Bianchi S, Arciola CR, Visai L, Giardino L. SEM Evaluation of the Root Canal Walls after Treatment with Tetraclean. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 33:660-6. [DOI: 10.1177/039139881003300912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In this ex vivo study, the surface cleanliness of root canal walls after shaping with Ni-Ti instruments and irrigating with different endodontic solutions was evaluated by SEM. Methods 50 single-rooted teeth were divided into 5 groups. All root canals were shaped with Revo-S™ (MICRO-MEGA®, Besancon, France) rotary Ni-Ti instruments and irrigated with NaOCl, varying the final rinse: NaOCl, Tetraclean, 17% EDTA, Cloreximid, Tetraclean liquid not mixed with powder. Specimens were fractured longitudinally and prepared for SEM analysis in order to evaluate the presence/absence of smear layer and the presence/absence of open tubules at the coronal, middle, and apical third of each canal, using a 3-step scale for scores. Numeric data were analyzed using Kruskall-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test and significance was predetermined at p<0.05. Results This study showed significant differences between the various groups. The 5.25% NaOCl + Tetraclean and 5.25% NaOCl + 17% E.D.T.A. groups had significantly lower scores than other groups (p<0.001), with no significant difference between them. Conclusions Final rinse with Tetraclean is effective in removing the smear layer, leaving a high number of opened dentin tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Poggio
- Department of Endodontics, University of Pavia, Pavia - Italy
| | - Alberto Dagna
- Department of Endodontics, University of Pavia, Pavia - Italy
| | - Marco Chiesa
- Department of Endodontics, University of Pavia, Pavia - Italy
| | - Stefano Bianchi
- Department of Endodontics, University of Pavia, Pavia - Italy
| | - Carla Renata Arciola
- Research Unit on Implant Infections of the Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute of Bologna and Experimental Pathology Department of the University of Bologna, Bologna - Italy
| | - Livia Visai
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Tissue Engineering (CIT), University of Pavia, Pavia - Italy
| | - Luciano Giardino
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Brescia, Brescia - Italy
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Patil PH, Gulve MN, Kolhe SJ, Samuel RM, Aher GB. Efficacy of new irrigating solution on smear layer removal in apical third of root canal: A scanning electron microscope study. J Conserv Dent 2018; 21:190-193. [PMID: 29674823 PMCID: PMC5890411 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_155_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate and compare the smear layer removal efficacy of etidronic acid-based irrigating solution with others in the apical third of the root canal. Materials and Methods Forty human single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth were taken and decoronated to standardize the canal length. After biomechanical preparation, teeth were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10) and the final irrigation was carried out with tested irrigants. Group I: normal saline (negative control); Group II: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with surfactant and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) with surfactant; Group III: freshly mixed BioPure MTAD; and Group IV: freshly mixed Chloroquick solution. The teeth were split into two halves and observed under a scanning electron microscope to analyze the amount of smear layer present. Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test. Results Group II (5.25% NaOCl with surfactant followed by 17% EDTA with surfactant) showed least smear layer scores (1.1 ± 0.3162). This was followed by Group III (MTAD) (2.2 ± 0.4216) and then Group IV (Chloroquick) (2.4 ± 0.5164). Conclusion Sequential use of 5.25% NaOCl with surfactant and 17% EDTA with surfactant was found to be the most efficient than MTAD and Chloroquick in the removal of smear layer in the apical third of root canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Himmatrao Patil
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, M. G. V's KBH Dental College and Hospital, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Meenal Nitin Gulve
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, M. G. V's KBH Dental College and Hospital, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Swapnil Janardan Kolhe
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, M. G. V's KBH Dental College and Hospital, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Roshan Mathew Samuel
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, M. G. V's KBH Dental College and Hospital, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gayatri Balasaheb Aher
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, M. G. V's KBH Dental College and Hospital, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
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Dragan O, Tomuta I, Casoni D, Sarbu C, Campian R, Frentiu T. Influence of Mixed Additives on the Physicochemical Properties of a 5.25% Sodium Hypochlorite Solution: An Unsupervised Multivariate Statistical Approach. J Endod 2017; 44:280-285.e3. [PMID: 29153984 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This article reports for the first time the effects of multiple additives (polyethylene glycol 400, Triton X-100, benzalkonium chloride, and ethyl formate) on the surface tension, pH, and viscosity of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigant solution. Advanced statistical approaches based on unsupervised multivariate analysis (cluster analysis and principal component analysis) were used to quantify the variability of the physicochemical properties of the modified NaOCl solution for the first time in dentistry. METHODS Solutions of 5.25% NaOCl were modified with multiple additives in various concentrations, physicochemical parameters were measured at 22°C and 37°C, and the results were statistically analyzed to group the solutions and reveal the effects of additives. RESULTS Cluster analysis and principal component analysis revealed that pH and surface tension were the significant parameters (P < .05) for grouping the modified solutions. Four principal components, accounting for 90.6% of the total variance, were associated with flow characteristics (37.3%) determined by polyethylene glycol; the wetting property (22.5% and 10.5%), which was dependent on cationic and nonionic surfactant; and the antimicrobial effect (20.3%) influenced by ethyl formate. Varimax rotation of the principal components showed that the cationic surfactant (benzalkonium chloride) had significantly decreased surface tension compared with the nonionic surfactant (Triton-X). Although ethyl formate was introduced as an odor modifier, it had a significant effect on pH decrease and the occurrence of effervescence with O2 and hypochlorous acid release. CONCLUSIONS The statistical results revealed that the 5.25% NaOCl irrigant solution should be modified with a mixture of 0.1% benzalkonium chloride, 1% ethyl formate, and 7% polyethylene glycol for obtaining a low pH and low surface tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Dragan
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioan Tomuta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dorina Casoni
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Costel Sarbu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Radu Campian
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Tiberiu Frentiu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Giardino L, Del Fabbro M, Cesario F, Fernandes FS, Andrade FB. Antimicrobial effectiveness of combinations of oxidant and chelating agents in infected dentine: an ex vivo
confocal laser scanning microscopy study. Int Endod J 2017; 51:448-456. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Giardino
- School of Dentistry; University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia; Catanzaro Italy
| | - M. Del Fabbro
- Department of Biomedical; Surgical and Dental Sciences; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute; Milan Italy
| | - F. Cesario
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials; Bauru School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo; Bauru SP Brazil
| | - F. S. Fernandes
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials; Bauru School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo; Bauru SP Brazil
| | - F. B. Andrade
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials; Bauru School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo; Bauru SP Brazil
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Influence of ultrasonic activation over final irrigants in the removal of photosensitizer from root canal walls after photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 17:216-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Effectiveness of final decontamination protocols against Enterococcus faecalis and its influence on bond strength of filling material to root canal dentin. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 17:92-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Koçak S, Bağcı N, Çiçek E, Türker SA, Can Sağlam B, Koçak MM. Influence of passive ultrasonic irrigation on the efficiency of various irrigation solutions in removing smear layer: a scanning electron microscope study. Microsc Res Tech 2017; 80:537-542. [PMID: 28112855 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Koçak
- Department of Endodontics; Bülent Ecevit University Faculty of Dentistry; Zonguldak Turkey
| | - Nur Bağcı
- Department of Endodontics; Bülent Ecevit University Faculty of Dentistry; Zonguldak Turkey
| | - Ersan Çiçek
- Department of Endodontics; Bülent Ecevit University Faculty of Dentistry; Zonguldak Turkey
| | - Sevinç Aktemur Türker
- Department of Endodontics; Bülent Ecevit University Faculty of Dentistry; Zonguldak Turkey
| | - Baran Can Sağlam
- Department of Endodontics; Bülent Ecevit University Faculty of Dentistry; Zonguldak Turkey
| | - Mustafa Murat Koçak
- Department of Endodontics; Bülent Ecevit University Faculty of Dentistry; Zonguldak Turkey
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Giardino L, Andrade FBD, Beltrami R. Antimicrobial Effect and Surface Tension of Some Chelating Solutions with Added Surfactants. Braz Dent J 2016; 27:584-588. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201600985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract This study assessed the antimicrobial efficacy and surface tension of established irrigating solutions with a new experimental chelating solution in infected dentin tubes. Twenty-five specimens were randomly assigned to each of the irrigating solutions. Twenty specimens were used as negative and positive controls. After 21 days of contamination with E. faecalis, the irrigating solutions MTAD, QMiX and Tetraclean NA were delivered into each infected root canal. The solutions were removed and dentin samples were withdrawn from the root canals with sterile low-speed round burs with increasing ISO diameters. The dentin powder samples obtained with each bur were immediately collected in separate test tubes containing 3 mL of BHI broth. After that, 100 μL from each test tube was cultured on blood agar. The grown colonies were counted and recorded as colony-forming units (CFU). The surface tension of the irrigants was measured using a Cahn DCA-322 Dynamic Contact Angle Analyzer. A Kruskal Wallis nonparametric ANOVA and a Friedman test were used (p<0.05). Tetraclean NA showed lower surface tension and CFU values than MTAD and QMiX. Better antibacterial action and low surface tension were observed for Tetraclean NA, probably due to the improved penetration into the root canal and dentinal tubes
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Cherian B, Gehlot PM, Manjunath MK. Comparison of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Octenidine Dihydrochloride and Chlorhexidine with and Without Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation - An Invitro Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:ZC71-7. [PMID: 27504415 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/17911.8021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elimination of microorganisms from infected root canals is a complicated task. Numerous measures have been described to reduce the microbial load in the root canal system, including the use of various instrumentation techniques, irrigation regimens and intracanal medicaments. The drawbacks of few commonly used irrigants include toxic and harmful side effects, microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents and staining. Hence there is a need for alternative agents which are nontoxic, effective and safe. AIM To compare and evaluate antimicrobial effects of 2% Chlorhexidine (CHX) versus 0.1% Octenidine Dihydrochloride (OCT) as root canal irrigant with and without passive ultrasonic irrigation against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) in vitro and to evaluate the depth of penetration of irrigant solution into the dentinal tubules at the junction of middle and apical third. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty eight freshly extracted, single rooted human mandibular premolars were decoronated and root specimen standardized to 14mm. Biofilm of E. faecalis (strain ATCC 29212) was grown for seven days and the specimens were divided into four groups (n=12) based on irrigation protocol : Group I- Conventional Syringe Irrigation (CSI) with 2% CHX, Group II- CSI + 0.1% OCT, Group III-Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation (PUI) + 2% CHX and Group IV- PUI+ 0.1% OCT. Dentin shavings were collected at two depths (200μm and 400μm) and total number of colony forming units were determined. The data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA, Scheffes multiple comparison of means and paired t-test (p<0.05). RESULTS Group III and IV (PUI) showed significant difference compared to Group I and II (CSI) both at 200μm and 400μm (p=0.000). For Group III and Group IV no significant differences were found at 200μm and 400μm (p=1.000 and 0.363 respectively), however significant difference was found between data at 200μm and 400μm for all the four groups (p=0.000). CONCLUSION Octenidine (0.1%) was more effective than 2% Chlorhexidine against E. faecalis both at 200μm and 400μm. Passive ultrasonic irrigation proved to enhance the antimicrobial action of the irrigants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastin Cherian
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, JSS Dental College and Hospital , Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Paras Mull Gehlot
- Reader, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, JSS Dental College and Hospital , Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mysore Krishnaswamy Manjunath
- Professor and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, JSS Dental College and Hospital , Mysore, Karnataka, India
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Souza MA, Montagner A, Lana DLD, Vidal CMP, Farina AP, Cecchin D. Comparative evaluation of the retaining of QMix and chlorhexidine formulations on human dentin: a chemical analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 21:873-878. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1837-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Palazzi F, Blasi A, Mohammadi Z, Fabbro MD, Estrela C. Penetration of Sodium Hypochlorite Modified with Surfactants into Root Canal Dentin. Braz Dent J 2016; 27:208-16. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201600650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of concentration, exposure time and temperature of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) added with surfactants on its penetration into dentinal tubules. Sixty-five extracted human permanent maxillary anterior teeth with single canals were prepared by ProTaper SX hand-operated instruments. The teeth were then sectioned perpendicular to the long axis. The crowns and apical thirds of all the teeth were removed. The remaining roots were processed into 4-mm-long blocks and stained overnight in crystal violet. One hundred and thirty stained blocks were further split into halves and treated by nine different types of NaOCl-based solutions. Three solutions were added with surfactants (Hypoclean, H6, Chlor-Xtra) and the others were regular hypochlorites at increasing concentrations (1%, 2%, 4%, 5.25%, <6%, 6% NaOCl) from different brands. The dentin blocks were exposed to the solutions for 2, 5, and 20 min at 20 °C, 37 °C and 45 °C, respectively. The depth of NaOCl penetration was determined by bleaching of the stain and measured by light microscopy at 20 and 40. Statistical comparisons were made by using a generalized linear model with Bonferroni's post-hoc correction. The shortest penetration (81±6.6 μm) was obtained after incubation in 1% NaOCl for 2 min at 20 °C; the highest penetration (376.3±3.8 μm) was obtained with Chlor-Xtra for 20 min at 45 °C. Varying NaOCl concentration produced a minimal effect while temperature and exposure time had a significant direct relationship with NaOCl penetration into dentinal tubules, especially those with lowered surface tension. The exposure time and temperature of sodium hypochlorite as well as the addition of surfactants may influence the penetration depth of irrigants into dentinal tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zahed Mohammadi
- Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Iran
| | - Massimo Del Fabbro
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Italy
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Ayranci LB, Arslan H, Akcay M, Capar ID, Gok T, Saygili G. Effectiveness of laser-assisted irrigation and passive ultrasonic irrigation techniques on smear layer removal in middle and apical thirds. SCANNING 2016; 38:121-127. [PMID: 26183211 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the evaluation of laser-assisted irrigation (LAI) on the removal of the smear layer as compared to passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI). Forty-eight single-rooted, upper-central incisor teeth were selected and prepared with ProTaper rotary instruments up to size #40 (F4) at the working lengths. Specimens were divided into four groups, as follows: (a) PUI with 5 mL of 2.5% NaOCl for 60 s; (b) PUI with 2.5 mL of 17% EDTA and 2.5 mL of 2.5% NaOCl each for 30 s; (c) LAI with 5 mL of 2.5% NaOCl for 60 s; and (d) LAI with 2.5 mL of 17% EDTA and 2.5 mL of 2.5% NaOCl each for 30 s. In the PUI groups, the ultrasonically activated file was inserted 1 mm short of the working length, but in the LAI groups, the fiber tip was applied into the pulp chamber. LAI in the pulp chamber with the combination of 17% EDTA and 2.5% NaOCl removed more of the smear layer than the other groups (p < 0.018). LAI in the pulp chamber with the combination of 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA better removed the smear layer than LAI applied similarly but without EDTA or PUI with the same NaOCl and EDTA combinations using an ultrasonically activated file inserted 1 mm short of the working length.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Ayranci
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - H Arslan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - M Akcay
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Katip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - I D Capar
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Katip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - T Gok
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Katip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - G Saygili
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Katip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey
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Yadav HK, Tikku AP, Chandra A, Yadav RK, Patel DK. Efficacy of etidronic acid, BioPure MTAD and SmearClear in removing calcium ions from the root canal: An in vitro study. Eur J Dent 2016; 9:523-528. [PMID: 26929691 PMCID: PMC4745234 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.172613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to quantify the amount of calcium ions removed from the root canal by etidronic acid (HEBP), BioPure MTAD, and SmearClear using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty (n = 50) freshly extracted human mandibular premolar teeth were collected and decoronated at the cementoenamel junction. The canals were prepared in a crown down fashion using the rotary system and copiously irrigated with 1.0% sodium hypochlorite. All specimens were rinsed with the deionized water. Based on the type of chelating agent used, the samples (n = 10) were randomly divided into five (four test and one negative control) groups. Accordingly, Group I - 9% HEBP, Group II - 18% HEBP, Group III - SmearClear, Group IV - BioPure MTAD, and Group V - normal Saline. Subsequent to irrigation, the solution was collected in a test tube and subjected to atomic absorption spectrophotometer for the quantification of calcium ions removed from the root canal. RESULTS The mean concentration of calcium ions removed from the root canal (mean ± standard deviation) in all groups (I-V) were 13.32 ± 0.54 μg/ml, 16.36 ± 0.27 μg/ml, 20.04 ± 0.24 μg/ml, 18.15 ± 0.39 μg/ml, and 8.74 ± 0.49 μg/ml, respectively. CONCLUSIONS SmearClear was the most effective agent for the removal of calcium ions from the root canal. Hence, its combined use with an organic solvent can be recommended for efficient smear layer removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Kumar Yadav
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - A P Tikku
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Chandra
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Patel
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Giardino L, Mohammadi Z, Beltrami R, Poggio C, Estrela C, Generali L. Influence of Temperature on the Antibacterial Activity of Sodium Hypochlorite. Braz Dent J 2016; 27:32-6. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201600627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial activity of 5.25% NaOCl, Hypoclean and Chlor-Xtra at 20 °C and 45 °C in bovine root dentin. One-hundred-and-seventy dentin tubes prepared from bovine maxillary incisors were infected for 21 days with Enterococcus faecalis. The specimens were divided into the following groups: 1. 5.25% NaOCl 20 °C; 2. Hypoclean 20 °C; 3. Chlor-Xtra 20 °C; 4. 5.25% % NaOCl 45 °C; 5. Hypoclean 45 °C; 6. Chlor-Xtra 45 °C; 7. positive control; 8. negative control. Dentin chips were collected with round burs into Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth. After culturing, the number of colony-forming units (CFU) was counted. Statistical analyses were performed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, median), Shapiro-Wilk test, ANOVA and Tukey test. Significance level was set at p<0.05. In all experimental groups, CFU was minimum after treatment (day 0) and the obtained results were significantly different from each other at any period (p<0.05). After treatment, the Hypoclean and Chlor-Xtra showed the lowest numbers of CFU at 20 °C and 45 °C, whereas 5.25% NaOCl showed the highest number of CFU at both temperatures. In each group, the number of CFUs increased significantly with time (p<0.05). The antibacterial activity of Hypoclean and Chlor-Xtra at 45 °C were significantly greater than other tested solutions.
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Keles A, Kamalak A, Keskin C, Akçay M, Uzun İ. The efficacy of laser, ultrasound and self-adjustable file in removing smear layer debris from oval root canals following retreatment: A scanning electron microscopy study. AUST ENDOD J 2016; 42:104-111. [DOI: 10.1111/aej.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Keles
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Ondokuz Mayıs University; Samsun Turkey
| | - Aliye Kamalak
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; İnönü University; Malatya Turkey
| | - Cangül Keskin
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Ondokuz Mayıs University; Samsun Turkey
| | - Merve Akçay
- Department of Pedodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Katip Çelebi University; İzmir Turkey
| | - İsmail Uzun
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Ondokuz Mayıs University; Samsun Turkey
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Ruiz-Linares M, Aguado-Pérez B, Baca P, Arias-Moliz MT, Ferrer-Luque CM. Efficacy of antimicrobial solutions against polymicrobial root canal biofilm. Int Endod J 2016; 50:77-83. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ruiz-Linares
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | | | - P. Baca
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | | | - C. M. Ferrer-Luque
- Department of Dental Pathology and Therapeutics; School of Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
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Ganesh A, Nagendrababu V, John A, Deivanayagam K. The Effect of Addition of an EPS Degrading Enzyme with and without Detergent to 2% Chlorhexidine on Disruption of Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm: A Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopic Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:ZC61-5. [PMID: 26675655 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/14602.6829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterococcus faecalis is one of the most commonly occurring organisms retrieved from root canal treated teeth that show refractory apical periodontitis. Though it is well known that the ability of E. faecalis to form a matrix-encased biofilm contributes to its pathogenicity, the role of extracellular dextran and DNA in biofilm formation and its effect on the susceptibility of the biofilm to chlorhexidine remains poorly understood. It was hypothesized that the addition of an Extracellular Polymeric Substance (EPS) degrading enzyme along with a detergent to chlorhexidine may increase the susceptibility of the E. faecalis biofilm. AIM To evaluate the sensitivity of Enterococcus faecalis biofilms treated with DNase enzyme and their susceptibility to 2% chlorhexidine used alone or in conjunction with a detergent in a dentin disinfection model and examine under confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Semi cylindrical shaped dentin specimens were infected with E. faecalis and incubated for 24 hours. Following incubation, the infected dentin specimens were exposed for 3 minutes to the four disinfecting solutions and grouped accordingly. {Group I- Sterile saline, Group II- 2% Chlorhexidine (CHX), Group III- Dnase1 Enzyme + 2% CHX, Group IV- DNase1 Enzyme + 2% CHX & Tween 80. Bacterial viability was then assessed by staining the specimens and examining under CLSM to analyse the proportion of dead and live bacteria within the dentinal tubules. RESULTS The Groups II, III and IV showed statistically significant (p<0.05) percentage of dead bacteria compared to the control (Group I). However there was no significant difference in the killing effectiveness within the experimental groups (II-IV) at (p<0.05). CONCLUSION EPS degrading enzyme (DNase I) disrupts the biofilm and increases the susceptibility of E.faecalis when exposed to 2% Chlorhexidine and the use of a surfactant with this combination significantly contributes to improving the antibacterial efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathi Ganesh
- Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University , Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Venkateshbabu Nagendrababu
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Restorative Dentistry, International Medical University , Kula Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Aby John
- Former Post Graduate, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University , Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Kandaswamy Deivanayagam
- Dean, Professor and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University , Porur, Chennai, India
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Poggio C, Ceci M, Beltrami R, Colombo M, Dagna A. Viscosity of endodontic irrigants: Influence of temperature. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2015; 12:425-30. [PMID: 26604955 PMCID: PMC4630705 DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.166189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the influence of temperature on the viscosity of different endodontic irrigants. MATERIALS AND METHODS The measurements of viscosity of 3% hydrogen peroxide, 0.9% sodium chloride, aqueous solution of 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and 0.2% cetrimide, 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at different temperatures (22°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C and 60°C) were obtained using Mohr balance and Ostwald viscometer. The Shapiro-Wilk test and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used for the statistical analysis. (α = 0.05). RESULTS No significant differences were recorded at each temperature among 3% hydrogen peroxide, 0.9% sodium chloride and aqueous solution of 0.2% CHX and 0.2% cetrimide. 5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA showed the higher values. Viscosity statistically decreased with increasing temperature. CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this study, 5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA are significantly viscous at room temperature and their viscosity reduces with elevating temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Poggio
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Dentistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Ceci
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Dentistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Beltrami
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Section of Statistics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Colombo
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Dentistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alberto Dagna
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Dentistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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