Influence of Mixed Additives on the Physicochemical Properties of a 5.25% Sodium Hypochlorite Solution: An Unsupervised Multivariate Statistical Approach

INTRODUCTION

This article reports for the first time the effects of multiple additives (polyethylene glycol 400, Triton X-100, benzalkonium chloride, and ethyl formate) on the surface tension, pH, and viscosity of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigant solution. Advanced statistical approaches based on unsupervised multivariate analysis (cluster analysis and principal component analysis) were used to quantify the variability of the physicochemical properties of the modified NaOCl solution for the first time in dentistry.

METHODS

Solutions of 5.25% NaOCl were modified with multiple additives in various concentrations, physicochemical parameters were measured at 22°C and 37°C, and the results were statistically analyzed to group the solutions and reveal the effects of additives.

RESULTS

Cluster analysis and principal component analysis revealed that pH and surface tension were the significant parameters (P < .05) for grouping the modified solutions. Four principal components, accounting for 90.6% of the total variance, were associated with flow characteristics (37.3%) determined by polyethylene glycol; the wetting property (22.5% and 10.5%), which was dependent on cationic and nonionic surfactant; and the antimicrobial effect (20.3%) influenced by ethyl formate. Varimax rotation of the principal components showed that the cationic surfactant (benzalkonium chloride) had significantly decreased surface tension compared with the nonionic surfactant (Triton-X). Although ethyl formate was introduced as an odor modifier, it had a significant effect on pH decrease and the occurrence of effervescence with O₂ and hypochlorous acid release.

CONCLUSIONS

The statistical results revealed that the 5.25% NaOCl irrigant solution should be modified with a mixture of 0.1% benzalkonium chloride, 1% ethyl formate, and 7% polyethylene glycol for obtaining a low pH and low surface tension.

Kinetics of solvent-free lipase-catalyzed glycerolysis of olive oil in surfactant system

This work reports experimental data and kinetic modeling of solvent-free glycerolysis of olive oil using a commercial immobilized lipase (Novozym 435) in the presence of Triton X-100 surfactant for the production of monoacylglycerols (MAG) and diacylglycerols (DAG). The experiments were performed in batch mode evaluating the effects of temperature (30-70 degrees C), enzyme concentration (2.5-18 wt %), Triton X-100 concentration (10-20 wt %), and glycerol to oil molar ratio (3:1, 6:1, and 9:1). Experimental results showed that lipase-catalyzed solvent-free glycerolysis with the addition of Triton X-100 might be a potential alternative route to conventional organic solvent methods, as good conversions were obtained with relatively low enzyme concentrations (9 wt %) in short reaction times (240 min). The glycerolysis and hydrolysis parallel reactions were considered with rate constants estimated by minimizing a maximum likelihood function. A very satisfactory agreement between experimental data and model results was obtained, thus allowing a better understanding of the reaction kinetics.

Beta vulgaris L. Suspension Cultures Permeabilized with Triton X-100 Retain Cell Viability and Betacyanines Production Ability: A Digital Image Analysis Study

The influence of Triton X-100 on Beta vulgaris L. permeabilized cell culture viability, regrowth, and ability to produce betacyanines was evaluated in this study. A non-destructive method based on the analysis of images in the RGB (red, green, blue) system was developed to estimate betacyanines content. A treatment for 15 min with 0.7 mM Triton X-100 induced the release of 30% of betacyanines without loss of cell viability (>or=70%). After this permeabilization treatment, B. vulgaris cultures regrew normally, reaching a maximum biomass concentration of 48% higher than non-permeabilized cultures after 14 days of culture. Also, maximum betacyanines concentration was only 25% lower than that of non-permeabilized cultures.

Absorption enhancement of poorly absorbed hydrophilic compounds from various mucosal sites by combination of mucolytic agent and non-ionic surfactant

Absorption enhancement of poorly absorbed hydrophilic compounds from various mucosal sites by co-administration of a mucolytic agent and a non-ionic surfactant was examined in rats. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran with average molecular weight of ca. 4.4kDa (FD-4), and salmon calcitonin (SCT) were used as model compounds. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and p-t-octyl phenol polyoxyethylene-9.5 (Triton X-100, TX-100) were selected as a mucolytic agent and a non-ionic surfactant, respectively. Dosing solutions containing these agents were administered into various mucosal sites including the nose, the lung and the large intestine, and the bioavailabilities were determined. The combination of 5% NAC and 5% TX-100 significantly enhanced the nasal, the pulmonary and the large intestinal absorption of FD-4 compared to the control, and the enhancement ratios relative to the control were 7.2-, 2.8- and 4.5-fold, respectively. The different enhancement ratio among the administration sites explored indicates that the absorption enhancing effect of the combination of NAC and TX-100 is site-dependent. This combination also improved the nasal and the pulmonary absorption of SCT, and the enhancement ratios relative to the control were 6.1- and 8.1-fold, respectively. All these results suggest that the combination strategy of a mucolytic agent and a non-ionic surfactant may be widely applicable to various mucosal deliveries of poorly absorbed hydrophilic compounds.

Solvent/detergent plasma for prevention of bleeding in recessively inherited coagulation disorders: dosing, pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

This open-label multicenter trial of solvent/detergent (SD) plasma involving 17 patients with recessively inherited coagulation disorders (one afibrinogenemia, four FV, six combined FV and FVIII, one FX and five FXI deficiencies) evaluated the pharmacokinetics of the deficient factors and hemostatic efficacy.

DESIGN AND METHODS

In vivo recovery (IVR) of the deficient coagulation factor was determined in a non-bleeding state in all patients and the mean values for FV, FVIII, FX, FXI and fibrinogen were 1.3, 1.2, 1.5, 1.3 and 1.5 dL/Kg, respectively. The mean plasma half-life of FV, FVIII and FX was 18, 43 and 33 hours, respectively. All patients underwent replacement therapy for elective procedures at risk of bleeding (surgery in 14 cases and vaginal delivery in two patients), except one treated for a central nervous system surgical emergency.

RESULTS

Treatment courses with SD plasma were judged fully effective in 13/16 cases (81%). In the remaining three cases, mild bleeding occurred after major surgery in a FV deficient patient with a factor level of 43% and in a FXI deficient patient when factor levels were between 20% and 41%; and after minor surgery in a patient with FV and FVIII deficiency when factor levels were 41% and 18%, respectively. Bleeding was controlled by continuing or increasing treatment with SD plasma.

INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that, even though the current absolute risk of blood-borne infections associated with fresh-frozen plasma is relatively small, SD plasma should be preferred in patients with recessively inherited coagulation disorders who need replacement therapy when virus-inactivated single-factor concentrates are not available.

Effects of temperature on the wall strength and compliance of frog mesenteric microvessels

In single perfused mesenteric microvessels of pithed frogs, we assessed wall strength from the critical pressure, PB, which has to be applied within the vessel in order to induce openings in the walls through which fluid and cells can extravasate. PB was determined in capillaries and venules of tissues at 12-20 The P(B) (mean +/- S.E.M.) in 22 vessels between 12 and 20 degrees C, P(B) was 92.0 +/- 7.40 cm H2O which was significantly higher than at room temperatures (P<0.001). The compliance of the vessel wall was estimated using both the red cell method and the oil meniscus technique. There was no measurable effect of temperature on wall compliance. The compliance of vessels from which the cells had been removed by previous perfusion with detergent solutions was very similar to that of intact vessels between 12 and 20 degrees C and between 0 and 5 degrees C. The negligible effects of temperature upon compliance suggest that microvessel walls have to be distended to a greater extent in cold tissue before P(B) is reached. This, together with their rapid closure, is consistent with the hypothesis that pressure-induced openings in microvascular walls are dependent on an active response of the endothelium rather than being the result of stress failure of the basement membrane.

Erythrocyte hemolysis by detergents

The numbers of Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate molecules required to form respective pores were estimated from the relationship between the detergent concentrations and the rates of fast and slow hemolysis components. It has been found that the slow hemolysis component evoked by Triton X-100 is related to the existence of two different pores. It is shown that the fast hemolysis component induced by sodium dodecyl sulfate is associated with the modification of phosphatidylcholine which determines the break in the Arrhenius plots of the hemolysis rate within the range of 20 degrees C. The shape of hemolysis kinetic curves and the dependence of hemolytic parameters on the detergent concentration and temperature are discussed based on the concept of hemolysis caused by the formation of pores in various membrane lipid regions and by releasing vesicles from erythrocytes.

Transurethral enzymatic ablation of the prostate: canine model

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to investigate the toxicity and potential usefulness of transurethral prostatic injection of a collagenase-based solution in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia in dogs.

METHODS

The injected solution contained collagenase, hyaluronidase, Triton X-100, and gentamicin. Twenty-one dogs were randomly divided into three groups for transurethral prostatic needle injection: two treatment groups were observed for 6 and 12 weeks and a control group was observed for 12 weeks. Laboratory studies, clinical monitoring, and complete postmortem examination were performed in all animals.

RESULTS

Gross hematuria was noted in all dogs for a mean of 4 days after injection. No significant postoperative morbidity was noted. There were no significant differences in the values of laboratory tests among the three groups except for a mean increase in serum level of aspartate transaminase for treatment groups on postoperative day 1; this resolved by postoperative day 7. Histologically, all treated prostates had stromal atrophy and cystic acinar dilation involving about 30% of the gland without extraprostatic extension of these changes. The urethra, bladder, rectum, testicles, kidney, liver, and lungs were normal and intact in all animals.

CONCLUSIONS

Transurethral injection of this enzyme solution creates a predictable, favorable histologic response in the canine prostate. The procedure appears safe and warrants further investigation for treatment of human benign prostatic hyperplasia.

A polymer-Triton X-100 conjugate capable of PH-dependent red blood cell lysis: a model system illustrating the possibility of drug delivery within acidic intracellular compartments

Poly(amidoamines) are soluble polymers containing tertiary amino and amido groups regularly arranged along the macromolecular chain, and their net average charge alters considerably as pH changes from neutral to acidic leading to a change in conformation. This property provides the possibility to design polymer-drug conjugates that are, following intravenous administration, relatively compacted and thus protect a drug payload in the circulation, but following pinocytic internalisation into acidic intracellular compartments unfold permitting pH-triggered intracellular drug delivery. To study the feasibility of this approach, a covalent conjugate of a poly(amidoamine) (MBI) was prepared to contain the membrane lytic non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 (as a model), and its ability to lyse red blood cells in vitro was used as an indicator of conjugate conformation at at different pHs. Although Triton X-100 was highly lytic at pH 5.5, 7.4 and 8.0, and the parent polymer MBI was not lytic under any conditions, the conjugate only showed concentration-dependent red blood cell lysis at pH 5.5. Moreover, incubation of human leukaemic cells (CCRF) with these substrates showed conjugate to be more toxic than MBI (IC50 values of 100 micrograms/ml and 650 micrograms/ml respectively) and less toxic than Triton X-100 (IC50 of 1 microgram/ml).

Low concentration of Triton X-100 inhibits diacylglycerol acyltransferase without measurable effect on phosphatidate phosphohydrolase in the human primordial placenta

Agents causing accumulation of endogenous diacylglycerols (DAG) may be helpful in studies on the intracellular regulatory effects and on the mechanisms of attenuation of this putative second messenger. In a previous study (Tóth et al., BBA 921 (1987) 417-425) we have shown a marked stimulatory effect of low micellar concentration (0.05%, v/v) of Triton X-100 on the labelling of phosphatidic acid with (32P)phosphate in minced human primordial placenta. The present results demonstrate that 0.05% Triton X-100 inhibits nearly completely the conversion of (3H)diacylglycerols into (3H)triacylglycerols in placenta fragments incubated with (3H)glucose. However, this concentration of the detergent does not have any effect on the appearance of label in the sum of acylglycerols (comprising mono-, di- and triacylglycerols) and phosphatidylcholine, indicating a lack of effect on phosphatidate phosphohydrolase. The about 5-fold elevation of (3H)diacylglycerols was attended by an approximately 3-fold rise in (3H)phosphatidic acid and a 1.3-fold increase in the labelling of phosphatidylcholine. These findings provide supportive evidence that 1,2-DAG was formed due to inhibition of DAG-acyltransferase and suggest that some of the DAG was transformed into phosphatidic acid by diacylglycerol-kinase.