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Brunswick J, Spiro J, Wisniewski P. Vagococcus: An under-recognized and emerging cause of antibiotic-resistant infection. IDCases 2024; 36:e01995. [PMID: 38883211 PMCID: PMC11176958 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2024.e01995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Vagococcus, a bacterium generally isolated from fish and domestic animals, is a rarely reported human pathogen whose clinical characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility remain uncertain. In this case report we describe a 19-year-old active-duty military sailor who suffered a blast injury to the left foot from a firework explosion. The injury was complicated by a polymicrobial wound infection that included Vagococcus fluvialis. Vagococcus spp. infections in humans are often associated with skin and soft tissue infection, including those resulting from trauma or blast injuries. This case serves to highlight this pathogen's role in causing invasive infections and as well as the importance of recognizing its clinical characteristics and antibiotic resistance profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Brunswick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Naval Medical Readiness and Training Center, 34800 Bob Wilson Drive, San Diego, CA 92134, United States
| | - Jeffrey Spiro
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Naval Medical Readiness and Training Center, 34800 Bob Wilson Drive, San Diego, CA 92134, United States
| | - Piotr Wisniewski
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
- 2nd Medical Battalion, Camp Lejeune, Building 327, Camp Lejeune, NC 28547, United States
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2
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Chen Q, Tan S, Long S, Wang K, Liu Q. Vagococcus fluvialis isolation from the urine of a bladder cancer patient: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:261. [PMID: 38409020 PMCID: PMC10898091 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09082-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vagococcus fluvialis infection is rare in humans, and there is limited research on the clinical manifestations and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Vagococcus fluvialis infection. Here, We isolated Vagococcus fluvialis from the urine samples of bladder cancer patients at Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, and it is the first reported case of Vagococcus fluvialis isolated from the urine. The fully automated microbial identification system and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) identified the bacterium as Vagococcus fluvialis with a confidence level of 99.9%. The VITEK-2Compact fully automated microbial susceptibility analysis system indicated that it was most sensitive to tigecycline, vancomycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, linezolid, and showed moderate sensitivity to erythromycin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin/sulbactam, and tetracycline. Additionally, it exhibited synergy when combined with high-level gentamicin and vancomycin, showing sensitivity. However, it displayed poor activity against penicillin and furanth. According to our knowledge, this is the first study to isolate and identify Vagococcus fluvialis from the urine of bladder cancer patients and the systematically reviewed other reported Vagococcus infections on human, which provide an experimental basis for guiding the rational use of drugs in the clinical treatment and diagnose of Vagococcus fluvialis infection and related pathogenic mechanism research. Meanwhile, we have systematically reviewed other reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Department of Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, 410005, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Siwen Tan
- Department of Comprehensive Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, 410005, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Long
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Province People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, 410005, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Kaixuan Wang
- Department of Comprehensive Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, 410005, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Comprehensive Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, 410005, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.
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3
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Elashiry MM, Bergeron BE, Tay FR. Enterococcus faecalis in secondary apical periodontitis: Mechanisms of bacterial survival and disease persistence. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106337. [PMID: 37683835 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a commensal bacterium commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract. However, in individuals with compromised immune systems, the pathogen can lead to severe illness. This opportunistic pathogen is associated with secondary apical diseases and is adept at resisting antibiotics and other forms of treatment because of its numerous virulence factors. Enterococcus faecalis is capable of disrupting the normal functions of immune cells, thereby hindering the body's ability to eradicate the infection. However, intensive research is needed in further understanding the adverse immunomodulatory effects of E. faecalis. Potential strategies specific for eradicating E. faecalis have proven beneficial in the treatment of persistent secondary apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Elashiry
- Department of Endodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA; Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Brian E Bergeron
- Department of Endodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
| | - Franklin R Tay
- Department of Endodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
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4
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Alhadainy HA, Abdel-Karim AH, Fouad AF. Prevalence of Fusobacterium Species in Endodontic Infections Detected With Molecular Methods: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Endod 2023; 49:1249-1261. [PMID: 37611654 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endodontic infections are polymicrobial; however, investigating the role of bacterial species is critical because they may influence pathogenesis, the development of symptoms, or the persistence of disease. This systematic review aimed to determine the prevalence of Fusobacterium species and its association with different types of endodontic infections. METHODS MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were used as electronic databases to retrieve relevant studies. The studies were evaluated for eligibility criteria, and the certainty in evidence and risk of bias were evaluated using critical appraisal tools for prevalence studies from the Joanna Briggs Institute. Forty studies were selected for meta-analysis and statistically analyzed for the relationship between the prevalence of Fusobacterium species and both the presence of symptoms and the type of infections (primary vs secondary/persistent) using meta-regression analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of Fusobacterium spp. in endodontic infections ranged from 3%-100% (mean = 42.51%) in the 40 included studies. Calculated confidence intervals indicated that the presence of Fusobacterium spp. was not statistically associated with the presence of symptoms or with the type of infections (the set of 2 predictors was not significant; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of Fusobacterium infection, which was identified with molecular methods, was not significant for overall regression using both predictors (ie, symptoms [symptomatic vs asymptomatic] and types of infections [primary vs secondary/persistent]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem A Alhadainy
- Division of Comprehensive Oral Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Ashraf F Fouad
- Department of Endodontics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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5
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Pinto KP, Barbosa AFA, Silva EJNL, Santos APP, Sassone LM. What is the microbial profile in persistent endodontic infections? A scoping review. J Endod 2023:S0099-2399(23)00280-7. [PMID: 37211309 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This scoping review aimed to map the evidence about the microbiota found in persistent endodontic infections. METHODS The study protocol was prospectively registered and is available at https://osf.io/3g2cp. The electronic search was performed in MEDLINE via PubMed, Lilacs, BBO, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and EMBASE. The eligibility criteria were based on the PCC acronym, where P (Population): patients with teeth presenting persistent endodontic infection; C (Concept): microbial profile; and C (Context): undergoing endodontic retreatment. Clinical studies that evaluated the microbial profile of samples collected from root canals of teeth undergoing retreatment, using classical or molecular methods, were included. Studies that did not show a minimum period of one year between primary endodontic treatment and retreatment or did not radiographically evaluate the quality of primary root canal filling were excluded. Two reviewers independently selected the articles and collected data. RESULTS From a total of 957 articles, 161 were read in full and 32 studies were included. The most prevalent species were Enterococcus faecalis, Parvimonas micra, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Dialister invisus, Propionibacterium acnes, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola. Cases with symptomatology or inadequate root canal filling presented an increase in specific bacterial species compared to no symptomatology or adequate filling. A greater number of microorganisms was observed in teeth with inadequate coronal restoration compared to adequate restoration. CONCLUSION Persistent endodontic infections have a polymicrobial profile identified by the commonly used methods for bacterial detection/identification and are subject to the limitations present in each of those methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Pinto
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
| | - A F A Barbosa
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
| | - E J N L Silva
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro; Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - A P P Santos
- Department of Community and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - L M Sassone
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
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Safika S, Indrawati A, Afiff U, Hastuti YT, Zureni Z, Jati AP. First Study on profiling of gut microbiome in wild and captive Sumatran orangutans ( Pongo abelii). Vet World 2023; 16:717-727. [PMID: 37235163 PMCID: PMC10206964 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.717-727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Orangutans are an "umbrella species" for conserving tropical forests in Sumatra and Kalimantan. There are remarkable changes between the gut microbiomes of wild and captive Sumatran orangutans. This study aimed to profile gut microbiota of wild and captive Sumatran orangutans. Materials and Methods Nine fecal samples collected from wild orangutans and nine fecal samples collected from captive orangutans were divided into three replicates. Each replicate randomly combined three pieces and were analyzed on the Illumina platform. A bioinformatics study of 16S rRNA according to Qiime2 (Version 2021.4) and microbiome profiling analysis was conducted. Results The relative abundance of different microbial taxa varied significantly between wild and captive Sumatran orangutans. Among the operational taxonomic units, various proportions of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Euryarchaeota, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia predominated. Solobacterium was found only in 19% of captive orangutans. Methanobrevibacter was identified to be prevalent among wild orangutans (16%). Analysis of the core microbiome from the combined wild and captive data revealed seven species as cores. According to linear discriminant analysis effect size, Micrococcus luteus, Bacteroidescaccae, Lachnospiraceae bacterium, Ruthenibacterium lactatiformans, Haemophilus haemolyticus, and Chishuiella spp. were microbiome biomarkers in captive orangutans, whereas Roseburia inulinivorans, Collinsella aerofaciens, Oscillibacter spp., and Eubacterium hallii were microbiome biomarkers in wild orangutans. Conclusion There were differences in the microbiome biomarkers of wild and captive Sumatran orangutans. This study is important for understanding the role of gut bacteria in the health of Sumatran orangutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safika Safika
- Division of Medical Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Agustin Indrawati
- Division of Medical Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Usamah Afiff
- Division of Medical Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | - Zureni Zureni
- Class II Agricultural Quarantine Center Medan, Indonesia
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Kumari KS, Dixit S, Gaur M, Behera DU, Dey S, Sahoo RK, Dash P, Subudhi E. Taxonomic Assignment-Based Genome Reconstruction from Apical Periodontal Metagenomes to Identify Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Factors. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:life13010194. [PMID: 36676144 PMCID: PMC9861942 DOI: 10.3390/life13010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Primary apical periodontitis occurs due to various insults to the dental pulp including microbial infections, physical and iatrogenic trauma, whereas inadequate elimination of intraradicular infection during root canal treatment may lead to secondary apical periodontitis. We explored the complex intra-radicular microbial communities and their functional potential through genome reconstruction. We applied shotgun metagenomic sequencing, binning and functional profiling to identify the significant contributors to infection at the acute and chronic apical periodontal lesions. Our analysis revealed the five classified clusters representing Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Lacticaseibacillus, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus and one unclassified cluster of contigs at the genus level. Of them, the major contributors were Pseudomonas, with 90.61% abundance in acute conditions, whereas Enterobacter followed by Enterococcus with 69.88% and 15.42% abundance, respectively, in chronic conditions. Enterobacter actively participated in antibiotic target alteration following multidrug efflux-mediated resistance mechanisms, predominant in the chronic stage. The prediction of pathways involved in the destruction of the supportive tissues of the tooth in Enterobacter and Pseudomonas support their crucial role in the manifestation of respective disease conditions. This study provides information about the differential composition of the microbiome in chronic and acute apical periodontitis. It takes a step to interpret the role of a single pathogen, solely or predominantly, in establishing endodontic infection types through genome reconstruction following high throughput metagenomic DNA analysis. The resistome prediction sheds a new light on the therapeutic treatment guidelines for endodontists. However, it needs further conclusive research to support this outcome using a larger number of samples with similar etiological conditions, but different demographic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Swapna Kumari
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar 751003, India
| | - Sangita Dixit
- Centre for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar 751003, India
| | - Mahendra Gaur
- Drug Development and Analysis Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar 751003, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Dibyajyoti Uttameswar Behera
- Centre for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar 751003, India
| | - Suchanda Dey
- Centre for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar 751003, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Sahoo
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar 751003, India
| | - Patitapaban Dash
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar 751003, India
| | - Enketeswara Subudhi
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar 751003, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-9861075829
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In Vitro Evaluation of Five Newly Isolated Bacteriophages against E. faecalis Biofilm for Their Potential Use against Post-Treatment Apical Periodontitis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091779. [PMID: 36145527 PMCID: PMC9503355 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
State-of-the-art treatment of root canal infection includes the use of mechanical debridement and chemical agents. This disinfection method is limited, and microorganisms can remain in the canal system. Enterococcus faecalis appears with a high prevalence in secondary and persistent root canal infections and can be linked to endodontic treatment failure due to its various resistance mechanisms. Here, we evaluated the activity of newly isolated bacteriophages against clinical isolates of E. faecalis (including one vancomycin- and gentamicin-resistant strain) as a single treatment or in combination with gentamicin and vancomycin. For the resistant strain, daptomycin and fosfomycin were tested. Sixteen E. faecalis strains were used to screen for the presence of bacteriophages in sewage. Five different bacteriophages were characterized in terms of virion morphology, host range and killing-kinetics against each E. faecalis host strain. To investigate the antibiofilm effect of antibiotic and phages, E. faecalis biofilm was grown on porous glass beads and treated with different antibiotic concentrations and with isolated bacteriophages alone or in staggered combinations. A strong biofilm reduction was observed when phages were combined with antibiotic, where combinations with gentamicin showed a better outcome compared to vancomycin. Regarding the resistant strain, daptomycin had a superior antibiofilm effect than fosfomycin.
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Comparison of Herbal Agents with Sodium Hypochlorite as Root Canal Irrigant: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:8967219. [PMID: 34868334 PMCID: PMC8639255 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8967219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During endodontic treatment, eliminating microorganisms from the root canals should be considered with utmost importance. Before filling the canal, every effort should be made to ensure optimal shaping and adequate disinfection of the root canal system. This systematic review aimed to compare the efficacy of herbal agents with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in reducing the microbial load while used as a root canal irrigant. The research question in the present study was to assess “Is there a significant difference in reducing microbial load comparing sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and herbal agents.” Electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched from their start dates to November 2020 using strict inclusion and exclusion criteria and reviewed following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Only in vitro studies comparing herbal agents with NaOCl regarding antimicrobial efficiency were included. Two reviewers independently assessed the included article. 825 articles were obtained from an electronic database. Twenty papers were included for review of the full text. Eleven papers were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Finally, nine articles were included in the systematic review. The present systematic review was at the in vitro level; therefore, the result cannot translate the exact clinical conditions. This systematic review concludes that herbal agents cannot be used as a main irrigant for canal disinfection.
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Alauzet C, Aujoulat F, Lozniewski A, Ben Brahim S, Domenjod C, Enault C, Lavigne JP, Marchandin H. A New Look at the Genus Solobacterium: A Retrospective Analysis of Twenty-Seven Cases of Infection Involving S. moorei and a Review of Sequence Databases and the Literature. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061229. [PMID: 34198943 PMCID: PMC8229177 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Solobacterium moorei is an anaerobic Gram-positive bacillus present within the oral and the intestinal microbiota that has rarely been described in human infections. Besides its role in halitosis and oral infections, S. moorei is considered to be an opportunistic pathogen causing mainly bloodstream and surgical wound infections. We performed a retrospective study of 27 cases of infections involving S. moorei in two French university hospitals between 2006 and 2021 with the aim of increasing our knowledge of this unrecognized opportunistic pathogen. We also reviewed all the data available in the literature and in genetic and metagenomic sequence databases. In addition to previously reported infections, S. moorei had been isolated from various sites and involved in intra-abdominal, osteoarticular, and cerebral infections more rarely or not previously reported. Although mostly involved in polymicrobial infections, in seven cases, it was the only pathogen recovered. Not included in all mass spectrometry databases, its identification can require 16S rRNA gene sequencing. High susceptibility to antibiotics (apart from rifampicin, moxifloxacin, and clindamycin; 91.3%, 11.8%, and 4.3% of resistant strains, respectively) has been noted. Our global search strategy revealed S. moorei to be human-associated, widely distributed in the human microbiota, including the vaginal and skin microbiota, which may be other sources for infection in addition to the oral and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentine Alauzet
- Laboratoire SIMPA Stress Immunité Pathogènes EA 7300, Université de Lorraine, & Service de Microbiologie, CHRU de Nancy, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (C.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Fabien Aujoulat
- HydroSciences Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Université de Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France;
| | - Alain Lozniewski
- Laboratoire SIMPA Stress Immunité Pathogènes EA 7300, Université de Lorraine, & Service de Microbiologie, CHRU de Nancy, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (C.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Safa Ben Brahim
- Service de Microbiologie, CHRU de Nancy, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France;
| | - Chloé Domenjod
- Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU de Nîmes, 30029 Nîmes, France; (C.D.); (C.E.)
| | - Cécilia Enault
- Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU de Nîmes, 30029 Nîmes, France; (C.D.); (C.E.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- VBIC, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, 30029 Nîmes, France;
| | - Hélène Marchandin
- HydroSciences Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU de Nîmes, 30029 Nîmes, France
- Correspondence:
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Antimicrobial Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles as Root Canal Irrigant's: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10061152. [PMID: 33801820 PMCID: PMC7999954 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Removal of microbes is imperative during endodontic therapy. Due to their antimicrobial property, silver nanoparticles have been used for endodontic irrigation of the root canals. The objective of the present study was to provide a qualitative analysis of the published literature assessing silver nanoparticles as root canal irrigants. A search of PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Embase databases was done without any time restriction. Articles published in English were included. Data were extracted and the risk of bias was assessed. Of the 154 studies identified, after screening according to the inclusion criteria, five in vitro studies were included. The results indicate that silver nanoparticles have an anti-microbial effect to varying degrees depending on certain factors. Within the limitations of the present studies that have a moderate to low risk of bias, an antimicrobial effect of silver nanoparticles is observed. Silver nanoparticles have the potential to be used as endodontic irrigants, although their efficacy depends on particle size and the duration of contact which require further investigation.
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12
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Al-Sakati H, Kowollik S, Gabris S, Balasiu A, Ommerborn M, Pfeffer K, Henrich B, Raab WHM. The benefit of culture-independent methods to detect bacteria and fungi in re-infected root filled teeth: a pilot study. Int Endod J 2020; 54:74-84. [PMID: 32894604 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify dominant microorganisms in root filled teeth with apical periodontitis by Pan-PCRs in comparison with a culture-dependent approach, focusing on fungal species profiling. METHODOLOGY The root filling material (gutta-percha) removed from 42 teeth with periapical radiolucencies undergoing root canal retreatments was analysed by molecular genetics techniques. Real-Time Pan-PCRs were conducted for the diagnosis of predominant bacteria (targeting 16S rDNA) and fungi (targeting ITS1-2 region). Identification of microorganisms was performed by Sanger sequencing of the PCR products and BLAST analysis. Additionally, subgingival plaque samples were collected and cultured to review the composition of the microbial flora. The McNemar test and the repeated measures anova were used for statistical analyses (significance level was set at P < 0.05). RESULTS Overall, 42/42 plaque samples had bacterial growth, whereas 32/42 gutta-percha samples had bacterial growth with a dominance of Streptococcus spp. (12/42) and Enterococcus faecalis (9/42). The mean number of bacterial taxa per gutta-percha sample was 1.6 cultivatable taxa, significantly lower than in the plaque sample that had six taxa/sample (P < 0.001). Fungus-specific cultures were negative for gutta-percha samples, and only one plaque sample had growth of a fungus. In total, 36/42 plaque samples were positive in bacterial Pan-PCRs. In bacterial Pan-PCRs of 31/42 gutta-percha samples, dominant microorganisms were identified including Streptococcus spp. (5/42) and E. faecalis (4/42). Moreover, in 7/42 gutta-percha samples, DNA of bacteria which are difficult-to-cultivate in microbiology routine culture (Acinetobacter,Pyramidobacter,Bacteroidetes,Synergistes,Atopobium and Pseudoramibacter) was found. DNA of Candida spp. was detected in 5/42 root canals by fungal Pan-PCR (1/5) and genus-specific Candida-PCR (5/5). CONCLUSIONS Pan-PCR assays remain appropriate as a broad-range approach for the detection of a dominant pathogen in gutta-percha samples which have less diverse microbial composition. The molecular genetic Pan-PCR approach has the advantage of detecting microorganisms that are as-yet-uncultivable or difficult-to-cultivate and should be therefore complement conventional microbiological diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Al-Sakati
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - S Kowollik
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - S Gabris
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - A Balasiu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - M Ommerborn
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - K Pfeffer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - B Henrich
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - W H-M Raab
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Djorić D, Minton NE, Kristich CJ. The enterococcal PASTA kinase: A sentinel for cell envelope stress. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 36:132-144. [PMID: 32945615 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enterococci are Gram-positive, opportunistic pathogens that reside throughout the gastrointestinal tracts of most terrestrial organisms. Enterococci are resistant to many antibiotics, which makes enterococcal infections difficult to treat. Enterococci are also particularly hardy bacteria that can tolerate a variety of environmental stressors. Understanding how enterococci sense and respond to the extracellular environment to enact adaptive biological responses may identify new targets that can be exploited for development of treatments for enterococcal infections. Bacterial eukaryotic-like serine/threonine kinases (eSTKs) and cognate phosphatases (STPs) are important signaling systems that mediate biological responses to extracellular stimuli. Some bacterial eSTKs are transmembrane proteins that contain a series of extracellular repeats of the penicillin-binding and Ser/Thr kinase-associated (PASTA) domain, leading to their designation as "PASTA kinases." Enterococcal genomes encode a single PASTA kinase and its cognate phosphatase. Investigations of the enterococcal PASTA kinase revealed its importance in resistance to antibiotics and other cell wall stresses, in enterococcal colonization of the mammalian gut, clues about its mechanism of signal transduction, and its integration with other enterococcal signal transduction systems. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge of PASTA kinase signaling in enterococci and describe important gaps that still need to be addressed to provide a better understanding of this important signaling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušanka Djorić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Nicole E Minton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Christopher J Kristich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Barrak I, Stájer A, Gajdács M, Urbán E. Small, but smelly: the importance of Solobacterium moorei in halitosis and other human infections. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05371. [PMID: 33163658 PMCID: PMC7610269 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Solobacterium moorei (S. moorei) has been described as Gram-positive, non spore forming, obligate anaerobic bacillus from human feces. The traditional culture and identification of these strains is very difficult (as the strains are often not cultivable or they grow only relatively slowly, in addition to producing only a very few positive biochemical reactions in commercially available identification kits); thus, reliable identification may only be carried out using methods, such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and DNA sequencing. Regarding its pathogenic role, the relevance of S. moorei in halitosis (oral malodor) has a good standing, as it has been suggested by multiple studies, while the isolation of these bacteria from invasive infections is very rare; there are only a few reports available in the literature, regarding infections outside the oral cavity. Based on these reports, affected patients are predominantly characterized compromised immunity and are frequently associated with a dental focus of infection. The aim of our present review is to summarize the currently available knowledge on the pathogenic role of S. moorei in halitosis and other infections and to emphasize the relevance of this neglected anaerobic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Barrak
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tiszta Lajos körút 62-64, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anette Stájer
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tiszta Lajos körút 62-64, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márió Gajdács
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, Hungary
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary
| | - Edit Urbán
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Hungary
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Hungary
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Sainudeen S, Nair VS, Zarbah M, Abdulla AM, Najeeb CM, Ganapathy S. Can Herbal Extracts Serve as Antibacterial Root Canal Irrigating Solutions? Antimicrobial Efficacy of Tylophora indica, Curcumin longa, Phyllanthus amarus, and Sodium Hypochlorite on Enterococcus faecalis Biofilms Formed on Tooth Substrate: In Vitro Study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2020; 12:S423-S429. [PMID: 33149499 PMCID: PMC7595561 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_127_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Tylophora indica, Curcumin longa, and Phyllanthus amarus on Enterococcus faecalis biofilms formed on the tooth substrate. Sodium hypochlorite was used as a positive control. DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), the vehicle for the herbal extracts, was used as the negative control. Materials and Methods: Extracted human teeth were biomechanically prepared, vertically sectioned, placed in the tissue culture wells exposing the root canal surface to E. faecalis to form a biofilm. At the end of the third week, all groups were treated for 15 min with the test solutions and the control. The results were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Results: Statistical analysis was performed by using one-way analysis of variance and compared by the Mann–Whitney test using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 20.0. The qualitative assay with the 3-week biofilm on the canal portion showed complete inhibition of bacterial growth for NaOCl, whereas samples treated with herbal solutions showed significant reduction of bacterial growth compared to control group, which showed 139.9 × 109 CFU/mL among the experimental herbal solutions groups. P. amarus has shown maximum bacterial count followed by C. longa and T. indica. Conclusion: NaOCl 5% showed maximum antibacterial activity against 3-week biofilm on tooth substrate. T. indica, P. amarus, and C. longa showed statistically significant antibacterial activity against 3-week biofilm. The use of herbal alternatives might prove to be advantageous considering the several undesirable characteristics of NaOCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Sainudeen
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Asir Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Veena S Nair
- Department of Dentistry, Regal Superspeciality Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohammad Zarbah
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Asir Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anshad Mohamed Abdulla
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & Orthodontic Science, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Asir Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chawre Mustufa Najeeb
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sivadas Ganapathy
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Asian Institute of Medical Science and Technology University, Bedong, Malaysia
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Improving the Efficiency of Photodynamic Chemotherapy in Root Canals against Enterococcus faecalis In Vitro. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9090543. [PMID: 32859004 PMCID: PMC7560177 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) on Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) biofilms in root canals using an 90% isopropanol (IPA)-based photosensitizer and removing excess photosensitizer before light incubation. Three hundred and seven extracted human teeth with one root canal were infected with E. faecalis for 72 h and treated in groups: IPA irrigation; PACT; PACT and final rinse with IPA; PACT with photosensitizer removal using either 0.9% NaCl solution or sterile paper points or both; PACT using IPA-based photosensitizer with and without a final rinse of IPA. Root canals were sampled using sterile paper points and dentin chips collected from the root canal walls. Additionally, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) images of the specimens were taken to evaluate the root canal walls for residue bacterial contamination. In all antimicrobial treatment groups treatments E. faecalis counts were significantly reduced in the root canals. Using IPA-based photosensitizer the antimicrobial effect of PACT was significantly enhanced. Irrigation with IPA alone or after PACT significantly increased the antimicrobial effect compared to PACT alone. The collected dentin chips revealed the highest amount of culture negative root canals (10%) after PACT using IPA-based photosensitizer. In the other groups, the culture negative samples ranged from only 0–2 specimens of 30 specimens. REM images show remaining E. faecalis cells on the root canal wall and inside dentin tubules. Using IPA-based photosensitizer significantly enhanced the antimicrobial effect of PACT against E. faecalis in the root canals.
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17
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Analysing the Relationship between Nutrition and the Microbial Composition of the Oral Biofilm-Insights from the Analysis of Individual Variability. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9080479. [PMID: 32759753 PMCID: PMC7460051 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of a change in nutrition on the oral microbiota are discussed in literature, but usually only changes of population mean values are reported. This paper introduces simple methods to also analyse and report the variability of patients’ reactions considering data from the culture analysis of oral biofilm. The framework was illustrated by an experimental study exposing eleven participants to different nutrition schemes in five consecutive phases. Substantial inter-individual variations in the individual reactions were observed. A new coherence index made it possible to identify 14 instances where the direction of individual changes tended to coincide with the direction of the mean change with more than 95% probability. The heterogeneity in variability across different bacteria species was limited. This allowed us to develop recommendations for sample sizes in future studies. For studies measuring the concentration change of bacteria as a reaction to nutrition change, the use of replications and analysis of the variability is recommended. In order to detect moderate effects of a change in nutrition on the concentration of single bacterial taxa, 30 participants with three repetitions are often adequate. Insights into the relationship between nutrition and the microbial composition can be helpful for the development of dietary habits that promote the establishment of a healthy microbial flora and can therefore prevent the initiation of oral diseases such as caries and periodontitis.
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Villa-Machado PA, Restrepo-Patiño DM, Calvo-Trejos JP, Restrepo-Restrepo FA, Tobón-Arroyave SI, Provenzano JC, Siqueira JF, Alves FRF. Cone-beam Computed Tomographic and Micro-computed Tomographic Evaluations of the Root Apexes of Teeth with Posttreatment Apical Periodontitis. J Endod 2020; 46:1695-1701. [PMID: 32682792 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study evaluated the association of different variables that may influence the outcome of root canal treatment through cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) assessments of root apexes obtained by endodontic microsurgery of teeth with posttreatment apical periodontitis (AP), the agreement between CBCT and micro-CT findings, and the association of these variables with symptoms or lesion size. METHODS Clinical and CBCT records and root apexes obtained by endodontic microsurgery from 11 cases of symptomatic AP and 22 cases of asymptomatic AP were available. Apical root specimens were further scanned using micro-CT imaging. CBCT parameters included periapical radiolucency size, apical extent/density of root canal filling, and occurrence of procedural errors. Micro-CT images evaluated the same parameters plus the presence of filling material in lateral canals and ramifications, the volume of the filled/nonfilled apical root canal, and the percentage of the nonfilled canal space. The agreement between CBCT/micro-CT observations was evaluated. RESULTS Mandibular teeth, a lesion size <5 mm, a nonfilled volume <0.04 mm3, and the decreased percentage of the nonfilled canal volume were significantly associated with symptomatic AP. Maxillary teeth and inadequate apical filling density were significantly associated with larger lesions. Agreement between CBCT/micro-CT scores varied from fair (procedural errors) to satisfactory (extent/density of filling). CONCLUSIONS Tooth location, lesion size, the nonfilled apical canal volume, and the percentage of the nonfilled apical canal volume were associated with symptomatic AP. In addition, lesion size was significantly associated with tooth location and apical root canal filling density. CBCT imaging may not provide a reliable evaluation of procedural errors associated with posttreatment disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Villa-Machado
- POPCAD Research Group, Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diana M Restrepo-Patiño
- POPCAD Research Group, Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juliana P Calvo-Trejos
- POPCAD Research Group, Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Felipe A Restrepo-Restrepo
- POPCAD Research Group, Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sergio I Tobón-Arroyave
- POPCAD Research Group, Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - José C Provenzano
- Department of Endodontics and Dental Research Group, Iguaçu University, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José F Siqueira
- Department of Endodontics and Dental Research Group, Iguaçu University, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávio R F Alves
- Department of Endodontics and Dental Research Group, Iguaçu University, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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De Lima PO, Nani BD, Rolim GS, Groppo FC, Franz-Montan M, Alves De Moraes AB, Cogo-Müller K, Marcondes FK. Effects of academic stress on the levels of oral volatile sulfur compounds, halitosis-related bacteria and stress biomarkers of healthy female undergraduate students. J Breath Res 2020; 14:036005. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab944d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Tennert C, Reinmuth AC, Bremer K, Al-Ahmad A, Karygianni L, Hellwig E, Vach K, Ratka-Krüger P, Wittmer A, Woelber JP. An oral health optimized diet reduces the load of potential cariogenic and periodontal bacterial species in the supragingival oral plaque: A randomized controlled pilot study. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1056. [PMID: 32419378 PMCID: PMC7424251 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of an oral health optimized diet on the composition of the supragingival oral plaque in a randomized controlled trial. Participants of the standard diet group (n = 5) had a diet high in processed carbohydrates and did not change their dietary behavior during the observation. The healthy diet group (n = 9) had to change the diet after 2 weeks from a diet high in processed carbohydrates to a diet low in carbohydrates, rich in omega‐3 fatty acids, rich in vitamins C and D, antioxidants and fiber for 4 weeks. Saliva and supragingival plaque samples were taken at the end of week two and eight of the observation period to investigate the composition of microbiota in saliva and supragingival plaque. Data were subjected to an exploratory analysis to identify significant differences. Statistically significant differences were only found in the healthy diet group between the baseline (week 2) and the final sample (week 8) for specific species in plaque and saliva samples. A reduction of the total counts of Streptococcus mitis group, Granulicatella adiacens, Actinomyces spp., and Fusobacterium spp. was found in plaque samples of the healthy diet group. In saliva samples of the healthy diet group, the total counts of Actinomyces spp. and Capnocytophaga spp. decreased. A diet low in carbohydrates, rich in omega‐3 fatty acids, rich in vitamins C and D, and rich in fiber reduced Streptococcus mitis group, Granulicatella adiacens, Actinomyces spp., and Fusobacterium spp. in the supragingival plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Tennert
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Reinmuth
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Katharina Bremer
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Lamprini Karygianni
- Clinic of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Kirstin Vach
- Department of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Petra Ratka-Krüger
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Annette Wittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Johan Peter Woelber
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Alghamdi F, Shakir M. The Influence of Enterococcus faecalis as a Dental Root Canal Pathogen on Endodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2020; 12:e7257. [PMID: 32292671 PMCID: PMC7152576 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endodontic treatment failure may occur due to different causes such as persistence of bacteria, root canals that are poorly cleaned and obturated, improper coronal seal (leakage), and untreated canals (missed canals). The main reason for endodontic failure is the presence of some species of bacteria inside the root canal system such as Enterococcus (E.) faecalis. Those bacteria are more resistant to disinfection agents, causing a persistent intra-radicular or extra-radicular infection. The current review aims to compile all the current studies concerning Enterococcus faecalis as a dental root canal pathogen that causes endodontic failure. In this systemic review, two databases, PubMed and Google Scholar, were searched using specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Among 2943 studies, only 11 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review for further analysis. The 11 studies give prominence to the high distribution of Enterococcus faecalis within the root canal system. These studies investigated different aspects of Enterococcus faecalis, including its prevalence, resistance mechanisms, characteristics, express survival genes, and treatment. The compiled data observed that most of the studies highlight Enterococcus faecalis as the primary pathogen associated with endodontic treatment. It has characteristic proprieties that make it capable of escaping disinfection means. Furthermore, clinical trials are required to examine E. faecalis and may provide valuable information about novel microbial detection methods to decrease the number of E. faecalis within the root canal system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marwa Shakir
- Endodontics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
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Primary versus post-treatment apical periodontitis: microbial composition, lipopolysaccharides and lipoteichoic acid levels, signs and symptoms. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:3169-3179. [PMID: 31933111 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Bernardi S, Karygianni L, Filippi A, Anderson AC, Zürcher A, Hellwig E, Vach K, Macchiarelli G, Al-Ahmad A. Combining culture and culture-independent methods reveals new microbial composition of halitosis patients' tongue biofilm. Microbiologyopen 2019; 9:e958. [PMID: 31725203 PMCID: PMC7002105 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral malodor is a very discomforting condition deriving from the presence of volatile sulfur compounds in the expired air. In halitosis of intraoral etiology, the volatile sulfur compounds are metabolic products of the oral microorganisms within the biofilm coating the tongue dorsum as well as other tissues in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the microbial composition of tongue biofilm in volunteers suffering from halitosis and healthy volunteers by means of both the culture method and culture‐independent cloning technique. Results A high bacterial variety (more than 80 different species) was detected using the combination of both methods. A distinct bacterial composition was revealed in the halitosis‐associated biofilms compared with the health‐associated biofilms. Actinomyces graevenitzii was shown to be significantly associated with the halitosis condition. The culture method identified 47 species, included Veillonella rogosae, never isolated from the tongue biofilm of halitosis patients so far. In the healthy condition, the culture‐dependent method showed that the most frequent species were Streptococcus parasanguinis among the aerobes and Veillonella spp. among the anaerobes. The culture‐independent cloning method detected more than 50 species. Streptococci, in particular S. mitis/oralis, S. pseudopneumoniae, and S. infantis as well as Prevotella spp., were found most frequently in halitosis patients. Streptococcus salivarius and Rothia mucilaginosa were found more frequently in the healthy condition. Conclusions The combination of the culture‐dependent and culture‐independent cloning techniques allowed for a widespread analysis of the tongue biofilm in halitosis patients. The results can support further pharmacological research for new antimicrobial agents and halitosis therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bernardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Lamprini Karygianni
- Clinic for Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Filippi
- Department of Oral Surgery, Center of Dental Traumatology, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annette Carola Anderson
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Zürcher
- Department of Oral Surgery, Center of Dental Traumatology, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kirstin Vach
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Guido Macchiarelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Wu M, Li J, An Y, Li P, Xiong W, Li J, Yan D, Wang M, Zhong G. Chitooligosaccharides Prevents the Development of Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer by Modulating the Intestinal Microbiota and Mycobiota. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2101. [PMID: 31620100 PMCID: PMC6759605 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbes play a crucial role in the development of colorectal cancer. Chitooligosaccharides (COS), are oligomer that are depolymerized from chitosan and possess a wide range of biological activities. In this study, the effects of COS on colorectal cancer (CRC) development were evaluated using azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS) induced mouse model of CRC (CACM). In the COS-treated CRC group (CMCOS), COS protected mice from CRC by decreasing the disease activity index, tumor incidences and multiplicity, and the mRNA levels of COX-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, and IKK-β mRNA in colonic epithelial cells. The results of a cage-exchanged experiment, in which mice from the CACMe and CMCOSe treatments exchanged cages every day to interact with microbes, showed that gut microbes play an important role in preventing CAC by COS. The abundances of fecal bacteria (total bacteria, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Fusobacterium nucleatum and butyrate-producing bacteria) were detected by qPCR on the 0th, 1st, 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 10th weekends. Furthermore, microbiota and mycobiota were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing on an Illumina MiSeq PE300 system. COS protected mice from CRC by reversing the imbalance of bacteria and fungi, especially by reducing the abundance of Escherichia-Shigella, Enterococcus, and Turicibacter, and increasing the levels of Akkermansia, butyrate-producing bacteria and Cladosporium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jianmin Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Second People’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Yunying An
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Puze Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wancheng Xiong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jinsong Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Dong Yan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Mingyong Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Genshen Zhong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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Liu WJ, Xiao M, Yi J, Li Y, Kudinha T, Xu YC. First case report of bacteremia caused by Solobacterium moorei in China, and literature review. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:730. [PMID: 31429713 PMCID: PMC6700775 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4359-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Solobacterium moorei, the only species in the genus Solobacterium, is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, strict anaerobic, short to long bacillus. It has rarely been documented to cause blood stream infections. Here we report the first case of bacteremia caused by S.moorei in China. Case presentation A 61-year-old male presented to Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Beijing) with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and several other underlying diseases. He also had persistent coma accompanied by intermittent convulsions, halitosis, and intermittent fever. Blood cultures taken when the patient had a high fever were positive, with the anaerobic bottle yielding an organism identified as S.moorei by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, whilst the aerobic bottle grew Streptococcus mitis. After replacement of venous pipeline, and empirical use of vancomycin and meropenem, the patient’s body temperature and white blood cell count returned to normal. Unfortunately, the patient died of severe TTP. Conclusion This is the first case report of S. moorei isolation from blood stream in China. 16S rRNA gene sequencing is the only method that can identify S. moorei. Blood cultures must be taken before administration of antibiotics, and anaerobic culture should be considered for such rare pathogens in patients with oral diseases and immune deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Yi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Timothy Kudinha
- Charles Sturt University, Leeds Parade, Orange, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology LaboratoryServices, ICPMR-Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Ying-Chun Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Beijing, China.
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Prada I, Micó-Muñoz P, Giner-Lluesma T, Micó-Martínez P, Collado-Castellano N, Manzano-Saiz A. Influence of microbiology on endodontic failure. Literature review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2019; 24:e364-e372. [PMID: 31041915 PMCID: PMC6530959 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.22907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main cause of endodontic failure is the persistence of microorganisms that cause an intraradicular or extratradicular infection and that become resistant to disinfection measures. The objective of this review is to identify the microbiota associated with endodontic failure, as well as the reasons why these microorganisms are capable of surviving basic disinfection measures. MATERIAL AND METHODS Systematic search of scientific articles in the databases PubMed with the following keywords "Endodontic Infections", "Endodontic Microbiology", "Endodontic Failure", "Enterococcus Faecalis", "Endodontics Retreatment" was carried out. Case reports and articles with publication date prior to 2000 were not included in this review. RESULTS Most authors highlight E. faecalis as the main microorganism associated with endodontic failure, nevertheless there are recent studies that isolate, to a greater extent, other bacteria such as Fusobacterium nucleatum and Propionibacterium. DISCUSSION These microorganisms have in common the following proprieties, which make them able to escape the disinfection measures: the ability to form a biofilm, to locate in areas unreachable to root canal instrumentation techniques, synergism, the ability to express survival genes and activate alternative metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Prada
- Calle Literato Gabriel Miro 34 4 11, Valencia 46008, Spain,
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Girgin Ersoy Z, Barisci S, Dinc O. Mechanisms of the Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis inactivation by ozone. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Chua EG, Chong JY, Lamichhane B, Webberley KM, Marshall BJ, Wise MJ, Tay CY. Gastric Helicobacter pylori infection perturbs human oral microbiota. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6336. [PMID: 30713820 PMCID: PMC6354663 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated the effects of gastric Helicobacter pylori infection on the daytime and overnight human oral microbiota. Methods Twenty four volunteers were recruited. Ten tested positive for H. pylori infection by the Carbon-14 Urea Breath Test, and the rest were negative. Two oral swabs were collected: one immediately after waking up in the morning and before brushing teeth, and another in the evening before teeth-brushing. DNA extract acquired from each swab was subjected to Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. The microbial abundance and composition were analysed in relation to H. pylori infection status. Results Helicobacter pylori-positive individuals had significant changes in the alpha and beta diversities in the daytime samples in comparison to those who were H. pylori negative. To identify which taxa could be significantly affected within the cohorts in the daytime, we employed the LEfSe method. When compared against UBT-negative samples, significantly higher abundances were detected in both Pseudomonas and Roseomonas, while Fusobacterium, Solobacterium, Haemophilus and Streptococcus were significantly decreased in the UBT-positive samples. Discussion Our data demonstrated that H. pylori infection affects the human daytime oral microbiota. The hitherto undocumented changes of several bacterial genera due to H. pylori infection require more studies to examine their potential health effects on affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng-Guan Chua
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ju-Yee Chong
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Binit Lamichhane
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - K Mary Webberley
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Barry J Marshall
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Shenzhen Dapeng New District Kuichong People Hospital, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Michael J Wise
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chin-Yen Tay
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Shenzhen Dapeng New District Kuichong People Hospital, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China
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İriboz E, Arıcan Öztürk B, Kolukırık M, Karacan İ, Sazak Öveçoğlu H. Detection of the unknown components of the oral microflora of teeth with periapical radiolucencies in a Turkish population using next-generation sequencing techniques. Int Endod J 2018; 51:1349-1357. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. İriboz
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Marmara University; Maltepe İstanbul, Turkey
| | - B. Arıcan Öztürk
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Marmara University; Maltepe İstanbul, Turkey
| | - M. Kolukırık
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Marmara University; Maltepe İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İ. Karacan
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Marmara University; Maltepe İstanbul, Turkey
| | - H. Sazak Öveçoğlu
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Marmara University; Maltepe İstanbul, Turkey
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Sánchez-Sanhueza G, Bello-Toledo H, González-Rocha G, Gonçalves AT, Valenzuela V, Gallardo-Escárate C. Metagenomic study of bacterial microbiota in persistent endodontic infections using Next-generation sequencing. Int Endod J 2018; 51:1336-1348. [PMID: 29786880 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the bacterial microbiota in root canals associated with persistent apical periodontitis and their relationship with the clinical characteristics of patients using next-generation sequencing (NGS). METHODOLOGY Bacterial samples from root canals associated with teeth having persistent apical periodontitis were taken from 24 patients undergoing root canal retreatment. Bacterial DNA was extracted, and V3-V4 variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene were amplified. The amplification was deep sequenced by Illumina technology to establish the metagenetic relationships among the bacterial species identified. The composition and diversity of microbial communities in the root canal and their relationships with clinical features were analysed. Parametric and nonparametric tests were used to analyse differences between patient characteristics and microbial data. RESULTS A total of 86 different operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified and Good's nonparametric coverage estimator method indicated that 99.9 ± 0.00001% diversity was recovered per sample. The largest number of bacteria belonged to the phylum Proteobacteria. According to the medical history from the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Classification System, ASA II-III had higher richness estimates and distinct phylogenetic relationships compared to ASA I individuals (P < 0.05). Periapical index (PAI) score 5 was associated with increased microbiota diversity in comparison to PAI score 4, and this index was reduced in symptomatic patients. CONCLUSIONS Based on the findings of this study, it is possible to suggest a close relationship between several clinical features and greater microbiota diversity with persistent endodontic infections. This work provides a better understanding on how microbial communities interact with their host and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sánchez-Sanhueza
- Discipline of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - H Bello-Toledo
- Research Laboratory on Antibacterial Agents, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - G González-Rocha
- Research Laboratory on Antibacterial Agents, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - A T Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - V Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - C Gallardo-Escárate
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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de Lima PO, Nani BD, Almeida B, Marcondes FK, Groppo FC, de Moraes ABA, Franz-Montan M, Cogo-Müller K. Stress-related salivary proteins affect the production of volatile sulfur compounds by oral bacteria. Oral Dis 2018; 24:1358-1366. [PMID: 29761905 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether stress-related substances and sex hormones influence the growth and in vitro production of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) by Solobacterium moorei and Fusobacterium nucleatum. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacteria growth and VSCs production were evaluated in the presence of alpha-amylase, beta-defensin-2, mucin, estradiol, and progesterone. Growth was evaluated by colony counting, and the production of the VSCs hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) and methyl mercaptan (CH3 SH) was measured using the Oral Chroma™ instrument. RESULTS Mucin induced the production of H2 S by both bacteria, but had a slight inhibitory effect on CH3 SH production by F. nucleatum. It also increased the viability of F. nucleatum. Alpha-amylase increased H2 S production by S. moorei and CH3 SH production by F. nucleatum, but had no effect on H2 S production by F. nucleatum. No substance altered the viability of S. moorei. No effects of beta-defensin-2, estradiol, or progesterone were observed. CONCLUSION The salivary stress-related proteins mucin and alpha-amylase altered VSCs production by F. nucleatum and S. moorei, favoring H2 S production. These findings are a step toward understanding the relation between stress and increased amounts of H2 S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Oliveira de Lima
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Dias Nani
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Barbara Almeida
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Klein Marcondes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco Carlos Groppo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Bento Alves de Moraes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Michelle Franz-Montan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina Cogo-Müller
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Choudhary E, Indushekar KR, Saraf BG, Sheoran N, Sardana D, Shekhar A. Exploring the role of Morinda citrifolia and Triphala juice in root canal irrigation: An ex vivo study. J Conserv Dent 2018; 21:443-449. [PMID: 30122829 PMCID: PMC6080181 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_58_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The present ex vivo study explores the role of Indian medicaments in endodontic irrigation in an attempt to search for a safe alternative to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL). Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of commercial preparations of Morinda citrifolia juice (MCJ) and Triphala juice against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 84 permanent extracted human teeth. After decoronation and biomechanical preparation, inoculated (with E. faecalis and C. albicans) root sections were divided randomly into four experimental (MCJ, Triphala juice, 1% NaOCl, and 2% chlorhexidine [CHX]) and two control groups (preservative control and distilled water). Colony-forming units (CFUs) obtained for each group were counted at baseline (S0) and after irrigation at 1 and 3 days (S1and S2, respectively). Mean of Log CFU at S0, S1, and S2was compared for each irrigant using Friedman's two-way ANOVA. Results: There was a significant decrease in microbial counts of both microbes in all groups at S1, but only CHX could demonstrate further decrease in the microbial counts of both microorganisms at S2. Conclusion: The overall antimicrobial effects of different irrigants were maximum for CHX, whereas MCJ and Triphala juice also showed significant reductions. The herbal irrigants hold the promise of becoming efficient irrigants and warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Choudhary
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - K R Indushekar
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Bhavna Gupta Saraf
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Neha Sheoran
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Divesh Sardana
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ankur Shekhar
- Private Practitioner, Kapoor Dental Care, Model Town, New Delhi, India
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Sharma G, Ahmed HMA, Zilm PS, Rossi-Fedele G. Antimicrobial properties of calcium hydroxide dressing when used for long-term application: A systematic review. AUST ENDOD J 2017; 44:60-65. [DOI: 10.1111/aej.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Garima Sharma
- Adelaide Dental School; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | | | - Peter S. Zilm
- Adelaide Dental School; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
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Changes in salivary microbiota increase volatile sulfur compounds production in healthy male subjects with academic-related chronic stress. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173686. [PMID: 28319129 PMCID: PMC5358872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations among salivary bacteria, oral emanations of volatile sulfur compounds, and academic-related chronic stress in healthy male subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-eight healthy male undergraduate dental students were classified as stressed or not by evaluation of burnout, a syndrome attributed to academic-related chronic stress. This evaluation was carried out using the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey questionnaire. Oral emanations of hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide were measured using an Oral Chroma™ portable gas chromatograph. The amounts in saliva of total bacteria and seven bacteria associated with halitosis were quantified by qPCR. The in vitro production of H2S by S. moorei and/or F. nucleatum was also measured with the Oral Chroma™ instrument. RESULTS The stressed students group showed increased oral emanations of hydrogen sulfide and dimethyl sulfide, together with higher salivary Solobacterium moorei levels (p < 0.05, Mann Whitney test). There were moderate positive correlations between the following pairs of variables: Fusobacterium nucleatum and S. moorei; F. nucleatum and hydrogen sulfide; Tannerella forsythia and F. nucleatum; T. forsythia and S. moorei. These correlations only occurred for the stressed group (p < 0.05, Spearman correlation). The in vitro experiment demonstrated that S. moorei increased H2S production by F. nucleatum (p < 0.05, ANOVA and Tukey's test). CONCLUSION The increased amount of S. moorei in saliva, and its coexistence with F. nucleatum and T. forsythia, seemed to be responsible for increased oral hydrogen sulfide in the healthy male stressed subjects.
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Delboni MG, Gomes BP, Francisco PA, Teixeira FB, Drake D. Diversity of Enterococcus faecalis Genotypes from Multiple Oral Sites Associated with Endodontic Failure Using Repetitive Sequence-based Polymerase Chain Reaction and Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction. J Endod 2017; 43:377-382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Underly R, Song MS, Dunbar GL, Weaver CL. Expression of Alzheimer-Type Neurofibrillary Epitopes in Primary Rat Cortical Neurons Following Infection with Enterococcus faecalis. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 7:259. [PMID: 26834627 PMCID: PMC4720002 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurofibrillary tau pathology and amyloid deposits seen in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) also have been seen in bacteria-infected brains. However, few studies have examined the role of these bacteria in the generation of tau pathology. One suggested link between infection and AD is edentulism, the complete loss of teeth. Edentulism can result from chronic periodontal disease due to infection by Enterococcus faecalis. The current study assessed the ability to generate early Alzheimer-like neurofibrillary epitopes in primary rat cortical neurons through bacterial infection by E. faecalis. Seven-day old cultured neurons were infected with E. faecalis for 24 and 48 h. An upward molecular weight shift in tau by Western blotting (WB) and increased appearance of tau reactivity in cell bodies and degenerating neurites was found in the 48 h infection group for the antibody CP13 (phospho-Serine 202). A substantial increase in reactivity of Alz-50 was seen at 24 and 48 h after infection. Furthermore, extensive microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) reactivity also was seen at 24 and 48 h post-infection. Our preliminary findings suggest a potential link between E. faecalis infection and intracellular changes that may help facilitate early AD-like neurofibrillary pathology.
Highlights Enterococcus faecalis used in the generation of AD neurofibrillary epitopes in rat. Infection increases Alz-50, phospho-Serine 202 tau, and MAP2 expression. Infection by Enterococcus may play a role in early Alzheimer neurofibrillary changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Underly
- Department of Psychology, Saginaw Valley State University University Center, MI, USA
| | | | - Gary L Dunbar
- Field Neurosciences InstituteSaginaw, MI, USA; Department of Psychology, Central Michigan UniversityMount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Charles L Weaver
- Department of Health Sciences, Saginaw Valley State University University Center, MI, USA
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Al-Ahmad A, Auschill TM, Dakhel R, Wittmer A, Pelz K, Heumann C, Hellwig E, Arweiler NB. Prevalence of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis in caries-free and caries-active children in relation to the oral microbiota-a clinical study. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 20:1963-1971. [PMID: 26696116 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The correlation between caries and the oral prevalence of Candida spp. in children is contradictory in literature. Thereby, authors focused on Candida albicans as the most isolated Candida species from the oral cavity. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare caries-free and caries-bearing children regarding their oral carriage of Candida spp. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-six caries-free (CF group) and 26 caries-active children (CA group) were included into this study. Three different types of specimens were assessed, saliva and plaque, and in the case of caries, infected dentine samples were microbiologically analyzed for aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms and their counts. Special attention was given to the differentiation between C. albicans and Candida dubliniensis. Additionally, different biochemical tests, VITEK 2 (VITEK®2, bioMérieux, Marcy-l'Etoile, France) and 16S and 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing, were applied for identification. RESULTS The detection of C. albicans did not differ between the CF and CA groups. C. dubliniensis was never detected in any specimen of the CF group, but occurred in one quarter of the CA group (27 % in plaque, 23 % in saliva), thus leading to a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.05). In six of these cases, C. dubliniensis was detected concomitantly in saliva and plaque and once only in plaque. CA group harbored statistically more Streptococcus mutans than the control group revealing a correlation between S. mutans and C. dubliniensis regarding the caries group. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study reporting a frequent detection of C. dubliniensis in caries-active children, which could have been underestimated so far due to difficulties in differentiation between this yeast species and C. albicans. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Microbiological diagnostic-especially of oral Candida species-is an important determinant for identifying etiological factors of dental caries in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - T M Auschill
- Department of Periodontology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - R Dakhel
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - A Wittmer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - K Pelz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - C Heumann
- Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - E Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - N B Arweiler
- Department of Periodontology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
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Boch T, Tennert C, Vach K, Al-Ahmad A, Hellwig E, Polydorou O. Effect of gaseous ozone on Enterococcus faecalis biofilm-an in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 20:1733-9. [PMID: 26637463 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of gaseous ozone compared to conventional methods against Enterococcus faecalis. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred twenty-five teeth were infected by E. faecalis and were incubated for 72 h to form biofilm. Teeth were distributed among five groups. In the first group, ozone was used; in the second group, teeth were rinsed with 20 % ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); in the third group, with 3 % sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Group 4 combined 20 % EDTA with ozone. NaOCl and ozone were combined in group 5. After treatment, the samples with paper points were taken, followed by dentin samples taken with K-file, and cultured for 24 h. Then bacterial colonies were counted. RESULTS All treatments reduced significantly (p < 0.05) the bacteria. Paper points' samples showed 85.38 % reduction after ozone. The highest reduction was observed in NaOCl group (99.98 %). EDTA reduced bacteria by 80.64 %. Combination of NaOCl and ozone eradicated 99.95 % of the bacteria. Combination of EDTA and ozone reduced E. faecalis up to 91.33 %. The dentin chips showed the following: the highest CFU counts were observed in EDTA group, followed by ozone and NaOCl group. The lowest CFU counts were found in NaOCl-ozone group and EDTA-ozone group. CONCLUSIONS Ozone reduced E. faecalis, even organised in a biofilm, however, lower than NaOCl. No treatment reduced totally the bacteria. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Used as an adjuvant, ozone can increase the efficacy of conventional rinsing like EDTA and presents an alternative treatment when NaOCl cannot be used e.g. in teeth with a wide-open apical foramen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Boch
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hugstetterstraße 55, 79106, Freiburg i. Br, Germany.
| | - Christian Tennert
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hugstetterstraße 55, 79106, Freiburg i. Br, Germany
| | - Kirstin Vach
- Center for Medical Biometry and Medical Informatics, Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 26, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hugstetterstraße 55, 79106, Freiburg i. Br, Germany
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hugstetterstraße 55, 79106, Freiburg i. Br, Germany
| | - Olga Polydorou
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hugstetterstraße 55, 79106, Freiburg i. Br, Germany
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Di Santi BT, Ribeiro MB, Endo MS, Gomes BPFDA. Avaliação da suscetibilidade antimicrobiana de bactérias anaeróbias facultativas isoladas de canais radiculares de dentes com insucesso endodôntico frente aos antibióticos de uso sistêmico. REVISTA DE ODONTOLOGIA DA UNESP 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-2577.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
<title>Resumo</title><sec><title>Introdução</title><p>Bactérias associadas ao insucesso do tratamento endodôntico são capazes de adquirir e expressar resistência aos agentes antimicrobianos comumente empregados para tratar infecções, o que torna necessário, em determinadas situações, a realização de testes laboratoriais para detectar a resistência ou a suscetibilidade antimicrobiana desses micro-organismos.</p></sec><sec><title>Objetivo</title><p>avaliar a suscetibilidade antimicrobiana das cepas de <italic>Enterococcus faecalis</italic>, <italic>Enterococcus faecium</italic>, <italic>Actinomyces viscosus</italic> e <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> isoladas de canais radiculares de dentes com insucesso endodôntico.</p></sec><sec><title>Material e método</title><p>Cepas clínicas de <italic>Enterococcus faecalis</italic> (n=3), <italic>Enterococcus faecium</italic> (n=3), <italic>Actinomyces viscosus</italic> (n=3) e <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (n=3), coletadas in vivo de canais radiculares com insucesso endodôntico, foram testadas quanto à suscetibilidade antimicrobiana por meio do método E-test em duplicata, utilizando os antibióticos: Amoxicilina (AC), Rifampicina (RI), Moxifloxacina (MX), Vancomicina (VA), Tetraciclina (TC), Ciprofloxacina (CI), Cloranfenicol (CL), Benzilpenicilina (PG), Amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico (XL), Doxiciclina (DC), Eritromicina (EM) e Azitromicina (AZ).</p></sec><sec><title>Resultado</title><p>Todas as cepas clínicas testadas foram suscetíveis aos antibióticos AC, XL, PG, DC, MX, TC e VA. Todos os isolados das espécies de <italic>S. aureus</italic> foram suscetíveis aos 12 antibióticos testados. As cepas de <italic>E. faecalis</italic>, <italic>E. faecium</italic> e <italic>A. viscosus</italic> mostraram padrão de suscetibilidade intermediário contra EM. Algumas cepas de <italic>E. faecalis</italic> e <italic>E. faecium</italic> foram resistentes a AZ e RI.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusão</title><p>As cepas clínicas isoladas dos canais radiculares de dentes com insucesso endodôntico mostraram perfis diferentes de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana e nenhum isolado de <italic>E. faecalis</italic> e <italic>E. faecium</italic>apresentou-se suscetível a AZ e EM.</p></sec>
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Łysakowska ME, Ciebiada-Adamiec A, Sienkiewicz M, Sokołowski J, Banaszek K. The cultivable microbiota of primary and secondary infected root canals, their susceptibility to antibiotics and association with the signs and symptoms of infection. Int Endod J 2015; 49:422-30. [PMID: 26011084 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the presence of microbial species in primary and secondary infections and identify the signs and symptoms associated with them. METHODOLOGY A total number of 37 root canals from 33 patients undergoing root canal treatment were selected. Samples were taken using a sterile paper point following chemomechanical canal instrumentation. Microbiological identification was performed by macromorphological, micromorphological and commercial biochemical tests (ATB system). The antibiotic susceptibility profile of isolated Enterococcus, Streptococcus and Propionibacterium spp. was evaluated. RESULTS A total number of 54 species were isolated. The most common was E. faecalis followed by Propionibacterium acnes and Streptococcus spp. Five multidrug-resistant enterococcal strains were isolated. However, resistance to linezolid or glycopeptides was not found. Radiolucency was observed significantly more often in symptomatic infections (P = 0.0061) caused by Actinomyces spp. than in asymptomatic ones. CONCLUSIONS Enterococci and streptococci were the most commonly isolated bacteria from root canals. The resistance of enterococci to many antimicrobials may pose a problem in their eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Łysakowska
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Laboratory Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - A Ciebiada-Adamiec
- Medical Diagnostic Laboratory Center, Polish Mother's Memory Institute, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - M Sienkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - J Sokołowski
- Department of General Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - K Banaszek
- Department of General Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Tennert C, Drews AM, Walther V, Altenburger MJ, Karygianni L, Wrbas KT, Hellwig E, Al-Ahmad A. Ultrasonic activation and chemical modification of photosensitizers enhances the effects of photodynamic therapy against Enterococcus faecalis root-canal isolates. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 12:244-51. [PMID: 25703104 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on Enterococcus faecalis biofilms in artificially infected root canals using modified photosensitizers and passive ultrasonic activation. METHODS Two hundred and seventy extracted human teeth with one root canal were instrumented utilizing ProTaper files, autoclaved, infected with E. faecalis T9 for 72 h and divided into different groups: irrigation with 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 20% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), or 20% citric acid, PDT without irrigation, PDT accompanied by irrigation with NaOCl, EDTA, or citric acid, PDT using an EDTA-based photosensitizer or a citric-acid-based photosensitizer and PDT with ultrasonic activation of the photosensitizer. A 15 mg/ml toluidine blue served as the photosensitizer, activated by a 100 mW LED light source. Sterile paper points were used for sampling the root canals and dentin chips were collected to assess the remaining contamination after treatment. Samples were cultured on blood agar plates and colony forming units were quantified. RESULTS PDT alone achieved a reduction in E. faecalis counts by 92.7%, NaOCl irrigation alone and combined with PDT by 99.9%. The antibacterial effects increased by the combination of irrigation using EDTA or citric acid and PDT compared to irrigation alone. More than 99% of E. faecalis were killed using PDT with the modified photosensitizers and ultrasonic activation. CONCLUSIONS NaOCl based disinfection achieved the highest antimicrobial effect. Using PDT with an EDTA-based or citric-acid-based phozosensitizer or activating the photosensitizer with ultrasound resulted in a significantly higher reduction in E. faecalis counts compared to conventional PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tennert
- University of Freiburg-Medical Center, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - A M Drews
- University of Freiburg-Medical Center, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - V Walther
- University of Freiburg-Medical Center, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - M J Altenburger
- University of Freiburg-Medical Center, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - L Karygianni
- University of Freiburg-Medical Center, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - K T Wrbas
- University of Freiburg-Medical Center, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - E Hellwig
- University of Freiburg-Medical Center, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - A Al-Ahmad
- University of Freiburg-Medical Center, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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Underly R, Song MS, Dunbar GL, Weaver CL. Expression of Alzheimer-Type Neurofibrillary Epitopes in Primary Rat Cortical Neurons Following Infection with Enterococcus faecalis. Front Aging Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26834627 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00061/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurofibrillary tau pathology and amyloid deposits seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD) also have been seen in bacteria-infected brains. However, few studies have examined the role of these bacteria in the generation of tau pathology. One suggested link between infection and AD is edentulism, the complete loss of teeth. Edentulism can result from chronic periodontal disease due to infection by Enterococcus faecalis. The current study assessed the ability to generate early Alzheimer-like neurofibrillary epitopes in primary rat cortical neurons through bacterial infection by E. faecalis. Seven-day old cultured neurons were infected with E. faecalis for 24 and 48 h. An upward molecular weight shift in tau by Western blotting (WB) and increased appearance of tau reactivity in cell bodies and degenerating neurites was found in the 48 h infection group for the antibody CP13 (phospho-Serine 202). A substantial increase in reactivity of Alz-50 was seen at 24 and 48 h after infection. Furthermore, extensive microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) reactivity also was seen at 24 and 48 h post-infection. Our preliminary findings suggest a potential link between E. faecalis infection and intracellular changes that may help facilitate early AD-like neurofibrillary pathology. HighlightsEnterococcus faecalis used in the generation of AD neurofibrillary epitopes in rat.Infection increases Alz-50, phospho-Serine 202 tau, and MAP2 expression.Infection by Enterococcus may play a role in early Alzheimer neurofibrillary changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Underly
- Department of Psychology, Saginaw Valley State University University Center, MI, USA
| | | | - Gary L Dunbar
- Field Neurosciences InstituteSaginaw, MI, USA; Department of Psychology, Central Michigan UniversityMount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Charles L Weaver
- Department of Health Sciences, Saginaw Valley State University University Center, MI, USA
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Tennert C, Feldmann K, Haamann E, Al-Ahmad A, Follo M, Wrbas KT, Hellwig E, Altenburger MJ. Effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on Enterococcus faecalis biofilm in experimental primary and secondary endodontic infections. BMC Oral Health 2014; 14:132. [PMID: 25366394 PMCID: PMC4236465 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-14-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the antibacterial effect of photodynamic Therapy on Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) biofilms in experimentally infected human root canals in primary infections and endodontic retreatments. METHODS One hundred and sixty single-rooted extracted teeth with one root canal were prepared using ProTaper instruments. Seventy specimens were left without root canal filling and autoclaved. The root canals of another 70 specimens were filled with Thermafil and AH Plus and the root canal fillings were removed after 24 hours using ProTaper D files and plasma sterilized. The specimens were infected with a clinical isolate of E. faecalis for 72 hours. Samples were taken using sterile paper points to determine the presence of E. faecalis in the root canals. The specimens were randomly divided into groups according to their treatment with 20 teeth each and a control. In the PDT group the teeth were treated using PDT, consisting of the photosensitizer toluidine blue and the PDT light source at 635 nm. In the NaOCl (sodium hypochlorite) group the root canals were rinsed with 10 mL of 3% NaOCl. In the NaOCl-PDT group the root canals were rinsed with 10 mL of 3% of sodium hypochlorite and then treated with PDT. Samples were taken after treatments using sterile paper points. Additionally, remaining root canal filling material was recovered from the root canal walls. Survival fractions of the samples were calculated by counting colony-forming units. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to the data to assess the effect of different treatment techniques. RESULTS Antimicrobial treatment of root canals caused a significant reduction of bacterial load in all groups. NaOCl irrigation eliminated E. faecalis most effectively. PDT alone was less effective compared to NaOCl irrigation and the combination of NaOCl irrigation and PDT. CFU levels recovered from the filling material after NaOCl irrigation of the root canals were 10fold higher compared to PDT and the combination of NaOCl irrigation and PDT. CONCLUSIONS Photodynamic therapy killed E. faecalis in experimental primary endodontic infections and retreated human root canals. PDT is an effective supplement in root canal disinfection, especially in endodontic retreatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Tennert
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Freiburg - Medical Center, Hugstetter Str, 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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Yap B, Zilm PS, Briggs N, Rogers AH, Cathro PC. The effect of sodium hypochlorite onEnterococcus faecaliswhen grown on dentine as a single- and multi-species biofilm. AUST ENDOD J 2014; 40:101-10. [DOI: 10.1111/aej.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benlee Yap
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory; School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Peter S. Zilm
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory; School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Nancy Briggs
- Data Management and Analysis Centre; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Anthony H. Rogers
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory; School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Peter C. Cathro
- Discipline of Endodontics; School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
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Microbial Diversity in Persistent Root Canal Infections Investigated by Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization. J Endod 2014; 40:899-906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Poetter C, Pithois C, Caty S, Petit V, Combier JP, Mourtialon P, Mattner F. Hiding Behind Confusion: Pleural Empyema Caused by Parvimonas micra. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2014; 15:356-7. [DOI: 10.1089/sur.2012.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Poetter
- Department of Anesthesia, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Le Creusot, France
| | | | - Sebastien Caty
- Department of Anesthesia, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Le Creusot, France
| | - Veronique Petit
- Department of Anesthesia, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Le Creusot, France
| | | | | | - Frauke Mattner
- Department of Anesthesia, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Le Creusot, France
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Siqueira JF, Rôças IN. Present status and future directions in endodontic microbiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/etp.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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New Bacterial Composition in Primary and Persistent/Secondary Endodontic Infections with Respect to Clinical and Radiographic Findings. J Endod 2014; 40:670-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Karygianni L, Anderson AC, Tennert C, Kollmar K, Altenburger MJ, Hellwig E, Al-Ahmad A. Supplementary sampling of obturation materials enhances microbial analysis of endodontic treatment failures: a proof of principle study. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:319-27. [PMID: 24677170 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Root canal treatment failures often correlate with persistent biomaterial-associated endodontic infections. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of endodontic obturation material sampling from root canals with posttreatment apical periodontitis on improving standard study protocols. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples from previously filled root canals and their corresponding endodontic filling materials were obtained from five root-filled teeth with posttreatment periradicular lesions. After cultivation, the isolated microorganisms were quantified and biochemically identified. Moreover, clone libraries were constructed after the amplification of bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) from the same samples. DNA from selected clones was sequenced to identify microbial species. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) aided visualization of the detected bacteria. RESULTS Overall, 22 taxa of the phyla Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were detected in both obturation and root canal samples by culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Root canal fillings sheltered 17 species (3.30-7.50 × 10(3) CFU/ml). Of these, nine were detected solely in the retrieved obturation materials. The reinfected root canals harbored 13 taxa (3.48-7.36 × 10(3) CFU/ml). Obligate and facultative anaerobic bacteria prevailed. The number of different species ranged from 1 to 5 within a single sample. Fungi were not detected. CONCLUSIONS Bacteria can colonize both root canals and endodontic fillings in vivo. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Integrating the sampling of obturation materials with standard root canal sample collection offers a clearer insight into the actual microbial flora of reinfected root canals and improves the study protocols of secondary/persistent endodontic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Karygianni
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
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Siqueira JF, Rôças IN, Ricucci D, Hülsmann M. Causes and management of post-treatment apical periodontitis. Br Dent J 2014; 216:305-12. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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