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Siqueira JF, Silva WO, Romeiro K, Gominho LF, Alves FRF, Rôças IN. Apical root canal microbiome associated with primary and posttreatment apical periodontitis: A systematic review. Int Endod J 2024; 57:1043-1058. [PMID: 38634795 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microorganisms colonizing the apical root canal system are conceivably the ones directly involved with the causation and maintenance of apical periodontitis. OBJECTIVES This article systematically reviews the reports on the microbiome occurring exclusively at the apical root canal of teeth with primary and posttreatment apical periodontitis. METHODS The electronic databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Proquest were searched up to August 2023. Clinical studies using culture and molecular microbiology methods to identify the microbial taxa present exclusively in the apical root canal segment of infected teeth with apical periodontitis were included. Studies were critically assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Prevalence Assessment Checklist. RESULTS From 2277 articles initially detected, 52 were selected for full reading and 21 were eventually included in this review. Of these, molecular methods were used in 19 and culture in 2 studies. Ten studies evaluated primary infections, 8 evaluated posttreatment infections, and 3 included both. Cryopulverization of the apical root specimens was conducted in 11 studies. All studies evaluated the prevalence and diversity of bacteria, and only one also reported on fungi. Overall, the most frequent/abundant bacterial taxa found in the apical canal of primary infections were Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus, Olsenella uli, Fusobacterium species, Streptococcus species, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Prevotella species, Actinomyces species, Parvimonas micra, Treponema denticola, Synergistetes species, and an as-yet uncharacterized taxon. In posttreatment infections, the most prevalent/abundant bacterial taxa included species of Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Fusobacterium, Actinomyces, Pseudoramibacter, Pseudomonas, and Propionibacterium. At the phylum level, Firmicutes was the most represented. The average apical bacterial load ranged from 105 to 106 in primary infections and from 103 to 104 in posttreatment infections. DISCUSSION Microbial diversity in the apical part of the root canal system was examined encompassing data from both primary and posttreatment infections. Heterogeneity amongst the studies, especially in sample collection and microbial identification methods, is an important limitation that prevented a meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS There is a pronounced bacterial diversity in the infected apical canal, with a high interindividual variability. Different microbiome compositions at the species/genus level are observed according to the infection type. REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42021275886.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F Siqueira
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil
| | - Warley O Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Kaline Romeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana F Gominho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Flávio R F Alves
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabela N Rôças
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil
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B. Abraham S, Al-Marzooq F, Samaranayake L, Hamoudi RA, Himratul-Aznita WH, Aly Ahmed HM. Molecular analyses indicate profuse bacterial diversity in primary and post- treatment endodontic infections within a cohort from the United Arab Emirates-A preliminary study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305537. [PMID: 39008450 PMCID: PMC11249272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endodontic microbiota appears to undergo evolutionary changes during disease progression from inflammation to necrosis and post-treatment. The aim of this study was to compare microbiome composition and diversity in primary and post-treatment endodontic infections from a cohort of patients from the UAE. DESIGN Intracanal samples were collected from primarily infected (n = 10) and post-treatment infected (n = 10) root canals of human teeth using sterile paper points. Bacterial DNA was amplified from seven hypervariable regions (V2-V4 and V6-V9) of the 16S rRNA gene, then sequenced using next-generation sequencing technology. The data was analyzed using appropriate bioinformatic tools. RESULTS Analyses of all the samples revealed eight major bacterial phyla, 112 genera and 260 species. Firmicutes was the most representative phylum in both groups and was significantly more abundant in the post-treatment (54.4%) than in primary (32.2%) infections (p>0.05). A total of 260 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified, of which 126 (48.5%) were shared between the groups, while 83 (31.9%) and 51 (19.6%) disparate species were isolated from primary and post-treatment infections, respectively. A significant difference in beta, but not alpha diversity was noted using several different indices (p< 0.05). Differential abundance analysis indicated that, Prevotella maculosa, Streptococcus constellatus, Novosphigobium sediminicola and Anaerococcus octavius were more abundant in primary infections while Enterrococcus faecalis, Bifidobacterium dentium, Olsenella profusa and Actinomyces dentalis were more abundant in post-treatment infections (p <0.05). CONCLUSION Significant differences in the microbiome composition and diversity in primary and post-treatment endodontic infections were noted in our UAE cohort. Such compositional differences of microbiota at various stages of infection could be due to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors impacting the root canal ecosystem during disease progression, as well as during their therapeutic management. Identification of the key microbiota in primarily and secondarily infected root canals can guide in the management of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheela B. Abraham
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Farah Al-Marzooq
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Lakshman Samaranayake
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rifat Akram Hamoudi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wan Harun Himratul-Aznita
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaya
| | - Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaya
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Chan AS, Chan AJ, Chan A, Armati P. Successful Intentional Replantation of a Severely Compromised Tooth Using 3 Types of Phototherapy: A Case Report. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 2024; 42:488-492. [PMID: 38700573 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2023.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Intentional replantation (IR) is an emerging and cost-effective last-resort treatment for persistent apical periodontitis. Adjunctive phototherapy for IR aims to improve the management of challenging cases by enhancing disinfection, stimulating healing and promoting regeneration. Objective: We report a novel phototherapy-assisted IR protocol conducted on a compromised lateral incisor with an extensive periapical infection (Ø > 10 mm) in a 68-year-old diabetic male. Methods: The IR protocol involved pre- and postoperative photobiomodulation (660 nm, 0.2 J/cm2, 60 sec/site), antimicrobial photodynamic therapy of the root surface (660 nm, 0.6 J/cm2, 30 sec, methylene blue photosensitizer), and Er:YAG root and socket debridement (2940 nm, 21 J/cm2, 30 sec). The total time from extraction to replantation was 14 min 35 sec. Results: The tooth at 3.5-year follow-up remained clinically functional with radiographic resolution of the infection indicating a successful reimplantation. Conclusions: This case report demonstrated that an adjunctive phototherapy IR protocol can effectively treat a compromised tooth with extensive periapical infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Simon Chan
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Jonathan Chan
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ambrose Chan
- Brain and Mind Centre, Neuroinflammation Group, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Patricia Armati
- Brain and Mind Centre, Neuroinflammation Group, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Ma RY, Deng ZL, Du QY, Dai MQ, Luo YY, Liang YE, Dai XZ, Guo SM, Zhao WH. Enterococcus faecalis Extracellular Vesicles Promote Apical Periodontitis. J Dent Res 2024; 103:672-682. [PMID: 38679731 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241230867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is an important contributor to the persistence of chronic apical periodontitis. However, the mechanism by which E. faecalis infection in the root canals and dentinal tubules affects periapical tissue remains unclear. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as natural carriers of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and have recently attracted considerable attention. In this study, we investigated the role of EVs derived from E. faecalis in the pathogenesis of apical periodontitis. We observed that E. faecalis EVs can induce inflammatory bone destruction in the periapical areas of mice. Double-labeling immunofluorescence indicated that M1 macrophage infiltration was increased by E. faecalis EVs in apical lesions. Moreover, in vitro experiments demonstrated the internalization of E. faecalis EVs into macrophages. Macrophages tended to polarize toward the M1 profile after treatment with E. faecalis EVs. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can recognize MAMPs of bacterial EVs and, in turn, trigger inflammatory responses. Thus, we performed further mechanistic exploration, which showed that E. faecalis EVs considerably increased the expression of NOD2, a cytoplasmic PRR, and that inhibition of NOD2 markedly reduced macrophage M1 polarization induced by E. faecalis EVs. RIPK2 ubiquitination is a major downstream of NOD2. We also observed increased RIPK2 ubiquitination in macrophages treated with E. faecalis EVs, and E. faecalis EV-induced macrophage M1 polarization was notably alleviated by the RIPK2 ubiquitination inhibitor. Our study revealed the potential for EVs to be considered a virulence factor of E. faecalis and found that E. faecalis EVs can promote macrophage M1 polarization via NOD2/RIPK2 signaling. To our knowledge, this is the first report to investigate apical periodontitis development from the perspective of bacterial vesicles and demonstrate the role and mechanism of E. faecalis EVs in macrophage polarization. This study expands our understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of E. faecalis and provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Y Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Z L Deng
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Q Y Du
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - M Q Dai
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Y Luo
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y E Liang
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - X Z Dai
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - S M Guo
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - W H Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Gandhe P, Aravelli S, Penigalapati S, Kasam S, Ramachandruni N, Alam S. Effect of apical foraminal enlargement on postoperative pain and inflammatory markers in asymtomatic single-rooted mandibular teeth with apical periodontitis - An in vivo randomized controlled trial. JOURNAL OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS 2024; 27:584-590. [PMID: 38989502 PMCID: PMC11232762 DOI: 10.4103/jcde.jcde_138_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Aim of the Study This study aims to assess the effect of apical foraminal enlargement on inflammatory markers and pain in patients with asymptomatic single-rooted mandibular teeth with apical periodontitis. Materials and Methods The study included 60 patients based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Before beginning root canal treatment (RCT), a blood sample was obtained from the antecubital fossa to evaluate the inflammatory markers, C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Access opening was done and initial irrigation was done. Working length (WL) was determined with an electronic apex locator and verified with a radiograph. In the control group, the determined WL was maintained, while in the experimental group, the WL was set till the apical foramen. Biomechanical preparation was done in both groups till F2 or F3 based on the initial apical file, followed by final irrigation and obturation based on the master apical file size. Patients were given a Visual Analog Scale to record pain sensations at 24, 48, and 72 h postoperative. After 72 h, patients were recalled for follow-up appointments, and blood was taken from the antecubital fossa again to evaluate inflammatory markers. Statistical Analysis The resultant findings for the reduction in inflammatory markers before and after RCT with or without foraminal enlargement were statistically analyzed using the Student's t-test. The pain was statistically examined with one-way "analysis of variance" and Tukey's post hoc test for inter-group comparison of pain. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. The statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 23 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). As pain in the control groups is zero before and after RCT, statistical analysis is not required as the overall pain score is zero. Results The P values of the CRP and ESR of the control group were 0.02 and 0.03, respectively, which indicates it is significant whereas the P values of the ESR and CRP of the experimental group were 0.0002 and 0.0008 which indicates it is highly significant. Results indicate that the experimental group is more effective compared to the control group in reducing inflammatory markers. Pain in the control group after RCT was zero at the end of 24, 48, and 72 h. In the experimental group, where RCT was done with apical foraminal enlargement, mild pain was present at the end of 24 h which gradually decreased at the end of 48 h and no pain was reported at the end of 72 h. Conclusion Reduction in inflammatory markers was more effective in RCT with apical enlargement than without apical enlargement. RCT with apical enlargement caused mild pain in the patients immediately after treatment which gradually decreased over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Gandhe
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Malla Reddy Dental College for Women, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Swathi Aravelli
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Malla Reddy Dental College for Women, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sivaram Penigalapati
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Malla Reddy Dental College for Women, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Swetha Kasam
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Malla Reddy Dental College for Women, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Nimeshika Ramachandruni
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Malla Reddy Dental College for Women, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sindhura Alam
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Malla Reddy Dental College for Women, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Musiał N, Bogucka A, Tretiakow D, Skorek A, Ryl J, Czaplewska P. Proteomic analysis of sialoliths from calcified, lipid and mixed groups as a source of potential biomarkers of deposit formation in the salivary glands. Clin Proteomics 2023; 20:11. [PMID: 36949424 PMCID: PMC10035263 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-023-09402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary stones, also known as sialoliths, are formed in a pathological situation in the salivary glands. So far, neither the mechanism of their formation nor the factors predisposing to their formation are known despite several hypotheses. While they do not directly threaten human life, they significantly deteriorate the patient's quality of life. Although this is not a typical research material, attempts are made to apply various analytical tools to characterise sialoliths and search for the biomarkers in their proteomes. In this work, we used mass spectrometry and SWATH-MS qualitative and quantitative analysis to investigate the composition and select proteins that may contribute to solid deposits in the salivary glands. Twenty sialoliths, previously characterized spectroscopically and divided into the following groups: calcified (CAL), lipid (LIP) and mixed (MIX), were used for the study. Proteins unique for each of the groups were found, including: for the CAL group among them, e.g. proteins from the S100 group (S100 A8/A12 and P), mucin 7 (MUC7), keratins (KRT1/2/4/5/13), elastase (ELANE) or stomatin (STOM); proteins for the LIP group-transthyretin (TTR), lactotransferrin (LTF), matrix Gla protein (MPG), submandibular gland androgen-regulated protein 3 (SMR3A); mixed stones had the fewest unique proteins. Bacterial proteins present in sialoliths have also been identified. The analysis of the results indicates the possible role of bacterial infections, disturbances in calcium metabolism and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the formation of sialoliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Musiał
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG&MUG, University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Bogucka
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG&MUG, University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dmitry Tretiakow
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Skorek
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Ryl
- Division of Electrochemistry and Surface Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paulina Czaplewska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG&MUG, University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Advances in the Role of Sodium Hypochlorite Irrigant in Chemical Preparation of Root Canal Treatment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:8858283. [PMID: 36685672 PMCID: PMC9859704 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8858283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Irrigation of root canal system is of great significance to the success of endodontic treatment, where sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the most widely used irrigant in chemical preparation. NaOCl functions by eliminating bacterial biofilms and dissolving organic tissue, which may vary according to several factors such as the microbiology of root canal infection and the concentration of the irrigant. It has been proposed that the effectiveness of NaOCl could be enhanced via several methods, including heating the irrigant, applying in conjunction with certain reagents, or activating by agitation techniques. Despite its antibacterial and tissue-dissolving capacities, NaOCl should be used with caution to avoid detrimental effect due to its cytotoxicity and negative effect on dentin properties. In this narrative review, we discussed the factors that affect the properties of NaOCl, the methods to improve its efficacy, and the side effects that might occur in clinical practice.
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Kanagasingam S, von Ruhland C, Welbury R, Singhrao SK. Ex vivo Detection of Amyloid-β in Naturally Formed Oral Biofilm. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 6:757-773. [PMID: 36721488 PMCID: PMC9837734 DOI: 10.3233/adr-220076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral infection has been implicated in the possible etiology of Alzheimer's disease. Objective To detect amyloid-β (Aβ) within microbial biofilms. Methods Freshly extracted teeth (N = 87) with periodontal disease were separated into Group A (N = 11), with primary root canal infection and Group B (N = 21) with failed endodontic treatment identified by the presence of, gutta percha root filling. Biofilm characteristics were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Demineralized paraffin wax embedded tooth sections and mineralized calculus biofilm were immunostained with the anti-Aβ antibody. The gutta perchas were processed either for on-section acrylic resin tissue immunocolloidal gold silver staining (IGSS) using the anti-Aβ antibody or in Araldite resin for ultrastructure. Results SEM demonstrated calculus and gutta percha in situ harboring a polymicrobial biofilm featuring extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and water channels. Immunohistochemistry on rehydrated paraffin wax tooth sections from Group A, demonstrated Aβ staining on external (calculus and plaque) and all intracanal infected regions. In Group B, the gutta percha biofilm IGSS gave an inconclusive result for Aβ. Transmission electron microscopy of selected teeth with infected intra-canals (Group A) and 20% of gutta percha biofilm (Group B) EPS contained electron dense fibrils of variable sizes, some of which were typical of human Aβ fibrils. Conclusion This study detected both soluble and insoluble Aβ fibrils within the EPS of periodontal and endodontic natural biofilm, strongly suggesting its role as an antimicrobial peptide in combatting local infection, with potential risk for cross-seeding into the brain for AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Kanagasingam
- Brain and Behavior Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Christopher von Ruhland
- Electron and Light Microscopy Facility, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Richard Welbury
- Brain and Behavior Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Sim K. Singhrao
- Brain and Behavior Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK,Correspondence to: Sim K. Singhrao, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK. E-mail:
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Sun X, Yang Z, Nie Y, Hou B. Microbial Communities in the Extraradicular and Intraradicular Infections Associated With Persistent Apical Periodontitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:798367. [PMID: 35096647 PMCID: PMC8791237 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.798367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms in the complex root canal system and the extraradicular regions, including the periapical lesions and extraradicular biofilm may cause root canal treatment failures. However, few studies described the difference between the intraradicular and extraradicular infections from the same tooth associated with persistent apical periodontitis. This study aimed to characterize the microbiome present in the root canal, extraradicular biofilm, and periapical lesions associated with persistent apical periodontitis. The microbial communities in the root canal, extraradicular biofilm, and periapical lesions were investigated by Illumina high-throughput sequencing using Illumina Hiseq 2500 platform. The dominant phyla in the extraradicular and intraradicular infections associated with persistent apical periodontitis were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, and the genera Fusobacterium, Morganella, Porphyromonas, Streptococcus, and Bifidobacterium dominated across all samples. Although extraradicular infection sites showed higher OTU richness and β-diversity compared to intraradicular samples, the occurrence of sinus tract rather than the sampling sites demarcated the microbial communities in the infections associated with persistent apical periodontitis. PERMANOVA analysis confirmed that the samples with or without sinus tracts contained significantly different microbial communities. Porphyromonas, Eubacterium, Treponema, and Phocaeicola were found in significantly higher levels with sinus tracts, whilst Microbacterium and Enterococcus were more abundant in samples without sinus tracts. In conclusion, diverse bacteria were detected in both intraradicular and extraradicular infections associated with persistent apical periodontitis, which might be influenced by the occurrence of the sinus tract. The results may provide new insight into the pathogenesis of persistent apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Sun
- The Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zi Yang
- The Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Nie
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Benxiang Hou
- The Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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10
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Wang Z, Shen Y, Haapasalo M. Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties of Bioceramic Materials in Endodontics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7594. [PMID: 34947188 PMCID: PMC8706218 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microbes are prevalent in the root canals of necrotic teeth, and they are the cause of primary and post-treatment apical periodontitis. Bacteria can dwell within the infected root canal system as surface-adherent biofilm structures, which exhibit high resistance to antimicrobial agents. Bioceramic materials, with their biocompatible nature and excellent physico-chemical properties, have been widely used in dental applications, including endodontics. This review focuses on the application of bioceramic technology in endodontic disinfection and the antibiofilm effects of endodontic bioceramic materials. Different bioceramic materials have shown different levels of antibiofilm effects. New supplements have emerged to potentially enhance the antibiofilm properties of bioceramics aiming to achieve the goal of microbial elimination in the root canal system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Markus Haapasalo
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; (Z.W.); (Y.S.)
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11
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Siqueira JF, Rôças IN. A critical analysis of research methods and experimental models to study the root canal microbiome. Int Endod J 2021; 55 Suppl 1:46-71. [PMID: 34714548 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endodontic microbiology deals with the study of the microbial aetiology and pathogenesis of pulpal and periradicular inflammatory diseases. Research in endodontic microbiology started almost 130 years ago and since then has mostly focussed on establishing and confirming the infectious aetiology of apical periodontitis, identifying the microbial species associated with the different types of endodontic infections and determining the efficacy of treatment procedures in eradicating or controlling infection. Diverse analytical methods have been used over the years, each one with their own advantages and limitations. In this review, the main features and applications of the most used technologies are discussed, and advice is provided to improve study designs in order to properly address the scientific questions and avoid setbacks that can compromise the results. Finally, areas of future research are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F Siqueira
- Department of Endodontics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Grande Rio University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Isabela N Rôças
- Department of Endodontics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Grande Rio University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, Brazil
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12
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Plasma Rich in Growth Factors in the Treatment of Endodontic Periapical Lesions in Adult Patients: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14101041. [PMID: 34681265 PMCID: PMC8539488 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet concentrates have been widely used in regenerative medicine, including endodontics. The aim of this manuscript was to assess critically the efficacy of PRF in the treatment of endodontic periapical lesions in adult patients on the basis of the literature. The PICO approach was used to properly develop literature search strategies. The PubMed database was analyzed with the keywords: "((PRP) OR (PRF) OR (PRGF) OR (CGF)) AND (endodontic) AND ((treatment) OR (therapy))". After screening of 155 results, 14 articles were included in this review. Different types of platelet concentrates are able to stimulate the processes of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Platelet rich fibrin (PRF) releases growth factors for at least 7 days at the application site. Growth factors and released cytokines stimulate the activity of osteoblasts. Moreover, the release of growth factors accelerates tissue regeneration by increasing the migration of fibroblasts. It was not possible to assess the efficacy of PRF supplementation in the treatment of endodontic periapical lesions in permanent, mature teeth with closed apexes, due to the lack of well-designed scientific research. Further studies are needed to analyze the effect of PRF on the healing processes in the periapical region.
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13
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Machado R, Comparin D, Ignácio SA, da Silva Neto UX. Postoperative pain after endodontic treatment of necrotic teeth with large intentional foraminal enlargement. Restor Dent Endod 2021; 46:e31. [PMID: 34513637 PMCID: PMC8411006 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2021.46.e31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate postoperative pain after endodontic treatment of necrotic teeth using large intentional foraminal enlargement (LIFE). Materials and Methods The sample included 60 asymptomatic necrotic teeth (with or without chronic apical periodontitis), and a periodontal probing depth of 3 mm, previously accessed and referred to perform endodontic treatment. After previous procedures, the position and approximate size of the apical foramen (AF) were determined by using an apex locator and K flexo-files, respectively. The chemomechanical preparation was performed with Profile 04 files 2 mm beyond the AF to achieve the LIFE, using 2.5 mL of 2.5% NaOCl at each file change. The filling was performed by Tagger's hybrid technique and EndoFill sealer. Phone calls were made to all the patients at 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment, to classify postoperative pain. Statistical analysis was performed by different tests with a significance level of 5%. Results Age, gender, periradicular status and tooth type did not influence postoperative pain (p > 0.05). Only 1 patient (1.66%) reported severe pain after 72 hours. Moderate pain was reported by 7, 4 and 3 patients after 24, 48 and 72 hours, respectively (p = 0.0001). However, paired analyses showed a statistically significant difference only between 24 and 72 hours (p = 0.04). Sealer extrusion did not influence the postoperative pain (p > 0.05). Conclusions Acute or moderate postoperative pain was uncommon after endodontic treatment of necrotic teeth with LIFE. Trial Registration The Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry Identifier: RBR-3r967t
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Machado
- Department of Endodontics, School of Health and Bioscience, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná - PUC/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Daniel Comparin
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Paranaense University - UNIPAR, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Aparecido Ignácio
- Department of Statistics, School of Health and Bioscience, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná - PUC/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ulisses Xavier da Silva Neto
- Department of Statistics, School of Health and Bioscience, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná - PUC/PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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14
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Zhang C, Yang Z, Hou B. Diverse bacterial profile in extraradicular biofilms and periradicular lesions associated with persistent apical periodontitis. Int Endod J 2021; 54:1425-1433. [PMID: 33711170 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To characterize the bacterial community present in the extraradicular biofilm and periradicular lesions associated with persistent apical periodontitis. METHODOLOGY Eighteen adult patients who presented with persistent periradicular lesions after root canal treatment and scheduled for endodontic surgery were selected. During surgery, extraradicular samples of biofilms and periradicular lesions were collected. Ten pairs of periradicular lesions and extraradicular biofilm samples were randomly selected for ribosomal 16S rRNA cloning and sequencing. A Wilcoxon's rank-sum test was used to compare total bacterial counts and the levels of individual genera and species between the two groups (P < 0.05). RESULTS Overall, seventy-three phylotypes belonging to six different phyla were identified from 1000 sequenced clones. Mogibacterium timidum, Streptococcus intermedius and Enterococcus faecalis predominated in both extraradicular biofilm and periapical lesions. Propionibacterium propionicus, Abiotrophia adiacens, Peptostreptococcus prevotii, Campylobacter gracilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were found in significantly higher levels in the extraradicular biofilm than periapical lesions, whilst Parvimonas micra and Atopobium rimae were more abundant in periapical lesions (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The microbial profile of extraradicular biofilms differed from periapical lesions, indicating the presence of diverse bacterial populations in these regions. Several genera and species were significantly associated with the formation of extraradicular biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Z Yang
- Department of Endodontics, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - B Hou
- Department of Endodontics, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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15
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Uğur Aydın Z, Ocak MG, Bayrak S, Göller Bulut D, Orhan K. The effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on changes in the fractal dimension of periapical lesion in teeth after root canal treatment: a fractal analysis study. Int Endod J 2020; 54:181-189. [PMID: 32931021 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM This single-centre retrospective case-control study evaluated fractal dimension (FD) changes in radiographs of periapical lesions using a fractal analysis in healthy individuals and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients following root canal treatment. METHODOLOGY The study data consisted of two groups: the DM group which contained a total of 46 mandibular molar teeth in 37 patients with no systemic disease other than type 2 DM, and the control group which contained a total of 52 mandibular molar teeth in 41 patients without systemic disease. Periapical radiographs were obtained prior to root canal treatment and 1 year post-treatment. Fractal analysis was performed by selecting a region of interest on the periapical radiographs. For both groups, the FD changes in lesion area were calculated and compared. In addition, periapical status was evaluated using the periapical index (PAI) scores on periapical radiographs for both groups. Data were analysed using dependent-sample t-test, independent-sample t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS In both groups, FD values were increased significantly 1 year post-treatment as compared with those prior to treatment (P < 0.05). The time-dependent increase in FD was significantly greater in the control group (P < 0.05). Time-dependent increases in FD did not differ between genders (P > 0.05). There was a significant decrease in PAI scores in both type 2 DM and control groups depending on time (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of time-related decreases in PAI scores (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION An increase in the FD of the periapical lesion area was observed 1 year after root canal treatment. DM had a negative effect on FD increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Uğur Aydın
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - M G Ocak
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - S Bayrak
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - D Göller Bulut
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - K Orhan
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.,Ankara University Medical Design Application and Research Center (MEDITAM), Ankara, Turkey
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16
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Matsui S, Yoneda N, Maezono H, Kuremoto K, Ishimoto T, Nakano T, Yumoto H, Ebisu S, Noiri Y, Hayashi M. Assessment of the functional efficacy of root canal treatment with high-frequency waves in rats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239660. [PMID: 32991601 PMCID: PMC7523981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a high-frequency wave therapy model in rats and to investigate the influence of high-frequency waves on root canal treatment, which may provide a novel strategy for treating apical periodontitis. Root canal treatments with and without high-frequency wave irradiation were performed on the mandibular first molars of 10-week-old male Wistar rats. The mesial roots were evaluated radiologically, bacteriologically, and immunohistochemically. At 3 weeks after root canal treatment, lesion volume had decreased significantly more in the irradiated group than in the non-irradiated group, indicating successful development of the high-frequency therapy model. The use of high-frequency waves provided no additional bactericidal effect after root canal treatment. However, high-frequency wave irradiation was found to promote healing of periapical lesions on the host side through increased expression of fibroblast growth factor 2 and transforming growth factor-β1 and could therefore be useful as an adjuvant nonsurgical treatment for apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Matsui
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
- Unit of Dentistry, Osaka University Hospital, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naomichi Yoneda
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hazuki Maezono
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Katsutaka Kuremoto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Ishimoto
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Nakano
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Yumoto
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Ebisu
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Noiri
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Mikako Hayashi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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17
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Pulmonary Alterations Among Workers in a Dental Prosthesis Laboratory: Exploring High Dust Concentrations and Novel Findings of Bacterial Genera in the Workplace to Achieve Improved Control. J Occup Environ Med 2020; 62:930-936. [PMID: 32796256 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pulmonary alterations in workers from a dental prosthesis laboratory and explore dust and bacterial dissemination generated in the laboratory. METHODS Spirometry and computerized axial tomography were performed on 67 workers. Dust in workplace air was determined using the filtration-gravimetric method, and bacterial detection was explored using 16S rDNA gene sequencing. RESULTS Pulmonary alterations were detected in 37% of the workers. Airborne dust concentrations were determined to be higher than the maximum permissible exposure limit, and bacterial detection analysis revealed 23 bacterial genera. The most frequently detected bacterial genus was Sphingomonas sp., which has been described as microbiota associated with disease of the oral cavity. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study highlight the importance of the implementation of biosecurity measures, improvement of ventilation systems, and routine disinfection of dental impressions.
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18
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Dioguardi M, Quarta C, Alovisi M, Crincoli V, Aiuto R, Crippa R, Angiero F, Laneve E, Sovereto D, De Lillo A, Troiano G, Lo Muzio L. Microbial Association with Genus Actinomyces in Primary and Secondary Endodontic Lesions, Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E433. [PMID: 32707891 PMCID: PMC7460180 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The main reason for root canal treatment failure is the persistence of microorganisms after therapy, or the recontamination of the root canal system due to an inadequate seal. In the mouth, Actinomyces spp. constitute a significant part of the normal flora, which is indicative of their ability to adhere to oral tissue and resist cleansing mechanisms, such as salivary flow. This review, performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA), aims to clarify the prevalence of microbial genera that are associated with the genus Actinomyces in primary and secondary endodontic infections (primary outcome), and to identify the most prevalent species of the Actinomyces genus in endodontic lesions (secondary outcome). A total of 11 studies were included in the qualitative and quantitative analysis, and a total of 331 samples were analyzed. Bacteria of the genus Actinomyces were found in 58 samples, and 46 bacterial genera were detected in association with bacteria of the genus Actinomyces. Bacteria of the genus Streptococcus and Propionibacterium were those most frequently associated with Actinomyces in the endodontic lesions considered, and Actinomyces israelii was the most frequently involved species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Dioguardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (C.Q.); (E.L.); (D.S.); (A.D.L.); (G.T.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Cristian Quarta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (C.Q.); (E.L.); (D.S.); (A.D.L.); (G.T.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Mario Alovisi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dental School, University of Turin, 10127 Turin, Italy;
| | - Vito Crincoli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Division of Complex Operating Unit of Dentistry, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Aiuto
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Science, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Rolando Crippa
- Department of Oral Pathology, Italian Stomatological Institute, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Francesca Angiero
- Department of Medical Sciences and Diagnostic Integrated, S. Martino Hospital, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Enrica Laneve
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (C.Q.); (E.L.); (D.S.); (A.D.L.); (G.T.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Diego Sovereto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (C.Q.); (E.L.); (D.S.); (A.D.L.); (G.T.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Alfredo De Lillo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (C.Q.); (E.L.); (D.S.); (A.D.L.); (G.T.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Troiano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (C.Q.); (E.L.); (D.S.); (A.D.L.); (G.T.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (C.Q.); (E.L.); (D.S.); (A.D.L.); (G.T.); (L.L.M.)
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Dezhurko-Korol VA, Novozhilova NE, Makeeva IM, Arkhipova AY, Moisenovich MM, Akhmadishina LV, Lukashev AN, Semenov AM, Leontieva MR, Byakova SF. The influence of centrifugation and inoculation time on the number, distribution, and viability of intratubular bacteria and surface biofilm in deciduous and permanent bovine dentin. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 114:104716. [PMID: 32325265 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the influence of centrifugation and inoculation time on the number, distribution, and viability of intratubular bacteria and surface monospecies E. faecalis biofilm. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-four semicylindrical specimens cut from primary (n = 22) and permanent (n = 22) bovine teeth were randomly assigned to the experimental groups. Teeth of each type were inoculated with E. faecalis with and without centrifugation for 1 and 14 days. The number, localization, viability of bacteria and depth of their penetration were assessed with bacterial culturing of dentin shavings, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser electron microscopy (CLSM). Three-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey test were used to assess the influence of different experimental setups on dentin infection. RESULTS Severe dentin infection was observed in permanent and deciduous teeth after centrifugation and 1-day incubation: bacteria reached the full length of dentinal tubules and colony-forming units were too numerous to count. The volume of green fluorescence didn't differ significantly in permanent teeth compared with deciduous (p = 1.0). After 1-day stationary inoculation, small number of cultivable bacteria and few viable bacteria in dentinal tubules were found in both groups. After 14-day stationary inoculation, the dentin infection according to CLSM was deeper in deciduous teeth compared with permanent (p = 0.006 and p = 0.019 for centrifugation and stationary inoculation, respectively). CONCLUSION The most even and dense dentin infection was observed in primary and permanent bovine teeth after centrifugation and 1-day inoculation, and in deciduous teeth after 14-day stationary inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria A Dezhurko-Korol
- Institute of Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Mojaiskii val str., 11, 121059б, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nina E Novozhilova
- Institute of Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Mojaiskii val str., 11, 121059б, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Irina M Makeeva
- Institute of Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Mojaiskii val str., 11, 121059б, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Yu Arkhipova
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mihail M Moisenovich
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ludmila V Akhmadishina
- E.I. Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), M. Pirogovskaya str., 20-1, 119435, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Lukashev
- E.I. Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), M. Pirogovskaya str., 20-1, 119435, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M Semenov
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria R Leontieva
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana F Byakova
- Institute of Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Mojaiskii val str., 11, 121059б, Moscow, Russia
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20
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Macrophages skew towards M1 profile through reduced CD163 expression in symptomatic apical periodontitis. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:4571-4581. [PMID: 32444919 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the macrophage profiles in symptomatic and asymptomatic forms of AP through phenotypic and functional analyses. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cross-sectional study. Apical tissue/lesion samples were collected from patients with clinical diagnosis of AAP (n = 51) or SAP (n = 45) and healthy periodontal ligament (HPL) from healthy patients as controls (n = 14), all with indication of tooth extraction. Samples were digested, cells were stained for CD14, M1 (CD64, CD80), and M2 (CD163, CD206) phenotypic surface markers and analyzed by flow cytometry. Functional cytokine profiles L-6, IL-12, TNF-α, IL-23 (M1), IL-10, and TGF-β (M2) were determined by qPCR. RESULTS Higher macrophage M1/M2 ratio (CD64+CD80+/CD163+CD206+) along with lower CD163 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) were found in SAP compared to AAP and controls (p < 0.05). IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, IL-23 (M1), and IL-10 mRNA (M2) were upregulated, whereas TGF-β mRNA (M2) was downregulated in apical lesions compared to controls. Specifically, IL-6 and IL-23 (M1) were upregulated in SAP compared with AAP and controls (p < 0.05). The data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test. CONCLUSIONS Macrophages exhibited a polarization switch towards M1 in AL. SAP exhibited a reduced M2 differentiation profile based on a reduction of CD163 expression levels in SAP over AAP. Specifically, IL-6 and IL-23 were augmented SAP over AAP, suggesting a role in the severity of apical lesions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Deciphering the macrophage polarization and functions in apical periodontitis can contribute to explain AP dynamics, its clinical presentation and systemic impact.
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21
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Garrido M, Cárdenas AM, Astorga J, Quinlan F, Valdés M, Chaparro A, Carvajal P, Pussinen P, Huamán-Chipana P, Jalil JE, Hernández M. Elevated Systemic Inflammatory Burden and Cardiovascular Risk in Young Adults with Endodontic Apical Lesions. J Endod 2019; 45:111-115. [PMID: 30711165 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to assess whether apical lesions are associated with inflammatory serum markers of cardiovascular risk, especially high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), in young adults. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, otherwise healthy individuals with apical lesions of endodontic origin (ALEOs) and a clinical diagnosis of asymptomatic apical periodontitis and controls aged between 18 and 40 years were included. Patients' sociodemographic characteristics, medical history, and classic cardiovascular risk factors were recorded, and the pathobiological determinants of atherosclerosis in youth score was calculated. Oral clinical and radiographic examinations were performed. Blood samples were collected to determine the lipid profile, glycated hemoglobin, hsCRP, immunoglobulin G, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, matrix metalloproteinase 8, soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and soluble E-selectin. Bivariate and multivariate analyses adjusting for oral and classic cardiovascular risk factors were performed. RESULTS hsCRP levels were significantly higher in ALEO patients versus controls (median = 2.54 vs 0.78), whereas the pathobiological determinants of atherosclerosis in youth score was comparable among the groups. Also, the levels of IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase 8, and soluble E-selectin were significantly higher in ALEO patients. hsCRP, IL-6, and IL-12 correlated with soluble adhesion molecules. Bivariate analysis based on hsCRP serum concentrations ≥1 mg/L showed an odds ratio (OR) = 6.8, and the risk increased 3.3 times for an additional ALEO. In multivariate analysis, ALEO was significantly associated with hsCRP levels ≥1 mg/L (OR = 5.1-12.8) independently of the adjustment model. ALEO also associated with CRP levels >3 mg/L, which was significant after the adjustment for covariates (OR = 4.0). CONCLUSIONS ALEO is associated with the systemic inflammatory burden and cardiovascular risk determined by hsCRP, supporting a mechanistic link for cardiovascular diseases in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Garrido
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angélica M Cárdenas
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Health Sciences Division, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Santo Tomás, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Jessica Astorga
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Quinlan
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Valdés
- Epidemiology Program, Public Health School, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Chaparro
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Carvajal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pirkko Pussinen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patricia Huamán-Chipana
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima, Peru
| | - Jorge E Jalil
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontifical Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Hernández
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Toubes KM, Tonelli SQ, Oliveira BJD, Duarte G, Nunes E, Silveira FF. Apical periodontitis associated with a calculus-like deposit: A case report of a rare fan-shaped manifestation. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2019; 41:1-5. [PMID: 30962929 PMCID: PMC6434093 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bacterial biofilms can be calcified. Granulomas or cystic lesions are the most commonly found entities in endodontics. Surprisingly, this case report presents a rare radiopaque image, in a fan shape, of a calculus-like deposit in the periapical region of the maxillary left central incisor. Case presentation A 34-year-old male, with a history of trauma, presented with apical periodontitis associated with an uncommon image, similar to a calculus-like deposit adhered to the apical region of the maxillary left central incisor. Nonsurgical endodontic intervention was performed, followed by apicoectomy and histopathological analysis of the collected material. The results of the biopsy were not compatible with a cyst or granuloma but showed fibrous connective tissue with calcified areas. Discussion Correct diagnosis in endodontics is possible with a well-conducted anamnesis, complementary imaging exams and, in some cases, histopathological analysis. The periapical calculus-like deposit, associated with a periapical radiolucent lesion, was a result of the body's fight for healing, producing unusual radiopacity. Conclusion The presence of the calculus-like deposit in a fan shape at the root surface represented dystrophic calcification as a manifestation of the attempt to heal. In the present case, apicoectomy and tissue biopsy for histological evaluation were fundamental for the correct diagnosis. Root canal is critical area for biofilm development. Extraradicular biofilm on the surface of the root may cause persistent periapical lesions. Uncommon radiopaque image association with endodontic periapical lesions was related. Persistent periapical lesions associate with extraradicular biofilm represents a challenge for Endodontic treatment. Only surgical resection was capable to repair the injury.
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Yang Y, Li W, Hou B, Zhang C. Quorum sensing LuxS/autoinducer-2 inhibits Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation ability. J Appl Oral Sci 2018; 26:e20170566. [PMID: 30304123 PMCID: PMC6172024 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2017-0566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relation between biofilm formation ability and quorum sensing gene LuxS/AI-2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) standard strain ATCC 29212 was used in the study. Long flanking homology polymerase chain reaction method was used to build the LuxS gene knockout strain. Sequential culture turbidity measurement and CFU counting were used to assess the proliferation ability of E. faecalis after the depletion of LuxS. 96-well plate assay was used to quantify the biofilm formation ability; CLSM was used to observe the attached bacteria areas, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to observe biofilm microstructure conditions. RESULTS LuxS gene knockout strains were successfully constructed and identified. The results showed that proliferation ability of E. faecalis was not affected by the depletion of the luxS gene, and the biofilm formation ability of ΔLuxS 29212 significantly decreased (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our studies provide the LuxS gene's key role in controlling biofilm formation of E. faecalis, which presented a negative regulation, and furthermore, providing us a possible way to conquer the persistent apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhi Li
- Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics, Beijing, China
| | - Benxiang Hou
- Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics, Beijing, China
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Gutmann JL, Manjarrés V. Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on the Microbiological Aspects of Endodontics. Dent J (Basel) 2018; 6:E49. [PMID: 30249009 PMCID: PMC6313668 DOI: 10.3390/dj6040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota of the oral cavity plays a significant role in pulpal and periapical diseases. Historically, 100 years ago little was known on microbiota, but after a century of investigations, only now can many of the intimate secrets of microbial growth, expansion, persistence, communal activities, and virulence be revealed. However, with the capabilities of the microbiota for mutation, quorum sensing, and information transference, researchers are hard-pressed to keep up with both the changes and challenges that an amazingly wide range of bacterial species pose for both the scientist and clinician. Fortunately, the development and expansion of a vast array of molecular biological investigative techniques have enabled dentistry and its associated medical fields to attempt to keep pace with the wide and fascinating world of oral microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Gutmann
- Department of Endodontics, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
| | - Vivian Manjarrés
- Department of Endodontics, Nova Southeastern University, College of Dental Medicine, Davie, FL 33314, USA.
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Ran S, Chu M, Gu S, Wang J, Liang J. Enterococcus faecalis
induces apoptosis and pyroptosis of human osteoblastic MG63 cells via the NLRP3 inflammasome. Int Endod J 2018; 52:44-53. [PMID: 29904931 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Ran
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry; Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology; Shanghai China
| | - M. Chu
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry; Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology; Shanghai China
| | - S. Gu
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry; Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology; Shanghai China
| | - J. Wang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry; Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology; Shanghai China
| | - J. Liang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry; Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology; Shanghai China
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Zeng C, Willison J, Meghil MM, Bergeron BE, Cutler CW, Tay FR, Niu L, Ma J. Antibacterial efficacy of an endodontic sonic-powered irrigation system: An in vitro study. J Dent 2018; 75:105-112. [PMID: 29908290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of EDDY, a new sonic-powered irrigation system, in reducing intracanal bacteria load. METHODS Thirty-eight instrumented, autoclaved single-rooted human premolars were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC-29212) for 21 days. Two teeth were used as negative control without bacterial contamination. For the bacteria-inoculated teeth, 6 were used as positive control without irrigation. The remaining 30 teeth were randomly divided into 2 groups (N = 15), using 3% NaOCl as irrigant: (A) 30-gauge syringe needle irrigation (SNI), (B) EDDY (VDW, Munich, Germany). Twelve teeth per group and 4 teeth in the positive control were evaluated for bacterial reduction using MTT assay. The remaining teeth were split for BacLight LIVE/DEAD staining to examine the percentages of live/dead bacteria present in the dentinal tubules from different canal locations (coronal, mid-root and apical portions of the canal space) using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). RESULTS MTT assay indicated that both SNI and EDDY significantly reduced overall intracanal bacterial load compared with the positive control, with no significant difference between the two techniques. CLSM indicated that EDDY had better intratubular bacterial killing efficacy than SNI in the coronal and mid-root portions of the canal space only but not in the apical portion. In all canal locations (coronal, mid-root apical), both systems failed to eliminate bacteria that proliferated deep within the dentinal tubules. CONCLUSION With the use of 3% NaOCl, sonic-powered irrigant activation with EDDY tips did not provide additional advantage over SNI in killing Enterococcus faecalis from deep intraradicular dentin. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Both the sonic-powered root canal irrigant activation system and syringe needle irrigation can reduce intracanal bacteria load but are incapable of completely killing all bacteria that resided deep within the dentinal tubules of root canals infected with Enterococcus faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zeng
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jon Willison
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mohamed M Meghil
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Brian E Bergeron
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Franklin R Tay
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Lina Niu
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jingzhi Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Sánchez-Sanhueza G, Bello-Toledo H, González-Rocha G, Gonçalves AT, Valenzuela V, Gallardo-Escárate C. Metagenomic study of bacterial microbiota in persistent endodontic infections using Next-generation sequencing. Int Endod J 2018; 51:1336-1348. [PMID: 29786880 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the bacterial microbiota in root canals associated with persistent apical periodontitis and their relationship with the clinical characteristics of patients using next-generation sequencing (NGS). METHODOLOGY Bacterial samples from root canals associated with teeth having persistent apical periodontitis were taken from 24 patients undergoing root canal retreatment. Bacterial DNA was extracted, and V3-V4 variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene were amplified. The amplification was deep sequenced by Illumina technology to establish the metagenetic relationships among the bacterial species identified. The composition and diversity of microbial communities in the root canal and their relationships with clinical features were analysed. Parametric and nonparametric tests were used to analyse differences between patient characteristics and microbial data. RESULTS A total of 86 different operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified and Good's nonparametric coverage estimator method indicated that 99.9 ± 0.00001% diversity was recovered per sample. The largest number of bacteria belonged to the phylum Proteobacteria. According to the medical history from the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Classification System, ASA II-III had higher richness estimates and distinct phylogenetic relationships compared to ASA I individuals (P < 0.05). Periapical index (PAI) score 5 was associated with increased microbiota diversity in comparison to PAI score 4, and this index was reduced in symptomatic patients. CONCLUSIONS Based on the findings of this study, it is possible to suggest a close relationship between several clinical features and greater microbiota diversity with persistent endodontic infections. This work provides a better understanding on how microbial communities interact with their host and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sánchez-Sanhueza
- Discipline of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - H Bello-Toledo
- Research Laboratory on Antibacterial Agents, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - G González-Rocha
- Research Laboratory on Antibacterial Agents, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - A T Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - V Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - C Gallardo-Escárate
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Sharma G, Ahmed HMA, Zilm PS, Rossi-Fedele G. Antimicrobial properties of calcium hydroxide dressing when used for long-term application: A systematic review. AUST ENDOD J 2017; 44:60-65. [DOI: 10.1111/aej.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Garima Sharma
- Adelaide Dental School; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | | | - Peter S. Zilm
- Adelaide Dental School; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
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Biofilms in Endodontics-Current Status and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081748. [PMID: 28800075 PMCID: PMC5578138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiota are found in highly organized and complex entities, known as biofilms, the characteristics of which are fundamentally different from microbes in planktonic suspensions. Root canal infections are biofilm mediated. The complexity and variability of the root canal system, together with the multi-species nature of biofilms, make disinfection of this system extremely challenging. Microbial persistence appears to be the most important factor for failure of root canal treatment and this could further have an impact on pain and quality of life. Biofilm removal is accomplished by a chemo-mechanical process, using specific instruments and disinfecting chemicals in the form of irrigants and/or intracanal medicaments. Endodontic research has focused on the characterization of root canal biofilms and the clinical methods to disrupt the biofilms in addition to achieving microbial killing. In this narrative review, we discuss the role of microbial biofilms in endodontics and review the literature on the role of root canal disinfectants and disinfectant-activating methods on biofilm removal.
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Yoneda N, Noiri Y, Matsui S, Kuremoto K, Maezono H, Ishimoto T, Nakano T, Ebisu S, Hayashi M. Development of a root canal treatment model in the rat. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3315. [PMID: 28607360 PMCID: PMC5468248 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Root canal treatment is performed to treat apical periodontitis, and various procedures and techniques are currently used. Although animal models have been used in the developmental research of root canal treatment, little of this research has used small animals such as rats, because of their small size. In this study, root canal treatment was performed on the rat mandibular first molar, which had four root canals, using a microscope, and the therapeutic effect was evaluated bacteriologically, radiologically and histopathologically. By performing root canal treatment, the level of bacteria in the mesial root of the treated teeth was reduced by 75% compared with the control. Additionally, the volume of the periapical lesions of the treated teeth as measured by micro-computed tomography decreased significantly 2 weeks after the root canal treatment when compared with the control. Histological evidence of healing was observed in the treatment group 8 weeks after root canal treatment. These results suggest that a root canal treatment model using rats can be used in developmental research for novel methods of root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomichi Yoneda
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Noiri
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan.
| | - Saori Matsui
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsutaka Kuremoto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hazuki Maezono
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takuya Ishimoto
- Department of Biomaterials and Structural Materials Design, Osaka University Graduate School of Engineering, 1-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Nakano
- Department of Biomaterials and Structural Materials Design, Osaka University Graduate School of Engineering, 1-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Ebisu
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mikako Hayashi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
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Rotstein I. Interaction between endodontics and periodontics. Periodontol 2000 2017; 74:11-39. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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The Effect of Foraminal Enlargement of Necrotic Teeth with a Continuous Rotary System on Postoperative Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Endod 2017; 43:359-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Virdee SS, Thomas MBM. A practitioner's guide to gutta-percha removal during endodontic retreatment. Br Dent J 2017; 222:251-257. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2017.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ran S, Liu B, Gu S, Sun Z, Liang J. Analysis of the expression of NLRP3 and AIM2 in periapical lesions with apical periodontitis and microbial analysis outside the apical segment of teeth. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 78:39-47. [PMID: 28193569 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect the distribution and expression levels of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and the absent in Melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasomes in periapical lesions and to analyse the possible microbial stimuli outside of teeth. DESIGN The distribution of NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes in sixteen periapical lesions was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Meanwhile, the relative gene expression levels of NLRP3 and AIM2 in sixteen periapical lesions and three health periodontal tissue were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Moreover, forty-seven teeth without sinus tracts were obtained in the clinic and included in bacterial analysis using PCR. Then, the mRNA levels of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), caspase-1, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), NLRP3 and AIM2 in THP-1-derived macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Porphyromonas were also quantified by real-time PCR, and the IL-1β secretion level was investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS NLRP3 and AIM2 were positively expressed in periapical lesions and were mainly distributed in inflammatory cells. Most of the samples that demonstrated up-regulation of NLRP3 mRNA also demonstrated up-regulation of caspase-1 mRNA. Microbial analysis revealed that Porphyromonas endodontalis was the most commonly detected species and was detected in 27 of 47 cases (57.4%), followed by Fusobacterium nucleatum (20/47, 42.6%), Porphyromonas gingivalis (19/47, 40.4%), Tannerella forsythia (19/47, 40.4%), Actinomyces sp. (17/47, 36.17%), Treponema denticola (10/47,21.28%), Actinomyces israelii (9/47,19.15%), Prevotella intermedia (6/47, 12.77%), Enterococcus faecalis (1/47,2.13%) and Enterococcus faecium (0/47,0). Furthermore, we found that LPS of P. gingivalis induced THP-1 cells to produce IL-1β and to activate NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the NLRP3 and AIM2 proteins play a part in the pathogenesis of periapical periodontitis. Anaerobes, such as P. endodontalis, P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum and T. forsythia, were the main detected microbial stimuli that might activate inflammasomes in periapical tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Ran
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Shensheng Gu
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Jingping Liang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Tatikonda A, Sudheep N, Biswas KP, Gowtham K, Pujari S, Singh P. Evaluation of Bacteriological Profile in the Apical Root Segment of the Patients with Primary Apical Periodontitis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017; 18:44-48. [PMID: 28050984 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apical periodontitis usually results from bacterial accumulation and contamination occurring in the root-canal system, and extending beyond the apical foramen to involve the periapical tissues. Literature has a paucity of the studies that stress on the division and analysis of the pulp canal segments. The reason for this disparity might be the technique used for collecting the samples from the pulp canals. Hence, we carried out the present study to evaluate the microbial flora in the apical part of the roots with necrotic pulp canals. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study included the assessment of 40 freshly extracted teeth that had necrotized pulpal tissue along with the presence of periapical periodontal lesions. Removal of the soft tissue lesions attached to the root portion of the teeth along with apical periodontal lesions was done with the help of scalpel blade, after rinsing them with a sterile solution of saline. Thorough cleaning of the root surfaces was done with hydrogen peroxide followed by rapid disinfection with the help of sodium hypochlorite at varying concentrations. Sectioning of the root portion of all the specimens with the help of a disk was done perpendicular to the long axis of the teeth at a distance of roughly 5 to 6 mm from the teeth's apicalmost point. Cryotubes were used for transferring the specimens of apical portions containing 1 mL of buffer and were subjected to immediate frozen processing at a temperature of -20°C. A 10 K-type file was used for the initial collection of the samples followed by subsequent incubation of the files and paper pints in the incubation cabinet. Subsequent deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction from the samples was done following the procedure described by Siqueira et al. Paster et al's modification of the reverse-capture checkerboard assay was used in the present study. Semiquantitative data were used for overcoming the difficulties arising due to obtaining the counts of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based analysis of specimens. RESULTS A positive result for the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene primer was observed only in two examined specimens of all the samples of the apical portion of the root canals in the present study. Negative result was shown by all the control group specimens, which were sterile samples. Presence of bacteria was confirmed by PCR in 38 out of 40 examined specimens. Amount of bacterial taxa, out of these 24 samples, ranged up to 6. Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Dialister oral species, Bacteroidetes species, Streptococcus species, Olsenella uli, Synergistes species, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Parvimonas micra, Treponema denticola, and Filifactor alocis were the specific species detected. Bacteroidetes species was the only species that were detected at levels at or above 105. Heavy bacterial infections were noticed in more than 45% of the cases at the periradicular part of the root canals. CONCLUSION Microbial flora of the apical segment of the root with necrotized pulp tissue comprises a vast variety of pathogenic bacteria. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE For better prognosis of the treatment of such cases, adequate knowledge of the microbial flora of the root, especially the apical portion is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Tatikonda
- Department of Periodontics, Triveni Institute of Dental Sciences Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India, Phone: +919501544877, e-mail:
| | - N Sudheep
- Department of Periodontics, Educare Institute of Dental Sciences, Malappuram, Kerala, India
| | - Krishna P Biswas
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Tamil Nadu Government Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Gowtham
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Malla Reddy Dental College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sudarshan Pujari
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Dental College, Solapur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Padam Singh
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, ITS Dental College, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ryana HK, Srinath R, Prakash S. Surgical Re-entry of an Intentionally Replanted Periodontally Compromised Tooth Treated with Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF): Hopeless to Hopeful. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:ZD01-4. [PMID: 27504421 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/19245.7945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Intentional replantation is generally contraindicated in periodontally compromised teeth however, there are reports suggesting that it can be a successful treatment alternative for periodontally involved hopeless teeth. Currently there is dearth of evidence regarding the success of this therapy, especially evidence for the effectiveness of autologous platelet rich fibrin is lacking. We present a case report of a 23-year-old male patient with periodontally hopeless left maxillary central incisor having bone loss extending beyond root apex. The tooth was gently extracted and replanted utilizing root conditioning and combined regenerative therapy (Xenograft, PRF and Type I Collagen Membrane). Surgical re-entry at nine months revealed bone formation in the apical third of the tooth. At one year, 87% radiographic bone gain was accomplished. The improvement in the clinical and radiographic parameters reinforced by the re-entry surgery findings strongly suggest that intentional replantation may be a cost-effective substitute to implants and tooth supported prosthesis in situations where conventional periodontal therapy would yield compromised outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneet Kour Ryana
- Assistant Editor, Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research , Delhi, India
| | - Rashmi Srinath
- Reader, Department of Periodontics, College of Dental Sciences , Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Shobha Prakash
- Head of Department, Department of Periodontics, College of Dental Sciences , Davangere, Karnataka, India
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Cavalla F, Biguetti CC, Colavite PM, Silveira EV, Martins W, Letra A, Trombone APF, Silva RM, Garlet GP. TBX21-1993T/C (rs4794067) polymorphism is associated with increased risk of chronic periodontitis and increased T-bet expression in periodontal lesions, but does not significantly impact the IFN-g transcriptional level or the pattern of periodontophatic bacterial infection. Virulence 2016; 6:293-304. [PMID: 25832120 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1029828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Th1-polarized host response, mediated by IFN-γ, has been associated with increased severity of periodontal disease as well as control of periodontal infection. The functional polymorphism TBX21-1993T/C (rs4794067) increases the transcriptional activity of the TBX21 gene (essential for Th1 polarization) resulting in a predisposition to a Th-1 biased immune response. Thus, we conducted a case-control study, including a population of healthy controls (H, n = 218), chronic periodontitis (CP, n = 197), and chronic gingivitis patients (CG, n = 193), to investigate if genetic variations in TBX21 could impact the development of Th1 responses, and consequently influence the pattern of bacterial infection and periodontitis outcome. We observed that the polymorphic allele T was significantly enriched in the CP patients compared to CG subjects, while the H controls demonstrated and intermediate genotype. Also, investigating the putative functionality TBX21-1993T/C in the modulation of local response, we observed that the transcripts levels of T-bet, but not of IFN-γ, were upregulated in homozygote and heterozygote polymorphic subjects. In addition, TBX21-1993T/C did not influence the pattern of bacterial infection or the clinical parameters of disease severity, being the presence/absence of red complex bacteria the main factor associated with the disease status and the subrogate variable probing depth (PD) in the logistic regression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Cavalla
- a Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas; Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru Universidade de São Paulo (FOB/USP) ; Bauru , Brazil
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38
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Ping Y, Wang J, Liang J. Pyrosequencing analysis of apical microbiota of teeth with persistent apical periodontitis. J Dent Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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39
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Ran S, Gu S, Wang J, Zhu C, Liang J. Dentin tubule invasion by Enterococcus faecalis under stress conditions ex vivo. Eur J Oral Sci 2015; 123:362-368. [PMID: 26296719 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is the species most frequently isolated from failed endodontic treatments because it can survive under stress conditions imposed by root canal treatment. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of E. faecalis to invade dentine tubules under alkaline and energy-starvation stress and to explore the potential mechanisms. Roots from single-rooted human teeth were infected with E. faecalis under alkaline and energy-starvation stress conditions. After 4 wk of culture, samples were processed to establish the tubule-penetration distance. In addition, the hydrophobicity of E. faecalis cells under these conditions was analysed and the expression of genes involved in adhesion was quantified by real-time quantitative PCR. Culture of E. faecalis under alkaline and energy-starvation stress conditions resulted in a marked reduction of tubule-penetration distance, a significant increase in hydrophobicity of the bacterial surface, and marked down-regulation of most adhesin genes compared with E. faecalis cultured in tryptic soy broth. The results indicate that the dentine tubule invasion ability of E. faecalis was markedly decreased under alkaline and glucose-starvation stress conditions, possibly because of the increase of hydrophobicity and down-regulation of some adhesion genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Ran
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shensheng Gu
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cailian Zhu
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingping Liang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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40
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Antunes HS, Rôças IN, Alves FR, Siqueira JF. Total and Specific Bacterial Levels in the Apical Root Canal System of Teeth with Post-treatment Apical Periodontitis. J Endod 2015; 41:1037-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Cardinali F, Fornara R, Gorni F, Gagliani M. La risoluzione delle complessità nei ritrattamenti. DENTAL CADMOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0011-8524(14)70242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Zakaria MN, Takeshita T, Shibata Y, Maeda H, Wada N, Akamine A, Yamashita Y. Microbial community in persistent apical periodontitis: a 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis. Int Endod J 2014; 48:717-28. [PMID: 25088120 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To characterize the microbial composition of persistent periapical lesions of root filled teeth using a molecular genetics approach. METHODOLOGY Apical lesion samples were collected from 12 patients (23-80 years old) who visited the Kyushu University Hospital for apicectomy with persistent periapical lesions associated with root filled teeth. DNA was directly extracted from each sample and the microbial composition was comprehensively analysed using clone library analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans and specific fimA genotypes of Porphyromonas gingivalis were confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis with specific primers. RESULTS Bacteria were detected in all samples, and the dominant findings were P. gingivalis (19.9%), Fusobacterium nucleatum (11.2%) and Propionibacterium acnes (9%). Bacterial diversity was greater in symptomatic lesions than in asymptomatic ones. In addition, the following bacteria or bacterial combinations were characteristic to symptomatic lesions: Prevotella spp., Treponema spp., Peptostreptococcaceae sp. HOT-113, Olsenella uli, Slackia exigua, Selemonas infelix, P. gingivalis with type IV fimA, and a combination of P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum, and Peptostreptococcaceae sp. HOT-113 and predominance of Streptococcus spp. On the other hand, neither Enterococcus faecalis nor C. albicans were detected in any of the samples. CONCLUSION Whilst a diverse bacterial species were observed in the persistent apical lesions, some characteristic patterns of bacterial community were found in the symptomatic lesions. The diverse variation of community indicates that bacterial combinations as a community may cause persistent inflammation in periapical tissues rather than specific bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Zakaria
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Jenderal Achmad Yani University, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - T Takeshita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Y Shibata
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - H Maeda
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - N Wada
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - A Akamine
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Y Yamashita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Microbial Diversity in Persistent Root Canal Infections Investigated by Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization. J Endod 2014; 40:899-906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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Lee EU, Lim HC, Lee JS, Jung UW, Kim US, Lee SJ, Choi SH. Delayed intentional replantation of periodontally hopeless teeth: a retrospective study. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2014; 44:13-9. [PMID: 24616829 PMCID: PMC3945391 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2014.44.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ung Lee
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Chang Lim
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Seok Lee
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ui-Won Jung
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ui-Sung Kim
- Microscope Center, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral Science Research Center, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Jong Lee
- Microscope Center, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral Science Research Center, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Choi
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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Investigation of Cultivable Bacteria Isolated from Longstanding Retreatment-resistant Lesions of Teeth with Apical Periodontitis. J Endod 2013; 39:1240-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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46
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Gao B, Zheng L. microRNA Expression in Rat Apical Periodontitis Bone Lesion. Bone Res 2013; 1:170-85. [PMID: 26273501 DOI: 10.4248/br201302006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical periodontitis, dominated by dense inflammatory infiltrates and increased osteoclast activities, can lead to alveolar bone destruction and tooth loss. It is believed that miRNA participates in regulating various biological processes, osteoclastogenesis included. This study aims to investigate the differential expression of miRNAs in rat apical periodontitis and explore their functional target genes. Microarray analysis was used to identify differentially expressed miRNAs in apical periodontitis. Bioinformatics technique was applied for predicting the target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs and their biological functions. The result provided us with an insight into the potential biological effects of the differentially expressed miRNAs and showed particular enrichment of target genes involved in the MAPK signaling pathways. These findings may highlight the intricate and specific roles of miRNA in inflammation and osteoclastogenesis, both of which are key aspects of apical periodontitis, thus contributing to the future investigation into the etiology, underlying mechanism and treatment of apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gao
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, USA
| | - Liwei Zheng
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California , San Francisco, USA
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Del Fabbro M, Samaranayake LP, Lolato A, Weinstein T, Taschieri S. Analysis of the secondary endodontic lesions focusing on the extraradicular microorganisms: an overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 5:245-54. [PMID: 23766136 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed at reviewing the literature on extraradicular infections of endodontically treated teeth, summarizing the main hypotheses on etiopathogenesis and describing the most suitable techniques to identify the composition of pathogenic extraradicular microorganisms. Medline database was searched using the keywords "Apical biofilm," "extraradicular infection," "secondary endodontic lesion," "endodontic retreatment," "biofilm" either alone or combined with AND. A further hand search was performed on the main endodontic journals. The most frequent bacterial species identified in different studies and with different techniques may vary considerably. Although the presence of some species of microorganisms seems to be determinant, the true origin of extraradicular infection is still undetermined. The literature analysis showed marked differences in methodology, materials, aims, and techniques adopted, which led to highly heterogeneous outcomes. The picture emerging from this review is that extraradicular infection is likely a multifactorial disease that requires further systematic investigation using standardized techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Del Fabbro
- Director of Center of Research for Oral Health, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Dental Clinic, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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