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Li C, Zhang W, Nie Y, Du X, Huang C, Li L, Long J, Wang X, Tong W, Qin L, Lai Y. Time-Sequential and Multi-Functional 3D Printed MgO 2/PLGA Scaffold Developed as a Novel Biodegradable and Bioactive Bone Substitute for Challenging Postsurgical Osteosarcoma Treatment. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308875. [PMID: 38091500 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most commonly occurring primary bone malignant tumor. The clinical postsurgical OS treatment faces big challenges for the staged therapeutic requirements of early anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, and long-lasting osteogenesis. Herein, multi-functional bioactive scaffolds with time-sequential functions of preventing tumor recurrence, inhibiting bacterial infection, and promoting bone defect repair are designed as a novel strategy. Nanocomposite scaffold magnesium peroxide (MgO2)/poly (lactide-co-glycolide) is prepared by low-temperature 3D printing for controllable releasing magnesium ions (Mg2+) and reactive oxygen species in a time-sequential manner. The scaffold with 20 wt% MgO2 (20MP) is verified with desired mechanical properties, as well as exhibits staged release behavior of bioactive elements with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) release for the first 3 weeks, and long-lasting Mg2+ release for 12 weeks. The released H2O2 initiates chemodynamic therapy to induce apoptosis and ferroptosis in tumor cells, along with activating the anticancer immune microenvironment by M1 polarization of macrophages. The released Mg2+ subsequently enhances bone repair by activating the Wnt3a/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway to promote osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and create osteopromotive immune microenvironment by M2 polarization of macrophages. In conclusion, the multi-functional 20MP scaffold demonstrates time-sequential therapeutic properties as an innovative strategy for OS-associated bone defect treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cairong Li
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Yangyi Nie
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Xiangfu Du
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Cuishan Huang
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Long Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Jing Long
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Xinluan Wang
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Wenxue Tong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yuxiao Lai
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
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Gokyer S, Monsef YA, Buyuksungur S, Schmidt J, Vladescu Dragomir A, Uygur S, Oto C, Orhan K, Hasirci V, Hasirci N, Yilgor P. MgCa-Based Alloys Modified with Zn- and Ga-Doped CaP Coatings Lead to Controlled Degradation and Enhanced Bone Formation in a Sheep Cranium Defect Model. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:4452-4462. [PMID: 38875708 PMCID: PMC11234335 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Mg-based biodegradable metallic implants are gaining increased attraction for applications in orthopedics and dentistry. However, their current applications are hampered by their high rate of corrosion, degradation, and rapid release of ions and gas bubbles into the physiological medium. The aim of the present study is to investigate the osteogenic and angiogenic potential of coated Mg-based implants in a sheep cranial defect model. Although their osteogenic potential was studied to some extent, their potential to regenerate vascularized bone formation was not studied in detail. We have studied the potential of magnesium-calcium (MgCa)-based alloys modified with zinc (Zn)- or gallium (Ga)-doped calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings as a strategy to control their degradation rate while enhancing bone regeneration capacity. MgCa and its implants with CaP coatings (MgCa/CaP) as undoped or as doped with Zn or Ga (MgCa/CaP + Zn and MgCa/CaP + Ga, respectively) were implanted in bone defects created in the sheep cranium. MgCa implants degraded faster than the others at 4 weeks postop and the weight loss was ca. 50%, while it was ca. 15% for MgCa/CaP and <10% in the presence of Zn and Ga with CaP coating. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the implant surfaces also revealed that the MgCa implants had the largest degree of structural breakdown of all the groups. Radiological evaluation revealed that surface modification with CaP to the MgCa implants induced better bone regeneration within the defects as well as the enhancement of bone-implant surface integration. Bone volume (%) within the defect was ca. 25% in the case of MgCa/CaP + Ga, while it was around 15% for undoped MgCa group upon micro-CT evaluation. This >1.5-fold increase in bone regeneration for MgCa/CaP + Ga implant was also observed in the histopathological examination of the H&E- and Masson's trichrome-stained sections. Immunohistochemical analysis of the bone regeneration (antiosteopontin) and neovascularization (anti-CD31) at the defect sites revealed >2-fold increase in the expression of the markers in both Ga- and Zn-doped, CaP-coated implants. Zn-doped implants further presented low inflammatory reaction, notable bone regeneration, and neovascularization among all the implant groups. These findings indicated that Ga- and Zn-doped CaP coating is an important strategy to control the degradation rate as well as to achieve enhanced bone regeneration capacity of the implants made of Mg-based alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyda Gokyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara 06830, Turkey
| | - Yanad Abou Monsef
- Anatomic Pathology Department, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Senem Buyuksungur
- BIOMATEN, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Jurgen Schmidt
- Gruppenleiter Elektrochemie, Prüssingstraße 27b, INNOVENT e.V. Technologieentwicklung, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Alina Vladescu Dragomir
- 409 Atomistilor St., National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics─INOE 2000, Magurele 77125, Romania
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Vasif Hasirci
- BIOMATEN, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Hasirci
- BIOMATEN, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara 06800, Turkey
- METU Department of Chemistry, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Near East University Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Research Center, Nicosia 99138, TRNC Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Pinar Yilgor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara 06830, Turkey
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3
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Nishimaki K, Kaibuchi N, Washio K, Yamato M. Application of mesenchymal stromal cell sheets to prevent medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw with titanium implants in rats. Odontology 2024; 112:938-949. [PMID: 38367068 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-024-00900-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is an intractable adverse event. Dental implants are one of the triggering factors of MRONJ, and implant therapy with low MRONJ risk is required. This study aimed to investigate a rat model of MRONJ induced by extraoral placement of titanium materials and the use of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSCs) sheets to prevent MRONJ. Eight-week-old male rats were administered zoledronate and dexamethasone thrice weekly until killing. A week after drug initiation, a titanium screw and a plate were placed on the left buccal side of the mandible. Allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSC sheets were co-grafted with the titanium plates in the MSC sheet ( +) group. Six weeks after titanium placement, the rats were killed, and their excised mandibular bones were subjected to micro-computed tomography (CT) analysis. Histological analysis was performed after the titanium implants were removed. Empty lacunae visualized on hematoxylin and eosin staining were used as evidence of bone necrosis. Bone necrosis was reduced in the MSC sheet ( +) group. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining revealed a decreased number of TRAP-positive cells in areas with a large number of empty lacunae in the MSC sheet (-) group. Micro-CT analyses demonstrated that the bone volume fraction (BV/TV) was not significantly different between the MSC sheet (-) and ( +) groups. We conclude that MRONJ can be triggered by a titanium placement in rats, and grafting of allogeneic MSC sheets has the potential to prevent MRONJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nishimaki
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kaibuchi
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.
| | - Kaoru Washio
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamato
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
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Zheng L, Zhang R, Chen X, Luo Y, Du W, Zhu Y, Ruan YC, Xu J, Wang J, Qin L. Chronic kidney disease: a contraindication for using biodegradable magnesium or its alloys as potential orthopedic implants? Biomed Mater 2024; 19:045023. [PMID: 38815612 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad5241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) has gained widespread recognition as a potential revolutionary orthopedic biomaterial. However, whether the biodegradation of the Mg-based orthopedic implants would pose a risk to patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains undetermined as the kidney is a key organ regulating mineral homeostasis. A rat CKD model was established by a 5/6 subtotal nephrectomy approach, followed by intramedullary implantation of three types of pins: stainless steel, high pure Mg with high corrosion resistance, and the Mg-Sr-Zn alloy with a fast degradation rate. The long-term biosafety of the biodegradable Mg or its alloys as orthopedic implants were systematically evaluated. During an experimental period of 12 weeks, the implantation did not result in a substantial rise of Mg ion concentration in serum or major organs such as hearts, livers, spleens, lungs, or kidneys. No pathological changes were observed in organs using various histological techniques. No significantly increased iNOS-positive cells or apoptotic cells in these organs were identified. The biodegradable Mg or its alloys as orthopedic implants did not pose an extra health risk to CKD rats at long-term follow-up, suggesting that these biodegradable orthopedic devices might be suitable for most target populations, including patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Zheng
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, People's Republic of China
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology and Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, People's Republic of China
| | - Ri Zhang
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology and Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology and Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanting Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Chun Ruan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiankun Xu
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology and Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology and Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, People's Republic of China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology and Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, People's Republic of China
- Hong Kong-Shenzhen Innovation and Technology Institute (Futian), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, People's Republic of China
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Lin Z, Wei Y, Yang H. Mg alloys with antitumor and anticorrosion properties for orthopedic oncology: A review from mechanisms to application strategies. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:021504. [PMID: 38638143 PMCID: PMC11026114 DOI: 10.1063/5.0191800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
As a primary malignant bone cancer, osteosarcoma (OS) poses a great threat to human health and is still a huge challenge for clinicians. At present, surgical resection is the main treatment strategy for OS. However, surgical intervention will result in a large bone defect, and some tumor cells remaining around the excised bone tissue often lead to the recurrence and metastasis of OS. Biomedical Mg-based materials have been widely employed as orthopedic implants in bone defect reconstruction, and, especially, they can eradicate the residual OS cells due to the antitumor activities of their degradation products. Nevertheless, the fast corrosion rate of Mg alloys has greatly limited their application scope in the biomedical field, and the improvement of the corrosion resistance will impair the antitumor effects, which mainly arise from their rapid corrosion. Hence, it is vital to balance the corrosion resistance and the antitumor activities of Mg alloys. The presented review systematically discussed the potential antitumor mechanisms of three corrosion products of Mg alloys. Moreover, several strategies to simultaneously enhance the anticorrosion properties and antitumor effects of Mg alloys were also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhensheng Lin
- Medical Engineering Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Yuhe Wei
- Department of Medical Equipment, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Huazhe Yang
- School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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Li P, Dai J, Li Y, Alexander D, Čapek J, Geis-Gerstorfer J, Wan G, Han J, Yu Z, Li A. Zinc based biodegradable metals for bone repair and regeneration: Bioactivity and molecular mechanisms. Mater Today Bio 2024; 25:100932. [PMID: 38298560 PMCID: PMC10826336 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone fractures and critical-size bone defects are significant public health issues, and clinical treatment outcomes are closely related to the intrinsic properties of the utilized implant materials. Zinc (Zn)-based biodegradable metals (BMs) have emerged as promising bioactive materials because of their exceptional biocompatibility, appropriate mechanical properties, and controllable biodegradation. This review summarizes the state of the art in terms of Zn-based metals for bone repair and regeneration, focusing on bridging the gap between biological mechanism and required bioactivity. The molecular mechanism underlying the release of Zn ions from Zn-based BMs in the improvement of bone repair and regeneration is elucidated. By integrating clinical considerations and the specific bioactivity required for implant materials, this review summarizes the current research status of Zn-based internal fixation materials for promoting fracture healing, Zn-based scaffolds for regenerating critical-size bone defects, and Zn-based barrier membranes for reconstituting alveolar bone defects. Considering the significant progress made in the research on Zn-based BMs for potential clinical applications, the challenges and promising research directions are proposed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, South Jiangnan Road No. 366, Guangzhou 510280, China
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Jingtao Dai
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, South Jiangnan Road No. 366, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yageng Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dorothea Alexander
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Jaroslav Čapek
- FZU – the Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8, 18200, Czech Republic
| | - Jürgen Geis-Gerstorfer
- Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Guojiang Wan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Jianmin Han
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Department of Dental Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhentao Yu
- Institute of Advanced Wear & Corrosion Resistant and Functional Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - An Li
- Department of Periodontology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, South Jiangnan Road 366, Guangzhou 510280, China
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Gu F, Zhang K, Zhu WA, Sui Z, Li J, Xie X, Yu T. Silicone rubber sealed channel induced self-healing of large bone defects: Where is the limit of self-healing of bone? J Orthop Translat 2023; 43:21-35. [PMID: 37965195 PMCID: PMC10641457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Large defects of long tubular bones due to severe trauma, bone tumor resection, or osteomyelitis debridement are challenging in orthopedics. Bone non-union and other complications often lead to serious consequences. At present, autologous bone graft is still the gold standard for the treatment of large bone defects. However, autologous bone graft sources are limited. Silicon rubber (SR) materials are widely used in biomedical fields, due to their safety and biocompatibility, and even shown to induce nerve regeneration. Materials and methods We extracted rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) in vitro and verified the biocompatibility of silicone rubber through cell experiments. Then we designed a rabbit radius critical sized bone defect model to verify the effect of silicone rubber sealed channel inducing bone repair in vivo. Results SR sealed channel could prevent the fibrous tissue from entering the fracture end and forming bone nonunion, thereby inducing self-healing of long tubular bone through endochondral osteogenesis. The hematoma tissue formed in the early stage was rich in osteogenesis and angiogenesis related proteins, and gradually turned into vascularization and endochondral osteogenesis, and finally realized bone regeneration. Conclusions In summary, our study proved that SR sealed channel could prevent the fibrous tissue from entering the fracture end and induce self-healing of long tubular bone through endochondral osteogenesis. In this process, the sealed environment provided by the SR channel was key, and this might indicate that the limit of self-healing of bone exceeded the previously thought. The translational potential of this article This study investigated a new concept to induce the self-healing of large bone defects. It could avoid trauma caused by autologous bone extraction and possible rejection reactions caused by bone graft materials. Further research based on this study, including the innovation of induction materials, might invent a new type of bone inducing production, which could bring convenience to patients. We believed that this study had significant meaning for the treatment of large bone defects in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wan-an Zhu
- Department of Radiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhenjiang Sui
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jiangbi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiaoping Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Tiecheng Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
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Antoniac I, Manescu (Paltanea) V, Antoniac A, Paltanea G. Magnesium-based alloys with adapted interfaces for bone implants and tissue engineering. Regen Biomater 2023; 10:rbad095. [PMID: 38020233 PMCID: PMC10664085 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium and its alloys are one of the most used materials for bone implants and tissue engineering. They are characterized by numerous advantages such as biodegradability, high biocompatibility and mechanical properties with values close to the human bone. Unfortunately, the implant surface must be adequately tuned, or Mg-based alloys must be alloyed with other chemical elements due to their increased corrosion effect in physiological media. This article reviews the clinical challenges related to bone repair and regeneration, classifying bone defects and presenting some of the most used and modern therapies for bone injuries, such as Ilizarov or Masquelet techniques or stem cell treatments. The implant interface challenges are related to new bone formation and fracture healing, implant degradation and hydrogen release. A detailed analysis of mechanical properties during implant degradation is extensively described based on different literature studies that included in vitro and in vivo tests correlated with material properties' characterization. Mg-based trauma implants such as plates and screws, intramedullary nails, Herbert screws, spine cages, rings for joint treatment and regenerative scaffolds are presented, taking into consideration their manufacturing technology, the implant geometrical dimensions and shape, the type of in vivo or in vitro studies and fracture localization. Modern technologies that modify or adapt the Mg-based implant interfaces are described by presenting the main surface microstructural modifications, physical deposition and chemical conversion coatings. The last part of the article provides some recommendations from a translational perspective, identifies the challenges associated with Mg-based implants and presents some future opportunities. This review outlines the available literature on trauma and regenerative bone implants and describes the main techniques used to control the alloy corrosion rate and the cellular environment of the implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulian Antoniac
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Veronica Manescu (Paltanea)
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aurora Antoniac
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Paltanea
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
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Su Q, Qiao Y, Xiao Y, Yang S, Wu H, Li J, He X, Hu X, Yang H, Yong X. Research progress of 3D printed poly (ether ether ketone) in the reconstruction of craniomaxillofacial bone defects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1259696. [PMID: 37662437 PMCID: PMC10469012 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1259696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical challenge of bone defects in the craniomaxillofacial region, which can lead to significant physiological dysfunction and psychological distress, persists due to the complex and unique anatomy of craniomaxillofacial bones. These critical-sized defects require the use of bone grafts or substitutes for effective reconstruction. However, current biomaterials and methods have specific limitations in meeting the clinical demands for structural reinforcement, mechanical support, exceptional biological performance, and aesthetically pleasing reconstruction of the facial structure. These drawbacks have led to a growing need for novel materials and technologies. The growing development of 3D printing can offer significant advantages to address these issues, as demonstrated by the fabrication of patient-specific bioactive constructs with controlled structural design for complex bone defects in medical applications using this technology. Poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK), among a number of materials used, is gaining recognition as a feasible substitute for a customized structure that closely resembles natural bone. It has proven to be an excellent, conformable, and 3D-printable material with the potential to replace traditional autografts and titanium implants. However, its biological inertness poses certain limitations. Therefore, this review summarizes the distinctive features of craniomaxillofacial bones and current methods for bone reconstruction, and then focuses on the increasingly applied 3D printed PEEK constructs in this field and an update on the advanced modifications for improved mechanical properties, biological performance, and antibacterial capacity. Exploring the potential of 3D printed PEEK is expected to lead to more cost-effective, biocompatible, and personalized treatment of craniomaxillofacial bone defects in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Su
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yixin Qiao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yile Xiao
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhao Yang
- Clinical Medical College and Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Haoming Wu
- Clinical Medical College and Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinlong He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xulin Hu
- Clinical Medical College and Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Yong
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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10
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Wang P, Gong Y, Zhou G, Ren W, Wang X. Biodegradable Implants for Internal Fixation of Fractures and Accelerated Bone Regeneration. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:27920-27931. [PMID: 37576626 PMCID: PMC10413843 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Bone fractures have always been a burden to patients due to their common occurrence and severe complications. Traditionally, operative treatments have been widely used in the clinic for implanting, despite the fact that they can only achieve bone fixation with limited stability and pose no effect on promoting tissue growth. In addition, the nondegradable implants usually need a secondary surgery for implant removal, otherwise they may block the regeneration of bones resulting in bone nonunion. To overcome the low degradability of implants and avoid multiple surgeries, tissue engineers have investigated various biodegradable materials for bone regeneration, whereas the significance of stability of long-term bone fixation tends to be neglected during this process. Combining the traditional orthopedic implantation surgeries and emerging tissue engineering, we believe that both bone fixation and bone regeneration are indispensable factors for a successful bone repair. Herein, we define such a novel idea as bone regenerative fixation (BRF), which should be the main future development trend of biodegradable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Department
of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yan Gong
- Department
of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Guangdong Zhou
- Department
of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
- Institute
of Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Institutes of Health Central
Plain, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China
| | - Wenjie Ren
- Institute
of Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Institutes of Health Central
Plain, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China
| | - Xiansong Wang
- Department
of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
- Institute
of Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Institutes of Health Central
Plain, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China
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11
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Liang F, Yang Y, Chen Y, Xie J, Liu S, Tan Z, Tian L, Yu Z, Shi Z, Xie P, Ding H, Yang Q. Ropivacaine microsphere-loaded electroconductive nerve dressings for long-acting analgesia and functional recovery following diabetic peripheral nerve injury. Mater Today Bio 2023; 21:100712. [PMID: 37448664 PMCID: PMC10336588 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, electroconductive hydrogels (ECHs) have shown great potential in promoting nerve regeneration and motor function recovery following diabetic peripheral nerve injury (PNI), attributed to their similar electrical and mechanical characteristics to innate nervous tissue. It is well-established that PNI causes motor deficits and pain, especially in diabetics. Current evidence suggests that ropivacaine (ROP) encapsulated in poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microspheres (MSs) yield a sustained analgesic effect. In this study, an ECH electroconductive network loaded with MS/ROP (ECH-MS/ROP) was designed as a promising therapeutic approach for diabetic PNI to exert lasting analgesia and functional recovery. This dual delivery system allowed ROP's slow and sequential release, achieving sustained analgesia as demonstrated by our in vivo experiments. Meanwhile, this system was designed like a lamellar dressing, with desirable adhesive and self-curling properties, convenient for treating injured nerve tissues via automatically wrapping tube-like structures, facilitating the process of implantation. Our in vitro assays verified that ECH-MS/ROP was able to enhance the adhesion and motility of Schwann cells. Besides, both in vitro and in vivo studies substantiated that ECH-MS/ROP stimulated myelinated axon regeneration through the MEK/ERK signaling pathway, thereby improving muscular denervation atrophy and facilitating functional recovery. Therefore, this study suggests that the ECH-MS/ROP dressing provides a promising strategy for treating diabetic PNI to facilitate nerve regeneration, functional recovery and pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangguo Liang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Yusheng Yang
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Yuyong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 510800, China
| | - Jiajun Xie
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Shencai Liu
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Zilin Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Liangjie Tian
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zhanjun Shi
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Peigen Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen, University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510600, China
| | - Hong Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Qinfeng Yang
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
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12
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Sun J, Li Z, Liu S, Xia T, Shen J. Biodegradable magnesium screw, titanium screw and direct embedding fixation in pedicled vascularized iliac bone graft transfer for osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a randomized controlled study. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:523. [PMID: 37481538 PMCID: PMC10363316 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-04012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of degradable magnesium screws to fix the bone flap implanted in the treatment of femoral head necrosis has achieved preliminary good therapeutic results. However, there is no conclusive evidence in the study to demonstrate whether biodegradable magnesium screws promote angiogenesis and no comparison has been made between degradable magnesium screws and traditional screws. OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of biodegradable magnesium screws in pedicled vascularized iliac bone graft transfer (PVIBGT) for osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of thirty-six patients (37 hips) with ONFH were recruited from March 2020 to July 2022. The study used a single-blind method, and patients who underwent PVIBGT were randomized into three groups: 12 patients (12 hips) were fixed with biodegradable magnesium screws (Group A), 12 patients (13 hips) were fixed with titanium screws (Group B), 12 patients (12 hips) were directly embedded (Group C). The operating time and the length of stay were recorded. Harris scores, radiological examinations (X-ray, CT, DCE-MRI), blood and serum tests were conducted before and after surgery. The gas yield and degradation rates of the magnesium screws were measured at the 3-months and 6-months post-operative follow-ups in Group A. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference among these three groups in terms of types, gender, age, course of disease, surgical side, operation time, the length of stay (P > 0.05). All patients were followed up for 6 months. The mean Harris scores were higher in all groups 6 months after surgery (P < 0.05). The rates of excellent and good outcomes were 66.7%, 46.2%, and 33.3% in Groups A, B, and C, respectively. PVIBGT and magnesium screws can improve the blood supply of the femoral head via DCE-MRI evaluation. Two patients with poor incision healing received prompt treatment and subsequently recovered well. No adverse events, such as hip infection or deep vein thrombosis, were reported in the patients. The patients had good biocompatibility of magnesium screws, and no fracture of the magnesium screws was observed in Group A. Liver and kidney functions (including serum magnesium) were within normal ranges. The area of the intermuscular air space was 0 cm2 in follow-ups. The degradation rate of the biodegradable magnesium screws was approximately 10.32% at the 3-months follow-up and 13.72% at the 6-months follow-up. CONCLUSIONS PVIBGT has a positive effect, especially with regard to improving blood supply of the femoral head. The fixation of biodegradable magnesium screws is reliable and safe in PVIBGT, and promote angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaowei Liu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianwei Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jirong Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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13
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Wang Q, Qin H, Deng J, Xu H, Liu S, Weng J, Zeng H. Research Progress in Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Bone Repair. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050838. [PMID: 37238709 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has 37 amino acids. Initially, CGRP had vasodilatory and nociceptive effects. As research progressed, evidence revealed that the peripheral nervous system is closely associated with bone metabolism, osteogenesis, and bone remodeling. Thus, CGRP is the bridge between the nervous system and the skeletal muscle system. CGRP can promote osteogenesis, inhibit bone resorption, promote vascular growth, and regulate the immune microenvironment. The G protein-coupled pathway is vital for its effects, while MAPK, Hippo, NF-κB, and other pathways have signal crosstalk, affecting cell proliferation and differentiation. The current review provides a detailed description of the bone repair effects of CGRP, subjected to several therapeutic studies, such as drug injection, gene editing, and novel bone repair materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichang Wang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Diseases and Biomaterials Research, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Haotian Qin
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Jiapeng Deng
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Huihui Xu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Su Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Jian Weng
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Diseases and Biomaterials Research, Shenzhen 518036, China
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14
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Guo J, Yao H, Li X, Chang L, Wang Z, Zhu W, Su Y, Qin L, Xu J. Advanced Hydrogel systems for mandibular reconstruction. Bioact Mater 2023; 21:175-193. [PMID: 36093328 PMCID: PMC9413641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mandibular defect becomes a prevalent maxillofacial disease resulting in mandibular dysfunctions and huge psychological burdens to the patients. Considering the routine presence of oral contaminations and aesthetic restoration of facial structures, the current clinical treatments are however limited, incapable to reconstruct the structural integrity and regeneration, spurring the need for cost-effective mandibular tissue engineering. Hydrogel systems possess great merit for mandibular reconstruction with precise involvement of cells and bioactive factors. In this review, current clinical treatments and distinct mode(s) of mandible formation and pathological resorption are summarized, followed by a review of hydrogel-related mandibular tissue engineering, and an update on the advanced fabrication of hydrogels with improved mechanical property, antibacterial ability, injectable form, and 3D bioprinted hydrogel constructs. The exploration of advanced hydrogel systems will lay down a solid foundation for a bright future with more biocompatible, effective, and personalized treatment in mandibular reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Guo
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hao Yao
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xu Li
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liang Chang
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wangyong Zhu
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuxiong Su
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Corresponding author. Director of Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jiankun Xu
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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15
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Tuan RS, Zhang Y, Chen L, Guo Q, Yung PSH, Jiang Q, Lai Y, Yu J, Luo J, Xia J, Xu C, Lei G, Su J, Luo X, Zou W, Qu J, Song B, Zhao X, Ouyang H, Li G, Ding C, Wan C, Chan BP, Yang L, Xiao G, Shi D, Xu J, Cheung LWH, Bai X, Xie H, Xu R, Li ZA, Chen D, Qin L. Current progress and trends in musculoskeletal research: Highlights of NSFC-CUHK academic symposium on bone and joint degeneration and regeneration. J Orthop Translat 2022; 37:175-184. [PMID: 36605329 PMCID: PMC9791426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rocky S. Tuan
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Lin Chen
- Daping Hospital, The Third Military (Army) Medical University, China
| | - Quanyi Guo
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical School, China
| | - Patrick SH. Yung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qing Jiang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, China
| | - Yuxiao Lai
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Jiakuo Yu
- Peking University Third Hospital, China
| | - Jian Luo
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, China
| | - Jiang Xia
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chenjie Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Guanghua Lei
- Xiangya Hospital Central South University, China
| | - Jiacan Su
- Changhai Hospital, People's Liberation Army Naval Medical University, China
| | | | - Weiguo Zou
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Bing Song
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Changhai Ding
- Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Chao Wan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Barbara P. Chan
- Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, China
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Dongquan Shi
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, China
| | - Jiankun Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Louis WH. Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaochun Bai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Xiangya Hospital Central South University, China
| | - Ren Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, China
| | - Zhong Alan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Di Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Corresponding author.
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16
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Yao H, Guo J, Zhu W, Su Y, Tong W, Zheng L, Chang L, Wang X, Lai Y, Qin L, Xu J. Controlled Release of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Augments the Coupling of Angiogenesis and Osteogenesis for Accelerating Mandibular Defect Repair. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2397. [PMID: 36365215 PMCID: PMC9699026 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Reconstruction of a mandibular defect is challenging, with high expectations for both functional and esthetic results. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is an essential growth factor in osteogenesis, but the efficacy of the BMP-2-based strategy on the bone regeneration of mandibular defects has not been well-investigated. In addition, the underlying mechanisms of BMP-2 that drives the bone formation in mandibular defects remain to be clarified. Here, we utilized BMP-2-loaded hydrogel to augment bone formation in a critical-size mandibular defect model in rats. We found that implantation of BMP-2-loaded hydrogel significantly promoted intramembranous ossification within the defect. The region with new bone triggered by BMP-2 harbored abundant CD31+ endomucin+ type H vessels and associated osterix (Osx)+ osteoprogenitor cells. Intriguingly, the new bone comprised large numbers of skeletal stem cells (SSCs) (CD51+ CD200+) and their multi-potent descendants (CD51+ CD105+), which were mainly distributed adjacent to the invaded blood vessels, after implantation of the BMP-2-loaded hydrogel. Meanwhile, BMP-2 further elevated the fraction of CD51+ CD105+ SSC descendants. Overall, the evidence indicates that BMP-2 may recapitulate a close interaction between functional vessels and SSCs. We conclude that BMP-2 augmented coupling of angiogenesis and osteogenesis in a novel and indispensable way to improve bone regeneration in mandibular defects, and warrants clinical investigation and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yao
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory and Centre of Musculoskeletal Aging and Regeneration, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiaxin Guo
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory and Centre of Musculoskeletal Aging and Regeneration, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wangyong Zhu
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuxiong Su
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wenxue Tong
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory and Centre of Musculoskeletal Aging and Regeneration, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lizhen Zheng
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory and Centre of Musculoskeletal Aging and Regeneration, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liang Chang
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory and Centre of Musculoskeletal Aging and Regeneration, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinluan Wang
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yuxiao Lai
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory and Centre of Musculoskeletal Aging and Regeneration, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Joint Laboratory of Chinese Academic of Science and Hong Kong for Biomaterials, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiankun Xu
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory and Centre of Musculoskeletal Aging and Regeneration, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Joint Laboratory of Chinese Academic of Science and Hong Kong for Biomaterials, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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17
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Shan Z, Xie X, Wu X, Zhuang S, Zhang C. Development of degradable magnesium-based metal implants and their function in promoting bone metabolism (A review). J Orthop Translat 2022; 36:184-193. [PMID: 36263386 PMCID: PMC9552026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Use of degradable magnesium (Mg)-based metal implants in orthopaedic surgeries can avoid drawbacks associated with subsequent removal of the non-degradable metallic implants, reducing cost and trauma of patients. Although Mg has been applied in the clinic for orthopaedic treatment, the use of Mg-based metal implants is largely in the research phase. But its application is potentially beneficial in this context as it has been shown that Mg can promote osteogenesis and inhibit osteoclast activity. Methods A systematic literature search about “degradable magnesium (Mg)-based metal implants” was performed in PubMed and Web of Science. Meanwhile, relevant findings have been reviewed and quoted. Results In this review, we summarize the latest developments in Mg-based metal implants and their role in bone regeneration. We also review the various molecular mechanisms by which Mg ions regulate bone metabolic processes, including osteogenesis, osteoclast activity, angiogenesis, immunity, and neurology. Finally, we discuss the remaining research challenges and opportunities for Mg-based implants and their applications. Conclusion Currently, establishment of the in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation systems and phenotypic modification improvement of Mg-based implants are still needed. Clarifying the functions of Mg-based metal implants in promoting bone metabolism is beneficial for their clinical application. The Translational potential of this article All current reviews on Mg-based implants are mainly concerned with the improvement of Mg alloy properties or the progress of applications. However, there are few reviews that provides a systematic narrative on the effect of Mg on bone metabolism. This review summarized the latest developments in Mg-based metal implants and various molecular mechanisms of Mg ions regulating bone metabolism, which is beneficial to further promote the translation of Mg based implants in the clinic and is able to provide a strong basis for the clinical application of Mg based implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengming Shan
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Xinhui Xie
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
- The Department of Orthopaedics, ZhongDa Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
- Corresponding author. The Department of Orthopaedics, ZhongDa hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
| | - Xiaotao Wu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
- The Department of Orthopaedics, ZhongDa Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
- Corresponding author. The Department of Orthopaedics, ZhongDa hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
| | - Suyang Zhuang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
- The Department of Orthopaedics, ZhongDa Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
- The Department of Orthopaedics, ZhongDa Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
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18
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In Vivo Study of Local and Systemic Responses to Clinical Use of Mg–1Ca Bioresorbable Orthopedic Implants. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12081966. [PMID: 36010316 PMCID: PMC9406976 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12081966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Resorbable Mg-based implants represent a new direction in orthopedic surgery but have some drawbacks, such as their rapid biodegradation and increased rate of corrosion. Some in vitro studies hypothesized that tissue necrosis, incision dehiscence, risk of gas embolization in vital organs, interference with coagulation processes, and trophocyte viability impairment can occur. (2) Methods: We conducted an in vivo study on ten rabbit cases, in two groups; group one, consisting of six cases, received cylindrical implants of Mg–1Ca alloy in tibial intramedullary bone tissue. Group two, consisting of four cases, received Mg–1Ca parallelepiped implants, in the thigh muscular tissue. We recorded and compared weight (preoperatively and at 2, 4, and 6 weeks postoperatively), complete blood count, serum electrolytes, liver and kidney functional markers, and coagulation parameters, prior to and at 6 weeks after surgery. Local evolution was assessed radiologically and with tissue biopsies with complete pathology analysis. (3) Results: All biological markers and clinical evolution were favorable, showing good integration of the implants with none of the local or systemic signs of degradation. (4) Conclusions: Our study shows that the clinical use of Mg–1Ca bioresorbable alloys can be safe as none of the cited local or systemic complications have been identified.
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Yao Z, Yuan W, Xu J, Tong W, Mi J, Ho P, Chow DHK, Li Y, Yao H, Li X, Xu S, Guo J, Zhu Q, Bian L, Qin L. Magnesium-Encapsulated Injectable Hydrogel and 3D-Engineered Polycaprolactone Conduit Facilitate Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202102. [PMID: 35652188 PMCID: PMC9313484 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is a challenging orthopedic condition that can be treated by autograft transplantation, a gold standard treatment in the current clinical setting. Nevertheless, limited availability of autografts and potential morbidities in donors hampers its widespread application. Bioactive scaffold-based tissue engineering is a promising strategy to promote nerve regeneration. Additionally, magnesium (Mg) ions enhance nerve regeneration; however, an effectively controlled delivery vehicle is necessary to optimize their in vivo therapeutic effects. Herein, a bisphosphonate-based injectable hydrogel exhibiting sustained Mg2+ delivery for peripheral nerve regeneration is developed. It is observed that Mg2+ promoted neurite outgrowth in a concentration-dependent manner by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and Sema5b. Moreover, implantation of polycaprolactone (PCL) conduits filled with Mg2+ -releasing hydrogel in 10 mm nerve defects in rats significantly enhanced axon regeneration and remyelination at 12 weeks post-operation compared to the controls (blank conduits or conduits filled with Mg2+ -absent hydrogel). Functional recovery analysis reveals enhanced reinnervation in the animals treated with the Mg2+ -releasing hydrogel compared to that in the control groups. In summary, the Mg2+ -releasing hydrogel combined with the 3D-engineered PCL conduit promotes peripheral nerve regeneration and functional recovery. Thus, a new strategy to facilitate the repair of challenging peripheral nerve injuries is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yao
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopedics & TraumatologyInnovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial & Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Weihao Yuan
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopedics & TraumatologyInnovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial & Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Jiankun Xu
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopedics & TraumatologyInnovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial & Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Wenxue Tong
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopedics & TraumatologyInnovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial & Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Jie Mi
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopedics & TraumatologyInnovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial & Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Pak‐Cheong Ho
- Department of Orthopaedics & TraumatologyPrince of Wales HospitalChinese University of Hong KongHong KongSAR999077China
| | - Dick Ho Kiu Chow
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopedics & TraumatologyInnovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial & Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Ye Li
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopedics & TraumatologyInnovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial & Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Hao Yao
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopedics & TraumatologyInnovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial & Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Xu Li
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopedics & TraumatologyInnovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial & Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Shunxiang Xu
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopedics & TraumatologyInnovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial & Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Jiaxin Guo
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopedics & TraumatologyInnovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial & Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Qingtang Zhu
- Department of Microsurgery and Orthopedic TraumaFirst Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong Province510080China
| | - Liming Bian
- School of Biomedical Sciences and EngineeringNational Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionKey Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of EducationSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdong Province510006China
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopedics & TraumatologyInnovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial & Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
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