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El‐Abasawy NM, El‐Olemy A, Sharaf El‐Din MM, Kaddah MMY, El Din MS. Development and Validation of Stability‐Indicating HPLC Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Vardenafil and Dapoxetine in Bulk and in Combined Dosage Form. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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2
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Thin Layer Chromatographic Method for Detection of Conventional Drug Adulterants in Herbal Products. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercially available conventional drugs have been used to adulterate herbal products. Considering the rapid growth of herbal products’ market, it is essential to screen herbal products for the presence of conventional drugs. Simple analytical methods are needed for the rapid screening of conventional drugs that are likely to be adulterated in herbal products. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods for screening twelve conventional drugs in herbal products have been developed and applied. The analytes were extracted from herbal products using acetonitrile:methanol:acetic acid:water (4:4:1:1, v/v). Solvent mixture of dichloromethane:ethyl acetate:methanol (75:15:10, v/v) separated well trimethoprim, sildenafil, paracetamol, and sulfamethoxazole while pyrimethamine, metronidazole, and sulfadoxine were well separated by dichloromethane:ethyl acetate:methanol (77.5:12.5:10, v/v). In addition, acetyl salicylic acid, ibuprofen, diclofenac, quinine, and lumefantrine were well separated by ethyl acetate:methanol:30% ammonia (75:22.5:2.5, v/v). Chromatographic separations were found to be highly reproducible, and more than 10 samples can be analysed in one run. The method was applied in the screening of 229 herbal products. Consequently, 24.0% of the samples contained one adulterant, while 21.4% contained at least two adulterants. All conventional drugs detected in herbal products were not mentioned on the labels and therefore the consumers are kept unaware of their side effects and health problems. Further studies for confirming and quantitatively determining the adulterants in a wide range of products as well as a systematic toxicological analysis of the adulterants in herbal products are recommended.
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Aboras SI, Korany MA, Abdine HH, Ragab MAA. HPLC/Fluorescence-Diode Array Detection for Rapid and Reliable Determination of Illegal Synthetic Drugs in Male Sexual Herbal and Honey Remedies: Comparative Study with UFLC–MS. J AOAC Int 2022; 105:1288-1298. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Nutraceuticals (NTCs), as honey and tablets with herbal extract are subjected to adulteration.
Objective
For NTCs claimed to enhance sexual performance, synthetic drugs (sildenafil, tadalafil, avanafil, vardenafil, and dapoxetine) are common adulterants, so they were selected to be simultaneously analyzed in the current study. Natural aphrodisiacs (icariin and yohimbine) are claimed to be present in many fake NTCs, so they were also included in the study.
Methods
In order to achieve the target of the current study, three liquid chromatographic methods with different unique detectors were developed and validated.
Results
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection enables rapid and reliable determination of natively fluorescent yohimbine, tadalafil vardenafil, and dapoxetine and it is the first report to analyze these compounds as adulterants in counterfeit NTC. Although the diode-array detector (DAD) enables the analysis of the seven adulterants, the fluorescence detector (FLD) shows better sensitivity and selectivity with lower LOQs and LODs. On the other hand, ultra-fast liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UFLC–MS) offers the advantages of peak identity confirmation, and it is of comparable sensitivity and selectivity to HPLC–FLD.
Conclusion
One or more of these synthetic drugs were found in the analyzed NTCs while natural aphrodisiacs were absent.
Highlights
Aphrodisiac nutraceuticals, NTCs, were analyzed for adulterants: five aphrodisiac synthetic drugs (adulterants) and two natural claimed aphrodisiacs. UFLC–MS and HPLC–DAD/FLD were compared for illicit NTCs analysis; all NTCs show the presence of synthetic aphrodisiacs and the absence of natural ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara I Aboras
- Alexandria University, El-Messalah, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry , Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Korany
- Alexandria University, El-Messalah, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry , Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Heba H Abdine
- Alexandria University, El-Messalah, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry , Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Marwa A A Ragab
- Alexandria University, El-Messalah, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry , Alexandria 21521, Egypt
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4
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Song M, Wu Q, Liu B, Li P, Jiang L, Wang Y, Dong S, Xiong Y, Hammock BD, Zhang C. Using a quantum dot bead-based lateral flow immunoassay to broadly detect the adulteration of PDE-5 inhibitors in functional foods. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:2586-2595. [PMID: 35723455 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00580h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a designed hapten possessing the classic structure of PDE-5 inhibitors was synthesized. A monoclonal antibody (mAb) with broad recognition for six PDE-5 inhibitors was further produced. For the determination of lodenafil, methisosildenafil, mirodenafil, udenafil and tadalafil, the limit of detection (LOD) and IC50 ranged from 1.01 to 26.91 ng mL-1 and 12.75 to 278 ng mL-1, respectively. Thereafter, a quantum dot bead-based lateral flow immunoassay (QB-LFIA) was developed, which improved the LOD and IC50 to 0.32-6.52 ng mL-1 and 7.45-133.8 ng mL-1, respectively. Method validation was conducted using honey and capsule samples spiked with PDE-5 inhibitors, and the recoveries of the intra- and inter-assays ranged from 81.01% to 108.16%, with coefficients of variation below 12.71%. In addition, the validity and the consistency have been confirmed with a comparison between QB-LFIA and HPLC-MS/MS (R2 = 0.9957). Furthermore, the developed QB-LFIA was employed for the inspection of real products, and several samples were found to be adulterated with lodenafil and methisosildenafil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, P. R. China.
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Qin Wu
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Beibei Liu
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Pan Li
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Lan Jiang
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Yulong Wang
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Sa Dong
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Yonghua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, P. R. China.
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Cunzheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, P. R. China.
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China.
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, P. R. China
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5
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Akuamoa F, Bovee TFH, van Dam R, Maro L, Wesseling S, Vervoort J, Rietjens IMCM, Hoogenboom RLAP. Identification of phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors in herbal supplements using a tiered approach and associated consumer risk. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1021-1032. [PMID: 35323088 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2052972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of herbal supplements for improved sexual performance is a common practice amongst the youth and some senior citizens in Ghana. These products are considered 'natural' and greatly preferred over synthetic alternatives due to the assurance of little to no adverse effects by producers. However, the high rate of adulteration often compromises their safety. Forty herbal supplements, of which 25 were previously shown to result in medium to high intake of phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors using a PDE-Glo bioassay, were further investigated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis to examine the reliability of the bioassay and whether the observed higher responses could be ascribed to inherent plant constituents or adulterants. Results showed significant amounts of vardenafil, tadalafil and especially sildenafil, in 2, 1 and 10 samples, respectively, with total concentration levels resulting in estimated daily intakes (EDIs) above 25 mg sildenafil equivalents with six supplements even having EDIs above 100 mg sildenafil equivalents. Only one sample contained a natural ingredient (icariin), but its concentration (0.013 mg g-1) was too low to explain the observed potency in the bioassay. The estimated concentrations of PDE-5 inhibitors in 35 supplements, according to the bioassay, were in line with those of the LC-MS/MS analysis. However, discrepancies were observed for five supplements. Further examination of one of the latter supplements using the PDE-Glo bioassay to select the positive fraction and further examination with LC-MS/MS and 1H-NMR revealed the presence of hydroxythiohomosildenafil, a sildenafil analogue not yet included in the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry reference library. This study demonstrates the significance of applying a tiered approach, where the use of a bioassay is followed by chemical analysis of bioactive samples in order to identify unknown bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Akuamoa
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Applied Radiation Biology Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Atomic, Ghana
| | - Toine F H Bovee
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud van Dam
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lilian Maro
- Department of Applied Sciences, Mbeya University of Science and Technology, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Sebastiaan Wesseling
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Hamidi S. Assessment of Undeclared Synthetic Drugs in Dietary Supplements in an Analytical View: A Comprehensive Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:986-996. [PMID: 34756146 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1999787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplements have gained widespread attention globally as they are supposed to be healthier than synthetic pharmaceutical compounds with fewer side effects. Unlike common prescription drugs, dietary supplements are readily available to the general public. However, over the past few years, all kinds of legal and illegal drugs, have been detected in dietary supplements without labeling to defraud consumers, resulting in serious public health consequences. Due to the increasing number of drug frauds in dietary supplements, their consumption will undoubtedly risk consumers. Therefore; the importance of high-tech analytical methods in their assessment for controlling food quality seems undeniable. The current review examines the analytical techniques that focus on adulterating health products with undeclared pharmaceuticals, including registered and banned drugs. The present study referred to a survey from 2004 to 2021 based on articles in the Scopus database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samin Hamidi
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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7
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Ladumor MK, Paudel A, Modhave D, Sharma S, Balhara A, Singh DK, Ramalingam M, Shah R, Pavankumarraju S, Kurmi M, Mariappan TT, Bhutani H, Prasad B. A Tribute to Professor Saranjit Singh - A Critical Thinker, Innovator, Mentor, and Educator. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:1224-1231. [PMID: 34699842 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This commentary presents contributions and accomplishments of Professor Saranjit Singh, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, India, to pharmaceutical research and education. Prof. Singh completed his successful tenure in October 2021. Over his 40+ years of illustrious academic career, he trained 147 Masters and 15 PhD students in the fields of drug stability testing, degradation chemistry, impurity and metabolite characterization, and advanced analytical technologies. He has published ∼250 research articles, reviews, editorials, patent, book, and book chapters, and received numerous awards, including the Professor M.L. Khorana Memorial Lecture Award from the Indian Pharmaceutical Association (IPA) and the Outstanding Analyst and Eminent Analyst awards from the Indian Drug Manufacturers' Association (IDMA). This commentary highlights Prof. Singh's inspiring personal and renowned professional journey, including early life, education, career, accomplishments, as well as his services to academia, industry, and regulatory. By sharing the contributions and accomplishments of Prof. Singh, we strongly believe that his story will inspire the next generation of scientists to continue his legacy to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur K Ladumor
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Sheena Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA
| | - Ankit Balhara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Dilip K Singh
- Sandoz Development Center, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Ravi Shah
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Moolchand Kurmi
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre (BBRC), Synegene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - T Thanga Mariappan
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre (BBRC), Synegene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India; Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS), Bangalore, India.
| | - Hemant Bhutani
- Novartis Healthcare Private Limited, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA.
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8
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Kim U, Cho HD, Kang MH, Suh JH, Eom HY, Kim J, Seo S, Kim G, Koo HR, Ha N, Song UT, Han SB. Screening of Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors and Their Analogs in Dietary Supplements by Liquid Chromatography-Hybrid Ion Trap-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122734. [PMID: 32545673 PMCID: PMC7355528 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An accurate and reliable method based on ion trap–time of flight mass spectrometry (IT–TOF MS) was developed for screening phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, including sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil, and their analogs in dietary supplements. Various parameters affecting liquid chromatographic separation and IT–TOF detection were investigated, and the optimal conditions were determined. The separation was achieved on a reversed-phase column under gradient elution using acetonitrile and water containing 0.2% acetic acid at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The chromatographic eluents were directly ionized in the IT–TOF system equipped with an electrospray ion source operating in the positive ion mode. The proposed screening method was validated by assessing its linearity, precision, and accuracy. Sequential tandem MS was conducted to obtain structural information of the references, and the fragmentation mechanism of each reference was proposed for providing spectral insight for newly synthesized analogs. Structural information, including accurate masses of both parent and fragment ions, was incorporated into the MSn spectral library. The developed method was successfully applied for screening adulterated dietary supplement samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unyong Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (U.K.); (H.-D.C.); (S.S.); (G.K.); (H.R.K); (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
- Biocomplete Co., Ltd., 272 Digital-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08389, Korea
| | - Hyun-Deok Cho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (U.K.); (H.-D.C.); (S.S.); (G.K.); (H.R.K); (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacokinetics Study Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
| | - Myung Hee Kang
- Agro-Livestock and Fishery Products Division, Busan Regional Korea Food and Drug Administration, 222 Geoje-daero, Yunje-gu, Busan 47537, Korea;
| | - Joon Hyuk Suh
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
| | - Han Young Eom
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacokinetics Study Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
| | - Junghyun Kim
- Forensic Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, 10 Ipchoon-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26460, Korea;
| | - Sumin Seo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (U.K.); (H.-D.C.); (S.S.); (G.K.); (H.R.K); (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
| | - Gunwoo Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (U.K.); (H.-D.C.); (S.S.); (G.K.); (H.R.K); (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
| | - Hye Ryoung Koo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (U.K.); (H.-D.C.); (S.S.); (G.K.); (H.R.K); (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
| | - Nary Ha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (U.K.); (H.-D.C.); (S.S.); (G.K.); (H.R.K); (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
| | - Un Tak Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (U.K.); (H.-D.C.); (S.S.); (G.K.); (H.R.K); (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
| | - Sang Beom Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (U.K.); (H.-D.C.); (S.S.); (G.K.); (H.R.K); (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-820-5596
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9
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Muschietti L, Redko F, Ulloa J. Adulterants in selected dietary supplements and their detection methods. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:861-886. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Muschietti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Flavia Redko
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Jerónimo Ulloa
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
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10
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Girish P, Jayanthi M, Gitanjali B, Manikandan S, Rajan S. Screening of Weight-Loss Herbal Products for Synthetic Anti-Obesity Adulterants: A Target-Oriented Analysis by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Diet Suppl 2020; 18:92-104. [PMID: 32081055 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1723774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The medical and social impact of being overweight, as well as the difficulty in making long-term changes in diet, physical activity, and pitfalls associated with allopathic management, lure obese individuals to over-the-counter weight-loss herbal products (WHPs). However, the safety of herbals is questionable, as reports from all over the world suggest adulteration with synthetic weight loss agents. Objective: The present study was carried out to develop a rapid and sensitive method to screen potential weight loss adulterants in WHPs. Methodology: We procured 33 licensed brands of WHPs that are available in Puducherry (India) and through web stores. Drug-free spiked herbal matrices were used for internal proficiency testing. Spiked herbal matrices and samples were extracted and centrifuged. The supernatant was collected and subjected to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses. Isocratic elution was carried out by the mobile phase of methanol: 0.1% v/v formic acid (70%:30% v/v) through a C18 column. Analytes were monitored in electrospray ionization positive and negative modes, and an multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scan was used. Results: Run time was 12 min. Intra- and inter-day precision was < 15% and recoveries were in the range of 99% to 115%. Limit of quantification (LOQ) of the analytes were in the range of 0.1 to 0.3 ng/ml. Conclusion: We developed a sensitive and rapid validated method for the detection of potential adulterants in WHPs. None of the WHPs analyzed were found to contain adulterants. The proposed method will be useful for routine monitoring. WHPs analyzed in this study were not adulterated indicating that WHPs from licensed sources are reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Girish
- Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India
| | - M Jayanthi
- Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India
| | - B Gitanjali
- Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India.,All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - S Manikandan
- Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India
| | - S Rajan
- Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India
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11
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Determination of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors in instant coffee premixes using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Talanta 2019; 204:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Simmler C, Graham JG, Chen SN, Pauli GF. Integrated analytical assets aid botanical authenticity and adulteration management. Fitoterapia 2018; 129:401-414. [PMID: 29175549 PMCID: PMC5963993 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews and develops a perspective for the meaning of authenticity in the context of quality assessment of botanical materials and the challenges associated with discerning adulterations vs. contaminations vs. impurities. Authentic botanicals are by definition non-adulterated, a mutually exclusive relationship that is confirmed through the application of a multilayered set of analytical methods designed to validate the (chemo)taxonomic identity of a botanical and certify that it is devoid of any adulteration. In practice, the ever-increasing sophistication in the process of intentional adulteration, as well as the growing number of botanicals entering the market, altogether necessitate a constant adaptation and reinforcement of authentication methods with new approaches, especially new technologies. This article summarizes the set of analytical methods - classical and contemporary - that can be employed in the authentication of botanicals. Particular emphasis is placed on the application of untargeted metabolomics and chemometrics. An NMR-based untargeted metabolomic model is proposed as a rapid, systematic, and complementary screening for the discrimination of authentic vs. potentially adulterated botanicals. Such analytical model can help advance the evaluation of botanical integrity in natural product research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Simmler
- Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), United States; UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - James G Graham
- Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), United States; UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Guido F Pauli
- Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), United States; UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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13
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Wang XB, Zheng J, Li JJ, Yu HY, Li QY, Xu LH, Liu MJ, Xian RQ, Sun YE, Liu BJ. Simultaneous analysis of 23 illegal adulterated aphrodisiac chemical ingredients in health foods and Chinese traditional patent medicines by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 26:1138-1153. [PMID: 29976406 PMCID: PMC9303026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an application of ultra high-performance liquid-chromatography-quadrupole-TOF high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF HRMS) for simultaneous analysis of 23 illegal adulterated aphrodisiac type chemical ingredients in health foods and Chinese Traditional Patent Medicines (CTPMs). The mass spectrometer was operated in Information Dependent Acquisition (IDA) mode, which provides crucial information for the elemental composition analysis, structure elucidation and quantitative analysis simultaneously. Quantitative analysis was performed using the peak areas of the precursor ions in the XICs. The method validation included assessment of selectivity, sensitivity, calibration curve, accuracy, precision, recovery, matrix effect and stability. The results show good linear relationship with the concentrations of the analytes over wide concentration ranges (e.g., 0.05–10 μg/g for sildenafil) as all the fitting coefficients of determination r2 are >0.9984. The detection limits (LODs) were in the range of 0.002–0.1 μg/g. The recoveries were able to reach 82.5–103.6%, while the matrix effects ranged from 87.7 to 109.3%. The intra- and inter-day accuracies were in the range of 82.3–113.8%, while the intra- and inter-day precision ranged from 0.4 to 13.6%. Among 40 batches of health foods and 32 batches of CTPMs (including 28 capsules, 32 tablets, 10 liquid and 2 pills) samples, 28 batches of heath foods were positive. The detected chemical ingredients involved sildenafil, tadalafil, aildenafil and sulfoaildenafil. This method can be used for the screening, identification and quantification of illegal adulterated aphrodisiac chemical ingredients in health foods and CTPMs. Moreover, the LC-Q-TOF MS is very useful to structural elucidation of unknown compound.
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Ali I, Suhail M, Sanagi MM, Aboul-Enein HY. Ionic Liquids in HPLC and CE: A Hope for Future. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2017; 47:332-339. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2017.1294047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd. Suhail
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd. Marsin Sanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
- Center for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Lydecker AG, Sharma A, McCurdy CR, Avery BA, Babu KM, Boyer EW. Suspected Adulteration of Commercial Kratom Products with 7-Hydroxymitragynine. J Med Toxicol 2016; 12:341-349. [PMID: 27752985 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-016-0588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), a plant native to Southeast Asia, has been used for centuries for its stimulant and opium-like effects. Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, exclusive to M. speciosa, are the alkaloids primary responsible for Kratom's biologic and psychoactive profile, and likely contribute to its problematic use. We purchased several commercially available Kratom analogs for analysis and through our results, present evidence of probable adulteration with the highly potent and addictive plant alkaloid, 7-hydroxymitragynine. METHODS A simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed for simultaneous quantification of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine in methanol extract of marketed Kratom supplements. RESULTS We found multiple commercial Kratom products to have concentrations of 7-hydroxymitragynine that are substantially higher than those found in raw M. speciosa leaves. CONCLUSIONS We have found multiple packaged commercial Kratom products likely to contain artificially elevated concentrations of 7-hydroxymitragynine, the alkaloid responsible for M. speciosa's concerning mechanistic and side effect profile. This study describes a unique form of product adulteration, which stresses the importance of increased dietary supplement oversight of Kratom-containing supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia G Lydecker
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA.
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 104A Faser Hall, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 417 Faser Hall, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA
| | - Bonnie A Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 104A Faser Hall, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA.,Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 417 Faser Hall, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA
| | - Kavita M Babu
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Edward W Boyer
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
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Custers D, Krakowska B, De Beer JO, Courselle P, Daszykowski M, Apers S, Deconinck E. Testing of complementarity of PDA and MS detectors using chromatographic fingerprinting of genuine and counterfeit samples containing sildenafil citrate. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:1643-56. [PMID: 26753972 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Counterfeit medicines are a global threat to public health. High amounts enter the European market, which is why characterization of these products is a very important issue. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) method were developed for the analysis of genuine Viagra®, generic products of Viagra®, and counterfeit samples in order to obtain different types of fingerprints. These data were included in the chemometric data analysis, aiming to test whether PDA and MS are complementary detection techniques. The MS data comprise both MS1 and MS2 fingerprints; the PDA data consist of fingerprints measured at three different wavelengths, i.e., 254, 270, and 290 nm, and all possible combinations of these wavelengths. First, it was verified if both groups of fingerprints can discriminate between genuine, generic, and counterfeit medicines separately; next, it was studied if the obtained results could be ameliorated by combining both fingerprint types. This data analysis showed that MS1 does not provide suitable classification models since several genuines and generics are classified as counterfeits and vice versa. However, when analyzing the MS1_MS2 data in combination with partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), a perfect discrimination was obtained. When only using data measured at 254 nm, good classification models can be obtained by k nearest neighbors (kNN) and soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA), which might be interesting for the characterization of counterfeit drugs in developing countries. However, in general, the combination of PDA and MS data (254 nm_MS1) is preferred due to less classification errors between the genuines/generics and counterfeits compared to PDA and MS data separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Custers
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
- Research group NatuRA (Natural products and Food - Research and Analysis), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Barbara Krakowska
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jacques O De Beer
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patricia Courselle
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michal Daszykowski
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006, Katowice, Poland
| | - Sandra Apers
- Research group NatuRA (Natural products and Food - Research and Analysis), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Eric Deconinck
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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17
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Rocha T, Amaral JS, Oliveira MBPP. Adulteration of Dietary Supplements by the Illegal Addition of Synthetic Drugs: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015; 15:43-62. [PMID: 33371574 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, the consumption of dietary supplements, especially those having plants as ingredients, has been increasing due to the common idea that they are natural products posing no risks to human health. In the European Union and the United States, dietary supplements are legally considered as foods/special category of foods, thus are not being submitted to any safety assessment prior to their commercialization. Among the issues that can affect safety, adulteration by the illegal addition of pharmaceutical substances or their analogs is of major concern since unscrupulous producers can falsify these products to provide for quick effects and to increase sales. This review discusses the various classes of synthetic drugs most frequently described as being illegally added to dietary supplements marketed for weight loss, muscle building/sport performance and sexual performance enhancement. Information regarding regulation and consumption is also presented. Finally, several conventional and advanced analytical techniques used to detect and identify different adulterants in dietary supplements and therefore also in foods, with particular emphasis on plant food supplements, are critically described. This review demonstrates that dietary supplement adulteration is an emerging food safety problem and that an effective control by food regulatory authorities is needed to safeguard consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rocha
- REQUIMTE, Dept. of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ. of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana S Amaral
- REQUIMTE, Dept. of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ. of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,ESTiG, Polytechnic Inst. of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5301-857, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Maria Beatriz P P Oliveira
- REQUIMTE, Dept. of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ. of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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Chandra P, Pandey R, Srivastva M, Kumar B. Quality control assessment of polyherbal formulation based on a quantitative determination multimarker approach by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry using polarity switching combined with multivariate analysis. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3183-3191. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chandra
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi India
| | - Renu Pandey
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi India
| | - Mukesh Srivastva
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi India
- Biometry and Statistics Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Brijesh Kumar
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi India
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19
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Wang Z, Wu C, Wang G, Zhang Q, Zhang J. Novel strategy for the determination of illegal adulterants in health foods and herbal medicines using high-performance liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:925-35. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Caisheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Gangli Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Qingsheng Zhang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing P. R. China
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20
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Deconinck E, Custers D, De Beer JO. Identification of (antioxidative) plants in herbal pharmaceutical preparations and dietary supplements. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1208:181-199. [PMID: 25323508 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1441-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The standard procedures for the identification, authentication, and quality control of medicinal plants and herbs are nowadays limited to pure herbal products. No guidelines or procedures, describing the detection or identification of a targeted plant or herb in pharmaceutical preparations or dietary supplements, can be found. In these products the targeted plant is often present together with other components of herbal or synthetic origin. This chapter describes a strategy for the fast development of a chromatographic fingerprint approach that allows the identification of a targeted plant in herbal preparations and dietary supplements. The strategy consists of a standard chromatographic gradient that is tested for the targeted plant with different extraction solvents and different mobile phases. From the results obtained, the optimal fingerprint is selected. Subsequently the samples are analyzed according to the selected methodological parameters, and the obtained fingerprints can be compared with the one obtained for the pure herbal product or a standard preparation. Calculation of the dissimilarity between these fingerprints will result in a probability of presence of the targeted plant. Optionally mass spectrometry can be used to improve specificity, to confirm identification, or to identify molecules with a potential medicinal or antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Deconinck
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Rue Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, Brussels, 1050, Belgium,
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21
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Moreira APL, Martini M, de Carvalho LM. Capillary electrophoretic methods for the screening and determination of pharmacologic adulterants in herbal-based pharmaceutical formulations. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:3212-30. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula L. Moreira
- Graduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Mariele Martini
- Graduate Programme in Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Leandro M. de Carvalho
- Graduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
- Graduate Programme in Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
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22
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Mass spectrometric analysis of pharmaceutical adulterants in products labeled as botanical dietary supplements or herbal remedies: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6767-90. [PMID: 25270866 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8159-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The increased availability and use of botanical dietary supplements and herbal remedies among consumers has been accompanied by an increased frequency of adulteration of these products with synthetic pharmaceuticals. Unscrupulous producers may add drugs and analogues of various classes, such as phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, weight loss, hypoglycemic, antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory agents, or anabolic steroids, to develop or intensify biological effects of dietary supplements or herbal remedies. The presence of such adulterated products in the marketplace is a worldwide problem and their consumption poses health risks to consumers. Analytical methods that allow rapid and reliable testing of dietary supplements for the presence of synthetic drugs are needed to address such fraudulent practices. Mass spectrometry (MS) and hyphenated techniques such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) have become primary tools in this endeavor. The present review critically assesses the role and summarizes the applications of MS in the analysis of pharmaceutical adulterants in botanical dietary supplements and herbal remedies. The uses of MS techniques in detection, confirmation, and quantification of known pharmaceutical adulterants as well as in screening for and structure elucidation of unexpected adulterants and novel designer drugs are discussed.
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23
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Feng Y, Lei D, Hu C. Rapid identification of illegal synthetic adulterants in herbal anti-diabetic medicines using near infrared spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 125:363-374. [PMID: 24566115 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.01.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We created a rapid detection procedure for identifying herbal medicines illegally adulterated with synthetic drugs using near infrared spectroscopy. This procedure includes a reverse correlation coefficient method (RCCM) and comparison of characteristic peaks. Moreover, we made improvements to the RCCM based on new strategies for threshold settings. Any tested herbal medicine must meet two criteria to be identified with our procedure as adulterated. First, the correlation coefficient between the tested sample and the reference must be greater than the RCCM threshold. Next, the NIR spectrum of the tested sample must contain the same characteristic peaks as the reference. In this study, four pure synthetic anti-diabetic drugs (i.e., metformin, gliclazide, glibenclamide and glimepiride), 174 batches of laboratory samples and 127 batches of herbal anti-diabetic medicines were used to construct and validate the procedure. The accuracy of this procedure was greater than 80%. Our data suggest that this protocol is a rapid screening tool to identify synthetic drug adulterants in herbal medicines on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Feng
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Deqing Lei
- Shaoyang Institute for Drug Control of Hunan, Shaoyang 422000, China
| | - Changqin Hu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China.
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24
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Nickum EA, Flurer CL. Determination of Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors and Analogs Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 53:38-46. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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25
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Reeuwijk NM, Venhuis BJ, de Kaste D, Hoogenboom LAP, Rietjens IMCM, Martena MJ. Sildenafil and analogous phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors in herbal food supplements sampled on the Dutch market. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:2027-34. [PMID: 24261938 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.848294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Herbal food supplements, claiming to enhance sexual potency, may contain deliberately added active pharmacological ingredients (APIs) that can be used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). The aim of this study was to determine whether herbal food supplements on the Dutch market indeed contain APIs that inhibit phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, such as sildenafil and analogous PDE-5 inhibitors. Herbal food supplements intended to enhance sexual potency (n = 71), and two soft drinks, were sampled from 2003 up to and including 2012. In 23 herbal supplements, nine different PDE-5 inhibitors were identified; in a few cases (n = 3), more than one inhibitor was indentified. The presence of these APIs was however not stated on the label. The concentrations of PDE-5 inhibitors per dose unit were analysed. Furthermore, the potential pharmacologically active properties of the detected PDE-5 inhibitors were estimated by using data from the scientific and patent literature regarding (1) in vitro PDE-5 activity, (2) reported effective doses of registered drugs with PDE-5 inhibitor activity and (3) similarity to other structural analogues. It was concluded that 18 of the 23 herbal food supplements, when used as recommended, would have significant pharmacological effects due to added APIs. Adequate use of existing regulation and control measures seems necessary to protect consumers against the adverse effects of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Reeuwijk
- a Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA) , Office for Risk Assessment and Research , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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Lee JH, Kim NS, Han KM, Kim SH, Cho S, Kim WS. Monitoring by LC-MS/MS of 48 compounds of sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil and their analogues in illicit health food products in the Korean market advertised as enhancing male sexual performance. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1849-57. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.826878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Xiao C, Tang M, Li J, Yin CR, Xiang G, Xu L. Determination of sildenafil, vardenafil and aildenafil in human plasma by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction-back extraction based on ionic liquid and high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 931:111-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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29
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Deconinck E, Sacre PY, Courselle P, De Beer JO. Chromatography in the Detection and Characterization of Illegal Pharmaceutical Preparations. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:791-806. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Carvalho LD, Cohen P, Silva C, Moreira A, Falcão T, Dal Molin T, Zemolin G, Martini M. A new approach to determining pharmacologic adulteration of herbal weight loss products. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1661-7. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.706834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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31
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Ren Y, Wu C, Zhang J. Simultaneous screening and determination of 18 illegal adulterants in herbal medicines and health foods for male sexual potency by ultra-fast liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2847-57. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Caisheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing P. R. China
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32
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Levine GN, Steinke EE, Bakaeen FG, Bozkurt B, Cheitlin MD, Conti JB, Foster E, Jaarsma T, Kloner RA, Lange RA, Lindau ST, Maron BJ, Moser DK, Ohman EM, Seftel AD, Stewart WJ. Sexual activity and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2012; 125:1058-72. [PMID: 22267844 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e3182447787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Vairamani M, Prabhakar S. Mass spectrometry in India. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2012; 18:1-35. [PMID: 22792611 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This review emphasizes the mass spectrometry research being performed at academic and established research institutions in India. It consists of three main parts covering the work done in organic, atomic and biological mass spectrometry. The review reveals that the use of mass spectrometry techniques started in the middle of the 20th century and was applied to research in the fields of organic, nuclear, geographical and atomic chemistry. Later, with the advent of soft and atmospheric ionization techniques it has been applied to pharmaceutical and biological research. In due course, several research centers with advanced mass spectrometry facilities have been established for specific areas of research such as gas-phase ion chemistry, ion-molecule reactions, proscribed chemicals, pesticide residues, pharmacokinetics, protein/peptide chemistry, nuclear chemistry, geochronological studies, archeology, petroleum industry, proteomics, lipidomics and metabolomics. Day-by-day the mass spectrometry centers/facilities in India have attracted young students for their doctoral research and other advanced research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vairamani
- National Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Deconinck E, Sacré P, Coomans D, De Beer J. Classification trees based on infrared spectroscopic data to discriminate between genuine and counterfeit medicines. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 57:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sacré PY, Deconinck E, Chiap P, Crommen J, Mansion F, Rozet E, Courselle P, De Beer JO. Development and validation of a ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-UV method for the detection and quantification of erectile dysfunction drugs and some of their analogues found in counterfeit medicines. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6439-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ding M, Wu X, Yuan L, Wang S, Li Y, Wang R, Wen T, Du S, Zhou X. Synthesis of core-shell magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers and detection of sildenafil and vardenafil in herbal dietary supplements. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 191:177-83. [PMID: 21555181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
An analytical procedure for selective extraction of sildenafil and vardenafil in herbal dietary supplements (HDSs) has been set up by using the magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) as the extraction and clean-up materials, followed by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV). The MMIPs were prepared by a surface molecular imprinting technique, using Fe(3)O(4) magnetite as a magnetically susceptible component, sildenafil as template molecule, 2-(trifluoromethyl) acrylic acid (TFMAA) as functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as polymeric matrix components. The MMIPs were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), respectively. The heterogeneity of the MMIPs was modeled with the Freundlich isotherm equation. The resulting MMIPs had high recognition ability and fast binding kinetics for sildenafil. The MMIPs were used as dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) materials to selectively extract sildenafil and vardenafil from HDSs, the contents of sildenafil and vardenafil were found to be 8.05 and 3.86 μg g(-1), respectively, and the average recoveries in spiked HDSs were 70.91-91.75% with a relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) below 7%. The MMIPs were successfully used to selectively enrich and determine sildenafil and vardenafil from HDSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.
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Lee HM, Kim CS, Jang YM, Kwon SW, Lee BJ. Separation and structural elucidation of a novel analogue of vardenafil included as an adulterant in a dietary supplement by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:491-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lugasi A, Horacsek M, Martos É. [Food supplements on the domestic market in Hungary: nutritional assessment of the ingredients, risks and benefits, the role of food supplements in human nutrition]. Orv Hetil 2010; 151:1964-75. [PMID: 21084248 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2010.28959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Food supplements are foods that are concentrated sources of nutrients such as vitamins and minerals and other substances with a physiological or nutritional effect. Since joining to the European Union, the distribution of food supplements in Hungary has not been bound to pre-market authorisation; products can be placed to the market after a formal notification at the National Institute for Food and Nutrition Science. Distribution, ingredients, and all information on the label are determined by numerous regulations but at the same time, the lack of harmonized legislation at Community level may cause a lot of problems. In the second part of the review authors introduce the evaluation process of components from the point of view of nutritional and physiological effects and the possible role of food supplements in human nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lugasi
- Országos Élelmezés- és Táplálkozástudományi Intézet Budapest Pf. 839 1437.
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Comparison and combination of spectroscopic techniques for the detection of counterfeit medicines. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:445-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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40
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Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis. Drug Test Anal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Csupor D, Szekeres A, Kecskeméti A, Vékes E, Veres K, Micsinay Á, Szendrei K, Hohmann J. Dietary supplements on the domestic market adulterated with sildenafil and tadalafil. Orv Hetil 2010; 151:1783-9. [PMID: 20940118 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2010.28952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Az étrend-kiegészítők gyártását és forgalmazását nem garantálják a gyógyszerszabályozáshoz hasonlóan szigorú jogszabályok. Az elmúlt években a termékcsoport tagjainak száma meredeken emelkedett, és ezzel párhuzamosan szaporodtak a készítmények reklámozásával, ajánlásával és minőségével kapcsolatos visszaélések. A termékek hamisításának egyik gyakori módja a szintetikus gyógyszerhatóanyagok jelölés nélküli felhasználása növényi eredetű készítményekben. Vizsgálatunkban 10, hazánkban forgalomban lévő, potenciafokozóként (vagy ezt a hatást sugallva) reklámozott étrend-kiegészítőt vontunk kémiai elemzés alá. Hat termékben szildenafil és/vagy tadalafil vagy a vegyületek analógjai voltak kimutathatóak. Eredményeink felhívják a figyelmet arra, hogy a rossz minőségű, hamisított étrend-kiegészítők valós egészségi kockázatot jelentenek a fogyasztók számára. Orv. Hetil., 2010,43,1783–1789.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezső Csupor
- 1 Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Gyógyszerésztudományi Kar Farmakognóziai Intézet Szeged Eötvös u. 6. 6720
| | | | | | | | - Katalin Veres
- 1 Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Gyógyszerésztudományi Kar Farmakognóziai Intézet Szeged Eötvös u. 6. 6720
| | - Ákos Micsinay
- 1 Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Gyógyszerésztudományi Kar Farmakognóziai Intézet Szeged Eötvös u. 6. 6720
| | - Kálmán Szendrei
- 1 Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Gyógyszerésztudományi Kar Farmakognóziai Intézet Szeged Eötvös u. 6. 6720
| | - Judit Hohmann
- 1 Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Gyógyszerésztudományi Kar Farmakognóziai Intézet Szeged Eötvös u. 6. 6720
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