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Riasová P, Jenčo J, Moreno-González D, Vander Heyden Y, Mangelings D, Polášek M, Jáč P. Development of a capillary electrophoresis method for the separation of flavonolignans in silymarin complex. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:930-938. [PMID: 34751959 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
CE method for the baseline separation of structurally similar flavonolignans silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, isosilybin B, silychristin, silydianin, and their precursor taxifolin in silymarin complex has been developed and validated. The optimized background electrolyte was 100 mmol/L boric acid (pH 9.0) containing 5 mmol/L heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-CD and 10% (v/v) of methanol. The separation was carried out in an 80.5/72 cm (50 μm id) fused silica capillary at +25 kV with UV detection at 200 nm. Genistein (10 μg/mL) was used as internal standard. The resolution between the diastereomers of silybin and isosilybin was 1.73 and 2.59, respectively. The method was validated for each analyte in a concentration range of 2.5-50 μg/mL. The calibration curves were rectilinear with correlation coefficients ≥0.9972. The method was applied to determine flavonolignans in two dietary supplements containing Silybum marianum extract. The accuracy was evaluated by comparing the results of the CE analyses of the dietary supplements with those of the reference United States Pharmacopeial HPLC method. The unpaired t-test did not show a statistically significant difference between the results of both the proposed CE and the reference method (p > 0.05, n = 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Riasová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jaroslav Jenčo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - David Moreno-González
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Debby Mangelings
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Miroslav Polášek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jáč
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Muchiri RN, van Breemen RB. Single Laboratory Validation of UHPLC-MS/MS Assays for Six Milk Thistle Flavonolignans in Human Serum. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:232-238. [PMID: 33251548 PMCID: PMC7892635 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracts of milk thistle, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., are used as dietary supplements for their hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor activities. OBJECTIVE An assay based on UHPLC-MS/MS was developed and validated for the quantitative analysis of six major milk thistle flavonolignans extracted from human serum. METHODS Ethyl acetate containing 0.1% formic acid was used to extract flavonolignans from human serum. A 10-min UHPLC-MS/MS method using selected reaction ion monitoring was developed for measuring extracts for silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, isosilybin B, silychristin, and silydianin. RESULTS The quantitative method was validated with respect to selectivity, specificity, accuracy, linearity, precision, LOD, and LLOQ. Extraction efficiency for the quality control standards at LLOQ, low, medium, and high concentrations ranged between 81% and 109%, and the calibration curves were linear (R2 > 0.997) for all flavonolignans. The method precision was determined using coefficients of variation, which were <15%. The method accuracy was assessed using percent relative error which was <15%. CONCLUSIONS The UHPLC-MS/MS assay is fast, precise, sensitive, selective, accurate, and useful for the analysis of milk thistle flavonolignans in human serum. HIGHLIGHTS The UHPLC-MS/MS assay is suitable for rapid quantitative analysis of milk thistle flavonolignans in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth N Muchiri
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Thumann TA, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Aziz-Kalbhenn H, Ammar RM, Rabini S, Moissl-Eichinger C, Bauer R. Application of an in vitro digestion model to study the metabolic profile changes of an herbal extract combination by UHPLC-HRMS. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 71:153221. [PMID: 32447246 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND STW 5 is a fixed herbal combination containing extracts from nine medicinal plants: bitter candytuft, greater celandine, garden angelica roots, lemon balm leaves, peppermint leaves, caraway fruits, licorice roots, chamomile flowers, and milk thistle fruit. STW 5 is a clinically proven treatment for functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome. PURPOSE Using a static in vitro method, we simulated oral, gastric, and small intestinal digestion and analyzed the metabolic profile changes by UHPLC-HRMS to determine the impact of oro-gastro-intestinal digestion on STW 5 constituents. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS STW 5 was incubated according to the InfoGest consensus method. Samples of each digestive phase were analyzed by UHPLC-HRMS in ESI positive and negative modes. After data processing, background subtraction, and normalization, the peak areas of detectable compounds were compared to untreated reference samples and recovery ratios were calculated to monitor the metabolic profile of STW 5 during simulated digestion. RESULTS Although the levels of some constituents were reduced, we did not observe complete degradation of any of the constituents of STW 5 upon in vitro digestion. We did not detect any new metabolites beyond increased levels of caffeic acid and liquiritigenin due to degradation of progenitor compounds. Changes observed in intestinal bioaccessibility ratios were mainly a result of isomerization, hydrolysis, protein binding, and low water solubility. CONCLUSION The majority of STW 5 constituents are stable towards simulated in vitro digestion and can reach the colon to interact with gut microbiota if they remain unabsorbed in the upper intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo A Thumann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed, Mozartgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Pferschy-Wenzig
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed, Mozartgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Heba Aziz-Kalbhenn
- Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH, Bayer Consumer Health, Havelstraße 5, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ramy M Ammar
- Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH, Bayer Consumer Health, Havelstraße 5, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, 33511 Kafrelsheikh; Egypt
| | - Sabine Rabini
- Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH, Bayer Consumer Health, Havelstraße 5, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christine Moissl-Eichinger
- BioTechMed, Mozartgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria; Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed, Mozartgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Magdy MA, Abdelfatah RM. HPTLC Separation of a Hepatoprotective Combination in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Human Plasma. J Chromatogr Sci 2020; 58:411-417. [PMID: 32086519 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmz123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A binary mixture of Silymarin (SR) and Vitamin E (VE) acetate, of an antioxidant and a hepatoprotective effect, has been analyzed using a sensitive, selective and economic high performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method in their pure forms, pharmaceutical formulation and spiked human plasma. SR and VE were separated on 60F254 silica gel plates using hexane:acetone:formic acid (7:3:0.15, v/v/v) as a developing system with UV detection at 215 nm. The method was evaluated for linearity, accuracy, precision, selectivity, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). SR and VE were detected in the linear range of 0.2-2.5 and 0.2-4.5 μg/band, respectively. Method validation was done as per ICH guidelines and acceptable results of accuracy of 99.86 ± 1.190 and 100.22 ± 1.609 for SR and VE, respectively were obtained. The method has been successfully applied for determination of the studied drugs in their pharmaceutical formulation without any interference from excipients, and in spiked plasma samples. Results obtained by the developed HPTLC-densitometric method were statistically compared to those obtained by the reported HPLC methods and no significant difference was found between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maimana A Magdy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, El shaheed Ahmed Hegazy Street, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef 90706, Egypt
| | - Rehab M Abdelfatah
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, El shaheed Ahmed Hegazy Street, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef 90706, Egypt
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Rehab M. Abdelfatah, Maimana A. Magdy. Resolving a Binary Mixture of Hepatoprotective Drugs Using Different Validated Spectrophotometric Methods. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gamal M, Ali HM, Abdelfatah RM, Magdy MA. A green approach for simultaneous analysis of two natural hepatoprotective drugs in pure forms, capsules and human plasma using HPLC-UV method. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Xu F, Han C, Li Y, Zheng M, Xi X, Hu C, Cui X, Cao H. The Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Actions of Silybum Marianum. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401314666180327155745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the chemical constituents and pharmacological actions of Silybum marianum. These chemical constituents include flavonolignans, fatty acids, phenolics and other chemical constituents. Furthermore, flavonolignans constituents include silymarin isosilychristin, silychristin, silydianin, silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, isosilybin B, etc. Pharmacological actions include a well curative effect on non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, UV damage, varieties of cancers, diabetes. In addition, its pharmacological actions include anti-inflammatory, anti-depression and more pharmacological actions. This paper will enable Silybum marianum lay the foundation for producing high and sustainable productions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxue Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Chunchao Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yujuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Mengmeng Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Xiaozhi Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Chaoqun Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Xiaowei Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Hui Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
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Atia NN, Ali MFB. 3-Amino-5-pyridin-3-yl-1,2,4-triazole, a novel fluorescence probe for trace analysis of silymarin in bulk material, pharmaceutical dosage forms and human plasma: Further insights on reaction mechanism using computational molecular modeling and NMR spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 204:188-195. [PMID: 29933154 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, highly sensitive and roubst spectrofluorimetric method was developed for trace analysis of silymarin (SLM) in active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), pharmaceutical preparations and human plasma. The proposed method is based on reaction of SLM with a novel reagent; 3-amino-5-pyridin-3-yl-1,2,4-triazole (3-APT); in the presence of 0.04 M sodium hydroxide. The formed fluorescent product was formed within 5 min and was measured at 504 nm after excitation at 390 nm. All reaction parameters were optimized and the proposed method was validated according to ICH guidelines. The developed method was linearly correlated at the concentration range of 0.05-8 μg mL-1 with good correlation coefficient 0.9993, limit of detection 10.79 ng mL-1 and limit of quantitation 32.71 ng mL-1. The relative standard deviations %RSD values were 1.59-2.69% and 1.47-2.62% in case of intra- and inter-day precision, respectively. Computational molecular modeling and NMR spectroscopy were used to identify the reaction mechanism between SLM and 3-APT. The proposed method was employed for determination of SLM in API or bulk material, pharmaceutical capsules and sachets. Further, the method was sensitive enough to be applied for analysis of the free (unconjugated) SLM flavonolignans in human plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha N Atia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Marwa F B Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
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Zhang M, Chen K, Hu Z, Shen Q, Wang H. PRiME pass-through purification of lignans in Silybum marianum and UPLC-MS/MS analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1093-1094:128-133. [PMID: 30015310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A PRiME (process, robustness, improvements, matrix effects, ease of use) pass-through cleanup procedure was developed for the extraction and purification of silychristins A and B, silybins A and B, isosilybins A and B, and silydianin in Silybum marianum. After optimizing the extracting solvent types and the sample loading volume, the crude extract was diluted to 3 mL with 95% acetonitrile and then loaded on the PRiME cartridge. The eluate was analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). All the target analytes were deprotonated as [M-H]- at m/z 481 by conducting collision-induced dissociation (CID), and the major fragment ions were m/z 463 ([M-H2O-H]-), 453 ([M-CO-H]-), 355 ([M-C6H6O3-H]-), 301 ([M355-CO2-H]-), and 179 ([C10H11O3]-). Afterwards, this method was validated in terms of linearity (R2 > 0.9990), intra-day precision (1.02%-3.79%), inter-day precision (1.59%-4.87%), sensitivity (LOD ≤ 0.45 μg·kg-1 and LOQ ≤ 1.50 μg·kg-1), and recovery (76.9-103.4%, RSD < 8.90%). Finally, the proposed protocol was successfully applied to eight batches of S. marianum samples. The total content of the seven active compounds varied amongst the batches from different places of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyan Hu
- Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qing Shen
- Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Haixing Wang
- Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen Research Institute of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, China.
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Chambers CS, Holečková V, Petrásková L, Biedermann D, Valentová K, Buchta M, Křen V. The silymarin composition… and why does it matter??? Food Res Int 2017; 100:339-353. [PMID: 28964357 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The extract from milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (Asteraceae)), known as silymarin, contains a variety of flavonolignans and displays antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective properties. As silybin is the main component of silymarin, the literature mainly focuses on this compound, ignoring all other components. This leads to problems in reproducibility of scientific results, as the exact composition of silymarin is often unknown and can vary to a certain degree depending on the processing, chemo-variety of the plant used and climatic conditions during the plant growth. There are studies dealing with the analytical separation and quantification of silymarin components as well as studies focused on silymarin content in clinically used drugs, in various plant parts, seasons, geographic locations etc. However, no comparison of detail flavonolignan profiles in various silymarin preparations is available to date. Also, as a result of the focus on the flavonolignans; the oil fraction, which contains linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids, sterols, tocopherol (vitamin E) and phospholipids, has been neglected. Due to all these factors, the whole plant is used e.g. as animal feed, the leaves can be eaten in salads and seed oil, besides culinary uses, can be also utilized for biodiesel or polymer production. Various HPLC separation techniques for the determination of the content of the flavonolignans have been vastly summarized in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Steven Chambers
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Holečková
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Petrásková
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Biedermann
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Buchta
- Stolařská 601/4, CZ74714 Ludgeřovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Korany MA, Haggag RS, Ragab MA, Elmallah OA. A validated stability-indicating HPLC method for simultaneous determination of Silymarin and Curcumin in various dosage forms. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Fibigr J, Šatínský D, Solich P. A new approach to the rapid separation of isomeric compounds in a Silybum marianum extract using UHPLC core-shell column with F5 stationary phase. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 134:203-213. [PMID: 27915198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a new ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) method using a core-shell column with a pentafluorophenyl stationary phase for separation of seven active compounds of a Silybum marianum extract was developed and validated. Silymarin, an extract of Silybum marianum, is known for its abilities to protect the liver from toxic substances, hepatitis therapy, and anti-tumour activity. Silymarin is currently being widely used in commercial preparations and herbal teas. Separation of seven compounds contained in the Silybum marianum extract (taxifolin, silychristin, silydianin, silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, isosilybin B) and other substances occurring in real samples was performed on the Kinetex 1.7μ F5 100A (150×2.1mm), 1.7μm particle size core-shell column, with a mobile phase methanol/100mM phosphate buffer pH 2.0 according to the gradient program. A mobile phase 0.35mLmin-1 flow rate and 50°C temperature was used for the separation. The detection wavelength was set at 288nm. Under optimal chromatographic conditions, good linearity with a correlation coefficient of R2 >0.999 for all compounds was achieved. The available commercial samples of herbal teas and food supplements were extracted with methanol using an ultrasonic bath. After dilution with water and centrifugation, a 2μL sample of the filtered supernatant was directly injected into the UHPLC system. The use of a pentafluorophenyl stationary phase with methanol as the organic component of the mobile phase showed new ways to effectively separate isomeric compounds in herbal extracts, which could not be done with the conventional C18 stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Fibigr
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czechia
| | - Dalibor Šatínský
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czechia.
| | - Petr Solich
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czechia
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Csupor D, Csorba A, Hohmann J. Recent advances in the analysis of flavonolignans of Silybum marianum. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:301-317. [PMID: 27321822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracts of milk thistle (Silybum marianum, Asteraceae) have been recognized for centuries as remedies for liver and gallbladder disorders. The active constituents of milk thistle fruits are flavonolignans, collectively known as silymarin. Flavonolignans in S. marianum are structurally diverse, 23 constituents have been isolated from purple- and white-flowering variants. Flavonolignans have a broad spectrum of bioactivities and silymarin has been the subject of intensive research for its profound pharmacological activities. Silymarin is extracted from the seeds, commercialized in standardized form, and widely used in drugs and dietary supplements. The thorough analysis of silymarin, its constituents and silymarin-containing products has a key role in the quality control of milk thistle-based products. Due to the low concentration of analytes, especially pharmacological and pharmacokinetic studies require more and more selective and sensitive, advanced techniques. The objective of the present review is to summarize the recent advances in the chemical analysis of S. marianum extracts, including the chemical composition, isolation and identification of flavonolignans, sample preparation, and methods used for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Various analytical approaches have been surveyed, and their respective advantages and limits are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezső Csupor
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Compounds, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Csorba
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Compounds, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Hohmann
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Compounds, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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Graf TN, Cech NB, Polyak SJ, Oberlies NH. A validated UHPLC-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantitative analysis of flavonolignans in milk thistle (Silybum marianum) extracts. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 126:26-33. [PMID: 27136284 PMCID: PMC4893890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Validated methods are needed for the analysis of natural product secondary metabolites. These methods are particularly important to translate in vitro observations to in vivo studies. Herein, a method is reported for the analysis of the key secondary metabolites, a series of flavonolignans and a flavonoid, from an extract prepared from the seeds of milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (Asteraceae)]. This report represents the first UHPLC MS-MS method validated for quantitative analysis of these compounds. The method takes advantage of the excellent resolution achievable with UHPLC to provide a complete analysis in less than 7min. The method is validated using both UV and MS detectors, making it applicable in laboratories with different types of analytical instrumentation available. Lower limits of quantitation achieved with this method range from 0.0400μM to 0.160μM with UV and from 0.0800μM to 0.160μM with MS. The new method is employed to evaluate variability in constituent composition in various commercial S. marianum extracts, and to show that storage of the milk thistle compounds in DMSO leads to degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler N Graf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - Nadja B Cech
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - Stephen J Polyak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA.
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15
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Pereira C, Barros L, José Alves M, Santos-Buelga C, Ferreira ICFR. Artichoke and milk thistle pills and syrups as sources of phenolic compounds with antimicrobial activity. Food Funct 2016; 7:3083-90. [PMID: 27273551 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00512h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplements based on hepatoprotective plants have been increasingly used in the prevention of liver injuries. In the present work, the aim was to study the phenolic profile and possibly relate it to the in vitro antimicrobial activity of two different formulations (pills and syrups) of artichoke and milk thistle, the antioxidant and anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activities of which were previously reported by our research group. The phenolic profiles were obtained by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS, and the antimicrobial activity evaluation was performed with the clinical isolates of multiresistant bacteria (Escherichia coli, extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Artichoke syrup revealed the presence of vanillic acid and luteolin-7-O-glucoside while the pills possessed higher concentrations of 4-O-caffeoylquinic, 5-O-caffeoylquinic and 1,3-O-dicaffeoylquinic acids, this latest being able to inhibit the growth of MRSA. Regarding milk thistle formulations, the syrup presented isorhamnetin-O-deoxyhexoside-O-dihexoside, isorhamnetin-O-deoxyhexoside-O-hexoside and isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside as the major phenolic constituents whereas the pills were richer in taxifolin, silymarin derivatives and hydroxylated silibinin; the syrup revealed antimicrobial activity against all the studied bacteria with the exception of Proteus mirabilis whereas the pills revealed activity against ESBL producing Escherichia coli. Overall, all of the studied formulations revealed to be a good source of phenolic compounds, among which milk thistle syrup presented the highest variety and concentration of flavonoids, which is possibly related to its strongest antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pereira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), ESA, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, apartado 1172, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), ESA, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, apartado 1172, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal. and Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 1134, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Maria José Alves
- Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Av. D. Afonso V, 5300-121 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Celestino Santos-Buelga
- GIP-USAL, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Isabel C F R Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), ESA, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, apartado 1172, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
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16
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Cheilari A, Sturm S, Intelmann D, Seger C, Stuppner H. Head-to-Head Comparison of Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection versus Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for the Quantitative Analysis of the Silymarin Complex in Silybum marianum Fruit Extracts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1618-26. [PMID: 26806429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) spectroscopy is known as an excellent alternative to chromatography-based mixture analysis. NMR spectroscopy is a non-destructive method, needs only limited sample preparation, and can be readily automated. A head-to-head comparison of qNMR to an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (uHPLC-DAD)-based quantitative analysis of six flavonolignan congeners (silychristin, silydianin, silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, and isosilybin B) of the Silybum marianum silymarin complex is presented. Both assays showed similar performance characteristics (linear range, accuracy, precision, and limits of quantitation) with analysis times below 30 min/sample. The assays were applied to industrial S. marianum extracts (AC samples) and to extracts locally prepared from S. marianum fruits (PL samples). An assay comparison by Bland-Altman plots (relative method bias AC samples, -0.1%; 2SD range, ±5.1%; relative method bias PL samples, -0.3%; 2SD range, ±7.8%) and Passing-Bablok regression analysis (slope and intercept for AC and PL samples not significantly different from 1.00 and 0.00, respectively; Spearman's coefficient of rank correlation, >0.99) did show that qNMR and uHPLC-DAD can be used interchangeably to quantitate flavonolignans in the silymarin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antigoni Cheilari
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine (CCB), University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sonja Sturm
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine (CCB), University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Christoph Seger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine (CCB), University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine (CCB), University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Ahmad U, Faiyazuddin M, Hussain MT, Ahmad S, M Alshammari T, Shakeel F. Silymarin: an insight to its formulation and analytical prospects. ACTA PHYSIOLOGIAE PLANTARUM 2015; 37:253. [DOI: 10.1007/s11738-015-2008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
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18
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Mudge E, Paley L, Schieber A, Brown PN. Optimization and single-laboratory validation of a method for the determination of flavonolignans in milk thistle seeds by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7657-66. [PMID: 26229030 PMCID: PMC4575382 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8925-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Seeds of milk thistle, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., are used for treatment and prevention of liver disorders and were identified as a high priority ingredient requiring a validated analytical method. An AOAC International expert panel reviewed existing methods and made recommendations concerning method optimization prior to validation. A series of extraction and separation studies were undertaken on the selected method for determining flavonolignans from milk thistle seeds and finished products to address the review panel recommendations. Once optimized, a single-laboratory validation study was conducted. The method was assessed for repeatability, accuracy, selectivity, LOD, LOQ, analyte stability, and linearity. Flavonolignan content ranged from 1.40 to 52.86% in raw materials and dry finished products and ranged from 36.16 to 1570.7 μg/mL in liquid tinctures. Repeatability for the individual flavonolignans in raw materials and finished products ranged from 1.03 to 9.88% RSDr, with HorRat values between 0.21 and 1.55. Calibration curves for all flavonolignan concentrations had correlation coefficients of >99.8%. The LODs for the flavonolignans ranged from 0.20 to 0.48 μg/mL at 288 nm. Based on the results of this single-laboratory validation, this method is suitable for the quantitation of the six major flavonolignans in milk thistle raw materials and finished products, as well as multicomponent products containing dandelion, schizandra berry, and artichoke extracts. It is recommended that this method be adopted as First Action Official Method status by AOAC International.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Mudge
- Natural Health & Food Products Research Group, British Columbia Institute of Technology, 3700 Willingdon Avenue, Burnaby, BC, V5G 3H2, Canada
| | - Lori Paley
- Natural Health & Food Products Research Group, British Columbia Institute of Technology, 3700 Willingdon Avenue, Burnaby, BC, V5G 3H2, Canada
| | - Andreas Schieber
- 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Chair of Food Technology and Food Biotechnology, University of Bonn, Roemerstrasse 164, D-53117, Bonn, Germany
| | - Paula N Brown
- Natural Health & Food Products Research Group, British Columbia Institute of Technology, 3700 Willingdon Avenue, Burnaby, BC, V5G 3H2, Canada.
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19
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Taha MN, Krawinkel MB, Morlock GE. High-performance thin-layer chromatography linked with (bio)assays and mass spectrometry - a suited method for discovery and quantification of bioactive components? Exemplarily shown for turmeric and milk thistle extracts. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1394:137-47. [PMID: 25846263 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Extraction parameters, chemical fingerprint, and the single compounds' activity levels were considered for the selection of active botanicals. For an initial survey, the total bioactivity (i.e., total reducing capacity, total flavonoids contents and free radical scavenging capacity) of 21 aqueous and 21 ethanolic plant extracts was investigated. Ethanolic extracts showed a higher yield and were further analyzed by HPTLC in detail to obtain fingerprints of single flavonoids and further bioactive components. Exemplarily shown for turmeric (Curcuma longa) and milk thistle (Silybum marianum), effect-directed analysis (EDA) was performed using three selected (bio)assays, the Aliivibrio fischeri bioassay, the Bacillus subtilis bioassay and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*) assay. As a proof of principle, the bioactive components found in the extracts were confirmed by HPTLC-MS. Bioassays in combination with planar chromatography directly linked to the known, single effective compounds like curcumin and silibinin. However, also some unknown bioactive components were discovered and exemplarily characterized, which demonstrated the strength of this kind of EDA. HPTLC-UV/Vis/FLD-EDA-MS could become a useful tool for selection of active botanicals and for the activity profiling of the active ingredients therein. The flexibility in effect-directed detections allows a comprehensive survey of effective ingredients in samples. This streamlined methodology comprised a non-targeted, effect-directed screening first, followed by a highly targeted characterization of the discovered bioactive compounds. HPTLC-EDA-MS can also be recommended for bioactivity profiling of food on the food intake side, as not only effective phytochemicals, but also unknown bioactive degradation products during food processing or contamination products or residues or metabolites can be detected. Thus, an efficient survey on potential food intake effects on wellness could be obtained. Having performed both, sum parameter assays and HPTLC analysis, a comparison of both approaches was made and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud N Taha
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Nutritional Science, Wilhelmstrasse 20, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael B Krawinkel
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Nutritional Science, Wilhelmstrasse 20, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud E Morlock
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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20
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Pereira C, Barros L, Carvalho AM, Santos-Buelga C, Ferreira ICFR. Infusions of artichoke and milk thistle represent a good source of phenolic acids and flavonoids. Food Funct 2015; 6:56-62. [PMID: 25367590 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00834k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cynara scolymus L. (artichoke) and Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn (milk thistle) are two herbs well-known for their efficiency in the prevention/treatment of liver injuries, among other chronic diseases. Therefore, the aim of this work was to characterize specific bioactive components, phenolic compounds, in hydromethanolic extracts but also in infusions (the most commonly used preparations) obtained from the whole plant of milk thistle and artichoke. The phenolic profiles were accessed using HPLC-DAD-MS/ESI. Infusions of both species presented higher phenolic contents than the hydromethanolic extracts. Milk thistle presented a similar phenolic composition between the two preparations, revealing only differences in the quantities obtained. Nevertheless, artichoke revealed a slightly different profile considering infusion and hydromethanolic extracts. Apigenin-7-O-glucuronide was the major flavonoid found in milk thistle, while luteolin-7-O-glucuronide was the most abundant in artichoke. Therefore, infusions of both artichoke and milk thistle represent a good source of bioactive compounds, especially phenolic acids and flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pereira
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Apartado 1172, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal.
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21
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Soltani N, Tavakkoli N, Khayat Kashani M, Mosavizadeh A, Oguzie E, Jalali M. Silybum marianum extract as a natural source inhibitor for 304 stainless steel corrosion in 1.0 M HCl. J IND ENG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Cufí S, Bonavia R, Vazquez-Martin A, Oliveras-Ferraros C, Corominas-Faja B, Cuyàs E, Martin-Castillo B, Barrajón-Catalán E, Visa J, Segura-Carretero A, Joven J, Bosch-Barrera J, Micol V, Menendez JA. Silibinin suppresses EMT-driven erlotinib resistance by reversing the high miR-21/low miR-200c signature in vivo. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2459. [PMID: 23963283 PMCID: PMC3748425 DOI: 10.1038/srep02459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The flavolignan silibinin was studied for its ability to restore drug sensitivity to EGFR-mutant NSCLC xenografts with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-driven resistance to erlotinib. As a single agent, silibinin significantly decreased the tumor volumes of erlotinib-refractory NSCLC xenografts by approximately 50%. Furthermore, the complete abrogation of tumor growth was observed with the co-treatment of erlotinib and silibinin. Silibinin fully reversed the EMT-related high miR-21/low miR-200c microRNA signature and repressed the mesenchymal markers SNAIL, ZEB, and N-cadherin observed in erlotinib-refractory tumors. Silibinin was sufficient to fully activate a reciprocal mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) in erlotinib-refractory cells and prevent the highly migratogenic phenotype of erlotinib-resistant NSCLC cells. Given that the various mechanisms of resistance to erlotinib result from EMT, regardless of the EGFR mutation status, a water-soluble, silibinin-rich milk thistle extract might be a suitable candidate therapy for upcoming clinical trials aimed at preventing or reversing NSCLC progression following erlotinib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Cufí
- Metabolism & Cancer Group, Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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Pereira C, Barros L, Ferreira ICFR. Analytical Tools Used to Distinguish Chemical Profiles of Plants Widely Consumed as Infusions and Dietary Supplements: Artichoke, Milk Thistle, and Borututu. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-9795-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zhang Y, Yang DH, Zhang YT, Chen XM, Li LL, Cai SQ. Biotransformation on the flavonolignan constituents of Silybi Fructus by an intestinal bacterial strain Eubacterium limosum ZL-II. Fitoterapia 2014; 92:61-71. [PMID: 24125915 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Eubacterium limosum ZL-II is an anaerobic bacterium with demethylated activity, which was isolated from human intestinal bacteria in our previous work. In this study, the flavonolignan constituents of Silybi Fructus were biotransformed by E. limosum(1) ZL-II, producing four new transformation products - demethylisosilybin B (T1), demethylisosilybin A (T2), demethylsilybin B (T3) and demethylsilybin A (T4), among which T1 and T2 were new compounds. Their chemical structures were identified by ESI-TOF/MS, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, HMBC and CD spectroscopic data. The bioassay results showed that the transformation products T1-T4 exhibited significant inhibitory activities on Alzheimer's amyloid-β 42 (Aβ42(2)) aggregation with IC50 values at 7.49 μM-10.46 μM, which were comparable with that of the positive control (epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG(3), at 9.01 μM) and much lower than those of their parent compounds (at not less than 145.10 μM). The method of biotransformation by E. limosum ZL-II explored a way to develop the new and active lead compounds in Alzheimer's disease from Silybi Fructus. However, the transformation products T1-T4 exhibited decreased inhibitory activities against human tumor cell lines comparing with their parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dong-Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Ying-Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiu-Min Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Li-Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shao-Qing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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Cufí S, Bonavia R, Vazquez-Martin A, Corominas-Faja B, Oliveras-Ferraros C, Cuyàs E, Martin-Castillo B, Barrajón-Catalán E, Visa J, Segura-Carretero A, Bosch-Barrera J, Joven J, Micol V, Menendez JA. Silibinin meglumine, a water-soluble form of milk thistle silymarin, is an orally active anti-cancer agent that impedes the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung carcinoma cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:360-8. [PMID: 23916468 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Silibinin is the primary active constituent of a crude extract (silymarin) from milk thistle plant (Silybum marianum) seeds. We explored the ability of an oral milk thistle extract formulation that was enriched with a water-soluble form of silibinin complexed with the amino-sugar meglumine to inhibit the growth of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) mouse xenografts. As a single agent, oral silibinin meglumine notably decreased the overall volumes of NSCLC tumors as efficiently as did the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) gefitinib. Concurrent treatment with silibinin meglumine impeded the regrowth of gefitinib-unresponsive tumors, resulting in drastic tumor growth prevention. Because the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is required by a multiplicity of mechanisms of resistance to EGFR TKIs, we evaluated the ability of silibinin meglumine to impede the EMT in vitro and in vivo. Silibinin-meglumine efficiently prevented the loss of markers associated with a polarized epithelial phenotype as well as the de novo synthesis of proteins associated with the mesenchymal morphology of transitioning cells. Our current findings with this non-toxic, orally active, and water-soluble silibinin formulation might facilitate the design of clinical trials to test the administration of silibinin meglumine-containing injections, granules, or beverages in combination with EGFR TKIs in patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Cufí
- Metabolism & Cancer Group, Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Catalonia, Spain; Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGi), Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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26
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Napolitano JG, Lankin DC, Graf TN, Friesen JB, Chen SN, McAlpine JB, Oberlies NH, Pauli GF. HiFSA fingerprinting applied to isomers with near-identical NMR spectra: the silybin/isosilybin case. J Org Chem 2013; 78:2827-39. [PMID: 23461697 PMCID: PMC3640553 DOI: 10.1021/jo302720h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates how regio- and diastereo-isomers with near-identical NMR spectra can be distinguished and unambiguously assigned using quantum mechanical driven (1)H iterative Full Spin Analysis (HiFSA). The method is illustrated with four natural products, the flavonolignans silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, and isosilybin B, which exhibit extremely similar coupling patterns and chemical shift differences well below the commonly reported level of accuracy of 0.01 ppm. The HiFSA approach generated highly reproducible (1)H NMR fingerprints that enable distinction of all four isomers at (1)H frequencies from 300 to 900 MHz. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the underlying numeric (1)H NMR profiles, combined with iterative computational analysis, allow parallel quantification of all four isomers, even in difficult to characterize reference materials and mixtures. The results shed new light on the historical challenges to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of these therapeutically relevant flavonolignans and open new opportunities to explore hidden diversity in the chemical space of organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G. Napolitano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, and Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - David C. Lankin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, and Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Tyler N. Graf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States
| | - J. Brent Friesen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, and Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
- Rosary College of Arts and Sciences, Dominican University, River Forest, IL 60305, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, and Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - James B. McAlpine
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, and Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, and Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
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27
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Calani L, Brighenti F, Bruni R, Del Rio D. Absorption and metabolism of milk thistle flavanolignans in humans. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 20:40-6. [PMID: 23072776 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the absorption and metabolism of milk thistle flavonolignans silychristin, silydianin, silybin and isosilybin isomers (all together known as silymarin) in humans. Fourteen volunteers consumed an extract of milk thistle and urine was collected up to 48 h after consumption. Thirty-one metabolites were identified in urine by means of HPLC-MS/MS, monoglucuronides being the most common excreted form, followed by sulphate-glucuronides and diglucuronides, respectively. The excretion of monoglucuronides peaked 2 h after consumption, whereas sulphate-glucuronide and diglucuronide excretion peaked at 8 h. The bioavailability of milk thistle flavanolignans was 0.45±0.28% (mean±SD). In conclusion, milk thistle flavonolignans are extensively modified after ingestion and recovered in urine as sulpho- and glucuronyl-conjugates, indicating a strong affinity for hepatic phase II enzymes. All future studies (in vitro and in vivo) dealing with the effects of milk thistle should start by considering the modification of its flavonolignans after ingestion by humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Calani
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Italy
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Brinda BJ, Zhu HJ, Markowitz JS. A sensitive LC-MS/MS assay for the simultaneous analysis of the major active components of silymarin in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 902:1-9. [PMID: 22766231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin, an extract of crushed achenes of the milk thistle plant Silybum marianum is a multi-constituent mixture, 70-80% of which consists of a complex assortment containing the flavonolignans silybin A and B, isosilybin A and B, silydianin, and silychristin, and the flavonoid taxifolin. To date, numerous pharmacological actions of the silymarin extract have been documented in the biomedical literature, including hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-fibrotic activities. The present study describes a novel liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for simultaneous analysis of silychristin, silydianin, silybin A and silybin B, isosilybin A and isosilybin B, and taxifolin in human plasma employing liquid-liquid extraction. This assay provides excellent resolution of the individual silymarin constituents via utilization of a 100 A 250 mm × 2 mm, 5 μm C(18) column with the mobile phase consisting of 51% methanol, 0.1% formic acid, and 10mM ammonium acetate. The lower limit of quantification was 2 ng/ml for each constituent. Calibration curves were linear over the range from 2 ng/ml to 100 ng/ml for all analytes (r(2)>0.99). The intra- and inter-day accuracies were 91-106.5% and 95.1-111.9%, respectively. The intra- and inter-day precision was within 10.5%. Additionally, recovery, stability, and matrix effects were fully validated as well. This method was successfully applied to human plasma samples from subjects treated with the milk thistle extract Legalon(®).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Brinda
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0486 , USA
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