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Lai CH, Huo CY, Xu J, Han QB, Li LF. Critical review on the research of chemical structure, bioactivities, and mechanism of actions of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130315. [PMID: 38382782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Dendrobium officinale (Tie-Pi-Shi-Hu) is a precious traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The principal active components are polysaccharides (DOP), which have a high potency in therapeutic applications. However, limitations in structure analysis and underlying mechanism investigation impede its further research. This review systemically and critically summarises current understanding in both areas, and points out the influence of starch impurities and the role of gut microbiota in DOP research. As challenges faced in studying natural polysaccharide investigations are common, this review contributes to a broader understanding of polysaccharides beyond DOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk-Hei Lai
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chu-Ying Huo
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Quan-Bin Han
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li-Feng Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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2
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Luo G, Shen Y, Wu K, Yang H, Wu C, Chang X, Tian W. Evaluation of inducing activity of CIP elicitors from diverse sources based on monosaccharide composition and physiological indicators. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 285:154002. [PMID: 37149979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Application of elicitors can greatly enhance plant immune resistance against pathogens. However, it is still obscure whether elicitor activity is influenced by diverse sources. This study investigated the effect of foliar spraying of 19 batches of Chrysanthemum indicum polysaccharides (CIPs) on the disease resistance of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (A. macrocephala) and explored the main reasons for the differences of inducing activity of CIP elicitors. PCA, OPLS-DA, grey relational analysis and entropy weight method had good predictability for the activity evaluation of CIP elicitors and other plant-derived elicitors. The results showed that 19 batches of CIPs had definite regional differences in inducing activity and monosaccharide content. CIP elicitors with high inducing activity could significantly increase the accumulation of Atractylenolide Ⅱ and Atractylenolide Ⅲ, the mRNA relative transcription level of CAT, POD, PAL genes, the amount of pH change in the medium and effectively reduce the disease index of A. macrocephala. Furthermore, CIP with high inducing activity exhibited the high contents of Rha, Ara and GalA, which might be the main contributor to their high activity. The evaluation procedure developed in this work can be applied for screening CIP elicitors with high inducing activity, and it lays a foundation for identifying more functional elicitors related to plant immune resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofu Luo
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Yirui Shen
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Kun Wu
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Huining Yang
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Chuntao Wu
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Xiangbing Chang
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Wei Tian
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China.
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3
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Wang K, Song M, Mu X, Wu Z, Wu N, Zhang Y. Comparison and the lipid-lowering ability evaluation method discussion of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides from different origins based on principal component analysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124707. [PMID: 37146861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
As typical acetylated glucomannans, Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides (DOPs) from different origins differ in their structural characteristics and some of their physicochemical properties. To rapidly select D. officinale plants, we systematically investigate the differences among DOPs from different origins and analyzed the structural characteristics, such as the degree of acetylation and monosaccharide composition; the physicochemical properties, such as solubility, water absorption and apparent viscosity; and the lipid-lowering activity of the obtained DOPs. Principal component analysis (PCA), a method for analyzing multiple variables, was used to analyze the relationship between the physicochemical and structural properties, and lipid-lowering activity. It was found that the structural and physicochemical characteristics had significant effects on lipid-lowering activity, and DOPs with a high degree of acetylation, high apparent viscosity and large D-mannose-to-d-glucose ratio were associated with greater lipid-lowering activity. Therefore, this study provides a reference for the selection and application of D. officinale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Mengzi Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Mu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijing Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, PR China
| | - Niuniu Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, PR China.
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4
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Zhang YW, Shi YC, Zhang SB. Metabolic and transcriptomic analyses elucidate a novel insight into the network for biosynthesis of carbohydrate and secondary metabolites in the stems of a medicinal orchid Dendrobium nobile. PLANT DIVERSITY 2023; 45:326-336. [PMID: 37397599 PMCID: PMC10311107 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Dendrobium nobile is an important medicinal and nutraceutical herb. Although the ingredients of D. nobile have been identified as polysaccharides, alkaloids, amino acids, flavonoids and bibenzyls, our understanding of the metabolic pathways that regulate the synthesis of these compounds is limited. Here, we used transcriptomic and metabolic analyses to elucidate the genes and metabolites involved in the biosynthesis of carbohydrate and several secondary metabolites in the stems of D. nobile. A total of 1005 metabolites and 31,745 genes were detected in the stems of D. nobile. The majority of these metabolites and genes were involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates (fructose, mannose, glucose, xylulose and starch), while some were involved in the metabolism of secondary metabolites (alkaloids, β-tyrosine, ferulic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoate and chrysin). Our predicted regulatory network indicated that five genes (AROG, PYK, DXS, ACEE and HMGCR) might play vital roles in the transition from carbohydrate to alkaloid synthesis. Correlation analysis identified that six genes (ALDO, PMM, BGLX, EGLC, XYLB and GLGA) were involved in carbohydrate metabolism, and two genes (ADT and CYP73A) were involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Our analyses also indicated that phosphoenol-pyruvate (PEP) was a crucial bridge that connected carbohydrate to alkaloid biosynthesis. The regulatory network between carbohydrate and secondary metabolite biosynthesis established will provide important insights into the regulation of metabolites and biological systems in Dendrobium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Cen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lijiang 674100, Yunnan, China
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5
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Assessment of Antioxidant, Anti-Lipid Peroxidation, Antiglycation, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Tyrosinase Properties of Dendrobium sulcatum Lindl. COSMETICS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics10020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrobium sulcatum Lindl or “Ueang Jampa-Nan” (Orchidaceae family) is widely dis-tributed in Thailand and Laos. It is classified in the genus Dendrobium, which is used in both traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurvedic medicine for health enhancement and anti-aging. The purpose of this study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents and bioefficacy of stems, leaves and flowers from D. sulcatum for cosmetic and cosmeceutical applications. Phenolic and flavonoid contents were tested for the phytochemical evaluation. The antioxidant (DPPH, FRAP and ABTS assays), anti-lipid peroxidation, antiglycation, anti-inflammatory and anti-tyrosinase properties were assessed for their bioefficacy. The results showed that the extracts of stem and leaf had higher total phenolic content than that of the flower, and the leaf extract had the highest flavonoid content. The antioxidant, anti-lipid peroxidation and anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts were greater in those from the stem and leaf compared with that of the flower. The leaf extract exhibited the greatest antiglycation property. The results of anti-tyrosinase analysis of the extracts showed that the leaf and flower exhibited potent activities with a percentage inhibition greater than 70% (at a concentration of 50 µg/mL). In conclusion, these findings suggest that the ethanolic extracts from different parts of D. sulcatum are promising sources of natural active ingredients for further cosmetic and cosmeceutical products.
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Recent advances in qualitative and quantitative analysis of polysaccharides in natural medicines: A critical review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 220:115016. [PMID: 36030753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides from natural medicines, being safe and effective natural mixtures, show great potential to be developed into botanical drugs. However, there is yet one polysaccharide-based case that has fulfilled the Botanical Guidance definition of a botanical drug product. One of the reasons is the analytical methods commonly used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of polysaccharides fall far behind the quality control criteria of botanical drugs. Here we systemically reviewed the recent advances in analytical methods. A critical evaluation of the strength and weaknesses of these methods was provided, together with possible solutions to the difficulties. Mass spectrometry with or without robust chromatographic separation was increasingly employed. And scientists have made significant progress in simplifying polysaccharide quantification by depolymerizing it into oligosaccharides. This oligosaccharides-based strategy is promising for qualitative and quantitative analysis of polysaccharides. And continuous efforts are still needed to develop a standardized quality control method that is specific, accurate, repeatable, and applicable for analyzing individual components in natural medicine formulas.
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Li M, Trapika IGSC, Tang SYS, Cho JL, Qi Y, Li CG, Li Y, Yao M, Yang D, Liu B, Li R, Yang P, Ma G, Ren P, Huang X, Xie D, Chen S, Li M, Yang L, Leng P, Huang Y, Li GQ. Mechanisms and Active Compounds Polysaccharides and Bibenzyls of Medicinal Dendrobiums for Diabetes Management. Front Nutr 2022; 8:811870. [PMID: 35155528 PMCID: PMC8832146 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.811870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medicinal dendrobiums are used popularly in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of diabetes, while their active compounds and mechanism remain unclear. This review aimed to evaluate the mechanism and active compounds of medicinal dendrobiums in diabetes management through a systematic approach. METHODS A systematic approach was conducted to search for the mechanism and active phytochemicals in Dendrobium responsible for anti-diabetic actions using databases PubMed, Embase, and SciFinder. RESULTS Current literature indicates polysaccharides, bibenzyls, phenanthrene, and alkaloids are commonly isolated in Dendrobium genusin which polysaccharides and bibenzyls are most aboundant. Many animal studies have shown that polysaccharides from the species of Dendrobium provide with antidiabetic effects by lowering glucose level and reversing chronic inflammation of T2DM taken orally at 200 mg/kg. Dendrobium polysaccharides protect pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance in liver. Dendrobium polysaccharides up-regulate the abundance of short-chain fatty acid to stimulate GLP-1 secretion through gut microbiota. Bibenzyls also have great potency to inhibit the progression of the chronic inflammation in cellular studies. CONCLUSION Polysaccharides and bibenzyls are the major active compounds in medicinal dendrobiums for diabetic management through the mechanisms of lowering glucose level and reversing chronic inflammation of T2DM by modulating pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance in liver as a result from gut microbita regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjian Li
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - I. Gusti Surya Chandra Trapika
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Udayana University, Jimbaran, Indonesia
| | - Suet Yee Sara Tang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jun-Lae Cho
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, Centre for Advanced Food Enginomics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yanfei Qi
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chun Guang Li
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Yujuan Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Meicun Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Depo Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bowen Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoyi Ma
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States
| | - Ping Ren
- Institute of TCM-related Comorbidity, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Institute of TCM-related Comorbidity, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Deshan Xie
- Chengdu Tepu Biotech Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | | | - Min Li
- College of Fundamental Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Yang
- College of Fundamental Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Leng
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Chengdu Tepu Biotech Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - George Q. Li
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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8
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Yang A, Li MY, Zhang ZH, Wang JY, Xing Y, Ri M, Jin CH, Xu GH, Piao LX, Jin HL, Zuo HX, Ma J, Jin X. Erianin regulates programmed cell death ligand 1 expression and enhances cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 273:113598. [PMID: 33220359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl is a cultivation of Dendrobium which belongs to the family of Orchidaceae. D. chrysotoxum Lindl is a traditional Chinese medicine with a wide range of clinical applications including tonic, astringent, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties as early as the 28th century B.C. Erianin is a representative index component for the quality control of the D. chrysotoxum Lindl, which is included in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (2020 version). AIM OF THE STUDY To clarify the anti-tumour mechanisms of erianin in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS We detected the anti-tumour activity of erianin using in vitro HeLa cell models and in vivo cervical cancer xenograft models. We performed MTT, western blot, RT-PCR, homology modeling, flow cytometry, and immunoprecipitation assays to study the proteins, genes, and pathways related to erianin's anti-tumour activity. LysoTracker Red staining was performed to detect lysosome function. Transwell, wound healing, tube formation, colony formation and EdU labelling assays were performed to determine cell proliferation, migration and invasion abilities, respectively. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes ability was confirmed using HeLa/T-cell co-culture model. RESULTS Experimental data demonstrated that erianin inhibited PD-L1 expression and induced the lysosomal degradation of PD-L1. Erianin suppressed HIF-1α synthesis through mTOR/p70S6K/4EBP1 pathway, and inhibited RAS/Raf/MEK/MAPK-ERK pathway. Immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that erianin reduced the interaction between RAS and HIF-1α. Experiments using a co-cultivation system of T cells and HeLa cells confirmed that erianin restored cytotoxic T lymphocytes ability to kill tumour cells. Erianin inhibited PD-L1-mediated angiogenesis, proliferation, invasion and migration. The anti-proliferative effects of erianin were supported using in vivo xenotransplantation experiments. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results revealed previously unknown properties of erianin and provided a new basis for improving the efficacy of immunotherapy against cervical cancer and other malignant tumours through PD-L1.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- B7-H1 Antigen/genetics
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- Bibenzyls/pharmacology
- Bibenzyls/therapeutic use
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Lysosomes/metabolism
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Phenol/pharmacology
- Phenol/therapeutic use
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- raf Kinases/metabolism
- ras Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Yang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Ming Yue Li
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Zhi Hong Zhang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Jing Ying Wang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Yue Xing
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - MyongHak Ri
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Cheng Hua Jin
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Guang Hua Xu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Lian Xun Piao
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Hong Lan Jin
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Hong Xiang Zuo
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Juan Ma
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Xuejun Jin
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, China.
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9
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Liu D, Zhang J, Zhu H, Wang M, Polizzi SJ, Jones MT, Li L, Gadi MR, Wang PG, Ma C, Huang W. Enzymatic depolymerization of streptococcus pneumoniae type 8 polysaccharide. Carbohydr Res 2020; 495:108024. [PMID: 32688016 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although there have been decades of research on streptococcus pneumoniae, it is still among the leading cause of infectious disease in the world. As a type of capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of streptococcus pneumoniae, pneumococcal polysaccharides are essential components for colonization and virulence in mammalian hosts. This study aimed to characterize the CPS structure of type 8 streptococcus pneumoniae, which is one of the most fatal serotypes. In this work, heparinase I&III was used to successfully digest pneumococcal type 8 polysaccharide (Pn8P). We characterized the oligosaccharide generated from the enzymatic depolymerization of Pn8P by size exclusion chromatography, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. This is the first study to enzymatically depolymerize and characterize Pn8P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States
| | - Mingzhang Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., 875 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO, 63017, United States
| | - Samuel Justin Polizzi
- Georgia Highlands College, 5901 Stewart Pkwy, Douglasville, GA, 30135, United States
| | - Michael T Jones
- Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., 875 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO, 63017, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States
| | | | - Peng George Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States.
| | - Wei Huang
- Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., 875 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO, 63017, United States.
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10
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Wang Y, Zuo ZT, Huang HY, Wang YZ. Original plant traceability of Dendrobium species using multi-spectroscopy fusion and mathematical models. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190399. [PMID: 31218070 PMCID: PMC6549973 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Dendrobium is the largest genus of orchids most of which have excellent medicinal properties. Fresh stems of some species have been consumed in daily life by Asians for thousands of years. However, there are differences in flavour and clinical efficacy among different species. Therefore, it is necessary for a detector to establish an effective and rapid method controlling botanical origins of these crude materials. In our study, three spectroscopies including mid-infrared (MIR) (transmission and reflection mode) and near-infrared (NIR) spectra were investigated for authentication of 12 Dendrobium species. Generally, two fusion strategies, reflection MIR and NIR spectra, were combined with three mathematical models (random forest, support vector machine with grid search (SVM-GS) and partial least-squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA)) for discrimination analysis. In conclusion, a low-level fusion strategy comprising two spectra after pretreated by the second derivative and multiplicative scatter correction was recommended for discrimination analysis because of its excellent performance in three models. Compared with MIR spectra, NIR spectra were more responsible for the discrimination according to a bi-plot analysis of PLS-DA. Moreover, SVM-GS and PLS-DA were suitable for accurate discrimination (100% accuracy rates) of calibration and validation sets. The protocol combined with low-level fusion strategy and chemometrics provides a rapid and effective reference for control of botanical origins in crude Dendrobium materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Tian Zuo
- Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng-Yu Huang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Heng-Yu Huang e-mail:
| | - Yuan-Zhong Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Yuan-Zhong Wang e-mail:
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11
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Yuan Y, Yu M, Jia Z, Song X, Liang Y, Zhang J. Analysis of Dendrobium huoshanense transcriptome unveils putative genes associated with active ingredients synthesis. BMC Genomics 2018. [PMID: 30594136 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5305-6/1471-2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendrobium huoshanense C.Z. Tang et S.J. Cheng is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with high medicinal value in China. Polysaccharides and alkaloids are its main active ingredients. To understand the difference of main active ingredients in different tissues, we determined the contents of polysaccharides and alkaloids in the roots, stems and leaves of D. huoshanense. In order to explore the reasons for the differences of active ingredients at the level of transcription, we selected roots, stems and leaves of D. huoshanenese for transcriptome sequencing and pathway mining. RESULTS The contents of polysaccharides and alkaloids of D. huoshanense were determined and it was found that there were significant differences in different tissues. A total of 716,634,006 clean reads were obtained and 478,361 unigenes were assembled by the Illumina platform sequencing. We identified 1407 carbohydrate-active related unigenes against CAZy database including 447 glycosyltransferase genes (GTs), 818 glycoside hydrolases (GHs), 60 carbohydrate esterases (CEs), 62 carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs), and 20 polysaccharide lyases (PLs). In the glycosyltransferases (GTs) family, 315 differential expression genes (DEGs) were identified. In total, 124 and 58 DEGs were associated with the biosynthesis of alkaloids in Dh_L vs. Dh_S and Dh_R vs. Dh_L, respectively. A total of 62 DEGs associated with the terpenoid pathway were identified between Dh_R and Dh_S. Five key enzyme genes involved in the terpenoids pathway were identified, and their expression patterns in different tissues was validated using quantitative real-time PCR. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our study presents a transcriptome profile of D. huoshanense. These data contribute to our deeper relevant researches on active ingredients and provide useful insights into the molecular mechanisms regulating polysaccharides and alkaloids in Dendrobium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdan Yuan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Maoyun Yu
- Anhui Tongjisheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Lu'an, 237000, China.
- Cultivation and Industrialization Center of Rare Medicinal Plants in Ta-pieh Mountains, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 23700, China.
| | - Zhaohui Jia
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xue'er Song
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yingquan Liang
- Anhui Tongjisheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Lu'an, 237000, China
| | - Jinchi Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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Yuan Y, Yu M, Jia Z, Song X, Liang Y, Zhang J. Analysis of Dendrobium huoshanense transcriptome unveils putative genes associated with active ingredients synthesis. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:978. [PMID: 30594136 PMCID: PMC6310986 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5305-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dendrobium huoshanense C.Z. Tang et S.J. Cheng is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with high medicinal value in China. Polysaccharides and alkaloids are its main active ingredients. To understand the difference of main active ingredients in different tissues, we determined the contents of polysaccharides and alkaloids in the roots, stems and leaves of D. huoshanense. In order to explore the reasons for the differences of active ingredients at the level of transcription, we selected roots, stems and leaves of D. huoshanenese for transcriptome sequencing and pathway mining. Results The contents of polysaccharides and alkaloids of D. huoshanense were determined and it was found that there were significant differences in different tissues. A total of 716,634,006 clean reads were obtained and 478,361 unigenes were assembled by the Illumina platform sequencing. We identified 1407 carbohydrate-active related unigenes against CAZy database including 447 glycosyltransferase genes (GTs), 818 glycoside hydrolases (GHs), 60 carbohydrate esterases (CEs), 62 carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs), and 20 polysaccharide lyases (PLs). In the glycosyltransferases (GTs) family, 315 differential expression genes (DEGs) were identified. In total, 124 and 58 DEGs were associated with the biosynthesis of alkaloids in Dh_L vs. Dh_S and Dh_R vs. Dh_L, respectively. A total of 62 DEGs associated with the terpenoid pathway were identified between Dh_R and Dh_S. Five key enzyme genes involved in the terpenoids pathway were identified, and their expression patterns in different tissues was validated using quantitative real-time PCR. Conclusions In summary, our study presents a transcriptome profile of D. huoshanense. These data contribute to our deeper relevant researches on active ingredients and provide useful insights into the molecular mechanisms regulating polysaccharides and alkaloids in Dendrobium. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5305-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdan Yuan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Maoyun Yu
- Anhui Tongjisheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Lu'an, 237000, China. .,Cultivation and Industrialization Center of Rare Medicinal Plants in Ta-pieh Mountains, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 23700, China.
| | - Zhaohui Jia
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xue'er Song
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yingquan Liang
- Anhui Tongjisheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Lu'an, 237000, China
| | - Jinchi Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China. .,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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Zhong P, Chen W, Chen Y, Yu Q, Wang Y. Determination of Polysaccharide Hydrolyzates in Chinese Herbal Medicine by UltraHigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and Evaporative Light Scattering Detection. ANAL LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1396337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Weiling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuanxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Abstract
Quality control is always the critical issue for Chinese medicines (CMs) with their worldwide increasing use. Different from western medicine, CMs are usually considered that multiple constituents are responsible for the therapeutic effects. Therefore, quality control of CMs is a challenge. In 2011, the strategies for quantification, related to the markers, reference compounds and approaches, in quality control of CMs were reviewed (Li, et al., J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2011, 55, 802-809). Since then, some new strategies have been proposed in these fields. Therefore, the review on the strategies for quality control of CMs should be updated to improve the safety and efficacy of CMs. Herein, novel strategies related to quality marker discovery, reference compound development and advanced approaches (focused on glyco-analysis) for quality control, during 2011-2016, were summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Shuang-Cheng Ma
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Tiantan Xili 2, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Shao-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China.
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15
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Xia L, Liu L, Qu F, Kong R, Li G, You J. Optimization of Release Conditions for Acetylated Amino Sugars from Glycoprotein with the Aid of Experimental Design and Their Sensitive Determination with HPLC. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Structural elucidation, chain conformation and immuno-modulatory activity of glucogalactomannan from cultured Cordyceps sinensis fungus UM01. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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17
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Deng Y, Chen LX, Han BX, Wu DT, Cheong KL, Chen NF, Zhao J, Li SP. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of specific polysaccharides in Dendrobium huoshanense by using saccharide mapping and chromatographic methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 129:163-171. [PMID: 27424197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of specific polysaccharides from ten batches of Dendrobium huoshanense were performed using high performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector (HPSEC-MALLS-RID), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and saccharide mapping based on polysaccharides analysis by using carbohydrate gel electrophoresis (PACE) and high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Results showed that molecular weights, the radius of gyrations, and contents of specific polysaccharides in D. huoshanense were ranging from 1.16×10(5) to 2.17×10(5)Da, 38.8 to 52.1nm, and 9.9% to 19.9%, respectively. Furthermore, the main monosaccharide compositions were Man and Glc. Indeed, the main glycosidic linkages were β-1,4-Manp and β-1,4-Glcp, and substituted with acetyl groups at O-2 and O-3 of 1,4-linked Manp. Moreover, results showed that PACE and HPTLC fingerprints of partial acidic and enzymatic hydrolysates of specific polysaccharides were similar, which are helpful to better understand the specific polysaccharides in D. huoshanense and beneficial to improve their quality control. These approaches could also be routinely used for quality control of polysaccharides in other medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China
| | - Ling-Xiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China
| | - Bang-Xing Han
- Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Dendrobium Industrialization, Lu'an, Anhui, PR China; College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui, PR China
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China
| | - Kit-Leong Cheong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China
| | - Nai-Fu Chen
- Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Dendrobium Industrialization, Lu'an, Anhui, PR China; College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui, PR China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China.
| | - Shao-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China; Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Dendrobium Industrialization, Lu'an, Anhui, PR China; College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui, PR China.
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Wei W, Feng L, Bao WR, Ma DL, Leung CH, Nie SP, Han QB. Structure Characterization and Immunomodulating Effects of Polysaccharides Isolated from Dendrobium officinale. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:881-9. [PMID: 26752248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A crude polysaccharide fraction (cDOP) has been determined to be the characteristic marker of Dendrobium officinale, an expensive tea material in Asia, but its chemistry and bioactivity have not been studied. In work reported here, cDOP was destarched (DOP, 90% yield) and separated into two subfraction polysaccharides, DOPa and DOPb, which were characterized by monosaccharide composition and methylation analyses and spectral analyses (FT-IR and (1)H and (13)C NMR). Both are composed of mannose and glucose at similar ratios and have a similar structure with a backbone of 1,4-linked β-D-mannopyranosyl and β-D-glucopyranosyl residues. Significant differences were observed only in their molecular weights. Bioassay using mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 indicated that DOP and its two subfractions enhance cell proliferation, TNF-α secretion, and phagocytosis in a dose-dependent manner. They also induced the proliferation of lymphocytes alone and with mitogens. DOPa and DOPb are thus proven to be major, active polysaccharide markers of D. officinale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong, China
| | - Lei Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wan-Rong Bao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong, China
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao, China
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong, China
| | - Shao-Ping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Quan-Bin Han
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong, China
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Liao HF, Wu TJ, Tai JL, Chi MC, Lin LL. Immunomodulatory Potential of the Polysaccharide-Rich Extract from Edible Cyanobacterium Nostoc commune. Med Sci (Basel) 2015; 3:112-123. [PMID: 29083396 PMCID: PMC5635763 DOI: 10.3390/medsci3040112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A dry sample of Nostoc commune from an organic farm in Pingtung city (Taiwan) was used to prepare polysaccharide-rich (NCPS) extract. The conditioned medium (CM) from NCPS-treated human peripheral blood (PB)-mononuclear cells (MNC) effectively inhibited the growth of human leukemic U937 cells and triggered differentiation of U937 monoblast cells into monocytic/macrophagic lines. Cytokine levels in MNC-CMs showed upregulation of granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulatory factor and IL-1β and downregulation of IL-6 and IL-17 upon treatment with NCPS. Moreover, murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells treated with NCPS exhibited the stimulatory effects of nitric oxide and superoxide secretion, indicating that NCPS might activate the immunity of macrophages. Collectively, the present study demonstrates that NCPS from N. commune could be potentially used for macrophage activation and consequently inhibited the leukemic cell growth and induced monocytic/macrophagic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fen Liao
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan.
| | - Tai-Jung Wu
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan.
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan.
| | - Jia-Liang Tai
- Sung Yu Technology Co., Ltd., 7 Dali Road, Rende District, Tainan City 71754, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Chun Chi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan.
| | - Long-Liu Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan.
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20
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Evaluation of chemical constituents and important mechanism of pharmacological biology in dendrobium plants. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:841752. [PMID: 25945114 PMCID: PMC4402476 DOI: 10.1155/2015/841752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dendrobium species, commonly known as “Shihu” or “Huangcao,” represents the second largest genus of Orchidaceae, which are used commonly as tonic herbs and healthy food in many Asian countries. The aim of this paper is to review the history, chemistry, and pharmacology of different Dendrobium species on the basis of the latest academic literatures found in Google Scholar, PubMed, Sciencedirect, Scopus, and SID.
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Liu W, Xu J, Zhu R, Zhu Y, Zhao Y, Chen P, Pan C, Yao W, Gao X. Fingerprinting profile of polysaccharides from Lycium barbarum using multiplex approaches and chemometrics. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 78:230-7. [PMID: 25847838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Techniques including ultraviolet-visible spectra (UV), high performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and pre-column derivatization high-performance liquid chromatography (PCD-HPLC) were used in the fingerprinting analysis of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) from different locations and varieties. Multiple fingerprinting profiles were used to evaluate the similarity and classification of different LBPs with the help of chemometrics. The results indicated that sixteen batches of LBPs had good consistency, and fingerprinting techniques were simple and robust for quality control of LBPs as well as related products. In addition, fingerprinting techniques combined with chemometrics could also be used to identify different cultivation locations of LBPs samples. Finally, four monosaccharides (galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose and arabinose) and the absorptions of stretching vibration of ester carbonyl groups as well as NH variable angle vibration of -CONH- could be selected as herbal markers to distinguish different samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jinnan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Rui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yiqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Pei Chen
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Chun Pan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wenbing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Xiangdong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Cai HL, Huang XJ, Nie SP, Xie MY, Phillips GO, Cui SW. Study on Dendrobium officinale O-acetyl-glucomannan (Dendronan®): Part III–Immunomodulatory activity in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Lv G, Hu D, Zhao J, Li S. Quality control of sweet medicines based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Drug Discov Ther 2015; 9:94-106. [DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2015.01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangping Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau
| | - Dejun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau
| | - Shaoping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau
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A novel and rapid HPGPC-based strategy for quality control of saccharide-dominant herbal materials: Dendrobium officinale, a case study. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6409-17. [PMID: 25106542 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative characterization of natural saccharides, especially polysaccharides, in herb materials remains a challenge due to their complicated structures and high macromolecular masses. Currently available methods involve time-consuming and complicated operations, and present poor specificity. Here, a novel and rapid high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC)-based approach is described for quality assessment of saccharide-dominant herbal materials by simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of saccharide components. Dendrobium officinale, one of the rarest tonic herbs worldwide, was employed as the model herb in this study. First, a HPGPC fingerprint based on the molecular weight distribution of its carbohydrate components was established for qualitative identification of D. officinale. Then, HPGPC-guided dominant holistic polysaccharide marker was separated using ultra-filtration followed by HPGPC determination for quantitative evaluation of D. officinale. The experimental results suggest that this method is more efficient, stable, and convenient compared with the currently available methods for authentication and quality evaluation of D. officinale, and we expect the method will have similar advantages when used for quality control of other saccharide-dominant herbal materials and products.
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Xu J, Yue RQ, Liu J, Ho HM, Yi T, Chen HB, Han QB. Structural diversity requires individual optimization of ethanol concentration in polysaccharide precipitation. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 67:205-9. [PMID: 24680808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol precipitation is one of the most widely used methods for preparing natural polysaccharides, in which ethanol concentration significantly affects the precipitate yield, however, is usually set at 70-80%. Whether the standardization of ethanol concentration is appropriate has not been investigated. In the present study, the precipitation yields produced in varied ethanol concentrations (10-90%) were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated by HPGPC (high-performance gel-permeation chromatography), using two series of standard glucans, namely dextrans and pullulans, as reference samples, and then eight natural samples. The results indicated that the response of a polysaccharide's chemical structure, with diversity in structural features and molecular sizes, to ethanol concentration is the decisive factor in precipitation of these glucans. Polysaccharides with different structural features, even though they have similar molecular weights, exhibit significantly different precipitation behaviors. For a specific glucan, the lower its molecular size, the higher the ethanol concentration needed for complete precipitation. The precipitate yield varied from 10% to 100% in 80% ethanol as the molecular size increased from 1kDa to 270kDa. This paper aims to draw scientists' attention to the fact that, in extracting natural polysaccharides by ethanol precipitation, the ethanol concentration must be individually optimized for each type of material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Rui-Qi Yue
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Hing-Man Ho
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Tao Yi
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Hu-Biao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
| | - Quan-Bin Han
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
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Characterization and discrimination of polysaccharides from different species of Cordyceps using saccharide mapping based on PACE and HPTLC. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 103:100-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Wang CR, Zhou R, Ng TB, Wong JH, Qiao WT, Liu F. First report on isolation of methyl gallate with antioxidant, anti-HIV-1 and HIV-1 enzyme inhibitory activities from a mushroom (Pholiota adiposa). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:626-637. [PMID: 24572641 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a compound with antioxidant and anti-HIV activities designated as HEB was first isolated from the edible mushroom Pholiota adiposa by extraction with ethanol and ethyl acetate. HEB was then purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified to be methyl gallate (C8H8O5, 184.1 Da) based on data from its mass spectrum (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum. HEB displayed strong antioxidant potency in inhibiting, at 1.36 mM concentration, erythrocyte hemolysis and scavenging DPPH radicals and superoxide anion (O2(-)) by 82.4%, 85.6% and 71.4%, respectively. Besides exhibiting a low cytotoxicity, compound HEB demonstrated significant anti-HIV activity in that it inhibited HIV-1 replication in TZM-BL cells infected by pseudovirus with an IC50 value of 11.9 μM. Further study disclosed that HEB inhibited the viral entry process and activities of key enzymes essential for the HIV-1 life cycle. HEB inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and integrase activities with an IC50 value of 80.1 μM and 228.5 μM, respectively, and at 10 mM concentration inhibited HIV-1 protease activity by 17.1% which was higher than that achieved by the positive control pepstatin A. Interestingly, this study first revealed that H2O2 stimulation not only activated cell oxidative stress responses, but also accelerated HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) promotion in TZM-BL cells, which was significantly reduced by HEB from 18.2% to about 2%. It implied a direct relationship between the antioxidant and anti-HIV activities of the natural active constituent HEB. Nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB) signal pathways plays an important role in oxidative stress responses. Meanwhile, there is κB target sequence in HIV promoter LTR which is significant for virus replication and gene expression. In this study, Western Blot assay showed that HEB could inhibit the activation of NF-κB signal pathway stimulated by H2O2 in mouse spleen cells through suppressing NF-κB (p65) translocation into nucleus and NF-kappa-B inhibitor (IκB) degradation in cytoplasm. In summary, the antioxidant HEB from P. adiposa could inhibit HIV-1 replication through multiple target sites. The data suggest that natural antioxidant compounds might have a potential for treatment of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Rong Wang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wen Tao Qiao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Dvořáčková E, Snóblová M, Hrdlička P. Carbohydrate analysis: from sample preparation to HPLC on different stationary phases coupled with evaporative light-scattering detection. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:323-37. [PMID: 24339213 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
After 20 years of development, evaporative light-scattering detection (ELSD) has become the mainstream choice for the detection of various classes of natural products. ELSD continues to grow in popularity as a "quasi-universal" technique because of the specificity of the detection method, which is based on the scattering of laser light from nonvolatile analyte particles. It represents an attractive alternative compared to other types of detection, such as refractive index detection and/or ultraviolet detection. This review presents issues concerned with the separation of carbohydrates in plant materials by HPLC and ELSD, as well as the advantages and limitations relating to the ELSD method. Additionally, an overview of possible ELSD applications in the analysis of carbohydrates in natural products is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Dvořáčková
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic
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30
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Xu J, Chen HB, Liu J, Kwok KY, Yue RQ, Yi T, Ho HM, Zhao ZZ, Han QB. Why are Angelicae Sinensis radix and Chuanxiong Rhizoma different? An explanation from a chemical perspective. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Zhang S, Song C, Chen G, Xia L, Wang X, You J. A sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection for the determination of fatty acids as exemplified for
Dendrobium
species. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shijuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau BiotaNorthwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of ScienceXiningP. R.China
- University of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijingP. R.China
| | - Cuihua Song
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic AnalysisQufu Normal UniversityQufuP. R.China
| | - Guang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau BiotaNorthwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of ScienceXiningP. R.China
- University of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijingP. R.China
| | - Lian Xia
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic AnalysisQufu Normal UniversityQufuP. R.China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau BiotaNorthwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of ScienceXiningP. R.China
| | - Jinmao You
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau BiotaNorthwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of ScienceXiningP. R.China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic AnalysisQufu Normal UniversityQufuP. R.China
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Meng LZ, Lv GP, Hu DJ, Cheong KL, Xie J, Zhao J, Li SP. Effects of polysaccharides from different species of Dendrobium (Shihu) on macrophage function. Molecules 2013; 18:5779-91. [PMID: 23685935 PMCID: PMC6269656 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18055779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrobium spp. are precious medicinal plants, used in China for thousands of years as health foods and nutrients. Polysaccharides are the main effective ingredients in Dendrobium plants. In this study, the chemical characteristics and the effects of crude polysaccharides (CPs) from five species of Dendrobium on macrophage function were investigated and compared in vitro for the first time. Chemical characteristic studies showed that CPs from different species of Dendrobium were diverse, displaying widely varied Mw distributions and molar ratios of monosaccharides. Their effects on macrophage functions, such as promoting phagocytosis, release of NO and cytokines IL-1α, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α, were also different. Moreover, CPs from D. officinale, especially collected from Yunnan Province, exerted the strongest immunomodulatory activities and could be explored as a novel potential functional food. The diverse chemical characteristics of CPs from different species of Dendrobium might contribute to their varied effects on macrophage functions, which should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jing Zhao
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: or (S.-P.L.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +853-8397-4692 (S.-P.L.); Fax: +853-2884-1358 (J.Z. & S.-P.L.)
| | - Shao-Ping Li
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: or (S.-P.L.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +853-8397-4692 (S.-P.L.); Fax: +853-2884-1358 (J.Z. & S.-P.L.)
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Wu DT, Xie J, Hu DJ, Zhao J, Li SP. Characterization of polysaccharides from Ganoderma spp. using saccharide mapping. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 97:398-405. [PMID: 23911463 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides from Ganoderma spp. and their adulterants were firstly investigated and compared using saccharide mapping, enzymatic (endo-1,3-β-D-glucanase and pectinase) digestion followed by polysaccharide analysis using carbohydrate gel electrophoresis analysis. The results showed that both 1,3-β-D-glucosidic and 1,4-α-D-galactosiduronic linkages were existed in Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma sinense), and the similarity of polysaccharides from G. lucidum and G. sinense was high, which may contribute to rational use of Lingzhi. Different species of Ganoderma and their adulterants can be differentiated based on the saccharide mapping, which is helpful to well understand the structural characters of polysaccharides from different species of Ganoderma and to improve the quality control of polysaccharides in Lingzhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
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34
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Chen X, Wang F, Wang Y, Li X, Wang A, Wang C, Guo S. Discrimination of the rare medicinal plant Dendrobium officinale based on naringenin, bibenzyl, and polysaccharides. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2012; 55:1092-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-012-4419-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Hu DJ, Cheong KL, Zhao J, Li SP. Chromatography in characterization of polysaccharides from medicinal plants and fungi. J Sep Sci 2012; 36:1-19. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- De-jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao; China
| | - Kit-leong Cheong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao; China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao; China
| | - Shao-ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao; China
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