1
|
Zailani NNB, Ho PCL. Dried Blood Spots-A Platform for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) and Drug/Disease Response Monitoring (DRM). Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2023; 48:467-494. [PMID: 37495930 PMCID: PMC10480258 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-023-00846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an overview on the current applications of dried blood spots (DBS) as matrices for therapeutic drug (TDM) and drug or disease response monitoring (DRM). Compared with conventional methods using plasma/serum, DBS offers several advantages, including minimally invasiveness, a small blood volume requirement, reduced biohazardous risk, and improved sample stability. Numerous assays utilising DBS for TDM have been reported in the literature over the past decade, covering a wide range of therapeutic drugs. Several factors can affect the accuracy and reliability of the DBS sampling method, including haematocrit (HCT), blood volume, sampling paper and chromatographic effects. It is crucial to evaluate the correlation between DBS concentrations and conventional plasma/serum concentrations, as the latter has traditionally been used for clinical decision. The feasibility of using DBS sampling method as an option for home-based TDM is also discussed. Furthermore, DBS has also been used as a matrix for monitoring the drug or disease responses (DRM) through various approaches such as genotyping, viral load measurement, assessment of inflammatory factors, and more recently, metabolic profiling. Although this research is still in the development stage, advancements in technology are expected to lead to the identification of surrogate biomarkers for drug treatment in DBS and a better understanding of the correlation between DBS drug levels and drug responses. This will make DBS a valuable matrix for TDM and DRM, facilitating the achievement of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic correlations and enabling personalised therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Nabihah Binte Zailani
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Paul Chi-Lui Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Level 5, Building 2, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kai M, Tanaka R, Suzuki Y, Goto K, Ohchi Y, Yasuda N, Tatsuta R, Kitano T, Itoh H. UHPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of doripenem, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, pazufloxacin, linezolid, and tedizolid in filtrate during continuous renal replacement therapy. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 37:e24815. [PMID: 36525363 PMCID: PMC9833962 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since severe infections frequently cause acute kidney injury (AKI), continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is often initiated for regulation of inflammatory mediators and renal support. Thus, it is necessary to decide the antibiotic dosage considering the CRRT clearance in addition to residual renal function. Some of the hemofilters used in CRRT are known to adsorb antibiotics, and clearance of antibiotics may differ depending on the adsorptive characteristics of hemofilters. Although assay systems for blood and CRRT filtrate concentrations are required, no method for measuring antibiotics concentrations in filtrate has been reported. We developed a UHPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of antibiotics commonly used in ICU, comprising carbapenems [doripenem (DRPM) and meropenem (MEPM)], quinolones [ciprofloxacin (CPFX), levofloxacin (LVFX) and pazufloxacin (PZFX)] and anti-MRSA agents [linezolid (LZD), and tedizolid (TZD)] in CRRT filtrate samples. METHODS Filtrate samples were pretreated by protein precipitation. The analytes were separated with an ACQUITY UHPLC CSH C18 column under a gradient mobile phase consisting of water and acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid and 2 mM ammonium formate. RESULTS The method showed good linearity over wide ranges. Within-batch and batch-to-batch accuracy and precision for each drug fulfilled the criteria of the US Food and Drug Administration guidance. The recovery rate was more than 87.20%. Matrix effect ranged from 99.57% to 115.60%. Recovery rate and matrix effect did not differ remarkably between quality control samples at different concentrations. CONCLUSION This is the first report of a simultaneous quantification method of multiple antibiotics in filtrate of CRRT circuit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kai
- Department of Clinical PharmacyOita University HospitalYufuJapan
| | - Ryota Tanaka
- Department of Clinical PharmacyOita University HospitalYufuJapan
| | - Yosuke Suzuki
- Department of Clinical PharmacyOita University HospitalYufuJapan,Department of Medication Use Analysis and Clinical ResearchMeiji Pharmaceutical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Koji Goto
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of MedicineOita UniversityYufuJapan
| | - Yoshifumi Ohchi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of MedicineOita UniversityYufuJapan
| | - Norihisa Yasuda
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of MedicineOita UniversityYufuJapan
| | - Ryosuke Tatsuta
- Department of Clinical PharmacyOita University HospitalYufuJapan
| | - Takaaki Kitano
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of MedicineOita UniversityYufuJapan
| | - Hiroki Itoh
- Department of Clinical PharmacyOita University HospitalYufuJapan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Amina M, Hamza K, Malki F, Hamdi A, Aboul-Enein HY. Method Development and Validation for the Determination of Linezolid Drug in Human Plasma by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412917666210823092454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
Linezolid is a significant antibiotic used against severe infections initiated by multi-resistant bacterial pathogens.
Method:
Linezolid extraction from plasma is obtained using methanol. Chromatographic separation is achieved isocratically on a C18 column [Zorbax C18, 5 µm particle size, 150 mm ˟ 4.6 mm] making use of a mobile phase of acetonitrile / 0.05 M phosphate buffer, pH = 4.5 (30 : 70 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min with photodiode array detector DAD, at a wavelength of 256 nm.
Method:
Linezolid extraction from plasma is obtained using methanol. Chromatographic separation is achieved isocratically on a C18 column [Zorbax C18, 5 µm particle size, 150 mm ˟ 4.6 mm] making use of a mobile phase of acetonitrile / 0.05 M phosphate buffer, pH = 4.5 (30 : 70 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min with photodiode array detector DAD, at a wavelength of 256 nm.
Results :
The retention time of linezolid was 2.5 min. The analytical method was linear (r2 > 0.998) over the calibration range of 0.30 to 50.0 µg/mL. The extraction recoveries of linezolid range from 71.03 to 91.93 %. The limit of quantification and the limit of detection were 0.112 µg and 0.037 µg, respectively. The RSDs for intraday and interday assays were < 7.77 and 4.32 %, respectively. The intraday and interday accuracies were in the range 80.6-112 % and 77.44-104.85 %, respectively.
Conclusion:
The applied method is precise, accurate and appropriate for pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic drug monitoring of linezolid in routine clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Missoum Amina
- Department Research Laboratory on Bioactive Products and Biomass Valorization, Higher normal School Cheikh Mohamed El-Bachir El- Ibrahimi, Vieux-Kouba – Algiers 16308, Algeria
| | - Kahina Hamza
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Saad Dahlab University, Soumaa – Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Fatiha Malki
- Department Research Laboratory on Bioactive Products and Biomass Valorization, Higher normal School Cheikh Mohamed El-Bachir El- Ibrahimi, Vieux-Kouba – Algiers 16308, Algeria
| | - Abderrezak Hamdi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Houari Boumediene University of Science and Technology, Bab ezzouar – Algiers 16111, Algeria
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rao GG, Konicki R, Cattaneo D, Alffenaar JW, Marriott DJE, Neely M. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Can Improve Linezolid Dosing Regimens in Current Clinical Practice: A Review of Linezolid Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Ther Drug Monit 2021; 42:83-92. [PMID: 31652190 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Linezolid is an antibiotic used to treat infections caused by drug-resistant gram-positive organisms, including vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, multi-drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The adverse effects of linezolid can include thrombocytopenia and neuropathy, which are more prevalent with higher exposures and longer treatment durations. Although linezolid is traditionally administered at a standard 600 mg dose every 12 hours, the resulting exposure can vary greatly between patients and can lead to treatment failure or toxicity. The efficacy and toxicity of linezolid are determined by the exposure achieved in the patient; numerous clinical and population pharmacokinetics (popPK) studies have identified threshold measurements for both parameters. Several special populations with an increased need for linezolid dose adjustments have also been identified. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is a clinical strategy that assesses the response of an individual patient and helps adjust the dosing regimen to maximize efficacy while minimizing toxicity. Adaptive feedback control and model-informed precision dosing are additional strategies that use Bayesian algorithms and PK models to predict patient-specific drug exposure. TDM is a very useful tool for patient populations with sparse clinical data or known alterations in pharmacokinetics, including children, patients with renal insufficiency or those receiving renal replacement therapy, and patients taking co-medications known to interact with linezolid. As part of the clinical workflow, clinicians can use TDM with the thresholds summarized from the current literature to improve linezolid dosing for patients and maximize the probability of treatment success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gauri G Rao
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Robyn Konicki
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dario Cattaneo
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Jan-Willem Alffenaar
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy.,Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Deborah J E Marriott
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Neely
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacokinetics and Bioinformatics, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; and.,Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kobuchi S, Kita Y, Hiramatsu Y, Sasaki K, Uno T, Ito Y, Sakaeda T. Comparison of In Vivo Transportability of Anti-Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Agents Into Intracellular and Extracellular Tissue Spaces in Rats. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:898-904. [PMID: 33164810 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus can penetrate host cells. However, intracellular S. aureus is not considered during antimicrobial agent selection in clinical chemotherapy because of the lack of information about drug transportability into cells in vivo. We focused on agents used to treat methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (vancomycin, arbekacin, linezolid, and daptomycin) and indirectly assessed the drug levels in intracellular compartment using plasma, tissue homogenates, and interstitial fluid (ISF) samples from the skin of rats using the microneedle array technique. Lower drug levels were observed in the ISF than in the plasma for daptomycin but extracellular and intracellular drug levels were comparable. In contrast, vancomycin, arbekacin, and linezolid showed higher concentrations in the ISF than in the plasma. Intracellular transport was estimated only for arbekacin. Stasis of vancomycin in the ISF was also observed. These results suggest that both low vancomycin exposure against intracellular S. aureus infection and long-term subinhibitory drug levels in the ISF contribute to the failure of treatment and emergence of antibiotic resistance. Based on its pharmacokinetic characteristics in niche extravascular tissue spaces, arbekacin may be suitable for achieving sufficient clinical outcomes for MRSA infection because the drug is widely distributed in extracellular and intracellular compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kobuchi
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kita
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hiramatsu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Kenji Sasaki
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Tomoya Uno
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yukako Ito
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaeda
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Technological advancement in dry blood matrix microsampling and its clinical relevance in quantitative drug analysis. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1483-1501. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, dried blood matrix biosampling has witnessed a marvelous interest among the researcher due to its user-friendly operation during blood sampling in preclinical and clinical applications. It also complies with the basic 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle) philosophy. Because of comparative simplicity, a huge number of researchers are paying attention to its technological advancements for widespread application in the bioanalysis and diagnosis arena. In this review, we have explained different approaches to be considered during dried blood matrix based microsampling including their clinical relevance in therapeutic drug monitoring. We have also discussed various strategies for avoiding and minimizing major unwanted analytical interferences associated with this technique during drug quantification. Further, various recent technological advancement in microsampling devices has been discussed correlating their clinical applications.
Collapse
|
7
|
Developing an isotope dilution UHPLC-MS/MS method to quantify linezolid in human plasma: application to therapeutic drug monitoring. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:991-1001. [PMID: 32697609 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To optimize clinical efficacy and reduce the drug-exposure-related toxicity of linezolid, whose concentrations show wide inter-variabilities, a simple and reliable quantitative assay for therapeutic drug monitoring is necessary. Results: A UHPLC-MS/MS assay has been established for determination of linezolid in human plasma and fully validated according to the US FDA guidelines. After a simple, isotope-dilluted precipitation with methanol, the analytes were separated by a straightforward isocratic mode and the MS/MS was conducted under the ESI+ mode fitted with SRM. The calibration curves proved acceptable linearity in the range of 0.1-30.0 µg/ml. Conclusion: The present assay is currently used in routine clinical practice, being applied to therapeutic drug monitoring and helps to optimize individual dosing regimens and manage adverse effects in ICU patients.
Collapse
|
8
|
Patil KD, Bagade SB, Bonde SC. QbD-Enabled Stability-Indicating Assay Method for the Estimation of Linezolid in Newly Developed Gelatin Nanoparticles for Anti-tubercular Therapy. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03925-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
9
|
Garzón V, Pinacho DG, Bustos RH, Garzón G, Bustamante S. Optical Biosensors for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2019; 9:E132. [PMID: 31718050 PMCID: PMC6955905 DOI: 10.3390/bios9040132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a fundamental tool when administering drugs that have a limited dosage or high toxicity, which could endanger the lives of patients. To carry out this monitoring, one can use different biological fluids, including blood, plasma, serum, and urine, among others. The help of specialized methodologies for TDM will allow for the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic analysis of drugs and help adjust the dose before or during their administration. Techniques that are more versatile and label free for the rapid quantification of drugs employ biosensors, devices that consist of one element for biological recognition coupled to a signal transducer. Among biosensors are those of the optical biosensor type, which have been used for the quantification of different molecules of clinical interest, such as antibiotics, anticonvulsants, anti-cancer drugs, and heart failure. This review presents an overview of TDM at the global level considering various aspects and clinical applications. In addition, we review the contributions of optical biosensors to TDM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Garzón
- Doctoral Programme of Biosciences, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 140013, Colombia
- Therapeutic Evidence Group, Clinical Pharmacology, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 140013, Colombia
| | - Daniel G. Pinacho
- Therapeutic Evidence Group, Clinical Pharmacology, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 140013, Colombia
| | - Rosa-Helena Bustos
- Therapeutic Evidence Group, Clinical Pharmacology, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 140013, Colombia
| | - Gustavo Garzón
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 140013, Colombia
| | - Sandra Bustamante
- Physics Department, the Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
- Vedas, Corporación de Investigación e Innovación, Medellín 050001, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yin L, Feng Y, Tong J, Guo Z, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Sun Y, Fawcett JP, Gu J. Ultrahigh-throughput absolute quantitative analysis of linezolid in human plasma by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry without chromatographic separation and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:5139-5148. [PMID: 31179528 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is necessary in the clinical management of linezolid to improve its efficacy and reduce the risk of time- and dose-dependent toxicity. A novel and ultrahigh-throughput analytical method for the determination of linezolid in human plasma was developed based on direct analysis in real-time tandem mass spectrometry (DART-MS/MS) without chromatographic separation. After solid-phase extraction with Waters Oasis HLB, the linezolid and internal standard linezolid-d3 were detected by positive ion electrospray ionization followed by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of the transition at m/z 338.1 → 296.2 and 341.2 → 297.3, respectively. The use of DART-MS obviates the need for chromatographic separation and allowed determination of linezolid in a total run time of only 24 s per sample. The method was linear in the concentration range 0.20-25 μg mL-1 with intraday and interday precision <14.5% and accuracy ranging from -3.85% to 12.7%. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of linezolid in healthy male volunteers after oral administration of a 600 mg tablet. DART-MS/MS provides a rapid and sensitive method for the determination of linezolid that does not require chromatographic separation. It is eminently suitable to meet the high-throughput challenge of clinical TDM. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yin
- Research Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Dongminzhu Street, Changchun, 130061, Jilin, China.,Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China.,College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Yixuan Feng
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Jin Tong
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Zhiqiong Guo
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Yuyao Zhang
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Yantong Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - J Paul Fawcett
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Jingkai Gu
- Research Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Dongminzhu Street, Changchun, 130061, Jilin, China. .,Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China. .,Beijing Institute of Modern Drug Metabolism, Beijing, 102209, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fernandes GFDS, Salgado HRN, Santos JLD. A critical review of HPLC-based analytical methods for quantification of Linezolid. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:196-211. [PMID: 31017000 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1605876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Linezolid is a synthetic antimicrobial agent belonging to the oxazolidinone class. Since its approval in the year 2000 until now, linezolid remains the main representative drug for the oxazolidinone class of drugs, which is used in therapy due to its unique mode of action, which involves inhibition of protein synthesis. As linezolid holds great importance in antimicrobial therapy, it is necessary to compile the various analytical methods that have been reported in the literature for its analysis. Analytical techniques used for pharmaceutical analyses and therapeutic drug monitoring play an important role in comprehending the aspects regarding bioavailability, bioequivalence, and therapeutic monitoring during patient follow-ups. Even though linezolid has had the approval for clinical use for more than 18 years now, most of the analytical methods for its determination reported in the scientific literature are the ones which utilize HPLC. Therefore, the present review provides a summary of the HPLC-based methods used in the determination and quantification of linezolid in different matrices since the time of its discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Felipe Dos Santos Fernandes
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | - Jean Leandro Dos Santos
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kokilambigai KS, Lakshmi KS, Sai Susmitha A, Seetharaman R, Kavitha J. Linezolid-A Review of Analytical Methods in Pharmaceuticals and Biological Matrices. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:179-188. [PMID: 30957518 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1599709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a growing phenomenon in the world. Considering the relevance of antimicrobials for population and the reduction in the registration of new antimicrobials by regulatory agencies, proper quality control is required to minimize the spread of bacterial resistance and ensure the effectiveness of a treatment, as well as safety for the patient. The recent addition to the antimicrobial world is the oxazolidinone classes of antibiotics, especially useful to treat infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Eperezolid and linezolid (LIN) are the two members of the oxazolidinone class of antibiotics. LIN was the first oxazolidinone approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The present review focuses on the analytical methods for the assessment of LIN in pharmaceuticals and biological matrices. The critical validation parameters like the linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification are discussed for the individual method. Also the critical quality attributes like the sensitivity and the sample preparation techniques for bioanalytical methods are also discussed. Furthermore, some future trends that can be incorporated in the determination of similar drugs are also suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Kokilambigai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K S Lakshmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Sai Susmitha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Seetharaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J Kavitha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Avataneo V, D’Avolio A, Cusato J, Cantù M, De Nicolò A. LC-MS application for therapeutic drug monitoring in alternative matrices. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 166:40-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
14
|
Clinical application of microsampling versus conventional sampling techniques in the quantitative bioanalysis of antibiotics: a systematic review. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:407-423. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional sampling techniques for clinical pharmacokinetic studies often require the removal of large blood volumes from patients. This can result in a physiological or emotional burden, particularly for neonates or pediatric patients. Antibiotic pharmacokinetic studies are typically performed on healthy adults or general ward patients. These may not account for alterations to a patient’s pathophysiology and can lead to suboptimal treatment. Microsampling offers an important opportunity for clinical pharmacokinetic studies in vulnerable patient populations, where smaller sample volumes can be collected. This systematic review provides a description of currently available microsampling techniques and an overview of studies reporting the quantitation and validation of antibiotics using microsampling. A comparison of microsampling to conventional sampling in clinical studies is included.
Collapse
|
15
|
Oliveira CLCGD, Salgado HRN, Moraes MDLL. Stability-indicating capillary zone electrophoresis assay for the analysis of linezolid in tablets. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902018000417585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
16
|
Ferrone V, Carlucci M, Cotellese R, Raimondi P, Cichella A, Di Marco L, Genovese S, Carlucci G. Development of a dried blood spot HPLC-PDA method for the analysis of linezolid and ciprofloxacin in hospital-acquired pneumonia patients. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1611-1619. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Ferrone
- Department of Pharmacy; Università degli Studi; G. d'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 66100 Chieti Italy
| | - Maura Carlucci
- Department of Oral Health Sciences and Biotechnology; Università degli Studi; G. d'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 66100 Chieti Italy
| | - Roberto Cotellese
- Department of Oral Health Sciences and Biotechnology; Università degli Studi; G. d'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 66100 Chieti Italy
| | - Paolo Raimondi
- Department of Oral Health Sciences and Biotechnology; Università degli Studi; G. d'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 66100 Chieti Italy
| | - Annadomenica Cichella
- Department of Oral Health Sciences and Biotechnology; Università degli Studi; G. d'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 66100 Chieti Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Marco
- Department of Pharmacy; Università degli Studi; G. d'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 66100 Chieti Italy
| | - Salvatore Genovese
- Department of Pharmacy; Università degli Studi; G. d'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 66100 Chieti Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carlucci
- Department of Pharmacy; Università degli Studi; G. d'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 66100 Chieti Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ferrone V, Cotellese R, Di Marco L, Bacchi S, Carlucci M, Cichella A, Raimondi P, Carlucci G. Meropenem, levofloxacin and linezolid in human plasma of critical care patients: A fast semi-automated micro-extraction by packed sorbent UHPLC-PDA method for their simultaneous determination. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 140:266-273. [PMID: 28371721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An ultra high-performance liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) method with PDA detection was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of meropenem, linezolid, and levofloxacin in human plasma and applied in human plasma of critical care patients. A semi-automated microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) for sample preparation was used. All parameters in the extraction step (pH, sample volume, sample dilution and number of aspiration - ejection cycles) and in the desorption step (percentage of acetonitrile in the solvent of elution and number of aspirations of elution solvent through the device) were statistically significant when the recovery was used as response. The method showed good linearity with correlation coefficients, r2>0.9991 for the three drugs, as well as high precision (RSD%<10.83% in each case). Accuracy ranged from -7.8% to +6.7%. The limit of quantification of the three drugs was established at 0.01μg/mL for linezolid and levofloxacin and 0.02μg/mL for meropenem. Linezolid, meropenem, levofloxacin and the internal standard were extracted from human plasma with a mean recovery ranged from 92.4% to 97.4%. During validation, the concentration of meropenem, linezolid and levofloxacin was found to be stable after 3 freeze-thaw cycles and for at least 24h after extraction. This method will be subsequently used to quantify the drugs in patients to establish if the dosage regimen given is sufficient to eradicate the infection at the target site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Ferrone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Orali e Biotecnologiche - Università degli Studi "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Roberto Cotellese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche - Università degli Studi "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Marco
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Orali e Biotecnologiche - Università degli Studi "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Simona Bacchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica, Sanità Pubblica, Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente - Università degli studi di L'Aquila - 671100, L'aquila, Italy
| | - Maura Carlucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche - Università degli Studi "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Annadomenica Cichella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche - Università degli Studi "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Paolo Raimondi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche - Università degli Studi "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carlucci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Orali e Biotecnologiche - Università degli Studi "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mohammed SA, Eissa MS, Ahmed HM. Simple protein precipitation extraction technique followed by validated chromatographic method for linezolid analysis in real human plasma samples to study its pharmacokinetics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1043:235-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
19
|
Ferrone V, Carlucci M, Cotellese R, Raimondi P, Cichella A, Marco LD, Carlucci G. Development and validation of a fast micro-extraction by packed sorbent UHPLC-PDA method for the simultaneous determination of linezolid and ciprofloxacin in human plasma from patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia. Talanta 2016; 164:64-68. [PMID: 28107984 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
An ultra high-performance liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) method with PDA detection was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of linezolid and ciprofloxacin in human plasma and applied in hospital acquired pneumonia patients (HAP). The method uses a semi-automated microextraction by packed sorbent for sample preparation. All parameters in the extraction step (pH, sample volume, sample dilution and number of aspiration - ejection cycles) and in the desorption step (percentage of acetonitrile in the solvent of elution and number of aspirations of elution solvent through the device) were statistically significant when the recovery was used as response. The method showed good linearity with correlation coefficients, r2>0.9995 for the two drugs, as well as high precision (RSD%<9.77% in each case), accuracy ranged from -6.2% to +8.2. The limit of quantification of the two drugs was established at 0.01 and 0.02μg/mL for ciprofloxacin and linezolid, respectively. Linezolid, ciprofloxacin and internal standard were extracted from human plasma with a mean recovery ranging from 92.4% to 97.4%. During validation, the concentrations of linezolid and ciprofloxacin were found to be stable after 3 freeze-thaw cycles and for at least 24h after extraction. This method will subsequently be used to quantify the drugs dosage in patients with HAP to establish if the dosage regimen given is sufficient to eradicate the infection at the target site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Ferrone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Maura Carlucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Orali e Biotecnologiche, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Roberto Cotellese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Orali e Biotecnologiche, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Paolo Raimondi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Orali e Biotecnologiche, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Annadomenica Cichella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Orali e Biotecnologiche, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Marco
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carlucci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Enderle Y, Foerster K, Burhenne J. Clinical feasibility of dried blood spots: Analytics, validation, and applications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:231-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
21
|
Shipkova M, Svinarov D. LC–MS/MS as a tool for TDM services: Where are we? Clin Biochem 2016; 49:1009-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
22
|
Antunes MV, Charão MF, Linden R. Dried blood spots analysis with mass spectrometry: Potentials and pitfalls in therapeutic drug monitoring. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:1035-46. [PMID: 27179588 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) relays in the availability of specialized laboratory assays, usually available in reference centers that are not accessible to all patients. In this context, there is a growing interest in the use of dried blood spot (DBS) sampling, usually obtained from finger pricks, which allows simple and cost-effective logistics in many settings, particularly in Developing Countries. The use of DBS assays to estimate plasma concentrations is highly dependent on the hematocrit of the blood, as well as the particular characteristics of the measured analyte. DBS assays require specific validation assays, most of them are related to hematocrit effects. In the present manuscript, the application of mass spectrometric assays for determination of drugs for TDM purposes in the last ten years is reviewed, as well as the particular validation assays for new DBS methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Venzon Antunes
- Toxicological Analysis Laboratory, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariele Feiffer Charão
- Toxicological Analysis Laboratory, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Linden
- Toxicological Analysis Laboratory, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Parker SL, Dorofaeff T, Lipman J, Ballot DE, Bandini RM, Wallis SC, Roberts JA. Is there a role for microsampling in antibiotic pharmacokinetic studies? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:601-14. [PMID: 27087416 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1178238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clinical pharmacokinetic studies of antibiotics can establish evidence-based dosing regimens that improve the likelihood of eradicating the pathogen at the site of infection, reduce the potential for selection of resistant pathogens, and minimize harm to the patient. Innovations in small volume sampling (< 50 μL) or 'microsampling' may result in less-invasive sample collection, self-sampling and dried storage. Microsampling may open up opportunities in patient groups where sampling is challenging. AREAS COVERED The challenges for implementation of microsampling to assure suitability of the results, include: acceptable study design, regulatory agency acceptance, and meeting bioanalytical validation requirements. This manuscript covers various microsampling methods, including dried blood/plasma spots, volumetric absorptive microsampling, capillary microsampling, plasma preparation technologies and solid-phase microextraction. EXPERT OPINION The available analytical technology is being underutilized due to a lack of bridging studies and validated bioanalytical methods. These deficiencies represent major impediments to the application of microsampling to antibiotic pharmacokinetic studies. A conceptual framework for the assessment of the suitability of microsampling in clinical pharmacokinetic studies of antibiotics is provided. This model establishes a 'contingency approach' with consideration of the antibiotic and the type and location of the patient, as well as the more prescriptive bioanalytical validation protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne L Parker
- a Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Tavey Dorofaeff
- a Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,b Paediatric Intensive Care , Lady Cilento Children's Hospital , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Jeffrey Lipman
- a Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,c Department of Intensive Care Medicine , Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital , Brisbane , Australia.,d Faculty of Health , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Daynia E Ballot
- e Department of Paediatrics and Child Health , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa.,f Wits UQ Critical Care Infection Collaboration , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Rossella M Bandini
- g School of Physiology , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Steven C Wallis
- a Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Jason A Roberts
- a Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,c Department of Intensive Care Medicine , Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital , Brisbane , Australia.,h Department of Pharmacy , Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital , Brisbane , Australia.,i School of Pharmacy , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wagner M, Tonoli D, Varesio E, Hopfgartner G. The use of mass spectrometry to analyze dried blood spots. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2016; 35:361-438. [PMID: 25252132 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Dried blood spots (DBS) typically consist in the deposition of small volumes of capillary blood onto dedicated paper cards. Comparatively to whole blood or plasma samples, their benefits rely in the fact that sample collection is easier and that logistic aspects related to sample storage and shipment can be relatively limited, respectively, without the need of a refrigerator or dry ice. Originally, this approach has been developed in the sixties to support the analysis of phenylalanine for the detection of phenylketonuria in newborns using bacterial inhibition test. In the nineties tandem mass spectrometry was established as the detection technique for phenylalanine and tyrosine. DBS became rapidly recognized for their clinical value: they were widely implemented in pediatric settings with mass spectrometric detection, and were closely associated to the debut of newborn screening (NBS) programs, as a part of public health policies. Since then, sample collection on paper cards has been explored with various analytical techniques in other areas more or less successfully regarding large-scale applications. Moreover, in the last 5 years a regain of interest for DBS was observed and originated from the bioanalytical community to support drug development (e.g., PK studies) or therapeutic drug monitoring mainly. Those recent applications were essentially driven by improved sensitivity of triple quadrupole mass spectrometers. This review presents an overall view of all instrumental and methodological developments for DBS analysis with mass spectrometric detection, with and without separation techniques. A general introduction to DBS will describe their advantages and historical aspects of their emergence. A second section will focus on blood collection, with a strong emphasis on specific parameters that can impact quantitative analysis, including chromatographic effects, hematocrit effects, blood effects, and analyte stability. A third part of the review is dedicated to sample preparation and will consider off-line and on-line extractions; in particular, instrumental designs that have been developed so far for DBS extraction will be detailed. Flow injection analysis and applications will be discussed in section IV. The application of surface analysis mass spectrometry (DESI, paper spray, DART, APTDCI, MALDI, LDTD-APCI, and ICP) to DBS is described in section V, while applications based on separation techniques (e.g., liquid or gas chromatography) are presented in section VI. To conclude this review, the current status of DBS analysis is summarized, and future perspectives are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Wagner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Tonoli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Varesio
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Hopfgartner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yu HC, Pan CW, Xie QP, Zheng Y, Hu YZ, Lin YM. Simultaneous determination of tedizolid and linezolid in rat plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1011:94-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
26
|
Quantitative bioanalytical validation of fosfomycin in human whole blood with volumetric absorptive microsampling. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2585-95. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Fosfomycin is an antibiotic of considerable interest for the treatment of infection by multidrug-resistant bacteria. Translating microsampling techniques into clinical PK studies may provide effective dosing information to improve patient outcomes and minimize the potential development of resistance. Results: Accuracy and precision results were within ±15%; the method was validated across the range of 5–2000 µg/ml of fosfomycin using volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) devices. Conclusion: The VAMS techniques provide acceptable validation data as assessed for lower limit of quantification, linearity, intra- and interday precision and accuracy, selectivity and matrix effects. Results from the recovery and stability studies suggest challenges remain for the analysis of fosfomycin in whole blood using VAMS.
Collapse
|
27
|
Bratkowska D, Shobo A, Singh S, A. Bester L, Kruger HG, Maguire GE, Govender T. Determination of the antitubercular drug PA-824 in rat plasma, lung and brain tissues by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: Application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 988:187-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
28
|
Li W, Doherty J, Moench P, Flarakos J, Tse FL. LC–MS/MS bioanalysis of loratadine (Claritin) in dried blood spot (DBS) samples collected by subjects in a clinical research study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 983-984:117-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
29
|
Hara S, Uchiyama M, Yoshinari M, Matsumoto T, Jimi S, Togawa A, Takata T, Takamatsu Y. A simple high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of linezolid in human plasma and saliva. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1428-31. [PMID: 25678451 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Linezolid is an antimicrobial agent for the treatment of multiresistant Gram-positive infections. A practical high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the determination of linezolid in human plasma and saliva. Linezolid and an internal standard (o-ethoxybenzamide) were extracted from plasma and saliva with ethyl acetate and analyzed on a Capcell Pak C18 MG column with UV detection at 254 nm. The calibration curve was linear through the range 0.5-50 µg/mL using a 200 μL sample volume. The intra- and interday precisions were all <6.44% for plasma and 5.60% for saliva. The accuracies ranged from 98.8 to 110% for both matrices. The mean recoveries of linezolid were 80.8% for plasma and 79.0% for saliva. This method was used to determine the plasma and saliva concentrations of linezolid in healthy volunteers who were orally administered a 600 mg dose of linezolid. Our liquid-liquid extraction procedure is easy and requires a small volume of plasma or saliva (200 μL). This small volume can be advantageous in clinical pharmacokinetic studies, especially if children participate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuuji Hara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Masami Yoshinari
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taichi Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shiro Jimi
- Central Laboratory for Pathology and Morphology, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Togawa
- Division of Medical Oncology, Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tohru Takata
- Division of Medical Oncology, Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Takamatsu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rainville PD, Simeone JL, Root DS, Mallet CR, Wilson ID, Plumb RS. A method for the direct injection and analysis of small volume human blood spots and plasma extracts containing high concentrations of organic solvents using revered-phase 2D UPLC/MS. Analyst 2015; 140:1921-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02090a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This methodology provides increased assay sensitivity and facilitates small volume biofluid analysis in high percent organic samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Rainville
- Waters Corporation
- Milford
- USA
- King's College London
- Micro Separations Group
| | | | | | | | - Ian D. Wilson
- Imperial College
- Division of Surgery and Cancer
- London
- UK
| | - Robert S. Plumb
- Waters Corporation
- Milford
- USA
- Imperial College
- Division of Surgery and Cancer
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wilhelm AJ, den Burger JCG, Swart EL. Therapeutic drug monitoring by dried blood spot: progress to date and future directions. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014; 53:961-73. [PMID: 25204403 PMCID: PMC4213377 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-014-0177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This article discusses dried blood spot (DBS) sampling in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). The most important advantages of DBS sampling in TDM are the minimally invasive procedure of a finger prick (home sampling), the small volume (children), and the stability of the analyte. Many assays in DBS have been reported in the literature over the previous 5 years. These assays and their analytical techniques are reviewed here. Factors that may influence the accuracy and reproducibility of DBS methods are also discussed. Important issues are the correlation with plasma/serum concentrations and the influence of hematocrit on spot size and recovery. The different substrate materials are considered. DBS sampling can be a valid alternative to conventional venous sampling. However, patient correlation studies are indispensable to prove this. Promising developments are dried plasma spots using membrane and hematocrit correction using the potassium concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J Wilhelm
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Procedures and practices for the validation of bioanalytical methods using dried blood spots: a review. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:2481-514. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dried blood spot (DBS) sampling, the collection of whole blood samples on paper, is an emerging technique used for bioanalytical methods. Several analytical challenges, such as possible effects of spotting volume, hematocrit and spot inhomogeneity are identified for these methods, however, no regulatory-based guidelines for the specific validation of DBS-based assays are available hitherto. To date, 68 validation reports concerning methods for the quantitative determination of drugs in human DBS could be traced in the literature, with large differences in the extensiveness of the reported validations. This review aims to present an overview of these published validations. Additionally, the different challenges of DBS-based assays are discussed and recommendations on how to perform validation tests addressing these challenges are provided.
Collapse
|
33
|
Ma WL, Gao C, Bell EM, Druschel CM, Caggana M, Aldous KM, Louis GMB, Kannan K. Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in archived dried blood spots and its application to track temporal trends of environmental chemicals in newborns. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 133:204-10. [PMID: 24968082 PMCID: PMC4119526 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Dried blood spots (DBS) collected from infants shortly after birth for the newborn screening program (NSP) in the United States are valuable resources for the assessment of exposure to environmental chemicals in newborns. The NSP was debuted as a public health program in the United States in the 1960s; and the DBS samples collected over a period of time can be used in tracking temporal trends in exposure to environmental chemicals by newborns. In this study, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in DBS samples collected from newborns in Upstate New York from 1997 to 2011 by gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). Twelve PCBs and two OCPs were found in DBS samples at a detection rate above 50% (n=51). The mean whole blood concentration of ΣPCBs (sum of 12 congeners) over the 15-year period was 1.06 ng/mL, followed by p,p'-DDE (0.421 ng/mL) and HCB (0.065 ng/mL). The measured concentrations of PCBs and p,p'-DDE in infants'blood were comparable to those reported in cord blood, suggesting maternal/trans-placental transfer of these compounds from mothers to fetuses. The concentrations of ΣPCBs and p,p'-DDE in blood samples of infants decreased significantly between 1997 and 2001, and no significant reduction was found thereafter. This observation is consistent with the trends reported for these chemicals in other human tissues in the United States.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Li Ma
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Chongjing Gao
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Erin M Bell
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Charlotte M Druschel
- New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Environmental & Occupational Epidemiology, Empire State Plaza-Corning Tower, Room 1203, Albany, NY 12237, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Michele Caggana
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
| | - Kenneth M Aldous
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
| | - Germaine M Buck Louis
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the National Institutes of Health, 6100 Executive Blvd. Room 7B03, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sharma A, Jaiswal S, Shukla M, Lal J. Dried blood spots: Concepts, present status, and future perspectives in bioanalysis. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:399-414. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhisheak Sharma
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
| | - Swati Jaiswal
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
| | - Mahendra Shukla
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
| | - Jawahar Lal
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Development and validation of a new UPLC-PDA method to quantify linezolid in plasma and in dried plasma spots. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 936:42-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|