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Reinhart KM, Morton RA, Brennan KC, Carlson AP, Shuttleworth CW. Ketamine improves neuronal recovery following spreading depolarization in peri-infarct tissues. J Neurochem 2024; 168:855-867. [PMID: 37596720 PMCID: PMC10986311 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Spreading depolarization (SD) has emerged as an important contributor to the enlargement of acute brain injuries. We previously showed that the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine was able to prevent deleterious consequences of SD in brain slices, under conditions of metabolic compromise. The current study aimed to extend these observations into an in vivo stroke model, to test whether gradients of metabolic capacity lead to differential accumulation of calcium (Ca2+) following SD. In addition, we tested whether ketamine protects vulnerable tissuewhile allowing SD to propagate through surrounding undamaged tissue. Focal lesions were generated using a distal middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice, and clusters of SD were generated at 20 min intervals with remote microinjection of potassium chloride. SDs invading peri-infarct regions had significantly different consequences, depending on the distance from the infarct core. Proximal to the lesion, Ca2+ transients were extended, as compared with responses in better-perfused tissue more remote from the lesion. Extracellular potential shifts were also longer and hyperemia responses were reduced in proximal regions following SDs. Consistent with in vitro studies, ketamine, at concentrations that did not abolish the propagation of SD, reduced the accumulation of intracellular Ca2+ in proximal regions following an SD wave. These findings suggest that deleterious consequences of SD can be targeted in vivo, without requiring outright block of SD initiation and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M Reinhart
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Russell A Morton
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - K C Brennan
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Andrew P Carlson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - C William Shuttleworth
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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2
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Zimmerman-Federle H, Ren G, Dowling S, Warren C, Rusyniak D, Avera R, Manicke NE. Plasma drug screening using paper spray mass spectrometry with integrated solid phase extraction. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38584344 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Drug overdoses have risen dramatically in recent years. We developed a simple nontargeted method using a disposable paper spray cartridge with an integrated solid phase extraction column. This method was used to screen for ~160 fentanyl analogs, synthetic cannabinoids, other synthetic drugs, and traditional drugs of abuse in over 300 authentic overdose samples collected at emergency departments in Indianapolis. A solid phase extraction step was implemented on the paper spray cartridge to enable subnanograms per milliliter synthetic drugs screening in plasma. Analysis was performed on a quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometer using the sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra approach in which tandem mass spectrometry was performed using 7 m/z isolation windows in the quadrupole. Calibration curves with isotopically labeled internal standards were constructed for 35 of the most frequently encountered synthetic and traditional illicit drugs by US toxicology labs. Additional qualitative-only drugs in a suspect screening list were also included. Limits of detection in plasma for synthetic cannabinoids ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 and 0.1 to 0.3 ng/mL for fentanyl and its analogs and between 1 and 5 ng/mL for most other drugs. Relative matrix effects were evaluated by determining the variation of the calibration slope in 10 different lots of biofluid and found to be between 3% and 20%. The method was validated on authentic overdose samples collected from two emergency departments in Indianapolis, Indiana, from suspected or known overdoses. Commonly detected synthetic drugs included fentanyl related substances, designer benzodiazepines such as flubromazolam, and the synthetic cannabinoid 5F-PB-22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Zimmerman-Federle
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Greta Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sarah Dowling
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Cassandra Warren
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Daniel Rusyniak
- School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert Avera
- School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nicholas E Manicke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Armfield N, Frank B, Chadwick C. A rapid, sensitive method for clinical monitoring of ketamine and norketamine by ultra-high-performance reverse-phase liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Ann Clin Biochem 2023:45632231224215. [PMID: 38111954 DOI: 10.1177/00045632231224215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketamine is an NMDAR antagonist with aggregating use across many areas of medicine. P450 enzymes heavily metabolise ketamine, where norketamine is a first pass formed metabolite following initial N-demethylation. Serum ketamine monitoring is becoming increasingly important, requiring a sensitive method with a robust lower limit of quantitation. METHODS Samples were prepared using protein precipitation or solid phase extraction. Ion suppression was investigated to optimise sample preparation technique, followed by reverse-phase chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry to analyse extractions using a Waters Xevo TQ-S Micro and associated Acquity chromatography systems. Performance characteristics were analysed to validate the assay. RESULTS Ketamine and norketamine retention times were 1.28 and 1.23 min, respectively. Ketamine and norketamine precursor ions fragmented into 2 distinguishable product ions (238.14 > 207.18/125.06 and 224.1 > 178.96/124.86). Performance characteristics include an assay recovery of 103.7% (ketamine) and 96.3% (norketamine), lower limit of quantitation 36.2 µg/L (ketamine) and 38.9 µg/L (norketamine), and intra-assay imprecision ≤ 7.04% on average. CONCLUSIONS A robust and reproducible assay with limited sample preparation has been designed and validated. The linearity of the assay covers all ranges of interest reported in the literature. Ion suppression was clearly reduced via use of solid phase extraction. The method will form the basis of ketamine monitoring and providing valuable patient information on tolerance and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Armfield
- The Neuroscience Laboratories, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bernhard Frank
- Pain Medicine, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- Pain Research Institute, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Carrie Chadwick
- The Neuroscience Laboratories, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
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Seog DJH, van Kien N, Ryoo JJ. Amino alcohol-derived chiral stationary phases. Chirality 2023; 35:739-752. [PMID: 37144722 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An updated minireview of chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on amino alcohols is presented. In this minireview, we focused on amino alcohols as starting materials in preparation of chiral catalysts for asymmetric organic synthesis and CSPs for chiral separations. Among the various CSPs, we summarized the important developments and applications of the amino alcohol-based Pirkle-type CSPs, ligand exchange CSPs, α-amino acid-derived amino alcohol CSPs, and symmetric CSPs from their first appearance to the present day to propose ideas for the development of new CSPs with improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jin Han Seog
- Department of Chemistry Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Nguyen van Kien
- Department of Chemistry Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae Jeong Ryoo
- Department of Chemistry Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Toki H, Yamaguchi JI, Mizuno-Yasuhira A, Endo H. Chiral LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of (R,S)-ketamine, (R,S)-norketamine, and (2R,6R;2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine in mouse plasma and brain. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 224:115168. [PMID: 36473323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A convenient LC-MS/MS assay method to simultaneously and sensitively determine (R,S)-ketamine (Ket), (R,S)-norketamine (NK), and (2R,6R;2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) enantiomers in plasma and brain from mice was developed. This method enables the chiral separations of these six enantiomers in one analysis by constructing a column-switching system composed of one achiral column and two chiral columns with a relatively short analysis time (17 min). The chromatography involves the separation of (2R,6R;2S,6S)-HNK from (R,S)-Ket and (R,S)-NK on an octadecyl-silica column, followed by chiral separations on a CHIRALPAK AY-RH column for (2R,6R;2S,6S)-HNK or on a CHIRALPAK AS-RH column for the other analytes. The calibration curves for plasma and brain showed a good linearity in the range of 3-1000 ng/mL and 1.5-500 ng/g, respectively. The accuracy ranged from 90.0% to 104.0% in within-run and between-run. This validated method was applicable to determine the stereoselective pharmacokinetic profiles of (R,S)-Ket, (R,S)-NK, and (2R,6R;2S,6S)-HNK in plasma and brain collected from individual mice after a single intraperitoneal dosing of racemic Ket at an antidepressant dose. It is hoped that this assay will greatly help for understanding the relationship between the antidepressant actions of (R,S)-Ket enantiomers or their metabolites and their pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoh Toki
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
| | - Jun-Ichi Yamaguchi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Akiko Mizuno-Yasuhira
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Hiromi Endo
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
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Association between simulated ketamine exposures and oxygen saturations in children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACOKINETICS 2023; 6:IPK03. [PMID: 36909817 PMCID: PMC9996394 DOI: 10.4155/ipk-2022-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Aim We performed a real-world data analysis to evaluate the relationship between simulated ketamine exposures and oxygen desaturation in children. Materials & methods A previously developed population pharmacokinetic model was used to simulate exposures and evaluate target attainment, as well as the association with oxygen desaturation in children ≤17 years treated with intravenous ketamine. Results In 2022 children, there was no significant association between simulated plasma ketamine concentrations and oxygen saturation; however, a higher cumulative area under the curve was associated with increased odds of progression to significant desaturation (<85%), though magnitude of effect was small. Conclusion By leveraging a population pharmacokinetic model and real-world data, we confirmed there is no relationship between simulated ketamine plasma concentration and oxygen desaturation.
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Sandbaumhüter FA, Aerts JT, Theurillat R, Andrén PE, Thormann W, Jansson ET. Enantioselective CE-MS analysis of ketamine metabolites in urine. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:125-134. [PMID: 36398998 PMCID: PMC10108174 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chiral drug ketamine has long-lasting antidepressant effects with a fast onset and is also suitable to treat patients with therapy-resistant depression. The metabolite hydroxynorketamine (HNK) plays an important role in the antidepressant mechanism of action. Hydroxylation at the cyclohexanone ring occurs at positions 4, 5, and 6 and produces a total of 12 stereoisomers. Among those, the four 6HNK stereoisomers have the strongest antidepressant effects. Capillary electrophoresis with highly sulfated γ-cyclodextrin (CD) as a chiral selector in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) was used to develop a method for the enantioselective analysis of HNK stereoisomers with a special focus on the 6HNK stereoisomers. The partial filling approach was applied in order to avoid contamination of the MS with the chiral selector. Concentration of the chiral selector and the length of the separation zone were optimized. With 5% highly sulfated γ-CD in 20 mM ammonium formate with 10% formic acid and a 75% filling the four 6HNK stereoisomers could be separated with a resolution between 0.79 and 3.17. The method was applied to analyze fractionated equine urine collected after a ketamine infusion and to screen the fractions as well as unfractionated urine for the parent drug ketamine and other metabolites, including norketamine and dehydronorketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan T Aerts
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Regula Theurillat
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Per E Andrén
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Erik T Jansson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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8
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Zhang K, Yao Y, Hashimoto K. Ketamine and its metabolites: Potential as novel treatments for depression. Neuropharmacology 2023; 222:109305. [PMID: 36354092 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a well-known serious mental illness, and the onset of treatment using traditional antidepressants is frequently delayed by several weeks. Moreover, numerous patients with depression fail to respond to therapy. One major breakthrough in antidepressant therapy is that subanesthetic ketamine doses can rapidly alleviate depressive symptoms within hours of administering a single dose, even in treatment-resistant patients. However, specific mechanisms through which ketamine exerts its antidepressant effects remain elusive, leading to concerns regarding its rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists like ketamine are reportedly associated with serious side effects, such as dissociative symptoms, cognitive impairment, and abuse potential, limiting the large-scale clinical use of ketamine as an antidepressant. Herein, we reviewed the pharmacological properties of ketamine and the mechanisms of action underlying the rapid antidepressant efficacy, including the disinhibition hypothesis and synaptogenesis, along with common downstream effector pathways such as enhanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tropomyosin-related kinase B signaling, activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 and transforming growth factor β1. We focused on evidence supporting the relevance of these potential mechanisms of ketamine and its metabolites in mediating the clinical efficacy of the drug. Given its reported antidepressant efficacy in preclinical studies and limited undesirable adverse effects, (R)-ketamine may be a safer, more controllable, rapid antidepressant. Overall, understanding the potential mechanisms of action of ketamine and its metabolites in combination with pharmacology may help develop a new generation of rapid antidepressants that maximize antidepressant effects while avoiding unfavorable adverse effects. This article is part of the Special Issue on 'Ketamine and its Metabolites'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Yitan Yao
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan.
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9
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de Moura RS, Bittar IP, Gomes JH, de Oliveira YVR, de Sousa Filho GD, de Faria Soares GCF, Lima EM, Franco LG. Plasma concentration, cardiorespiratory and analgesic effects of ketamine-fentanyl infusion in dogs submitted to mastectomy. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:225. [PMID: 35701767 PMCID: PMC9199142 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The analgesic and cardiorespiratory effects of ketamine, fentanyl, or ketamine-fentanyl constant rate infusion (CRI) in dogs undergoing mastectomy were evaluated. Seventeen female dogs received CRI of ketamine (GK [n = 6]: bolus 0.5 mg/kg; CRI 20 µg/kg/min in intra- and postoperative periods], fentanyl (GF [n = 5]: bolus 20 µg/kg; intraoperative CRI 5 20 µg/kg/hour and postoperative CRI 2 20 µg/kg/hour), or combination of ketamine-fentanyl (GKF [n = 6]: aforementioned doses) for 8 h. Cardiorespiratory, blood gas analyses, plasma drug concentrations, sedation score (SS), Pain Scores were evaluated. Results The heart rate decreased in the GF and GKF (p < 0.04); the mean arterial pressure was lower in the GKF than in the GK at 35 min (p < 0.001). Maximum plasma concentrations were observed 5 min after bolus in the GK (2847.06 ± 2903.03 ng/mL) and GKF (2811.20 ± 1931.76 ng/mL). Plasma concentration in intraoperative period of ketamine was of > 100 ng/mL in 5/5 and 2/5 animals in the GKF and GK, respectively; and > 1.1 ng/mL of fentanyl in 4/5 and 3/5 in GKF and GF, respectively. Conclusion Ketamine with/without fentanyl provided analgesia without significant cardiorespiratory and guaranteed the minimal plasma levels with analgesic potential during the 8 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rauane Sousa de Moura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, 74.690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Isabela Plazza Bittar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, 74.690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Janainne Hilbig Gomes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, 74.690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Eliana Martins Lima
- Development and Technological Innovation in Drugs - FarmaTec, Research Center, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Leandro Guimarães Franco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, 74.690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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Roszkowska A, Plenis A, Kowalski P, Bączek T, Olędzka I. Recent advancements in techniques for analyzing modern, atypical antidepressants in complex biological matrices and their application in biomedical studies. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Goswamee P, Rice R, Leggett E, Zhang F, Manicka S, Porter JH, McQuiston AR. Effects of subanesthetic ketamine and (2R,6R) hydroxynorketamine on working memory and synaptic transmission in the nucleus reuniens in mice. Neuropharmacology 2022; 208:108965. [PMID: 35065945 PMCID: PMC8885971 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Acute cognitive impairment and abuse potential of ketamine incentivizes the search for alternatives to ketamine for clinical management of treatment-resistant depression. Recently, (2R,6R) hydroxynorketamine ((2R,6R)-HNK), a metabolite of ketamine, has shown promise due to its reported lack of ketamine-like reinforcing properties. Nonetheless, the effect of (2R,6R)-HNK on cognition has not been reported. METHOD Adult male mice were placed in a Y-maze to measure spatial working memory (SWM) 24 h after treatment with either a single or repeated subanesthetic dose of (2R,6R)-HNK or ketamine. To determine the effect of the drug regimens on synaptic mechanisms in neural circuits deemed critical for SWM, we conducted patch-clamp electrophysiological recordings from neurons in the midline thalamic nucleus reuniens (RE) in response to optogenetic stimulation of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) inputs in acutely prepared brain slices. RESULTS Single or repeated treatment with a 10 mg/kg dose of either drug did not impact performance in a Y-maze. However, single administration of a ½-log higher dose (32 mg/kg) of ketamine significantly reduced SWM. The same dose of (2R,6R)-HNK did not produce SWM deficits. Interestingly, repeated administration of either drugs at the 32 mg/kg had no effect on SWM performances. Concomitant to these effects on SWM, only single injection of 32 mg/kg of ketamine was found to increase the mPFC-driven action potential firing activity in the RE neurons. Conversely, both single and repeated administration of the 32 mg/kg dose of (2R,6R)-HNK but not ketamine, increased the input resistance of the RE neurons. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that acute treatment of ketamine at 32 mg/kg increases mPFC-driven firing activity of RE neurons, and this contributes to the ketamine-mediated cognitive deficit. Secondly, sub-chronic treatment with the same dose of ketamine likely induces tolerance. Although single or repeated administration of the 32 mg/kg dose of (2R,6R)-HNK can alter intrinsic properties of RE neurons, this dose does not produce cognitive deficit or changes in synaptic mechanism in the RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyodarshan Goswamee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Remington Rice
- Department of Psychology, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Leggett
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Psychology, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Sofia Manicka
- Department of Psychology, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Joseph H Porter
- Department of Psychology, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - A Rory McQuiston
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
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Hashimoto K, Yamawaki Y, Yamaoka K, Yoshida T, Okada K, Tan W, Yamasaki M, Matsumoto-Makidono Y, Kubo R, Nakayama H, Kataoka T, Kanematsu T, Watanabe M, Okamoto Y, Morinobu S, Aizawa H, Yamawaki S. Spike firing attenuation of serotonin neurons in learned helplessness rats is reversed by ketamine. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab285. [PMID: 34939032 PMCID: PMC8688795 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals suffering from uncontrollable stress sometimes show low effort to escape stress (learned helplessness). Changes in serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) signalling are thought to underlie this behaviour. Although the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine is triggered by the action potential firing of dorsal raphe nuclei 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons, the electrophysiological changes induced by uncontrollable stress are largely unclear. Herein, we examined electrophysiological differences among 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons in naïve rats, learned helplessness rats and rats resistant to inescapable stress (non-learned helplessness). Five-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to inescapable foot shocks. After an avoidance test session, rats were classified as learned helplessness or non-learned helplessness. Activity-dependent 5-hydroxytryptamine release induced by the administration of high-potassium solution was slower in free-moving learned helplessness rats. Subthreshold electrophysiological properties of 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons were identical among the three rat groups, but the depolarization-induced spike firing was significantly attenuated in learned helplessness rats. To clarify the underlying mechanisms, potassium (K+) channels regulating the spike firing were initially examined using naïve rats. K+ channels sensitive to 500 μM tetraethylammonium caused rapid repolarization of the action potential and the small conductance calcium-activated K+ channels produced afterhyperpolarization. Additionally, dendrotoxin-I, a blocker of Kv1.1 (encoded by Kcna1), Kv1.2 (encoded by Kcna2) and Kv1.6 (encoded by Kcna6) voltage-dependent K+ channels, weakly enhanced the spike firing frequency during depolarizing current injections without changes in individual spike waveforms in naïve rats. We found that dendrotoxin-I significantly enhanced the spike firing of 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons in learned helplessness rats. Consequently, the difference in spike firing among the three rat groups was abolished in the presence of dendrotoxin-I. These results suggest that the upregulation of dendrotoxin-I-sensitive Kv1 channels underlies the firing attenuation of 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons in learned helplessness rats. We also found that the antidepressant ketamine facilitated the spike firing of 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons and abolished the firing difference between learned helplessness and non-learned helplessness by suppressing dendrotoxin-I-sensitive Kv1 channels. The dendrotoxin-I-sensitive Kv1 channel may be a potential target for developing drugs to control activity of 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Hashimoto
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yamawaki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamaoka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshida
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kana Okada
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Wanqin Tan
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Miwako Yamasaki
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Matsumoto-Makidono
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Reika Kubo
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hisako Nakayama
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kataoka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanematsu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Okamoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Shigeru Morinobu
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hidenori Aizawa
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Shigeto Yamawaki
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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13
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Hassan RM, Saleh OA, El-Azzouny AA, Aboul-Enein HY, Fouad MA. Experimental design optimization of simultaneous enantiomeric separation of atenolol and chlorthalidone binary mixture by high-performance liquid chromatography using polysaccharide-based stationary phases. Chirality 2021; 33:397-408. [PMID: 33964031 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this work, enantiomeric separation of a drug combination of two chiral drugs, namely, atenolol and chlorthalidone, is described. Prior investigation of the effect of different variables on the resolution of the enantiomers' peaks and the total run time represented by the retention time of the last eluted peak was conducted using face-centered composite design. Twenty-two experiments were carried out by varying the chiral stationary phase type as a categorical factor and mobile phase composition including the percentage of ethanol and percentage of diethylamine as continuous factors. According to the optimization process, a mobile phase consisting of hexane:ethanol:DEA:TFA (60:40:0.2:0.1%, v/v/v/v) pumped at flow rate 1 ml min-1 onto Lux-Cellulose 2 stationary phase was applied for the chiral separation and quantification of the drug combination at 230 nm. Application of the developed method to the pharmaceutical formulation of this combination was successfully performed, and satisfactory percentage of recoveries was obtained. The method was also fully validated following International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. This method could be of high value and relevance for application in quality control laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha M Hassan
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), Giza, Egypt
| | - Ola A Saleh
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), Giza, Egypt
| | - Aida A El-Azzouny
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), Giza, Egypt
| | - Hassan Y Aboul-Enein
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Fouad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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14
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Sartim AG, Marques J, Silveira KM, Gobira PH, Guimarães FS, Wegener G, Joca SR. Co-administration of cannabidiol and ketamine induces antidepressant-like effects devoid of hyperlocomotor side-effects. Neuropharmacology 2021; 195:108679. [PMID: 34157363 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although useful as a rapid-acting antidepressant drug, ketamine is known to induce psychotomimetic effects, which may interfere with its therapeutic use. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychostimulant compound from Cannabis sativa, which has shown promising antidepressant effects without inducing hyperlocomotion. AMPA receptor activation is involved in the antidepressant effect induced by ketamine, but its relevance for the effects of CBD is not known. Moreover, given that CBD has antipsychotic and antidepressant properties, it is unknown whether adding CBD to ketamine could potentiate the antidepressant properties of ketamine while also attenuating its psychostimulant effects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH S-Ketamine (2.5, 3, 5, 10, 30 mg/kg) and cannabidiol (3, 10, 30 mg/kg) were administered alone or in combination to male Swiss mice. Independent groups received NBQX (AMPA receptor antagonist) 5 min before administration of CBD or S-ketamine. The antidepressant-like effect was assessed in the forced swimming test (FST), and the open field test (OFT) evaluated the psychostimulant effect. KEY RESULTS CBD induced significant dose-dependent antidepressant effects without causing hyperlocomotion in the OFT. S-ketamine produced an antidepressant effect associated with hyperlocomotion in the higher dose. NBQX inhibited the antidepressant effect of both ketamine and CBD. Pretreatment with CBD (10 mg/kg) attenuated the ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion while preserving its antidepressant effect. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Similar to ketamine, the antidepressant-like effect elicited by CBD involves AMPA receptor activation. Additionally, CBD prevents the hyperlocomotion induced by S-ketamine without affecting its antidepressant-like effect. Our findings suggest that CBD and ketamine's combined administration can be a promising therapeutic strategy for achieving an appropriate antidepressant effect without unwanted side-effects. This article is part of the special issue on 'Cannabinoids'.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Sartim
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - J Marques
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - K M Silveira
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit (TNU), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - P H Gobira
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - F S Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit (TNU), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - S R Joca
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, Brazil; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit (TNU), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark.
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15
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Barbarossa A, Bardhi A, Gazzotti T, Pagliuca G. A critical point in chiral chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of ketamine metabolites. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1689-1692. [PMID: 34121336 PMCID: PMC8518369 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is a widely used dissociative drug, whose quantification in plasma and urine can be of pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical interest. Although tandem mass spectrometry allows the reliable determination of ketamine and its metabolites in biological matrices, the structural similarity between norketamine (main active metabolite) and dehydronorketamine (a less relevant metabolite) can represent a critical aspect. These compounds differ exclusively in two hydrogen atoms, but the consequent two‐unit difference in their mass/charge ratio is partially nullified by the isotopic abundance of the chlorine atom present in their structure. This, along with their similar fragmentation pattern, can result in the incorrect identification of the enantiomers of these ketamine metabolites even with triple quadrupole instruments, if shared transitions are monitored after chiral chromatography. The key to prevent norketamine overestimation is therefore observing analyte‐specific MS/MS transitions. Here, we describe in detail how we investigated this issue, during the development of an analytical method for ketamine and norketamine enantiomer determination in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Barbarossa
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anisa Bardhi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Teresa Gazzotti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giampiero Pagliuca
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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16
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Coelho MM, Fernandes C, Remião F, Tiritan ME. Enantioselectivity in Drug Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity: Pharmacological Relevance and Analytical Methods. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113113. [PMID: 34070985 PMCID: PMC8197169 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes, receptors, and other binding molecules in biological processes can recognize enantiomers as different molecular entities, due to their different dissociation constants, leading to diverse responses in biological processes. Enantioselectivity can be observed in drugs pharmacodynamics and in pharmacokinetic (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), especially in metabolic profile and in toxicity mechanisms. The stereoisomers of a drug can undergo to different metabolic pathways due to different enzyme systems, resulting in different types and/or number of metabolites. The configuration of enantiomers can cause unexpected effects, related to changes as unidirectional or bidirectional inversion that can occur during pharmacokinetic processes. The choice of models for pharmacokinetic studies as well as the subsequent data interpretation must also be aware of genetic factors (such as polymorphic metabolic enzymes), sex, patient age, hepatic diseases, and drug interactions. Therefore, the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of a racemate or an enantiomerically pure drug are not equal and need to be studied. Enantioselective analytical methods are crucial to monitor pharmacokinetic events and for acquisition of accurate data to better understand the role of the stereochemistry in pharmacokinetics and toxicity. The complexity of merging the best enantioseparation conditions with the selected sample matrix and the intended goal of the analysis is a challenge task. The data gathered in this review intend to reinforce the importance of the enantioselectivity in pharmacokinetic processes and reunite innovative enantioselective analytical methods applied in pharmacokinetic studies. An assorted variety of methods are herein briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Miguel Coelho
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.M.C.); (C.F.)
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.M.C.); (C.F.)
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- Unidade de Ciências Biomoleculares Aplicadas (UCIBIO)-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.M.C.); (C.F.)
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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17
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Singh S, Kumar A, Mittal G. Ketamine-polymer based drug delivery system for prolonged analgesia: recent advances, challenges and future prospects. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1117-1130. [PMID: 33599572 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1887134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: With a sharp increase in NSAIDs and opioid use for chronic pain conditions associated with traumatic injuries and diseases, there has been an escalated risk of life-threatening side effects (cardiac and respiratory malfunction), inadvertent overdose, and even death. Their short duration of action and toxicity induces the need to develop extended-release analgesic drug formulations based on safe drugs like ketamine.Areas covered: This review presents progressive breakthroughs in pain control strategies for augmenting patient's comfort and minimizing unnecessary adverse effects associated with NSAIDs and opioids. Advantages of using ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic and potent analgesic over opioids have been elaborated here for the development of advanced sustained-release analgesic drug formulations based on ketamine and polymers (hydrogels, microparticles, and nanoparticles) as mainstream systems. These systems can be very promising in the resource-constrained healthcare set-up where frequent drug dosing at short time intervals is extremely challenging. PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar electronic databases, and clinical websites were used for conducting extensive research.Expert opinion: Controlled drug release analgesic systems can significantly reduce the burden of repeated drug dosing and opioid drug dependency, maximizing the function of analgesic drugs for clinical translation, and improving the quality of life of those living with pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Singh
- Department of Combat Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research & Development Organisation, New Delhi India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Combat Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research & Development Organisation, New Delhi India
| | - Gaurav Mittal
- Department of Combat Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research & Development Organisation, New Delhi India
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18
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Phyo YZ, Teixeira J, Gonçalves R, Palmeira A, Tiritan ME, Bousbaa H, Pinto MMM, Fernandes C, Kijjoa A. Chiral derivatives of xanthones and benzophenones: Synthesis, enantioseparation, molecular docking, and tumor cell growth inhibition studies. Chirality 2021; 33:153-166. [PMID: 33448056 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AbstractLiquid chromatography enantioseparation and determination of enantiomeric purity of synthetized xanthone and benzophenone derivatives comprising one or more chiral moieties are reported. High enantioselectivity and resolution were observed in (S,S)‐Whelk‐O1 chiral stationary phase (CSP) for the enantiomeric mixtures of compounds comprising an aromatic ring linked to the stereogenic center(s), with α values ranging from 1.35 to 4.15 and Rs values ranging from 2.22 to 13.87. Among all the tested enantiomeric mixtures, those comprising three chiral moieties positioned in the xanthone scaffold gave the best chromatographic results. Enantiomers comprising an alkyl chain linked to the stereogenic centers were enantioseparated on a Lux® Celullose‐2 CSP. For both CSPs, the elution was performed in polar organic mode. The enantiomeric ratio (e.r.) values were always higher than 99%. Additionally, assessment of chiral recognition mechanisms on (S,S)‐Whelk‐O1 CSP was performed by molecular docking approach, which are in accordance with the chromatographic parameters. The nature and number of chiral moieties in the central aromatic scaffold of either xanthone or benzophenone derivatives are proved to be crucial for enantiorecognition. The evaluation of the growth inhibition of human tumor cell lines revealed that (S,S)‐(+)‐5 was the most potent compound, with values of GI50 of 12.83 ± 2.09 μM for A375‐C5 melanoma, 12.40 ± 1.16 μM for MCF‐7 breast adenocarcinoma, and 13.06 ± 1.29 μM for NCI‐H460 non‐small cell lung cancer. In some cases, the growth inhibitory effects demonstrated to be dependent on the stereochemistry of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye' Zaw Phyo
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Joana Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Gonçalves
- Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Andreia Palmeira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Hassan Bousbaa
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Madalena M M Pinto
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anake Kijjoa
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal
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19
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Recent advances in chiral analysis for biosamples in clinical research and forensic toxicology. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:493-511. [PMID: 33719527 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This article covers current methods and applications in chiral analysis from 2010 to 2020 for biosamples in clinical research and forensic toxicology. Sample preparation for aqueous and solid biological samples prior to instrumental analysis were discussed in the article. GC, HPLC, capillary electrophoresis and sub/supercritical fluid chromatography provide the efficient tools for chiral drug analysis coupled to fluorescence, UV and MS detectors. The application of chiral analysis is discussed in the article, which involves differentiation between clinical use and drug abuse, pharmacokinetic studies, pharmacology/toxicology evaluations and chiral inversion. Typical chiral analytes, including amphetamines and their analogs, anesthetics, psychotropic drugs, β-blockers and some other chiral compounds, are also reviewed.
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20
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TANG W, CHANG J, WANG Y, WANG A, WANG R. [Research progress on chiral separation of amphetamines, ketamine, cathinones]. Se Pu 2021; 39:271-280. [PMID: 34227308 PMCID: PMC9403806 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2020.05020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enantiomers are ubiquitous in nature, and they are especially important in the field of pharmaceutical chemistry. Although the enantiomers of chiral drugs have identical chemical structures, they differ notably in their pharmacological, toxicological, pharmacokinetic, metabolic, and other biological activities. The same is true for amphetamines, ketamine, and cathinones, as the chiral separation of these three drugs is representative of drugs. Gas chromatography (GC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and capillary electrophoresis (CE) are widely used for the chiral separation of these three kinds of drugs. There are some similarities among the three methods for the chiral separation of amphetamines, ketamine, and cathinones: n-trifluoroacetyl-L-prolinyl chloride and (+)R-α-methoxy-α-trifluoromethylphenylacetic acid are the two typical chiral derivatization reagents used in GC. In HPLC, three kinds of chiral stationary phases are used: proteins, polysaccharides, and macrocyclic antibiotics. Cyclodextrin and its derivatives are most commonly used in CE. However, these three methods have inherent shortcomings. In the case of GC, impurities produced during chiral derivatization may interfere with the analysis, and high reaction temperatures affect the efficiency of chiral separation. HPLC has limited application scope and is expensive. In CE, there has no established process to determine the appropriate chiral selector. In recent years, research into application of the chiral separation of the above-mentioned three kinds of drugs has its own characteristics in forensic toxicology. The chiral separation of amphetamine drugs is mostly used to infer the prototype and synthesis route of drugs on the market. The chiral separation of ketamine involves a variety of biological samples. For cathinones, chiral separation methods emphasize their wide applicability. In this review, 66 reports published in professional local and overseas magazines during the past decade are collated. The characteristics of the enantiomers of amphetamines, ketamine, and cathinones as well as the mechanism of chiral recognition are briefly introduced. The commonness of the research and the application of chiral separation in forensic toxicology are reviewed. This paper proposes that the chiral separation of drugs can be further investigated from the following three aspects: 1) the use of computer technology to establish a molecular model for exploring the mechanism of chiral recognition; 2) developing new technologies for chiral separation and carrying out commercial research on the supercritical fluid method; 3) applying chiral separation to judicial practice, pharmaceutical research and development, and other practical fields.
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Guo J, Tian S, Liu K, Guo J. IoT-Enabled Fluorescence Sensor for Quantitative KET Detection and Anti-Drug Situational Awareness. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2020; 20:2-8. [PMID: 33079655 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2020.3032121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recently, drug abuse has become a worldwide concern. Among varieties of drugs, KET is found to be favorite in drug addicts, especially teenagers, for recreational purposes. KET is a kind of analgesic and anesthetic drug which can induce hallucinogenic and dissociative effects after high-dose abuse. Hence, it is critical to develop a rapid and sensitive detection method for strict drug control. In this study, we proposed a cloud-enabled smartphone based fluorescence sensor for quantitative detection of KET from human hair sample. The lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) was used as the detecting strategy where UCNPs were introduced as fluorescent labels. The sensor was capable of identifying the up-converted fluorescence and calculating the signal intensities on TL and CL to obtain a T/C value, which was corresponding to the KET concentration. The sensor transmitted the test data to the cloud-enabled smartphone through Type-C interface, and the data were further uploaded to the edge of the network for cloud-edge computing and storage. The entire detection took only 5 minutes with high stability and reliability. The detection limit of KET was 1 ng/mL and a quantitative detection range from 1 to 150 ng/mL. Furthermore, based on the huge development of Internet of Things (IoT), an App was developed on the smartphone for anti-drug situational awareness. Based on this system, it was convenient for Police Department to perform on-site KET detection. Moreover, it was critical for prediction of the development trend of future events, benefiting much to constructing a harmonious society.
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22
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Han FY, Liu Y, Kumar V, Xu W, Yang G, Zhao CX, Woodruff TM, Whittaker AK, Smith MT. Sustained-release ketamine-loaded nanoparticles fabricated by sequential nanoprecipitation. Int J Pharm 2020; 581:119291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Separation of anaesthetic ketamine and its derivates in PAMAPTAC coated capillaries with tuneable counter-current electroosmotic flow. Talanta 2020; 217:121094. [PMID: 32498904 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoretic separation of ketamine, norketamine, hydroxynorketamine, and dehydronorketamine was performed in the counter-current regime under the influence of oppositely-directed electroosmotic flow. For this purpose, the fused silica capillaries were covalently coated with the poly(acrylamide-co-3-acrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride) copolymer (PAMAPTAC). The content of the cationic monomer APTAC in the polymerization mixture varied in the range 0-6 mol. % and the generated electroosmotic flow increased continuously in the 0-20 · 10-9 m2V-1s-1 interval. Importantly, it resulted in improved electrophoretic resolution of ketamine/norketamine, which increased from 0.8 for neutral PAM coating (i.e. 0% PAMAPTAC) to 3.0 for 6% PAMAPTAC. The determination of ketamine and its derivates in rat serum was performed in a 4% PAMAPTAC capillary with an inner diameter of 25 μm. The separation was performed in a 500 mM aqueous solution of acetic acid (pH 2.3). The clinical sample was deproteinized by the addition of acetonitrile to the serum and a large volume of the treated sample was injected directly into the capillary. The achieved limit of detection ranged from 2.2 ng/mL for dehydronorketamine to 4.1 ng/mL for hydroxynorketamine; the intra-day repeatability was 1.0-1.5% for the migration time and 2.8-3.3% for the peak area. The developed methodology was employed for time monitoring of ketamines in rat serum after intra venous administration of low doses of anaesthetic at a level of 2 μg per g of body weight.
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Li R, Zhong K, Jiang J, Zhan Y, Chen X. Enantioselective determination of ketamine in dog plasma by chiral liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4578. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Li
- Nano Science and Technology InstituteUniversity of Science and Technology of China Suzhou China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Kan Zhong
- Suzhou HQ Bioscience Co. Ltd Suzhou China
| | | | - Yuan Zhan
- Suzhou HQ Bioscience Co. Ltd Suzhou China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
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McDougall SA, Park GI, Ramirez GI, Gomez V, Adame BC, Crawford CA. Sex-dependent changes in ketamine-induced locomotor activity and ketamine pharmacokinetics in preweanling, adolescent, and adult rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:740-755. [PMID: 30981586 PMCID: PMC7059997 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although ketamine has long been known to increase locomotor activity, only recently was it realized that this behavioral effect varies according to both sex and age. The purpose of the present study was threefold: first, to measure the locomotor activating effects of ketamine in male and female rats across early ontogeny and into adulthood; second, to assess ketamine and norketamine pharmacokinetics in the dorsal striatum and hippocampus of the same age groups; and, third, to use curvilinear regression to determine the relationship between locomotor activity and dorsal striatal concentrations of ketamine and norketamine. A high dose of ketamine (80 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered in order to examine the complete cycle of locomotor responsiveness across a 280-min testing session. In separate groups of rats, the dorsal striata and hippocampi were removed at 10 time points (0-360 min) after ketamine administration and samples were assayed for ketamine, norketamine, and dopamine using HPLC. In female rats, ketamine produced high levels of locomotor activity that varied only slightly among age groups. Male preweanling rats responded like females, but adolescent and adult male rats exhibited lesser amounts of ketamine-induced locomotor activity. Ketamine and norketamine pharmacokinetics, especially peak values and area under the curve, generally mirrored age- and sex-dependent differences in locomotor activity. Among male rats and younger female rats, dorsal striatal ketamine and norketamine levels accounted for a large proportion of the variance in locomotor activity. In adult female rats, however, an additional factor, perhaps involving other ketamine and norketamine metabolites, was influencing locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanders A McDougall
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA.
| | - Ginny I Park
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | - Goretti I Ramirez
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | - Vanessa Gomez
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | - Brittnee C Adame
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | - Cynthia A Crawford
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
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Brain penetration of ketamine: Intranasal delivery VS parenteral routes of administraion. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 112:7-11. [PMID: 30818171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine is approved by the FDA to be used as an anesthetic however, recent reports have exhibited its success in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Studies have suggested that a sub-anesthetic dose produces rapid antidepressant activity providing significant symptomatic relief particularly in patients with a history of treatment resistant depression (TRD). Many reports have been published on the intranasal (IN) efficacy of ketamine in the treatment of depression, however studies that have investigated the effects of the route of administration on drug delivery to the brain appear to be absent in literature. Therefore, in this study, a single dose (15 mg/kg body weight) was administered via different routes of administration [oral (PO), intranasal (IN) and intraperitoneal (IP)] to healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats in order to determine the brain tissue pharmacokinetics of ketamine. A novel validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed using a fused core column for the determination of ketamine in plasma and brain homogenates. While IP administration resulted in favorable concentrations in the brain and plasma; IN administration, which is supposed to favour drug delivery to the brain, exhibited moderately low drug levels post administration. PO administration produced significantly lower levels due to extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver and intestines. These results have implications for future studies exploring the use of ketamine for the treatment of MDD in order to optimize treatment regimens and suggest that parenteral administration of ketamine should be used in the treatment of depression.
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Tůma P, Sommerová B, Vaculín Š. Rapid electrophoretic monitoring of the anaesthetic ketamine and its metabolite norketamine in rat blood using a contactless conductivity detector to study the pharmacokinetics. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2062-2068. [PMID: 30938060 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A method of capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection has been developed for non-enantioselective monitoring the anaesthetic ketamine and its main metabolite norketamine. The separation is performed in a 15 μm capillary with an overall length of 31.5 cm and length to detector of 18 cm; inner surface of the capillary is covered with a commercial coating solution to reduce the electroosmotic flow. In an optimised background electrolyte with composition 2 M acetic acid + 1% v/v coating solution under application of a high voltage of 30 kV, the migration time is 97.1 s for ketamine and 95.8 s for norketamine, with an electrophoretic resolution of 1.2. The attained detection limit was 83 ng/mL (0.3 μmol/L) for ketamine and 75 ng/mL (0.3 μmol/L) for norketamine; the number of theoretic plates for separation of an equimolar model mixture with a concentration of 2 μg/mL was 683 500 plates/m for ketamine and 695 400 plates/m for norketamine. Laboratory preparation of rat blood plasma is based on mixing 10 μL of plasma with 30 μL of acidified acetonitrile, followed by centrifugation. A pharmacokinetic study demonstrated an exponential decrease in the plasma concentration of ketamine after intravenous application and much slower kinetics for intraperitoneal application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Tůma
- Department of Hygiene, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Blanka Sommerová
- Department of Hygiene, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Šimon Vaculín
- Department of Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Teixeira J, Tiritan ME, Pinto MMM, Fernandes C. Chiral Stationary Phases for Liquid Chromatography: Recent Developments. Molecules 2019; 24:E865. [PMID: 30823495 PMCID: PMC6429359 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The planning and development of new chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for liquid chromatography (LC) are considered as continuous and evolutionary issues since the introduction of the first CSP in 1938. The main objectives of the development strategies were to attempt the improvement of the chromatographic enantioresolution performance of the CSPs as well as enlarge their versatility and range of applications. Additionally, the transition to ultra-high-performance LC were underscored. The most recent strategies have comprised the introduction of new chiral selectors, the use of new materials as chromatographic supports or the reduction of its particle size, and the application of different synthetic approaches for preparation of CSPs. This review gathered the most recent developments associated to the different types of CSPs providing an overview of the relevant advances that are arising on LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Teixeira
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.
| | - Madalena M M Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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Zhang K, Toki H, Fujita Y, Ma M, Chang L, Qu Y, Harada S, Nemoto T, Mizuno-Yasuhira A, Yamaguchi JI, Chaki S, Hashimoto K. Lack of deuterium isotope effects in the antidepressant effects of (R)-ketamine in a chronic social defeat stress model. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:3177-3185. [PMID: 30215218 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE (R,S)-ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, exhibits rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects and anti-suicidal ideation in treatment-resistant patients with depression. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the antidepressant actions of (R,S)-ketamine are unknown. Although the previous report demonstrated the deuterium isotope effects in the antidepressant actions of (R,S)-ketamine, the deuterium isotope effects in the antidepressant actions of (R)-ketamine, which is more potent than (S)-ketamine, are unknown. METHODS We examined whether deuterium substitution at the C6 position could affect antidepressant effects of (R)-ketamine in a chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model. RESULTS Pharmacokinetic studies showed that levels of (2R,6R)-d1-hydroxynorketamine [(2R,6R)-d1-HNK], a final metabolite of (R)-d2-ketamine, in the plasma and brain after administration of (R)-d2-ketamine (10 mg/kg) were lower than those of (2R,6R)-HNK from (R)-ketamine (10 mg/kg), indicating deuterium isotope effects in the production of (2R,6R)-HNK. In contrast, levels of (R)-ketamine and its metabolite (R)-norketamine in the plasma and brain were the same for both compounds. In a CSDS model, both (R)-ketamine (10 mg/kg) and (R)-d2-ketamine (10 mg/kg) showed rapid and long-lasting (7 days) antidepressant effects, indicating no deuterium isotope effect in the antidepressant effects of (R)-ketamine. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that deuterium substitution of hydrogen at the C6 position slows the metabolism from (R)-ketamine to (2R,6R)-HNK in mice. In contrast, we did not find the deuterium isotope effects in terms of the rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects of (R)-ketamine in a CSDS model. Therefore, it is unlikely that (2R,6R)-HNK is essential for antidepressant effects of (R)-ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
- Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hidetoh Toki
- Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuko Fujita
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Min Ma
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Lijia Chang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Youge Qu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shingo Harada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Nemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | - Shigeyuki Chaki
- Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
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Chaki S, Yamaguchi JI. Now is the time for (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine to be viewed independently from its parent drug. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 175:24-26. [PMID: 30201385 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Chaki
- Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
| | - Jun-Ichi Yamaguchi
- Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
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31
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Tiritan ME, Fernandes C, Maia AS, Pinto M, Cass QB. Enantiomeric ratios: Why so many notations? J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:1-7. [PMID: 30025608 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The correct quantification of enantiomers is pivotal in a variety of fields, such as pharmacokinetic studies, enantioselective syntheses, chemical characterization of natural products, authentication of fragrance and food, biodegradation behavior, accurate evaluation of environmental risk, and it can also provide information for sentencing guidance in forensic field. Enantioselective chromatography is the first choice to assess the composition of an enantiomeric mixture. Different notations have been used to express the measured enantiomeric ratios, which compromise the results and represent a challenge for data comparison. This manuscript critically discusses the currently used notations and exemplifies with applications in different fields indicating the advantages and disadvantages of one of the adopted systems. In order to simplify the notations, the use of enantiomeric ratio (e.r.%) as standardization for nonchiroptical methods is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Tiritan
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116, Gandra PRD, Portugal; Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Alexandra S Maia
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116, Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Madalena Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Quezia B Cass
- SEPARARE, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos, 13565-905, SP, Brazil.
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Chang L, Toki H, Qu Y, Fujita Y, Mizuno-Yasuhira A, Yamaguchi JI, Chaki S, Hashimoto K. No Sex-Specific Differences in the Acute Antidepressant Actions of (R)-Ketamine in an Inflammation Model. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 21:932-937. [PMID: 29893929 PMCID: PMC6165956 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although previous reports suggest sex-specific differences in the antidepressant actions of (R,S)-ketamine, these differences in the antidepressant actions of (R)-ketamine, which is more potent than (S)-ketamine, are unknown. METHODS Saline or (R)-ketamine was administered 23 hours post lipopolysaccharide administration to adult male or female mice. Subsequently, antidepressant effects were assessed using a forced swimming test. Furthermore, the concentration of (R)-ketamine and its 2 major metabolites, (R)-norketamine and (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine, was measured in the plasma and brain after the administration of (R)-ketamine in the mice. RESULTS (R)-ketamine (10 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the increased immobility time of forced swimming test in the lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. There were no sex-specific differences in the concentrations of (R)-ketamine and its 2 metabolites in the plasma and brain. CONCLUSIONS These findings showed no sex-specific differences in terms of the acute antidepressant effects and pharmacokinetic profile of (R)-ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Chang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidetoh Toki
- Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Youge Qu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuko Fujita
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | - Shigeyuki Chaki
- Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan,Correspondence: Kenji Hashimoto, PhD, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan ()
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Lack of metabolism in (R)-ketamine's antidepressant actions in a chronic social defeat stress model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4007. [PMID: 29507385 PMCID: PMC5838158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22449-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the metabolism of (R,S)-ketamine to (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) is reported to be essential for ketamine's antidepressant effects, there is an increasing debate about antidepressant effects of (2R,6R)-HNK. Using pharmacokinetic and behavioral techniques, we investigated whether intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of (R)-ketamine or (2R,6R)-HNK show antidepressant effects in a chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model of depression. Low levels of (2R,6R)-HNK in the brain after i.c.v. infusion of (R)-ketamine were detected, although brain levels of (2R,6R)-HNK were markedly lower than those after i.c.v. infusion of (2R,6R)-HNK. Furthermore, high levels of (2R,6R)-HNK in the blood and liver after i.c.v. infusion of (R)-ketamine or (2R,6R)-HNK were detected. A single i.c.v. infusion of (R)-ketamine showed rapid and long-lasting (7 days) antidepressant effects in a CSDS model. In contrast, i.c.v. infusion of (2R,6R)-HNK did not show any antidepressant effect in the same model, although brain concentration of (2R,6R)-HNK was higher than after i.c.v. infusion of (R)-ketamine. This study suggest that (R)-ketamine in the periphery after washout from the brain is metabolized to (2R,6R)-HNK in the liver, and subsequently, (2R,6R)-HNK enters into brain tissues. Furthermore, it is unlikely that (2R,6R)-HNK is essential for the antidepressant actions of (R)-ketamine in a CSDS model.
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Hofstetter R, Fassauer GM, Link A. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of ketamine metabolites from dried urine and on-line quantification by supercritical fluid chromatography and single mass detection (on-line SFE–SFC–MS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1076:77-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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